Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution• Industry – production of a good or service

within an economy

• Industrial Revolution – Period of time characterized by society’s transition from rural to manufacturing processes– Manufacture: something made from raw materials– Begins in Britain– Textile Industry

Causes:1. Agricultural Revolution – improvements of farming methods and farming tools–Mixing Soil–Crop Rotation– Seed Drill– Enclosure

• Any benefits?

2. Population Increase1550 3.0 Million

1650 5.2 Million

1800 8 Million

1851 16.7 Million

Advances in Agriculture and medical advances lead to population increase

3. Advances in Technology– New Inventions!

• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin– It made cotton production more

efficient (faster)– It improved the textile Industry

• James Watt – Improved the Steam Engine – Utilize Coal– Engines for trains and powered

factories– Benefits?

• Iron Industry– Henry Cort -- Puddling– Abraham Darby – Smelting

improved production and quality of Iron

• Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone

• Thomas Edison– American Inventor– Electric Motor– Phonograph– Motion pictures– 2,332 Patents!!! (legally

protected inventions)

Great Britain• Natural Resources – coal, metals,

and minerals – Coal was the most important

• Transportation – ports and canals• Population increase – workforce• Stable and strong government –

promotes growth • Imperialism (Later chapters) • Why re-invent the Wheel? – Britain becomes the model of

industry– People start copying them

Consequences:

1. Urbanization2. New Social Classes3. Social/Work Issues4. New Ideas and Social

movements5. Monopolies

Urbanization“Urban” – Cities “…zation” – process• Urbanization : Movement of people to cities – Growth of industry (factories) – need workers– Needed laborers in the mines – coal and metal

New Social Classes• Middle Class “Bourgeoisie”– Gained success and wealth

through investing in industry.

– Upper Middle Class• Industrial working class– Poor– Tenements – multistory

buildings divided into apartments (small)

– Slums – disease, lack of sewage, and waste systems

Social/Work Issues

• Poor working conditions – Dangerous health hazards– Industrial workers worked 12-16 hrs a day– No job security or minimum wage– Mining , crowded rooms, dangerous machinery

• Child labor – Children were paid less and they worked under dangerous working conditions

• Increase in poverty and crime within the cities• Poor living conditions – Slums, unsanitary, disease

ridden homes• Pollution

New Ideas & Social Movements• Urban Renewals – rebuilding of the poor areas of the city– City Planning – built new roads, sidewalks, sewerage system,

Boulevards (and eventually skyscrapers)• Labor Unions – Workers’ Organizations– Reforms for the workers (higher pay & better working conditions)– Looking out for the interest of the workers– They used strike to negotiate with employers over wages and

hours• In a strike, members of the union stopped working to pressure employers

to make certain demands

• Public School system– In response to child labor– A place where children can be protected from child labor, where

they were trained and educated in becoming functioning members of society.

New Ideas & Social Movements

Women’s Movements• Feminism– Movement for women’s rights.

– English Common Law women were considered the property of the husband

– Women in Britain did not win the right to own property until 1870

• Upper and Middle class women led for social changes– 1840’s & 1850’s women fought for suffrage—rights to vote– Activists that belonged to the Women’s Social and Political

Union, labeled as the “Suffragettes” made public stunts to get attention from the media• Destroyed property and assaulted government officials

– Temperance movement – limit the ban on alcohol

New Ideas & Social Movements• Capitalism

– Little or no gov. regulation of economy– Allow businesses and market to decide on prices– Laissez-Faire Economics– Allowed rapid growth in Western Europe

• Utilitarianism– “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” – Goal of society should be to provide maximum happiness to the people

• Socialism – People as a whole (collectively) owns and operate means of production – No private property

New Ideas & Social Movements

• Communism– Karl Marx– Capitalism creates inequality – Type of socialism – Bourgeoisie – Middle class “Haves” vs– Proletariat – working class “have-nots” will win– Struggle Classless Society– Power and wealth would be shared equally

New Ideas & Social Movements

• Social Darwinism was influenced by the theory of natural selection from Charles Darwin– Organisms evolved through natural selection – survival of

the fittest– Applied Darwin’s idea into society

• In society people who were wealthy were the “fittest”

• People who were poor were the “weak”• Justified inequality and exploitation (taking

advantage of the poor) • Justify Racism and Imperialism

Monopolies & Trust

• Corporations (Large Businesses) that control entire industries

• John D. Rockefeller– U.S. Standard Oil– Oil Wells– Oil Refineries– Oil Pipelines– Buying out or destroying

competitors

Can you think of any Monopolies today?

Monopolies• Live Nation• Time Warner• Boeing• Disney – ABC – A&E– History Channels– Life Time– all the ESPNs– Marvel– Lucas Film– Touch stone– Anything with “Disney” on

it

• Pepsi Company– Taco Bell– Pizza Hut– KFC– Doritos – Mountain Dew– Naked Juice– Quaker Oatmeal

• JP Morgan Chase– Washington Mutual– Bear Sterns– Bank One Corporation– Chase

Video Notes

• Worst Jobs in History: Victorian Era– List the jobs mentioned in the video– Provide interesting facts about each job