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Index

a Lapide, Cornelius / Cornelissen van denSteen (see also Jesuits and Serrano,Andres): 271

Aaron (see also Scriptures and Jews): 249abandonment (see also consolation and death and

mysticism): 264–5Abdiah (prophet): 192–3Abraham (see also Scriptures): 105, 107, 259Acosta, Jose de (see also Jesuits): 38–9, 41–2, 63,

65, 78, 193, 201Adam (see also Eve): 33–4, 102, 105–6, 184,

259, 261fall of: 81, 102, 164

Adelbert (see also Councils, Roman and angels,concepts and magic): 174

Africa: 256African Americans: 207people of: 45, 62–3, 207

Agrippa, Cornelius (see also Hermeticism andNeoplatonism): 173

Aguado, Francisco (see also Jesuits): 182Aguilera, Franciso de (see also Jesuits): 261Agustina Francisca: 132Albigensian(s): 75Albornoz, Cristobal de (see also clergy and

idolatry, extirpation of): 201Alcala de Henares (University of) see universitiesAlcantara, Peter of (St): 259, 270Alcazar, Luis de: 183alchemy (see also cosmology and Hermeticism

and natural philosophy andNeoplatonism and science): 173

Al-Farabi (see also angels, and Jewish andMuslim thought and Muslims): 172

Alforjın, Francisco de: 272alms / donations / offerings: 44, 61, 112, 134,

144, 253Alpujarras (war of): 40Alva, Bartolome de: 106, 110Alvarez, Bartolome: 187

Amadeus of Portugal (the Blessed)(see also angels, apocryphal and Maryand mysticism): 174, 180–1, 258–9,270–1

America(s) / Indies / kingdoms of / New World:40, 43–4, 52, 54, 61–4, 68, 74, 76, 93, 160,163, 171, 182–3, 191–8, 206–8, 211, 213, 215,217, 225, 246–7, 250–1, 254–5, 260,269–70, 272–3

demonisation of / kingdom of darkness:251–2, 255

South: 45, 61Spanish: 45–6, 68, 79–80, 86–7, 94–7, 111, 131,

139, 165, 172, 177, 179, 185, 213, 231,247–8, 250

Ana Lucıa (see also indigenous, people andMary, Our Lady of San Juan de losLagos): 238

Ancona: 257Andalusia: 80Andean(s) (see also Incas and indigenous,

people and societies): 171, 191, 198, 210Andes (the): 41–2, 61, 65–6, 69, 178, 189,

200–1, 213culture, history and religious traditions

of (see also indigenous): 67,69–70, 178, 184, 187–8, 199–202,207, 210

iconography of (see also angels in drama /representations and images): 175, 178,183, 185, 189, 199, 210, 214

Angeles, Francisco de los: 182Angeles, Nicolas de los: 144, 132angelisation, process of: 181angelology: 74–6, 171–3, 175, 177, 179Americanist angelology: 198

angels: 71, 73–5, 79–80, 83, 85, 90, 95, 103, 120–1,126–7, 129–37, 143–6, 160, 166, 172, 180,185, 210, 213

absence of: 103, 127, 134, 256

297

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angels: (cont.)activity / capabilities / nature (pure spirits)/

power / role of (see also demons): 23, 26,33–4, 70–3, 75, 78, 80, 82–3, 86–96, 102,104, 108, 111, 117–21, 125, 134, 155, 158, 160,164–5, 167, 172, 177, 179, 188, 219, 221–2,227–8, 231, 234, 245–6

adaptation / transformation of: 2, 144–5, 159, 163against idolatry (see also activity of): 157, 167apocryphal / Seven angels of Palermo / Seven

angels of the Apocalypse / Seven princesof heaven (see also Archangels): 163–5,174–5, 180–2, 240, 256, 258–9, 271–2

Ariel: 175Barachiel (St): 174, 176, 180, 258Baradiel: 176Esriel, Auxilium Dei (Help of God): 186Habriel: 176Hadriel: 175Jerudiel (St): 174, 180, 258Kokbiel: 176Laylahel: 176Matariel: 176Osiel: 176Ramiel: 176Rasiel: 176Sealtiel (St): 174, 180, 258Uriel (St), Fire of God: 164, 174–5, 180,

258, 271Zabriel: 176Zadchiel: 175Zamael: 176

Archangels (see also angels, hierarchies): 94, 127,130–2, 160, 174, 180, 241–2, 250, 259, 271–2,

Gabriel (St): 102, 103, 104, 106–7, 131–2,134, 164, 174–5, 180, 258, 269–70;Guardian Angel of Imperial Mexico: 270

Michael (St), captain general of the celestialarmy: 94, 104–6, 108, 112, 127, 130–2,134–5, 141, 160, 164, 174–5, 179–80, 182,210, 229–30, 258–61, 265, 271–3

Raphael (St): 88, 127, 130–2, 134, 161, 164,174–5, 180, 258, 261, 271–2; Patron of theJesuits: 272

avenging / (angelic) hatred of/disdain forhumanity / as prosecutors (see alsodemons): 81, 108, 112, 158–60, 164, 167

(and) belief: 2, 71, 82, 88concepts / ideas of / names of: 107–8, 132, 139,

172–6, 180creation of / (in) history: 74, 82, 91–2, 184cult of / devotion to / veneration/worship of /

relationship with humanity (see alsosaints): 71, 74–5, 81–3, 87–91, 95, 97, 130,162–5, 174, 179–82, 231–2, 258–9, 271

(as) defenders / heralds / intercessors /messengers / patrons / help of /mediation of: 80, 86, 88–9, 94, 95, 105–8,120, 131, 147–8, 158, 160, 164, 167, 173,176, 191–2, 198–9, 210, 229, 231, 249, 256,259, 265, 272

(in) drama / representations of (see alsoimages): 102–7, 118, 165–6, 174–6, 183,185, 212, 231, 237

fall of / fallen see demonsforms of / (as) birds of Paradise / angelitos /

sacred artisans (see also angels,indigenous and angels, harquebusiers):80–1, 106, 108, 121, 148, 159–62, 166–7,231–2, 234–5, 238

guardian angels / custodians: 1, 105, 111–23,132–5, 162–3, 167, 179, 181–2, 210,240, 270

harquebusiers / hosts / warriors / celestialsoldiers / angelic army (see also angels, asdefenders and heaven, war of): 166–7,175, 182–5, 191, 194, 222, 232, 236, 240,257–8, 260–1, 265–6, 272–3

Marian militia/soldiers / Marian spirits /servants of Mary (see also angels,indigenous and indigenous, angelicnature): 183, 229, 236–8, 246, 261

hierarchies / orders / choirs of: 75, 80, 90–3,107, 165, 178, 229, 249–50, 259, 272

Cherubim: 79, 92, 178, 180, 250, 252,259–60

Dominions: 180, 250, 259Principalities: 180, 250, 259Seraphim: 71, 92, 164, 178, 180, 219, 240,

250, 259, 272Thrones: 178, 180, 246, 250, 259Virtues: 180, 250, 259

indigenous: 70, 137, 156, 158, 213, 219, 225, 228,231–2, 234–7, 238–9, 240–2, 246, 260

(and) Jewish and Muslim thought: 1, 172,175–6

joy / innocence / sorrow of: 88–9, 108, 183(angelic) ministry / mission (see also

missions and Jesuits): 159, 166, 238planetary and elemental (see also

cosmology): 173, 176, 179prayer of: 87, 90, 246residents of heaven / of churches and

cathedrals: 104, 120, 249(and) Scriptures [the] / revelation: 1–3, 30,

83, 181, 183(as) sons of God / servants of God /

subordinate to God (and Christ): 81–2,90–1, 108, 114, 157, 210, 225, 242

(and) tradition: 2–3, 97, 164, 231

298 Index






Angola (see also Africa): 80animals, cult of / symbolic (see also Andes and

Incas): 200, 206Anne (St): 107Anthony (St): 49, 51, 137–8

of Padua: 127, 130, 141Antichrist / Son of Perdition: 193–4, 256Apocalypse see eschatologyapocrypha: 3, 164

Book of Enoch: 164, 176Book of Esdras: 271

apostasy (see also idolatry and sin andsuperstition): 20, 42, 177, 195, 199,237, 242

apostles (see also saints): 52, 165, 189, 215, 219, 249,255, 258, 268–9

apostolic life see lifeAquinas, (St) Thomas, and Thomism: 17–19, 21,

32–3, 91, 177Araucanian(s) (see also indigenous people): 64–6Arce, Manuel de: 156, 161Arequipa: 63, 175, 183Argentina: 43, 175Argos (infernal): 206Arias Ugarte, Fernando (Archbishop of Santafe

de Bogota): 149–51Aristotle and Aristotelianism: 29, 32–3,

177–9Ark of the Covenant see Covenant, DivineAsia: 267Assumption (the) see Mary and CatholicismAssyrians: 164astrology / astronomy see cosmologyAtahualpa, Inca (emperor) (see also Andes and

Incas): 188–9, 196Atengo: 139(trans) Atlantic: 44–5, 61Atrisco: 253Audiencia of New Granada: 148, 151–2Augustine of Canterbury (St): 77Augustine of Hippo (St): 18, 73–4, 96, 251, 256,

259, 268Augustinianism: 87–8, 92, 94, 97, 212, 228

Augustinians (see also missionaries andMendicants): 40–2, 250, 255

Austria, House of see Hapsburg dynastyAuverge, William of: 172Avendano, Fernando de: 187–8Avicenna (see also angels, and Jewish and Muslim

thought and Muslims and Islamictradition): 172

Avila, Francisco de (see also clergy, secular andidolatry, extirpation of): 185

Avila, Teresa of (St) (see also Carmelites andnuns and San Juan, Caterina de): 262

Axochiapan: 108Ayllon, Nicolas: 242–3Azpuilcueta, Martın de: 21Aztec(s) (see also indigenous): 58, 78, 125, 232,

251, 261empire, demonised: 251, 260

Baal (see also Scriptures): 251–3Babylon: 251, 268Balam: 164baptism see sacramentsbaptismal fonts: 78Barcelo, Miguel: 19Barcelona: 46–7Baroque (culture and spirituality): 2, 97,

110, 133, 174, 178, 205, 229, 231, 248,267, 273

Bartholomew (St and apostle): 40,189–91

beaterıo: 243of Copacabana (Lima): 244

Bede, the Venerable: 77Benedict (St): 87Benedict XIV see popesBenedictines (see also clergy): 53–5, 177Bermejo, Bartolome: 199Bernard (St): 253Bernardino (son of Antonio de Santiago): 141bestiaries: 206Bethel (see also church, buildings): 249Bethlehem (see also Christ, incarnation): 125, 225,

242–3, 245–6Bethlehem-Tlaxcala: 219

Bible see Scripturebirds of Paradise see AngelsBlessed Sacrament see Christ, aspects ofBogota (Santafe de): 149–52, 165–6Bolivia: 176, 193, 208Bonaventure (St): 74, 91–4, 256Boniface (St): 77, 83Boniface IV see popesbook of nature: 34Borgia, Francis (St) (see also Jesuits): 264Borja, Juan de (Governor and Captain General,

President of the Audiencia of NewGranada): 148–9, 151

Bosphorus: 192Bourbon reforms / reformers: 207Boyaca: 178Bramante, Donoso: 181Britain: 43Byzantium: 77Byzantine art: 79Byzantine (Greek Orthodox) Church:

249, 258

Index 299






Cabbala (Hebrew and Christian): 3, 174, 176Cabrera, Miguel (see also images and Mary, Our

Lady of los Remedios): 233Cabrero, Hernando (see also Jesuits): 147, 160Cadiz: 70Calabria: 256Calamarca: 176Calancha, Antonio de la (see also Augustinians

and Mendicants): 41California: 269, 273Calimaya/Tepemaxalco: 127, 129–31, 134, 136Canada: 243Candlemas see Marycannibalism (see also conquest, conquistadors

and Spanish): 208, 220, 251–2Canta: 43Cantabria (mountains of): 53Caquiaviri: 193caravels: 229Caribbean (the): 63, 80, 267Carmelites (see also clergy and nuns): 262Caro, Manuel (see also images and Mary, Our

Lady / Virgin of Ocotlan): 237Carrion de los Condes: 53, 55Cartagena de Indias: 150, 160Cartas Annuas see JesuitsCartesianism see DescartesCasavindo: 175Cassian, John (St): 265Castanega, Martın de: 20, 29caste (casta) system: 207Castillo de Altra, Hipolito del (see also Puebla

and San Juan, Caterina de): 263Castillo y Guevara Nino y Rojas, Francisca

Josefa de (see also Poor Clares): 163castles (in ritual processions) (see also religious

practice): 166Castro: 56, 67casuistry see Jesuitscatechesis (see also Franciscans, pedagogy and

Jesuits, pedagogy): 79, 87–8, 105, 129, 150,156, 160–1, 167, 196, 201, 220, 251, 254–5, 263

catechisers (temachti) / catechists: 129–30,167, 218

catechism(s) (see also doctrine): 20, 75, 126, 148,220, 235

cathedrals see church, buildingsCatherine (St): 223, 225

of Siena (see also Dominicans and nuns andSan Juan, Caterina de): 262

Catholic Monarchs (the) (see also Crown /monarchy (of Spain)): 180–1, 194, 207

Catholicism / Catholic faith (see alsoChristianity): 66, 70–1, 133, 149, 152–3,161, 165, 173, 178, 188, 191, 197, 199, 201,

207, 212, 220, 222, 225, 240, 242–3, 249,251, 253, 265, 267–9, 271–2

Catholic armies (as soldiers of Christ) (see alsoangels and clergy and conquest andCrown): 261

Hispanic religious culture (see also religiouspractice): 68, 152, 185, 213

institutional (apostolic) authority / mediation(see also Church, apostolic andinstitutional): 71, 165, 199, 212, 256, 258

tradition (sacred) (see also Christianity,Doctors of the Church and religiouspractice): 174, 225, 258

celestial beings see angels and saints and spiritualbeings and supernatural

Celsus: 27Cervantes, Miguel de: 257Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco: 84charlatanism / fraud (see also demons, possession

by and healing and miracles): 31, 55, 60Charlemagne (king and Holy Roman Emperor):

171

Charles II (king): 182, 244Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) / Charles I

(of Spain) (see also Hapsburg dynasty):35, 181, 189, 196–7, 207–8

Chibcha: 148–9, 154–5Chile, kingdom of: 64–5

frontier: 64China / Chinese: 149, 266

emperor of: 267Christ: 1, 21, 61, 71, 105, 107, 113, 140–1, 173, 191,

193, 197, 199, 264, 266, 267, 272agents / servants of (see also angels and Jesuits):

157, 227, 268agony / in Gethsemane / Passion / Crucifixion

/ death of: 74, 81, 107–8, 265, 269Passion, instruments/insignia of /

stigmata / five wounds / blood of: 106,108, 256, 266

Ascension of: 91aspects / representations of:Blessed Sacrament / Sacred Host: 165–6,

182, 228–9, 270Child Jesus / Christ Child: 141, 159, 199,210, 225, 229, 244, 258; of Huanca:

Christ Crucified: 141, 256Ecce Homo: 140Holy Christ of Chalma: 141Holy Christ of Totolapan: 238Jesus Christ: 140Jesus the Nazarene: 140, 199, 264Lamb of God: 180, 196Our Saviour: 141, 225Prince of Shepherds: 195

300 Index






Santo Cristo: 140Sun of the Sun / Sun of Justice: 189Universal Lord of Tawantinsuyo: 244

(mystical) body / humanity / life of / forms of:71, 75, 89, 106–7, 110, 121, 180, 244, 266,268–9

(as) creator / God / judge / king (of kings,of the Jews, of Glory) / Lord (of theuniverse) / messiah / military commander /power of: 52, 90, 105, 108, 110, 112–14,116–17, 119, 121, 123, 155, 167, 244–5, 266,268, 270

denial of : 21, 108devotion to / worship of / name of: 50, 82,

118–19, 228genealogy of: 222incarnation / coming (first and second) /

conception of / birth of / deifier ofhumanity: 33, 78, 81, 86, 89, 96, 106, 185,189, 212, 236, 244–5, 247, 257, 269

law, virtues and perfections of: 196risen / resurrection of / (as) saviour: 71–2,

74–5, 81, 88, 90, 244ship of: 199–200soldiers of (see also conquest and Crown and

Erasmus and Jesuits): 183, 265Son of God / Man: 80, 82, 107temptation of: 102universal source of legitimacy / universal

sovereignty (see also universality): 244Word made flesh / of God: 147, 246–7

Christianity / Christendom (see alsoCatholicism): 59, 61, 65–6, 69–71, 75–9,83–9, 92, 94, 101, 103, 109, 113, 117, 126,129, 142–4, 147, 149–52, 158, 165, 167,171, 182, 187, 193, 199, 207, 212–13, 217,220, 222, 229, 249, 251, 253–6, 261, 263,265, 270

Christian community/social structure /people / heavenly community (see alsoCity of God): 70, 75, 87–8, 94, 97, 152,166, 171, 207–8, 256

Doctors of the Church / intellectual thought /tradition / theology and theologians(see also Aquinas and Augustineand Erasmus and Patristics andscholasticism): 73–7, 93, 122, 124, 131, 144,148–9, 153, 171–4, 177–8, 187, 189, 195–7,199, 211, 213, 217, 243, 256, 258–9, 262,266, 271

indigenisation of (see also indigenous andsyncretism): 101, 103, 144

Christmas (see also Christ, incarnation): 74, 245Christology: 79Chucuito: 198

Church, apostolic and institutional (see alsoCatholicism): 87, 93, 112, 144–5,151, 154, 165, 180, 195–6, 198, 201,209, 212, 225–6, 234, 247, 252–4, 256,260, 269

angelopolitan: 226buildings (see also shrines and temples): 77–9,

81, 83, 101, 112–14, 116, 118, 124, 134, 143,146, 156–7, 165–6, 176, 178, 188, 193, 208,210, 234–7, 240, 244, 249–50, 257, 261,265, 267, 271

Basilica of San Francisco de Assisi: 256Basilica of the Virgin of Loreto: 257, 269Bethel – prototype of all churches: 249cathedral of Puebla de los Angeles: 249–50,

261, 264cathedral of Puno: 178cathedral of Valladolid (Oaxaca),

Michoacan: 245churchyards, squares and plazas: 104, 118,

124–5, 161, 166collegiate church of Guadalupe: 243Espıritu Santo (Puebla): 261, 263–4, 268open chapels: 78reflections of heaven (see also angels and

heaven): 249Saint Ignatius (Bogota): 165San Lorenzo de Potosı: 199San Pedro (Lima): 175San Pietro in Montorio (Rome): 180–1Sancta Maria Rotunda (Rome): 77Santa Marıa la Redonda (Mexico City): 77Santa Maria degli Angeli / St Mary of the

Angels (Rome): 181, 271early / primitive: 255indigenous: 215, 219, 231, 244, 260rebirth / renewal of (see also Reformation):

78, 250Universal (see also Crown and Empire and

universality): 268Church Fathers see Patristics and Augustine of

HippoCicero: 30, 17Cieza de Leon, Pedro: 60, 65, 187Cirilo de Castilla, Juan (see also clergy and

indigenous religious practitioners): 243Ciruelo, Pedro: 20, 22–3, 26, 28Cisneros, Francisco Jimenez de see Jimenez de

Cisneros, FranciscoCistercians (see also Joachim de Fiore): 256City of God / Two Cities (see also Augustine of

Hippo): 74, 88, 94, 251, 268Classics and Classical Antiquity: 17, 27, 29, 33,

35, 41, 71, 76–7, 86, 171, 173, 178, 192,201, 255

Index 301






clergy (see also confessors and exorcists): 42, 47,101, 109, 115, 120, 122–4, 126, 129, 144–6,152, 155, 157, 165, 196, 210, 239–40, 243,247, 253–4

authority of: 55bishops, canons and secular: 41, 47, 84, 106,

108, 109, 110, 126, 148–50, 152, 161, 178,202, 206, 208, 210, 226, 240–2, 244, 247,249–55, 259, 262, 267

(as) devils, vermin and sinners (see alsoconquest, conquerors and Spanish,demonisation of): 222

exclusion of / polemic about indigenousclergy (see also indigenous religiouspractitioners): 216, 243, 247–8

monastic: 53–5regular (see also Dominicans and Franciscans

and Jesuits and Mendicants): 45, 62–3,101, 126, 175, 192

religious orders (see also Augustinians andDominicans and Franciscans and Jesuitsand Mendicants): 208, 256, 258, 261

(as) soldiers of God (see also missions andJesuits and angels): 249

coca leaf, cult of (see also Andes and Incas): 200Cochin (Kochi) ((see also Moghul empire and

San Juan, Caterina de): 263Coello, Claudio: 182College(s) and noviciates (see also Dominicans

and Franciscans, pedagogy andindigenous neophytes and Jesuits,pedagogy): 166

(of) San Gregorio (Mexico City): 269(of) San Gregorio de Valladolid (see also

universities, Valladolid): 198(of) San Ildefonso: 29(of) San Jose de los Naturales (see also

indigenous, culture and Franciscans andGante, Pedro de): 234

(of) Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco: 83–4Tepotzotlan: 269

Colombia (see also New Granada): 178Colossians: 82Columbus, Christopher: 194Communion see Eucharist and sacramentscommunity / communities (see also Christianity

and indigenous, people and societies):124–5, 140, 142–3, 153–4, 156, 159, 167,175, 195, 235, 241, 251, 253, 256

Compostela see Santiago deconfession see sacraments and liturgyconfessors and spiritual directors: 19, 118, 120,

123–4, 222, 225, 242, 262–4, 266manuals: 19, 21, 126, 130, 220, 226, 251, 254

confirmation see sacraments and liturgy

confraternities: 137, 191, 144Imperatoria: 181

conquest and colonisation / conquistadors (seealso Spanish): 38, 41, 58, 64, 66, 78, 101,171–2, 187–8, 191–2, 194–6, 198–9, 201–2,206–8, 222, 229, 232, 234, 245–6, 252–4,256, 259–60

civil wars amongst Spaniards (see also Spanish,wars between): 208

conquistadors as celestial messengers andministers (see also angels, defenders /heralds): 185, 188–9, 191–2, 198–9, 259–60

conquistadors as devils / precursors ofAntichrist / imitators of Muhammed /Christian only in name / sons of Supay /cannibals by proxy / wolves and tigers /sinners: 197, 199, 206, 208

messianic / purpose of (see also Empire,imperial discourse): 193, 246

narratives of: 60, 109, 189Spanish defeats: 64spiritual (see also conversion and

evangelisation): 250conscience / subconscious: 157, 162

crises of: 158consolation (see also devotion andmysticism): 53,

158, 162, 256, 264, 267, 269Constantine the Great (emperor): 109, 179, 182Constantinople: 179contemplation (see also God and mysticism): 34,

101, 228–9, 259, 265–6convents and monasteries: 217, 250, 272(of) la Concepcion (Lima): 175(of) la Concepcion (Puebla): 263(of) Corpus Christi (Mexico City): 242(of) la Encarnacion (Madrid): 175(of) Guadalupe (Extremadura): 48–9, 53,

56–8Las Descalzas Reales (Madrid): 174–5, 180San Francisco del Cuzco (see also Franciscans):

177

San Lorenzo del Escorial: 67, 182Santa Clara (Trujillo): 183Santa Teresa de Potosı: 178Santo Domingo (Lima): 198Santo Toribio de Liebana: 53–4, 56–7

conversion (see also evangelisation andsyncretism): 42, 59, 65, 87, 109,145, 155, 157–60, 171, 182, 193,201–2, 213, 222–3, 250, 252, 256,260, 267

Copernicus, Nicolaus: 172, 177Corpus Christi (see also Christ and liturgy and

religious practice): 102corregidores: 197, 202

302 Index






Cortes, Hernan: 58, 109, 126, 245–7, 260hero of Otumba / founder of New Spain /

conqueror of Mexico: 247, 252Lord Malinche: 252(as) Moses / Indian Moses: 247, 251–2

cosmology / cosmos (astronomy/astrology) /worldview / natural vs spiritual worlds /universe (see also nature and supernatural):2–3, 41, 64, 73–4, 86, 96, 125, 136, 144,148–9, 153, 167, 171–3, 176–8, 180, 188, 245,255, 260–1, 265, 267, 272, 260

cosmological battle see heaven, war of (see alsodemons, and devil, war against

Marian cosmology (see also Mary, Our Ladyof Guadalupe): 246

Councils (ecclesiastical) (see also ecclesiasticalJunta)

First Church Council (Peru) (1551): 255Fourth Lateran Council (1215): 75Provincial Councils (1555, 1556, 1585): 83–4Roman Council (745): 174Trent (1545-63): 84, 95, 123

Councils and court (royal) (see also Crown): 76,208, 243

of the Indies: 196of State: 181

Covarrubias, Sebastian de: 198Covenant, Divine: 181

Ark of the: 183, 249New CovenantArk of the: 183

creation (see also God and nature and life): 75,82–3, 92, 172, 263

Creole(s) (criollo): 45, 68, 163, 172, 185, 187,195–7, 206–7, 248, 251, 256, 272

secessionism / patriotism: 198, 248Cross (Holy / True) / crucifixes / tree of life /

tree of redemption (see also devotion andrelics): 53, 56–7, 108–9, 132, 135–6, 141,158, 161–2, 174, 188, 222–3, 252, 265

Crown / monarchy (of Spain): 84–5, 171, 174,182, 184, 191, 193–4, 196–8, 201–2, 208,210, 250, 253, 260, 267

(monarchs as) angelic warrior custodians /angels of God / workers of the gospel /the sun: 182, 194, 260

(angelic) soldiers of (see also Christ, soldiers of(miles Christi)): 184–5, 194

subjects of: 208crusade: 171, 197Cruz, Elena de la: 137Cruz, Francisco de la (prior of convent of

St Dominic, Lima and rector ofUniversity of San Marcos) (see alsoDominicans and Mendicants): 198

Cruz, Pascuala de la: 138Cruz, Sor Juana Ines de la: 245Cruz, Tomas de: 138Cuepopan: 235Culhuacan: 133, 136, 142Cupid: 79Curahuara de Carangas (Oruro): 208Cuzco: 63, 65–6, 175, 177, 188–9, 191–2, 194,

196–7, 206, 243

damnation (see also salvation and soul): 124, 154,158–9, 197, 255

Daniel (prophet): 194David (king) (see also Scripture): 105, 252House of: 182, 222

death (see also life and martyrdom and religiouspractice and resurrection): 111, 114, 116,127, 157–60, 196, 199, 207, 219, 238, 243,253, 268

anguish of: 264burials / tombs: 65, 196, 243, 256–7, 261–2,

267

dead: 108, 111–13, 118, 144, 157, 187dying: 89, 115, 119, 144, 157–8, 253, 272mictlan / region/place of the dead /

underworld (see also hell): 81, 102, 104,112–13, 124–5, 144

tree of see Crossde Bry, Theodore: 208Decalogue see Ten Commandmentsdeities (see also God and huacas): 58–60, 63–5, 71,

80, 82, 85, 110, 113, 122, 143, 155–6, 167,185, 187–8, 198, 200, 220, 251, 254

demonisation of (see also demons and devil):61, 104, 123, 153, 167, 219, 252, 260

de Jode, Gerhard (see also Flanders, Flemish art):175

de Leu, Thomas (see alsoFlanders, Flemish art): 175demonology (see also medical humanism and

religious practice, demonisation of): 2–3,15–16, 28–30, 38–9, 44–5, 52, 60–2, 65,171–2, 179, 195, 197, 210

American: 195, 198dissolution of: 15Spain’s intellectual contribution to 17, 19, 21,

23–4, 31–2, 37–8demons (see also exorcism and religious practice):

16–17, 24, 29, 42, 44–5, 51, 53, 56, 61–2,67, 71, 89, 102, 109, 111, 117–18, 121, 126,146, 188, 210, 265

absence of: 103, 111activity / capabilities / power of: 23–6, 29–31,

33–4, 36, 38, 42–4, 46–7, 49–57, 60–1, 63–4,66–7, 70, 84, 105, 109, 111, 113–19, 122–3,160, 187–8, 193, 195, 202, 210, 221, 273

Index 303






demons: (cont.)agents of Lucifer / armies / captains /

harquebusiers / hordes / legions /servants of the Antichrist: 40–1, 43,49–51, 56–7, 63, 65, 67–8, 193, 199–200,249, 254, 261, 266, 268, 273

attacks by / battles against / trickery of / warwaged by/against: 48–51, 54–7, 60–1, 63,65, 67, 102, 113–14, 116, 118, 146–8, 160,162, 164, 167, 251, 261, 265–6, 273

council of: 266defeat by / triumphant: 46, 53defeat of: 51–2, 54, 56–8, 273(as) divine instruments (jailers, prosecutors,

punishers, purgatives) / supporters ofmoral order : 53, 61, 105, 110–12, 117,119–24, 157–8, 160, 167, 210, 255

(in) drama: 101–5, 122–4(as) enemies (of God/Christ/humanity) /

rebellion: 20, 40–1, 43, 50–1, 81–2, 105,118, 120–1

existence of: 37, 82, 125, 167fall of / (as) fallen angels: 22, 72, 82, 158, 160,

174, 176, 180, 187–8, 201folk devil: 122forms of: 46, 48, 50, 56–8, 62, 64–5, 67, 81, 102,

104, 109–10, 112–13, 115, 119, 120–2, 148,159, 161–2, 167, 187, 202, 205, 265, 273

names of / terminology for: 17–19naturalisation of: 31–3, 36–7pact with: 18–19, 20, 22, 28, 31, 36, 43, 63, 109,

122, 153patrons / protectors of indigenous people (see

also devil the, friend): 139possession by: 29, 44, 46, 52–3, 55–6, 61–3, 67,

117, 122(and/in) Scripture: 30sexual relations with: 30, 36temptation by / trials / torments: 48–52, 55–8,

61, 67, 105, 109–14, 164, 188, 255, 265, 273Descartes, Rene: 177

Cartesianism: 178despair (see also sin): 110, 120, 151devil (the) (see also demons): 1, 15, 37, 40–6, 48,

51–2, 60–8, 70, 110, 115, 118–19, 122–4,146–7, 151, 153–4, 161, 188, 194–5, 198, 201,206, 211, 252–3, 265

activity / power of / enslaved by / (as a) tyrant/ weapons manufacturer / worship of (seealso demons, activity of): 41, 62–4, 66–8,70, 115, 119, 122–4, 146–7, 151, 153–4,194–5, 198, 201, 206, 211, 252–3, 265

anger / jealousy / pride of: 46, 49, 156, 188, 201attack by / battle/war against: 40, 49–50, 147,

156, 160, 199, 206, 249, 260

(as a) commander: 63, 65, 68, 195, 268(as a) concept / perceptions of: 45, 52, 61, 65,

68, 122(as a) deceiver / trickster: 41, 46, 60, 64–5, 68,

120, 122, 153, 195, 199, 241expulsion of (see also demons, fall): 229(as a) friend or patron / helper of the needy

and marginalised: 122, 153, 161(as) indigenous deity (and vice versa): 156, 252(as an) instrument of God (see also demons):

64, 68, 123names of: 41, 46, 49, 56, 65, 82, 102, 104,

110–12, 114–17, 121, 131, 147, 154, 160,164, 187, 197, 199, 201, 207, 251–2, 254,260, 268

(as a) usurper / Simia Dei (imitator of God) /malign ruler of the Americas: 20, 40, 84,154, 201, 208, 211, 251, 254–5

victory of (see also demons, defeat by): 64devotio moderna: 76

devotion and piety (see also God, and Mary andprayer and saints): 49, 51, 53, 57, 61, 66,101, 118, 132–3, 135, 156, 158, 175, 182,221–2, 228, 231, 235, 238, 242–3, 252,269–73

diabolism / worship of demons/of the devil /diabolical priesthood/institutions (seealso demons and devil): 20, 43, 45, 53, 59,69, 147, 151, 153–5, 166, 171, 208

indigenous (see also idolatry and indigenousreligious practitioners and religiouspractice, indigenous and sorcerers andsorcery): 211, 254

Dıaz del Castillo, Bernal: 252Diego Lazaro de San Francisco (see also Michael

(St) and San Miguel): 94, 229, 271Dioclesian (emperor): 181Dionysius the Areopagite see Pseudo-DionysiusDioscorides, Pedanius: 35discernment: 55, 58, 60, 68

(and) medical humanism: 29divination see magicdivine see Goddoctrine and dogma (see also Catholicism and

catechesis): 56, 70, 96, 105, 112–13, 129,149, 187, 228, 258–9, 266

Domingo, husband of Caterina de San Juan (seealso San Juan, Caterina de and slaves): 262

Dominic (St): 224–5Dominicans / Order of Preachers (see also clergy,

regular and Mendicant; 62, 78, 88, 94,160–1, 165, 167, 196–8, 206, 215, 219, 225,247, 250, 253–4, 262

domini canes (dogs of the Lord): 205Third Order of St Dominic: 205

304 Index






drama see theatredreams (see also hallucination and visions):

36, 50, 80, 94, 106, 113, 122, 157–8, 189,266

interpretation of (see also magic, divination):106, 113, 254

Ducca, Antonio: 181Duns Scotus (see also Christianity, Doctors of the

Church): 258Duran, Diego (see also Dominicans and

Mendicants): 78, 247Durandus, William: 79Durango: 242

earth see worldearthquakes (see also natural philosophy): 26, 90,

165, 176Easter (see also Christ and liturgy): 74, 240Ecclesiastical Junta (1539), Mexico: 77, 88ecstasy see mysticismEden / paradise, garden of (see also heaven,

paradise): 61, 164, 166, 252, 272Egypt (Ancient) (see also Classics and

Classical Antiquity): 106, 173, 176,251–2

Elias (prophet) (see also Scripture): 253Empire, Holy Roman and Spanish

(see also Hapsburg dynasty): 181, 191,208

imperial cult (see also Mary, ImmaculateConception): 184

imperial eagle (Hispanic): 195imperialism and imperialist (viceregal)

discourse (see also conquest andcosmology): 171, 176, 179, 182,185, 189, 191, 193, 196–7, 229, 245

universal eschatological emperor: 193empiricism (see also discernment and natural

philosophy and preternatural philosophyand science): 27, 35–6

encomienda(s) / encomendero(s): 196–7, 202, 273England / English: 59, 77, 256, 267Enoch, book of see apocryphaErasmus of Rotterdam: 76–7, 183

Erasmianism: 76, 226Ercilla, Alonso de: 64–5Erotes: 79Escaray, Logrono: 183eschatology: 146, 174–5, 177, 180, 182–3, 192–3,

206, 228, 258–9, 270Esdras, book of see apocryphaEspinosa Medrano, Juan de: 178, 183Estete, Miguel de: 59–60Estrada, Josef Trinidad de: 135Ethiopia (see also Africa): 191

Eucharist (see also Liturgy): 88–9, 188, 249, 264adoration of (see also Blessed Sacrament): 245Eucharistic visions (see also Christ Child and

visions): 229presence of Christ (see also Christ): 270

Europe / European(s) / Old World: 76–8, 85,104, 171–2, 178–9, 183, 187, 195–6, 198,200, 205, 216, 269

greed and materialism (see also conquestand conquistadors, demonisation of):250

evangelical life see lifeevangelisation (see also syncretism): 41, 44, 60,

65, 68–9, 73, 78, 83–7, 94, 96, 101, 122,126, 148, 187, 192, 201–2, 212–13, 218,250, 259

Eve (see also Adam): 102, 184, 259, 261fall of: 81, 102, 164

exegesis see Scriptureexempla (see also medieval and miracles and

saints): 88, 221exorcism (see also demons and healing): 29, 46,

52–6, 254exorcists (see also clergy): 61

exploration (see also conquest): 39extirpation see idolatryExtremadura: 48, 56–7ex votos: 206Ezekiel (prophet) (see also Scripture): 259–60

Faber, Bohl de: 70Fall (the) (see also Adam and Eden and Eve): 226Feijoo, Benito Jeronimo (see also Benedictines):

177

Felipe Prospero (prince): 174Ferdinand III (Holy Roman Emperor): 176Ferdinand of Aragon see Catholic MonarchsFernandez de Santa Cruz, Manuel (bishop of

Puebla): 262Ferrer, Vincent (St) (see also Dominicans and

Mendicants): 253, 259(as) angel of the apocalypse: 259

Ficino, Marsilio (see also Hermeticism andNeoplatonism): 32–4, 173

Figueroa, Francisco de: 150Figueroa, Jose Vidal de (see also Jesuits): 268Final / Last Judgment: 101, 108, 110, 177, 185, 198,

253

Holy Tribunal: 127, 131, 210Fiore, Joachim de: 228, 256Flanders: 64, 76, 267, 271Flemish art: 175Flemish influence: 76

Flood, The Great: 95Florence: 76, 173

Index 305






Florencia, Francisco de (see also Jesuits and Maryand Michael (St)): 269–72

Fontibon (Hontibon): 152, 156, 167Fragoso, Juan (see alsomedical humanism): 28, 31France / French: 43, 267Francis of Assisi (St): 90–1, 130, 132, 199, 228,

231, 256(as) Atlas (Seraphicus Atlas): 235(as the) new angelic Adam: 228(as a) second Christ: 256(as the) sixth angel of the Apocalypse: 256

Franciscans (see alsomissionaries andMendicants):40, 71, 74, 83, 101–2, 119, 130, 180, 192, 215,217, 219, 226, 229, 231, 234–5, 237, 247, 250,255–6, 258–9, 270, 272

pedagogy (see also catechesis): 83, 218–19,225, 242

friars see MendicantsFuensalida, Luis de (see also Mendicants):

215, 241Fuentes, Alonso de: 23–5, 33

Gabriel (St) see ArchangelsGalen: 17, 29, 32

Galenic tradition (see also medical humanismand healing): 30, 32–3

Galle, Phillipe (see also Flanders, Flemish art): 175Gante, Pedro de (see also Franciscans and

Mendicants): 75, 89, 105, 218, 234–5, 242Garces, Julian de (bishop of Tlaxcala): 94,

216–17, 222–3, 225–6, 229, 242, 245Garcıa, Gregorio: 95Garın, Juan: 46–8, 67Gasca, Beatriz de la: 162–3Gasca, Pedro de la: 208–10Gemelli Careri, Giovani Francesco: 272Germany: 77, 83, 256Gerson, Jean: 19Gertrude (St): 141Gethsemane, Garden of (see also Christ,

Passion of): 107God: 20, 34, 41, 43, 54, 72, 74, 80, 91, 93, 95, 97,

102, 105, 110, 131, 136, 139, 142, 156, 158–9,166, 171, 173, 189, 192, 196, 201, 210, 212,215, 258–9

absence of (see also abandonment andmysticism): 264

attributes and names of: 70–1, 82, 176–7, 182belief (faith) in / communion with /

contemplation of / devotion / prayer to /service of / submission to / union with(see also mysticism) / worship of: 21, 34,41, 49–50, 59, 70, 73, 75, 77, 82–4, 88, 97,143, 154, 161–2, 173, 199, 202, 229, 250,254–5, 265, 267

(as) creator / who sustains life: 42, 68, 73–4,89, 91–2, 95, 107, 173, 200

denial of / treason against (see also apostasy):20, 177, 252

Divine Theophany / revealed / revelation of:71, 77, 82, 92, 229, 265

existence / incomprehensible being of /nature of / refractions of: 71, 73, 82,86, 267

foolishness of: 217gifts / mercy / rewards of: 47, 75, 77, 110,

114, 116, 127, 162, 181, 188, 193–4, 229,262, 265

glory of / grace of / light of / life / love /virtue of: 21, 30, 40, 71, 79, 87, 89, 92,97, 116, 161, 202, 225, 246, 254, 265–7,272

Ignoto Deo, unknown God: 201(as) judge / justice of / (as) Lord / power /

omnipotence of / punishment / wrath of:21, 23, 25, 31, 37, 54, 57, 64, 71, 82, 91, 105,121, 123, 130–2, 146, 155, 160, 164, 175, 184,189, 195, 197, 208, 226, 249, 253, 255, 258,263, 265–7, 272

providence / plan / will / wisdom of: 26, 43,49, 51, 53, 57, 61, 64, 68, 74, 77–8, 80, 82,95, 107, 118, 147, 152, 158–9, 179–80,188–9, 193, 201, 213, 226, 231, 252–3, 258,262–3

testing by: 43, 53, 57Trinity (Father / Son see Christ / Holy Spirit):

gods see deitiesGoliath (see also Scripture and Villavicencio):

252

Gonzaga, Francisco: 181gospels see ScriptureGothic (style): 78governors: 64, 196–7, 208grace (see also God): 74, 89, 95, 249

Law of (the sixth age): 184separation from nature (see also nature):

73, 75Granada (Spain): 181Greek(s) see Classics and Classical Antiquity

(see also Byzantium)Gregory I, the Great see popesGregory of Nyssa: 77Grijalva, Juan de (see also Augustinians and

Mendicants): 255Guacolda: 64Guadalajara: 238, 270Guadalupe see church, buildings and convents

and MaryGuaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe: 201–2, 206, 222guardian angels see angels

306 Index






hagiography: 49, 67, 242–3, 257, 262, 265, 273hallucination (see also healing and demons and

medical humanism): 35–6Hapsburg

dynasty / era: 176, 179, 181–2, 185, 191, 193,208, 256

imperial discourse see Empire (see alsouniversality)

viceroyalties: 243harquebus: 198healing (see also indigenous customs and

medical humanism): 19, 29, 31, 36, 55,119, 252, 254

(and) angels: 131, 158–9(and) diabolism (see also demons and

exorcism): 28, 57–8miraculous (see also miracles): 52, 62, 171,

256–7, 259, 269, 271–2(and) superstition (see also superstition): 28, 31

heaven(s) (see alsomusic): 47, 71, 75, 80, 87–8, 90,104–7, 109–11, 113, 115, 119, 124–5, 127,130–2, 144, 162, 165–6, 172–3, 178, 185, 200,222, 229, 235, 240, 249, 253, 261, 266, 272

afterlife (see also death): 80, 177Celestial Court / monarchy: 130–1, 180Empyrean / Paradise: 76, 90–1, 164, 166, 194,

222, 249, 252, 261, 266gate of / house of God (see also church,

buildings): 249kingdom of / palace of: 88, 177, 210, 217, 251,

258

residents of see angelsvision(s) of (see also visions): 47war of / angelic/celestial war / cosmic battle /

eternal struggle: 153, 160–2, 166–7, 180,182, 188, 195, 260, 265, 268, 273

Hebrew (see also Jews): 192hechiceros / hechicerıa see sorcerers and sorceryHelena (St): 109hell: 43, 57, 104–5, 110–12, 114, 116–18, 120–3, 144,

153–4, 166, 187, 197, 207, 253, 255, 264,266

hellfire / pains / punishments / torments of:115, 155, 157, 202, 254

hellmouth(s): 157heresy and heterodoxy / heretics and schismatics:

1, 19, 60–1, 63, 65, 67–8, 71, 74, 149, 163,166, 174, 176, 199, 258, 268

Hermes Trismegistus (see also Hermeticism andNeoplatonism): 173, 179

Hermeticism (see also magic and Neoplatonism):176

hermit(s) / hermitic practice / holy men andwomen: 46–7, 85, 256

indigenous: 70, 243

hermitages (see also shrines and sanctuaries): 232of Allende (Escaray, Logrono): 183

Hernandez, Francisco: 39Hernandez, Marıa: 138Hesiod: 179hieroglyphs see imagesHieronymites (see also clergy and missionaries):

44–5, 48–9, 51–5, 61–5, 67–8Hippocrates: 17, 28–9, 32Hippolytus (St): 232history see timeholy innocents (see also martyrdom and saints):

219, 261Holy League: 40Holy Spirit see God, Trinityage of (see also millenarianism): 228, 247

Homer: 71, 85, 179hope / optimism (see also pessimism): 78, 81, 83,

85, 110, 123–4, 149, 207, 226Horeb (see also Moses and Scriptures): 259Horozco y Covarrubias, Juan de: 25–6hospitals: 144, 151huacas: 42, 65, 188Huaina Capac, Inca (emperor) (see also Andes

and Incas): 189Huamachuco: 42Huamanga: 42huamincas see Viracocha, soldiers ofHuarochiri: 70Huarte de San Juan, Juan: 32–7Huitzilopochtli (see also deities): 58, 251–2, 260humanism (see also Erasmus and medical

humanism and Neoplatonism): 76,84, 173

humanity (see also life): 86–7, 90, 92–3, 95–7,104–5, 107, 109, 114, 116–18, 121–5, 154–5,179, 188, 211–12, 236, 273

creation of / nature of : 73, 75, 77, 82, 88,95–6, 120, 123–4, 172–3, 179

deified in Christ: 212new men (see also indigenous, angelic): 213,

217

humours see Galenic tradition / medicine anddemons, abilities of

idolatry and idols (see also angels and demons,worship of and demons, pact with): 18,20–1, 38–42, 59–60, 63, 65, 81–4, 96,150–2, 154–7, 171, 187, 189, 195, 198–9,208, 211, 218–20, 251–4

extirpation of / extirpators of / visitadores : 59,68, 70, 147, 150–6, 167, 185, 187, 199, 202,219, 229, 251

idols behind altars: 219, 251inefficacy of: 18, 155

Index 307






idolatry and idols: (cont.)prison for idolaters (see also Valladolid,

Michoacan): 251, 253–4Illa Tecce see Godimages

abduction of: 240, 241effectiveness / power of (see also images,

sacred and allegorical and miracles):231, 235, 238, 241, 256–7, 261, 270,272

hieroglyphs: 175, 260pictographs: 75, 220sacred and allegorical / cult of (see also saints):

46–7, 51, 53–4, 56–8, 61–2, 80, 134–9, 141,143–4, 155, 174–5, 177, 183, 189, 191, 199,202, 210–12, 214, 222–3, 225–6, 231–2,234–5, 237–8, 240, 242, 244–6, 252,256–60, 264–5, 267–70

Satanic (see also demons, forms of and devil(the)): 211, 242

Inca(s) (see also Andes and indigenous andreligious practice, indigenous): 41–2, 59,66, 69, 185, 187–9, 191, 193–5, 198, 200–2,207–8, 243–4

architecture: 66empire (pre-Hispanic and restoration of): 66,

188–9, 193–4, 207government / power: 201–2, 244religion see Andes and religious practice,

indigenoussymbolism (see also Andes and religious

practice, indigenous): 215Incarnation see ChristIndia: 263Indies (the) see Americas

Laws of (see also New Laws): 210indigenous

angelic nature / canonisation / capacity orincapacity / Marian spirits / nature /rationality / (sublime) image/representations / as messengers andvisionaries (see also angels, indigenous):211–17, 219, 222, 225–9, 231–2, 234–7,238–9, 240–2, 246, 248, 260

bishops / episcopate (see also clergy, exclusionof indigenous and indigenous religiouspractitioners): 247–8, 254

children and neophytes: 72–5, 79–80, 85–8,156, 158–9, 212–13, 217–23, 228

culture / customs / everyday life / knowledge /thought / trades and offices / traditions(see also indigenous, people / societiesand healing and plant lore and religiouspractice): 44, 63, 65, 68–70, 78, 84, 87,96, 106, 113, 129, 135, 140, 144–5, 147–8,

154, 167, 215–16, 220, 225, 229, 232,234–5, 237–41, 243, 248, 250,252–3, 256

demonisation of / abuse of / denigration of /exploitation of / marginalisation of /suffering of 63, 68–70, 171, 187, 195–7,206–8, 210–11, 216, 222, 248, 251–3, 255

household(s) / family/kinship group(s) /settlement: 126–7, 134, 136–9, 141–3, 145,152, 157, 235–6, 251, 253

imaginaire: 213, 222, 226, 229, 231languages (see also Chibcha and Nahuatl and

Quechua): 150, 154–5, 187, 217, 225nobility (caciques and curacas): 83, 116, 120–2,

153–4, 165, 202, 207, 217, 219, 221–3, 232,235, 237, 243–5, 254–5, 260

people / societies (see also Araucanians andIncas and Muisca and Nahuas andTepehuanos and Zapotecs): 2–3, 38,40–1, 45, 60–1, 63–70, 79, 83–5, 87–8, 94,101, 109, 122–4, 126, 136–9, 141, 143–5,148–51, 153–9, 161, 166–7, 171–2, 187–8,192–3, 195–9, 201–2, 206–8, 210–12, 215,217, 225, 227–9, 231, 235, 238, 240–3, 247,251–5, 259–60, 266, 271

reactions / cultural and physical resistance /rebellion (see also conversion andevangelisation and syncretism): 41–2, 60,69–70, 76, 78, 84, 150–2, 175, 188, 197,199, 208, 210, 213

religions see religious practicereligious practitioners / dogmatisers /

ministers / mohanes / priests / rabbis /shamans: 59–60, 65, 153–5, 160–1, 167,178, 199, 214, 243, 251–3

of the devil (see also indigenous,demonisation of): 251

warriors / captives: 210, 229, 232inefficacy (causal) (see also idolatry): 21, 25innocents (slaughter of): 106Inquisition: 19, 61, 83, 109, 111, 162, 174, 180, 198,

242, 244, 258–9, 268, 272–3indigenous familiares (officials) of: 244(mock) tribunal(s): 151

Inti (the Sun) (see also Andes and cosmology anddeities and Incas): 59

Iroquois: 242Isaac (see also Scriptures): 107, 109, 259Isabel of Castile see Catholic MonarchsIsaiah, prophet: 71, 191–2, 194, 259Ishmael: 109Isidore (St): 141Isidro Juan: 142Italy and Italian(s) (see also Renaissance): 76, 163,

174, 177–8, 181, 235, 257–8, 269

308 Index






Ixtlahuaca: 127, 137–8Izquierdo, Sebastian, 177

Jacob: 249, 266Jacob’s ladder: 80, 249

Jalostitlan (see also Mary, Our Lady of San Juande los Lagos): 270

James son of Zebedee (St and apostle): 141, 191,199, 257–8

Santiago Moorslayer: 257Japan / Japanese: 149, 266

emperor of: 267Jauregui, Juan de: 183Jeremiah (prophet): 105Jerome (St) (see also Patristics): 192Jerusalem: 79, 90, 107, 109, 111, 125, 181, 192, 268

new: 251Jesuit, the Anonymous: 185, 187Jesuits (see also mission(s)): 21, 41, 43, 69–70, 78,

95, 133, 140, 146–8, 150–2, 154–63, 165–7,175–7, 179–80, 182, 192–3, 198, 202,215–16, 222, 242, 244–5, 261–3, 266–9,271–3

Cartas Annuas: 148–51, 157–8, 160–1, 242, 262casuistry: 20pedagogy (see also evangelisation): 70, 151(as) servants / soldiers of Christ (against the

devil) / spiritual combat of: 147, 151, 157,175, 268

Jesus see ChristJesus, Marıa de (see also nuns): 263Jews / people of Israel: 21, 192–4, 206, 249, 252,

254–6, 260Jewish and Judeo-Christian tradition (see also

angels (and) Jewish and Muslimthought): 71, 174, 182, 192, 249

rabbis and rabbinical teaching andliterature (see also cabbala): 176, 192,247, 251

Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco (CardinalPrimate of Spain) (see also Franciscansand Mendicants) : 80

Joachim (St): 106–7Job (see also Scripture): 51Joffre Velloso, Guifre, Count of Barcelona:

46–7John of the Cross (St) (see also mysticism): 265John the Baptist (St): 132, 260John the Evangelist (St) (see also Tetramorph and

Scripture): 90, 141, 146–7, 180, 240,260–1

Jordan, river: 89Jordan of Saxony (see also Dominicans and

Mendicants): 254Joseph (St): 106–7, 141

Juan Diego Cuahtlatoatzin / of Tepeyac (see alsoMary, Our Lady of Guadalupe): 108,213–14, 226–7, 241, 246, 259–60

(as a) king / new Adam: 246, 261Juan Diego of Ocotlan: 241Juanes (los) (see also Juan Diego Cuahtlatoatzin,

Juan Cecuauhtli and Juan Diego ofOcotlan): 241

Judas: 111, 197Julian the Hospitaller (St): 110, 122Julius II (pope) see popesJulius III (pope) see popesjuridical theory and practice / jurists and judges:

152, 157, 189, 196–7, 208, 211

Kircher, Athanasius (see also Jesuits): 176

Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus: 179Laguna, Andres de: 35–7landscape(s): 78–9, 210sacred: 79

La Paz: 176Las Casas, Bartolome de and Lascasianism (see

also Dominicans and Mendicants): 153,192, 195–201, 206, 208

Lautaro (see also Araucanians): 64law and judicial proceedings: 253Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: 177Lent: 116, 119, 123Leon, Luis de (see also Mendicants and

mysticism): 192Lepanto: 40Liebana, Santo Toribio de (convent of)

see conventslife (see also death and humanity): 97, 102, 108,

118, 179apostolic / evangelical: 193, 215eternal: 73, 80inner / (of) grace / contemplative: 74, 216, 265living (the) / everyday / way of: 111, 149, 156–8,

160, 228monastic (see also clergy): 216, 228

Lille, Alan of: 93Lima: 58, 63, 175, 177, 184–5, 198, 210, 242–4archdiocese of: 43, 150, 195spiritual capital of the world / New Rome: 198

Limbo: 105liturgy (see also exorcism and religious practice):

21, 50, 70–1, 74, 77–9, 87, 94–7, 111–12,114, 118, 123, 137–8, 144, 146, 155, 157,165, 181, 188, 249–50, 253, 261, 264,268–9

instruments for: 146–7, 231, 265Lobo Guerrero, Bartolome (Archbishop of

Lima): 150–2

Index 309






Lope de Vega, Felix Arturo: 106Lopez de Legazpi, Miguel: 40Loreto, Holy House of (see alsoMary, Virgin of):

257, 268–9Replicas: 269

Loyola, Ignatius (St) (see also Jesuits): 166, 264,268, 273

Spiritual Exercises of (see also Jesuits): 268Luke (St) (see also Mary, Virgin of Loreto and

Scriptures and tetramorph): 107, 135, 199,257, 269

Machiavellianism: 210Madrid: 174–5, 180, 243, 245, 254Magi (see also Christ, birth of): 89, 106,

245–6(as) Incas: 243

magic (see also sorcery and witchcraft): 1, 3,19–20, 109, 122, 163, 173, 176, 212, 254

divination and oracles (see also omens): 21, 30,59–60, 64, 272

natural magic (see also Hermeticism andNeoplatonism and angelology): 173

theologia magica: 173Manco, Inca (emperor) (see also Andes and

Incas): 198–9, 207manna / ‘maize’: 194Manresa: 47

Bishop of: 47Manrique, Alonso (Cardinal Archbishop of

Seville and Chief Inquisitor of Spain):259

Marcos: 158–60Margarita (princess): 174Marıa Angelina: 135Marıa Clara: 127, 129–30, 135, 144Marıa Micaela: 135, 138Mariana: 159Mariana (Queen of Spain): 174Martial (St): 138martyrdom and martyrs: 41, 149, 167, 175, 181,

242, 256, 258, 260books of: 219child martyrs of Tlaxcala: 219–20

Mary (St and Virgin): 46–8, 54, 58, 62, 79, 81,102, 105–8, 130–2, 140–1, 178, 183, 191,199, 213, 225, 236, 246, 256–60, 264, 267,269–70, 272

Annunciation (the): 102, 131, 269assumption of: 80, 90, 178, 235birth / life of: 106–7, 180bodily presence in images / warrior against

Satan: 259, 261, 270Candlemas (feast of): 140Co-Redeemer of the New World: 270

devotion / prayer to / veneration of: 47–8,50–1, 55, 58, 81, 118–20, 140, 232, 234–5,238, 243, 257–9

Immaculate Conception: 106, 127, 137–8, 140,180, 182–4, 243, 245, 247, 258, 269

Immaculate Virgin of Mexico: 243(as an) instrument of God / mediator: 54(as) judge / glory / intercession / intervention /

power of: 53–5, 57, 60, 89–90, 119, 235,237, 240, 265

Marian symbols: 225mother of God: 53, 183, 210, 246(a) new Eve: 261Our Lady la Antigua: 264Our Lady of the Assumption / August: 140, 235Our Lady of Carmel: 140Our Lady of Cosamaloapan: 263Our Lady of Guadalupe de Extremadura: 44,

46, 48, 51, 53–7, 61–2Our Lady / Virgin of Guadalupe (Mexico):

108, 135, 138, 140, 213, 225, 245–7, 259–61,269–70, 272

exclusively Mexican/indigenous: 246–7, 260Patron of the Indies / Universal Patron of

kingdoms of New Spain: 270, 272as Woman of the Apocalypse: 261Our Lady of Mercy: 140Our Lady of Monserrat: 46–7, 61Our Lady / Virgin of Ocotlan: 237–8Our Lady of La Piedad: 235Our Lady / Virgin of El Pilar: 238, 258Our Lady of Populo: 264Our Lady of Los Remedios: 232–5, 259–60,

270

conqueror / conquistadora (see alsoconquest): 232, 234, 259

Our Lady of the Rosary: 264Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos: 238–40,

270

Our Lady of Santa Marıa Nueva Espana /Espanita: 240–1

exclusively indigenous: 241Our Lady of Santa Marıa la Redonda: 235Our Lady of Solitude: 264Our Lady / Virgin of Sorrows: 135, 140Our Lady of Texaxic: 235–6Our Lady of Zapopan: 270Queen of the Angels / of Heaven: 89–90,

140, 183, 235–6, 237, 238, 245–6, 257,264–5

Siren of the Seraphim: 178Virgin of Loreto: 238, 257, 264, 269patron of Californian missions: 269

Virgin of Zape: 242abuse of: 242

310 Index






Mary Magdalene (St): 88, 141, 222, 225Mass see liturgymastiffs (see also demons, forms of): 202–7materiality: 212Matthew (St) (see also tetramorphs and Scripture):

106, 199Maxentius (emperor): 109, 122medical humanism and medicine (see also

healing): 26–7, 29, 31–2, 35, 37–9(and) demonology: 28–9, 32, 37, 39(and the) preternatural: 27(and) professional rivalry: 28(and) superstition: 28, 31

medieval: 1, 2, 23, 27, 44, 55, 74, 76, 79, 88, 110,130, 172–3, 177, 178, 179, 189, 191, 206,228, 251, 257, 268

Medina, Baltazar de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 270

Medrano, Alonso de: 150Melchizedek (see also Scriptures and Jews): 249Melchora Marıa: 144Mellitus, Abbot: 59, 77Mendicants and friars (see also Augustinians and

Dominicans and Franciscans andmissionaries): 73–88, 90, 93–6, 103–4,106, 110, 113, 123, 133, 145, 161, 167, 196–7,212, 217–21, 225, 228–9, 241–2, 247, 250

Mendieta, Jeronimo de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 86, 226–9, 241, 247, 218

Menesius da Silva, Joannes see Amadeus ofPortugal (Blessed)

mentalities and practices (clerical vs lay / elite vspopular) (see also healing, and magic andmedical humanism and naturalphilosophy and preternatural philosophyand religious practice and superstition):2, 4, 15, 17, 20, 25–6, 28, 30–1, 37, 84, 96,163, 83

Merian, Matthaus (see also images): 177Merlo, Juan de (bishop of Honduras): 247Mesa, Simon de (see also Juanes (los) and Mary,

Our Lady of Santa Marıa NuevaEspana): 241

Mesoamerica: 79, 251pre-Hispanic (see also Aztecs and Nahuas and

Zapotecs): 250Mestizo(s) and miscegenation: 69, 85, 110, 172,

189, 195, 197, 207–8, 245metaphysics see preternatural philosophyMetepec: 127, 134, 139Mexica see AztecMexico (see also New Spain): 77, 79, 101, 109,

126, 144, 232, 246, 255–6, 259–61,268–70

Central / Valley of: 58, 71, 133, 137, 143, 145, 217

City: 77, 121, 133, 136, 235, 242, 247, 253, 259,261, 269

pre-Hispanic (see also Aztecs andMesoamericaand Nahuas and Zapotecs): 250

Michael (St) see angels, archangelsMichelangelo: 181Michoacan: 245mictlan see death and Hellmillenarianism / millenarian kingdom (see also

hope and heaven and Mendicants): 228mines and mineral wealth (see also treasure):

193, 196Mira de Amescua, Antonio: 110miracles (see also supernatural): 3, 23–6, 47, 50,

52, 54–5, 62, 77, 191, 194, 200, 213, 222–3,225–6, 229, 235–41, 255–7, 259, 261–2,270–1

encouragement of: 226fraudulent / denial of (see also charlatanism):

26, 31, 226narratives of: 51–2, 56–7, 61, 67

mission and missionaries (see also Mendicantsand Jesuits): 38–9, 41–2, 44, 49, 54, 56,61, 77, 101, 123, 146–7, 149, 152, 156–61,163, 165–7, 171, 175, 189, 191–2, 195,212–13, 215, 218, 255, 267, 269, 271–2

missionaries as angels or demons: 159–60,166–7, 171, 175

Moctezuma II (emperor): 109, 252, 260Moghul empire (Great) (see also San Juan,

Catalina de): 263Molina, Alonso de (see also Franciscans and

Mendicants): 75, 130, 226Mollinedo y Angulo, Manuel de (bishop of

Cuzco): 244Moloch (see also idolatry and Scripture): 252monarchy (see also Crown and Empire and

universality): 179–80, 198celestial see heaven

Monardes, Nicolas, 39monasteries see conventsmonastic life / monasticism see life and clergyMonistrol: 47Montesinos, Fernando de: 193Montreal: 242Montserrat (see also Mary): 47, 67Montufar, Alonso de (archbishop of Mexico): 216moon see cosmologyMoors (see also Muslims and Turks): 206, 257morals see virtuesmorality police / officials: 63

Morelos: 107–8Moriscos: 195defeat of: 40

mortification see penance

Index 311






Moses (see also Scripture): 105, 173, 181, 194, 237,247, 252–3, 259

Motolinıa, Toribio de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 219, 241

Mozarabic rite: 80Muisca: 148–9, 152, 154, 158mulatto(s): 163, 207Murillo, Diego (see also Franciscans and

Mendicants): 258Murua, Martın de (see also Mendicants): 195music, songs and dance (see also theatre): 69–72,

74, 78–9, 81, 83–4, 88–9, 101, 107, 121,155, 165–6, 178, 215–16, 225, 229, 236,239, 241, 245

celestial / heavenly (see also visions): 47, 72,178, 183, 232, 234–7, 240, 242

Muslims and Islamic tradition: 27, 40, 71, 172,206

mysticism: 55, 86, 94, 172, 174, 221, 228–9,264–7, 271–2

Nahua(s) (see also indigenous): 41, 71, 80, 101,104–6, 109–11, 121–4, 137, 140, 142–3, 145

Nahuatl: 71, 74, 80–1, 84, 88–90, 101–2, 104–7,110–11, 121, 123–4, 126, 131–3, 139, 142–3,145, 226

Nathanael, prophet: 80natural law: 229natural philosophy (see also preternatural

philosophy): 23–4, 26, 29–31, 33,38–9

naturalism: 32, 35–9promissory: 31–3

nature (see also cosmology and God and graceand supernatural): 71, 77, 79–80, 87, 91,147, 176, 202

relationship with / separation from grace: 73,75, 86, 231

relationship with the supernatural: 79–80, 86,89, 95–6, 211

Naucalpan: 234Navarro, Gaspar: 23Navarro, Pedro: 156Nazareth (see also Christ and Mary and

Scriptures): 257, 268–70Nemocon: 178Neoplatonism (see also Hermeticism): 2, 32–4,

76, 172–3New/Nueva Galicia (kingdom of): 238, 270New Granada (kingdom of) (see also Colombia):

62, 83, 146, 148, 158, 161–5, 167New Laws (1542) (see also Indies, Laws of): 197New Mexico: 267New Spain (see also Mexico): 211, 213, 215, 218,

234–5, 245, 247, 252–3, 256, 272

religious culture of (see also Catholicism andreligious practice): 213, 229, 240–1, 251,269, 271–2

New World see AmericasNewton, Isaac: 177Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio: 179Nombre de Dios (Caribbean coast): 63notaries: 127, 129–30Nueva Antequera: 248, 251

diocese of: 248Nunez de Miranda, Antonio (see also confessors

and San Juan, Caterina de): 262–3, 267nuns: 122, 163, 262–3, 272

indigenous: 70

Oaxaca see Nueva AntequeraOcana, Diego de: 44–6, 52, 54, 61–7Ocotlan: 240officials / officers (colonial / crown): 41, 196Old Testament see Scriptureomens and signs (see also miracles): 69, 232optimism see hopeoracles see magic, divinationOresme, Nicole: 31–2Orgaz, Diego de: 48–9, 51–4, 67Orpheus: 179Ortiz, Antonio (see also Franciscans and

Mendicants): 259Oviedo, Basilio Vicente de: 83, 178–9Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de: 211Oviedo, Juan Antonio de (see also Jesuits and

Mary, Our Lady of Guadalupe): 272Ozumba: 111

Pachacamac (see also deities and huacas andGod, Ignoto Deo): 59–61, 188–9, 201

Pachacutec, Inca (emperor) (see also Andes andIncas): 191, 200

pachacuti / cosmic cataclysm (see also conquestand cosmos and world): 202

Pachacuti Yamqui, Joan de Santa Cruz (see alsoIncas): 191

Pachamama (Mother Earth) (see also deities andAndes and cosmology): 200

Paita: 44Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de (bishop of Puebla):

94, 231, 241, 247, 249–50, 254, 263, 271Palermo (see also angels, apocryphal): 163, 181, 163

senate of: 181Palestine: 258Panama: 62–3

people of: 63papal bulls see popes and papacyParacelsus see Hermeticism and NeoplatonismParaguay: 63, 65, 171

312 Index






parishes: 148, 152, 250, 253–4doctrinas (indigenous): 198, 202, 250Divine Saviour, Sopo (New Granada): 164Hueyotlipan: 240Santa Cruz Tlatlaccotepetl: 251–2secularisation of: 241, 250

Pasiontitlan (Calimaya): 127, 131, 135paternalism (see also pessimism): 84Patmos (see also John (St and Evangelist)): 261Patristics (see also Augustine of Hippo): 41, 76–7,

79, 86, 91, 174patronato real / royal patronage (see also Crown /

monarchy (of Spain)): 207, 212, 245Paul (St): 42, 82, 91, 127, 130, 132, 201Paul III see popesPaul V see popespedagogy see catechesis and Franciscans and

JesuitsPedro Juan Pablo (son of Antonio de Santiago):

141

Pena Montenegro, Alonso de la (bishop ofQuito): 254–5

penance: 46, 50, 78, 110, 116, 220, 242, 263–4Perez de Holguın, Melchor (painter): 199Perez de la Serna, Juan (bishop): 241Perez de Menacho, Juan (see also Jesuits): 177Perez de Ribas, Andres: 43, 242performance see theatrePersia (ancient) (see also Classics and Classical

Antiquity): 173Peru (kingdom / Viceroyalty of) (see also Andes):

42, 44, 58, 61, 65–6, 171–2, 174–8, 183,185, 188–9, 192–4, 197–8, 201, 206–8, 210,213–15, 222, 245, 255

(as an) infernal prison: 202Upper Peru: 244viceregal government / power structure /

socio-religious order / regime: 195, 197,202, 207

pessimism / disillusionment / intolerance: 64,70, 76, 83–5, 94, 96, 123–4, 149–51

Peter (St and apostle): 108, 127, 130, 132, 141, 181,269

Philip II (king) (see also Crown and Hapsburgdynasty): 29, 35, 40, 85, 182, 187, 197–8

Philip III (king) (see also Crown and Hapsburgdynasty): 201–2

Philip IV (king) (see also Crown andHapsburg dynasty): 94, 174, 182–3, 185,191, 267

identification with angel of the apocalypse: 183Philippines: 262, 273philosophy (see also natural and preternatural

and science): 177–8, 211physicians see medical humanism and medicine

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (see alsoHermeticism and Neoplatonism): 173

pictographs see imagespietas: 115piety see devotionPignatelli, Hector de (Viceroy of Sicily): 181pilgrimage and pilgrim(s): 51, 57–9, 236, 256–7,

263, 268–71pirates and piracy: 263, 267Pius IV see popesPizarro, Francisco: 194Pizarro, Hernando: 58, 60plant lore (see also healing and medical

humanism and medicine): 35–6, 39Plasencia: 57Plateresque: 78Plato (see also Neoplatonism): 32, 34, 173,

178–9Poor Clares (see also Franciscans and nuns): 163Popayan: 150popes and papacy: 46, 80, 150, 174, 182, 208, 212,

217, 244–5, 253angelic: 180, 258Benedict XIV: 207, 208Boniface IV: 77Gregory I, the Great: 59, 77Julius II: 257Julius III: 268Papal Bulls: 212Paul III: 212, 222–3, 225–6Paul V: 149Pius IV: 181plenitude of power: 244Sixtus IV: 174Zachary (St): 174

Porta, Giambattista della: 37, 36portents see miracles and omensPosada, Martın de: 44–6, 52–5, 61–2positivism (see also empiricism and natural

philosophy and science): 172possession see demonsPotosı: 63, 178, 199prayer / praise / worship (see also contemplation):

49–51, 58, 86–9, 116, 162, 175, 256, 261,264–5

preaching and preachers: 101, 114, 123, 146,149–52, 154–5, 157–8, 160, 175, 178,191, 195, 201, 215, 219, 223, 228,244–5, 247, 251, 254–5, 257–8

predestination see God, providence ofpreternatural: 16–17, 23, 25–7, 29–31, 158naturalisation of preternatural phenomena (see

also demons and naturalism andsuperstition): 35, 39

philosophy: 32–3, 35–9, 179

Index 313






priests see clergy and indigenous religiouspractitioners

princes: 208printing press: 19, 76processions see religious practiceprodigies see miraclesprophecy and prophets (see also magic,

divination and Scripture and visions): 24,32–3, 110, 174–6, 180–1, 185, 187–9, 192–3,197, 258, 261–2, 271

imperial discourse: 191, 207, 229prophetic tradition / discourse

see Las Casas, Bartolome de and EmpireProtestantism see Reformationprovidence (divine) see GodPsalms see ScripturePseudo-Dionysius: 80, 86–7, 91–2, 96, 165, 178,

249, 259, 272hierarchies (celestial and terrestrial) (see also

angels): 165, 178, 250, 272, 259Puebla de los Angeles: 94, 247, 249, 251, 253,

261–3, 267Puerto, Nicolas del (bishop of Oaxaca): 248Puno: 175purgatory: 110–11, 144, 254, 261, 266Pythagoras (see also Neoplatonism): 173, 179

Quechua (see also Andes and Inca): 69, 185,187, 199

Quiroga, Vasco de (bishop of Michoacan): 242Quispe Tito, Diego (see also images and Final

Judgment): 177Quito: 66, 254

Ramos, Alonso (see also Jesuits and San Juan,Caterina de): 262–8, 273

Raphael (St) see angels, archangelsReal Corona Guane y Curita: 178reason: 78redemption see salvation and soulReformation: 1–2, 4, 76, 226

Catholic and Counter-Reformation (see alsoCouncils, Trent): 17, 19, 174, 180

Protestantism: 256reformers: 25–6, 96

relics and reliquaries: 53, 56–7, 59, 143, 232, 251,256–7, 261, 265, 268

religious practice / religious tradition andbelief / ritual / ritual practice (see alsoexorcism and liturgy): 1, 16, 18, 21, 45,59, 70, 74, 78–80, 83, 85, 87–8, 95–7,101, 126–7, 136, 143, 145, 148, 153–4,162, 165–6, 187, 200–2, 210, 251,258, 262

condemnation / demonisation of / diabolical(see also demonology and indigenous):18–19, 43, 69–70, 78, 85, 96, 153,250–1

indigenous: 38–9, 59–61, 65, 68–70, 78–80,83–4, 110, 143, 147, 150, 152–4, 156, 166–7,185, 187, 189, 199–202, 207, 211, 213, 220,225, 229, 231–2, 234–5, 242, 250–1, 254,256

superstitious practices: 25vain observance / false religion: 21, 60, 69

Renaissance: 2, 4, 27, 79, 171, 173–4, 177–8,205

repartimientos (see also encomiendas): 196repentance see conversion (see also penance)resurrection

(of) the body / flesh / of the Inca / of people(see also Christianity and doctrine andmiracles): 75, 193, 235, 238, 253

(of) Christ see Christrevelation see visions

book of see ScriptureReyes, Baltasar de los: 137Roa, Martın de (see also Jesuits): 180Rocha, Diego Andres: 192Roman, Bartolome (see also angels, in drama /

representations of and images, sacred):174

Roman(s) / Rome (ancient) see ClassicsRome: 46, 180–1, 243, 258–9, 263–4, 271

New Rome: 192Rosalia (St): 141Rose of Lima (St): 202, 205–7Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor) (see also

Hapsburg dynasty): 179Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio (see also Jesuits): 175rural (hinterland) / countryside / wilderness: 42,

65, 156, 166

sacraments (see also liturgy and religiouspractice): 78, 86–7, 123, 153, 159–60, 162,188, 197, 201, 212

baptism: 20, 56, 78, 87, 89, 217, 223communion: 208, 264, 268confession: 89, 105, 114–21, 123–4, 130, 147,

160–2, 215, 220–2, 242, 253–4, 269confirmation: 151

sacrifice (see also death and religious practice):65, 78, 107, 109, 150, 229, 249, 251–3, 259

sacrificial stone (cuauhxicalli) / altar: 78, 252Sacsahuaman: 66Sahagun, Bernardino de (see also Franciscans

and Mendicants): 71, 75, 82, 84, 88–91,123, 241

314 Index






saints: 44, 48, 56, 67, 75, 127, 130, 132–45, 156,199–200, 202, 206–7, 214, 222, 242,254, 256

cult of: 57, 130, 136, 142–4, 162, 164, 182,226, 231–2, 235, 237, 244–5, 256–7, 261,263, 268

(as) household residents: 138saint-houses (see also shrines, home of God

and santocallis): 142(as) images of God: 139indigenous (see also Mary, Our Lady of

Guadalupe and San Miguel delMilagro): 247

patron / tutelary saints: 132, 135, 139, 160,164, 191, 237

politics of: 57, 130Salamanca (see also universities): 57Salmeron, Pedro: 271Salvatierra, Juan Marıa (see also Jesuits

and Loreto, house of and Loreto,Virgin of): 269

salvation and soteriology (see also soul): 40, 56,62, 74, 82, 92, 96, 107, 110, 120, 147, 151,157–9, 171, 189, 197, 206, 211–13, 254, 266

history of: 226San Bartolome Capulhuac: 132San Bartolome Tlatelolco: 134, 144Sanchez, Francisco: 137–8Sanchez, Miguel: 246, 259–61Sanchez, Tomas: 22sanctuaries see shrinesSan Gabriel Cepayauhtla: 132San Gabriel (Franciscan Province of): 259San Juan, Caterina de: 261, 265–7, 273San Juan de los Lagos (see also Mary, Our Lady

of): 242San Lorenzo del Escorial (monastery of)

see convents and monasteriesSan Lorenzo, Ocotlan: 237–8San Lucas Evangelista (Tepemaxalco): 137, 141San Marcos, University of (Lima) see universitiesSan Miguel Aticpac (Toluca): 137–8San Miguel del Milagro (see also Michael

(St)): 247San Xavier de Macanguane: 165Santa Cruz Tlatlaccotepetl (see also parishes):

251–2Santa Marıa Nativitas (see also Diego Lazaro and

Michael (St)): 271Santa Marta: 150, 167Santa Teresa de Potosı (convent of) see conventsSantiago, Antonio de: 141Santiago de Compostela: 57, 257–8Santiago Moorslayer see James son

of Zebedee

santocallis (see also deities and idolatry, idolsbehind altars and shrines): 219, 231–2

Santo Domingo, Lima (Convent of): 198Santos, Hipolito de los: 127, 129–30, 132Santos, Salvadora de los: 242Santos y Salazar, Manuel de los: 109Sarah (see also Scriptures): 107Sarinana y Cuenca, Isidro de (bishop of Oaxaca):

251, 253Satan see devilscepticism: 16, 37, 150scholasticism (see also Aquinas and Aristotle and

natural philosophy and medicalhumanism): 17, 20, 29, 31, 73, 173, 178–9,246

science (see also natural philosophy andpreternatural philosophy): 16, 37–9, 172,177–8

occult science (see also magic): 3, 32–3, 173scribes and notaries: 202Scripture(s) (see also angels and demons): 29–30,

42, 71, 77–9, 82–4, 105–6, 146–7, 155–6,161, 164–7, 171, 175–6, 178, 182–3, 189,191–3, 195–6, 200–1, 206–7, 211, 231,243–4, 246, 249, 256, 258, 260, 268, 271

secularisation (see also empiricism and naturalphilosophy and science): 172, 177

seminary (see also colleges and pedagogy(Franciscan and Jesuit)): 243, 250

Sepulveda, Juan Gines de: 192sermons (see also preaching): 123–4, 151, 157, 175,

177–8, 185, 215, 245, 261, 264Serrano, Andres (see also angels, apocryphal and

Jesuits): 271–2Seville: 174sexuality and sexual practice (see also demons and

sin): 63shepherds: 107shrines and sanctuaries: 46–7, 51–3, 56–9, 61, 141,

152, 166, 199, 231–2, 240, 257–9, 263, 270home of God (see also saints, saint-houses and

santocallis): 142spiritual fortresses: 261

Sicily: 181signs see omensSiguenza, Jose de: 48, 51, 54, 67Siles, Francisco de (bishop of Manila): 247sin, sinners and vice: 21, 46–7, 49–50, 62–3, 66,

81, 86, 88, 105, 108, 110–11, 114–18, 120,122–4, 130, 157–8, 160, 164, 172, 187–8,194, 196–7, 199, 201, 206, 215, 217–18,222, 228, 254–5, 268, 271, 273

original: 82, 217Seven Deadly: 120, 208, 219, 231

Sinai, Mount: 182

Index 315






sirens (see also spiritual beings and Plato): 178Sixtus IV see popesslave(s) and slavery (see also African people and

indigenous, demonisation of): 62–3, 253,262–4

Society of Jesus see JesuitsSocrates: 179Solorzano y Pereira, Juan de: 180, 191, 193, 192Sopo: 164–5

maestro of: 164sorcerers and sorcery (see also witchcraft and

indigenous religious practitioners): 104,109, 122, 187–8, 199, 202

Soriano, Beatus of: 224–5Sosa, Miguel de: 262soteriology see salvationsoul (see also angels, influence of and demons,

influence of and salvation): 108, 111–12,116, 118–19, 121, 127, 131, 158, 161–2, 173,187, 212, 219, 222–3, 266, 273

angelic nature / capacities / faculties /immortality of: 33–4, 36, 51, 75, 228,266–7

ascent of (see also mysticism): 34, 222, 265–6perdition of / in torment (see also damnation,

and hell and soul, struggle for): 154, 157,226, 255

salvation of: 40, 89, 105, 147, 157–9, 254, 266struggle of / for: 50–1, 53, 58, 64, 67–8, 121,

146–7, 153, 159–60, 162, 167, 249, 261,265–6

South America see AmericasSpain (kingdoms of / Peninsula of): 16–17, 20,

26–8, 32–3, 35, 43–6, 53, 62, 64, 66, 76,80, 85, 163, 174, 180, 182, 192, 195, 253–4,257–9

Aragon: 76, 94Basque Country: 248Castile: 76, 206, 262Catalonia: 46destruction of: 189, 197, 206(as) Sefarad: 192

Spanish / Spaniards: 42, 45, 59–61, 64–6, 68, 106,131–2, 135, 138–9, 142–3, 145, 148, 151, 154,171–2, 177, 179, 181, 185, 187–8, 191–2, 196,198–202, 207, 228–9, 235, 241, 251, 254,256, 267, 271

authorities / rule (see also Crown and Empire):206, 208, 210

children compared to indigenous children:217

demonisation of (see also conquest,conquistadors as devils and sin): 195, 197,206–8, 217, 226, 228, 241

wars between: 208

Spanish America see Americasspirits see angels and demonsspiritual

beings / entities / force(s) (see also angels anddeities and God and supernatural): 102,104, 124–6, 138, 148, 155, 157, 159, 164

exercises see Loyola, Ignatius (St) and Jesuitsnature (see also cosmology and supernatural):

171

storms: 146–7Suarez, Pedro (see also clergy, secular): 262Sun see cosmologysupernatural: 23, 31, 70, 73, 77, 79–80, 86, 90,

96–7, 158causation (see also God and demons): 21,

23–5realm / world (see also heaven): 95–6, 145,

172, 235superstition (see also demons, pact with / worship

of and idolatry and healing): 1, 20, 39, 69concept / category of: 16–18, 20, 25demonisation of: 25, 71as a diabolic pact: 22as idolatry: 21naturalisation of (see also demons): 25persecution of see Inquisition and idolatry,

extirpation ofpractices see religious practicetreatises against / discourses on / eradication

of: 16–20, 22–5, 28–9, 31–2, 37–9, 43,69–71

Sybils (see also Classics): 33synagogue (see also Jews): 246syncretism / hybridisation / religious

transformation (see also evangelisation):44, 55, 84–5, 144, 187, 213, 225

Talavera, Gabriel de: 52–3Tegakovita, Catharina: 242, 243temples (see also shrines): 165–6, 181, 189, 232,

239–40, 249, 252Pantheon (the): 77Temple of Jerusalem: 79, 89, 249Temple of Solomon: 182Temple of the Sun: 60Templo Mayor / Teocalli of Tenochtitlan: 58,

78, 232, 252Teocalli of Tlatelolco: 229

Tenango del Valle: 127, 129, 131–2, 134Ten Commandments: 20–1, 107, 112, 117, 253,

255

Tenochtitlan: 58, 109, 232, 251, 253Tepehuano(s): 242Tepepan (see also Mary, Our Lady of los

Remedios): 235

316 Index






Tepeyac (see also Juan Diego and Mary, Virginof Guadalupe): 225, 245, 247, 261

testaments (wills): 108, 115, 126–7, 129–30, 132–7,139–45

executors of: 112testators: 129–31, 134, 136–7, 139–40, 142, 144

testimony and witness (legal) (see also angelsas prosecutors and demons asprosecutors): 122

tetramorphs: 79, 260Tezcatlipoca (see also deities): 110, 252Thales of Miletus: 179theatre and performance / sacramental autos (see

alsomusic (song and dance) and religiouspractice): 101–6, 108–11, 117, 119–20,122–5, 216, 229, 245

morality plays: 105, 111, 120–1, 124Passion plays: 107, 111prohibition of: 111

pedagogical spectacle: 151, 154–5, 157theology see Christianity, Doctors of the ChurchThomas (St and apostle): 40Thomism see AquinasTiahuanaco: 66time (and space) / history (see also cosmology):

73–4, 78, 86, 88, 90–2, 97, 184, 191–2,197, 206, 211, 217, 226, 247–8, 250–2, 256

dawn of: 160, 193end of see eschatologyeternity: 252six / seven ages of the world (see also world and

grace): 184, 256sixth age: 256, 184

Titicaca, Lake: 60, 244Tlamimilolpan (Calimaya): 131Tlaquiltenango: 222Tlatelolco: 229, 235Tlaxcala and Tlaxcalans: 94, 102, 107, 109, 216,

219, 226, 229, 237, 240, 243, 247, 271Tobias (see also angels, archangels, Raphael (St)

and Scriptures): 88Tobit, Book of see ScripturesToledo, Francisco de (Viceroy of Peru): 197–8Toltepec (see also Tovar, Juan Cecuauhutli and

Mary, Our Lady of Los Remedios): 232Toluca Valley: 71, 126–7, 129, 131, 135–7, 140–2,

144, 256, 134town of: 126, 142, 235

Toro, Pedro de (see also Dominicans andMendicants): 197

Torquemada, Juan de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 250–1, 255, 260

Tovar, Juan Cecuauhutli (of Toltepec) / Aguila,Juan del (see also Mary, Our Lady of LosRemedios): 232–3, 241, 260

transcendence (see also cosmology and soul): 34,86, 95

translation (of concepts, texts and terms): 103–4,111, 132, 135, 147–9, 155, 187, 259

treasure: 65, 193, 196, 208hunters: 65

Trinity (the) see GodTrithemius (see also Hermeticism and

Neoplatonism): 173Trujillo: 65, 175, 183Tucuman: 43, 65Tunja: 161–3Turks: 40, 206, 261

universality / unity (cultural, religious / ofmonarchy / universal kingdom) (see alsoCatholicism and empire and Hapsburgdynasty): 4, 145, 147, 164, 191, 193, 212

universal glory of the nations of the NewWorld: 246

universal legitimacy: 244universities: 27, 177, 208(of) Alcala de Henares: 27, 29–30(of) Salamanca: 27(of) San Marcos (Lima): 177, 183, 198(of) Valencia: 27(of) Valladolid: 27

Upper Peru see Peruurban centres / urbanisation: 41–2, 59, 63, 78,

152, 163, 165–6, 250populations: 76

Valades, Diego de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 222

Valencia, Martın de (see also Franciscans andMendicants): 219, 255

Valencia (University of) see universitiesValera, Blas (see also Jesuits): 69–70, 95, 188Valladolid, Michoacan: 245Valladolid (University of) see universitiesValles, Francisco: 29–30Valtanas, Domingo: 20Valverde, Vicente (bishop of Cuzco): 206van de Passe, Crispin (see also Flanders, Flemish

art): 175Vega, Bartolome de (see also Dominicans and

Mendicants): 197Vega, Cristobal de: 31Vega, Inca Garcilaso de la: 69, 188–91, 208Vega, Pedro de la: 48–9, 54Vetancurt, Agustın de: 119vice see sinviceroys: 197, 208, 210, 243palace of: 210

Vilcabamba: 42

Index 317






Villagomez, Pedro de (archbishop of Lima): 195Villavicencio, Diego Jaymes Ricardo: 251–4Viracocha (see also deities): 185, 188–9

messengers of (viracochas): 191, 198, 200soldiers of (huamincas): 187

Viracocha, Inca (emperor) (see also Andes andIncas): 189, 191

Virgin see Maryvirtues and morals: 48–50, 54, 62, 67, 70, 89,

113–15, 120, 122, 124, 164, 217, 254,262–3, 268

indigenous: 212–13, 217, 228, 241visions and revelations (see also Christ and

demons and God and heaven and helland Mary and saints): 48–52, 56, 65, 67,71, 82, 90, 110, 122, 157–60, 162, 167, 200,206, 213, 222, 225, 229, 231, 242, 246, 249,253, 256, 261–2, 265–7, 270, 273

condemnation of: 265, 268visitor-general(s): 94vows: 49, 70, 161–2

weather: 26, 57, 176, 216, 260, 267Wierix, Hieronymus: 175, 193Wild man / men / monsters (see also demons,

forms of): 47, 159wills see testamentswitchcraft (see also magic and demons (pact

with)): 2–3, 16, 19, 22, 30, 35–6, 38, 43, 63,109, 163

sabbaths: 20witch-hunts / persecution of: 1, 20, 35, 109

wonders see miracles

world (see also cosmology and supernatural):71–2, 75, 80, 86, 88, 95, 107, 114, 118, 121,124, 156, 165, 172, 176, 179, 181, 184, 191,193, 198, 200, 202, 210, 235, 240, 246,249, 261, 268, 272

end of see eschatologyHispanic (see also Americas and Spain and

Empire): 269lords of (see also Crown / monarchy and

Empire and indigenous, nobility): 219

xenoglossy (see also magic): 32, 34, 55Xochimilco (see also Mary, Our Lady of los

Remedios): 235Xonacatlan (Ixtlahuaca): 142

Yucatan: 3Yupanqui, Diego de Castro Titu Cusi, Inca

(emperor) (see also Andes and conquestand Incas): 198–200

Zachary (St) see popesZapotec(s): 248Zappa, Juan Bautista (see also Jesuits and Loreto,

house of and Loreto, Virgin of): 269Zaragoza: 258Zarate, Agustın de: 60, 187Zoroaster (see also Neoplatonism and magic): 173Zumarraga, Juan de, Archbishop of Mexico: 75,

83, 86, 88, 226Zupay (Cupay) (see also devil (the), names of):

187–8Zurbaran, Francisco de: 48, 50–1, 175

318 Index






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