INDEX [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805217/66883/index/9780521766883_index.pdf ·...

665

Abdera, 492 , 500 Abini hoard, 102 Abruzzo, 637 Abul, 307 , 491 Abydos

royal tomb Uj, 116 Seti I temple, 345

acculturation, 11 , 12 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 249 , 256 , 257 , 300 , 454 , 516 acephalous

cohesion, 96 , 106 industry, 98 system, 76

Achaea, 170 , 186 , 187 Achaean colony, 235

Achaemenid period, 389 Achaemenid royal tombs, 390 Achaia. See Achaea Achakar, 563 Acinipo, 493 Acquarossa, 443 , 444 , 446 adornment, 339 , 344 , 625

body, 409 , 578 personal, 558 , 559

Adra River, 492 Adria, 646 Adriatic, 1 , 157–72

coast, 60 , 75 , 165 exchange system, 75 Italy, 79 , 82 , 636 , 644

Aegean, 1 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 26 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 66 , 80 , 145 , 147 , 157–72 , 163 , 178–92 , 202 , 340–44 , 345 , 417 , 636 , 650 , 651 , 656 , 659 , 660

Aegeans, 201 , 356 , 357 , 571 , 573 bronzes, 201 chronology, 420 craftsmen, 75 east, 209 , 235 migration, 253 prehistory, 27 , 178 , 181 , 184 , 186 prospectors, 62 , 65 south, 530 states, 162 traders, 166 tradition, 346 -type ship, 202 , 204

Aegean import Aeolian islands, 88 Cyprus, 578 , 630 Egypt, 356 Sardinia, 98–100 Sicily, 76 south Italy, 234 Thapsos, 104

Aegean pottery imitation Italy, 99 Levant, 254 , 258 Sardinia, 99 , 104 Sicily, 84 , 86 south Italy, 235

Aegina, 27 , 30 , 163 , 189 Saronic hegemony, 164 Temple of Aphaia, 295

Aff ula, 127 Afyon, 387 Agde, 510 agency, 17 , 18 , 65 , 112 , 140 , 158 , 160 , 162 , 286 , 318 , 326 , 327 , 328 , 329 ,

353 , 384 , 399 , 400 , 434 , 454 , 598 , 635 agg er , 232 , 233 Aghia Photia. See Agia Photia Aghios Kyrillos, 533 , 534 Agia Kyriaki, 322 Agia Photia, 324 , 530 , 533 , 534 Agia Triada, 329 , 654 , 655 , 657 , 658 Agios Charalambos, 331 agriculture, 1 , 47 , 49 , 82 , 146 , 150 , 151 , 187 , 331 , 428 , 471 , 475 , 477 , 478 ,

480 , 492 , 493 , 497 , 502 , 612 , 630 , 637 , 638 agricultural produce, 491 , 492 , 495 cereal, 47 , 115 , 169 , 542 innovation, 115 , 116 , 149 , 150 , 201 , 205 , 207 , 462 intensifi cation, 148 , 406 , 407 , 427 , 463 , 500 , 514 tools, 201 , 207 , 462 , 467 , 484

Agrigento, 63 , 66 , 85 , 87 Agullana, 457 , 461 Ahhijawa , 186 Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet tomb, 361 Aitolia, 186 , 187 Aizonai, 389 Akarnania, 186 , 187 Akko, 204 , 254 Akrotiri, 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 163 Akrotiri (Thera), 31 Al Mina, 184 , 191 , 493 alabastron

Mycenaean, 98 , 100 Alaca H ö y ü k, 345 , 346 , 348

elites, 147 royal tombs, 147 , 148 , 149

Alagarrobo River, 492 Alag ó n River, 496 Alalakh, 345 , 346 Alalia, 309

battle of, 268 , 280 Alambra, Mouttes , 623 Alarc ó n, 311 , 542 Alashiya, 356 Alassa

Palaeotaverna , 626 Pano Mandilares , 412 , 630

Alba, 644 Albania, 160 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170

tumulus, 169 Alboran Sea, 1 Alc á cer do Sal, 491 , 495 Alcal á del R í o, 495 , 500 Alcaria do Pocinho, 559 alcohol, 143 , 242 , 308 , 461 Aldovesta, 308 , 457

INDEX

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Index

666

Alentejo, 488 , 491 , 495 , 500 , 502 Alto, 556 Baixo, 556

Aleppo, 348 Alfarrobeira, 556 Algarve, 556 Algeria, 249 , 555 Alicante, 540 alloy, 146 , 148

bronze, 46 copper-arsenic, 146 copper-tin, 146 lead-copper-tin, 102 silver-copper, 147 silver-copper-gold, 147 silver-tin, 145 tin, 44 zinc-silver, 147

Almanzora River, 492 Almer í a, 540 Almogrebe, 492 , 495 Almu ñé car, 492 , 493 Alorda Park, 462 , 465 Alto Alentejo, 556 Amalek, 260 Amasya, 390 Amathus, 270 , 659 Ambarderesi valley, 379 , 381 amber, 63 , 84 , 86 , 98 , 99 , 104 , 169 , 201 , 205 , 270 , 597

Allumiere, 99 , 103 Baltic, 63 , 96 , 166 , 207 , 460 bead, 102–103 simetite, 76 , 80 , 82 Tiryns, 99 , 103

Ambrakia, 186 , 188 Amelia, 446 Amenhotep I, 361 Ammianus Marcellinus, 187 Ammon, 252 , 260 Amnisos, 651 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 658 Amorgos, 17 , 28 Amun

High Priest of, 352 , 353 , 362 Temple, 362

Amuq, 115 , 122–25 , 126 , 127 , 253 Amurru, 184 , 356 , 357

territory, 361 anaktoron , 90 , 242 , 244 , 245 Anapo (River) valley, 76 , 90 Anatolia, 25 , 32 , 61 , 80 , 114 , 120 , 131 , 139–52 , 208 , 341 , 345 , 346 , 379–91

Anatolian infl uence, 26 , 27 , 29 chronology, 112 , 140 , 161 coast, 660 east, 111 , 120 , 127 , 129 , 132 Euphrates valley, 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 120–25 , 390 rock-cut tomb, 382 trade network, 29 , 114 urbanism, 133 west, 126

Anatolianising, 28–30 , 139 , 142 , 145 , 151 ancestor, 147 , 323 , 330 , 379 , 382 , 384 , 388 , 580 , 587 , 589 , 590 , 597 ,

620 , 622 ancestral authority, 627 , 628 ancestral hero, 482 , 655 , 658 cult, 333 , 593 , 640 heroic, 207 , 475 landscape of, 562 ‘living’, 587 , 593 , 594 , 595 , 596 , 598 , 600 mythical, 277 veneration, 151 , 635

Andalusia, 202 , 203 , 204 , 307 , 308 , 310 , 471 , 491 , 493 , 561 coast, 454 west, 556

Andobales, 466 andron , 480 , 514

Andros, 17 , 34 Anguilla cemetery, 91 aniconism, 614–15 animal husbandry, 47–50 , 407 , 623 , 630 , 637 Annales School, 1 , 157 , 158 , 252 Anseresa, 466 Anta das Casas do Canal, 556 Antequera, 492 Apennine culture

proto-, 76 settlement, 88 sub-, 66 , 77 , 89

Apennines, 230 , 231 , 239 , 443 , 448 , 585 Apesokari II, 534 Aphrates, 660 Aphrodisias, 28 , 149 apoikia , 160 , 231 , 235 , 237 , 301 Apollo, 285 , 294 , 646 Apollodoros, 287 Apollonia, 160 Apulia, 67 , 79 , 80 , 165 , 186 , 242

coast, 76 tombs, 231

Arad, 609 Aramaic alphabet, 181 Archanes, 321 , 323 , 326 , 534 archipelago, 25 , 77

Aegean, 7 , 13 , 15 , 25–35 , 191 , 658 Aeolian, 58 , 63 , 66 , 74–93 , 165 Balearic, 40–52 Cycladic, 17 , 18 , 163 Egadi, 58 , 76 Maltese, 13 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 66 , 75 Pelagic, 58 Sicilian, 58

Ardea, 440 , 643 Colle della Noce, 644

Ardila River, 502 Arediou, Vouppes , 630 Arenalet de Son Colom, 47 , 48 Arganthonios, 489 Argaric. See El Argar culture Argive pottery import

Motya, 225 Pithekoussai, 225

Argolid, 14 , 31 , 164 , 342 , 344 Argos, 578

Argive pottery, 184 aristocracy, 106 , 171 , 235 , 244 , 274 , 277 , 279 , 461 , 463 , 465 , 495 , 496 ,

497 , 501 aristocratic network, 659 aristocrats, 587 , 594 , 661 eastern Mediterranean, 166 Etruscan, 591 , 594 , 597 lifestyle, 651 princely, 491 rural, 501

Aristotle, 187 , 205 , 650 Arles, 510 , 511 , 514 Arno, 585 Arquet, 510 Arslantepe, 112 , 114 , 120 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 132

elite, 115 , 133 Royal Tomb, 120 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 132 , 133

art, 18 , 285 , 286 , 287–94 , 295 , 318 , 337 , 353 , 360 , 362 , 368 , 374 , 594 , 609 , 612 , 615 , 661

artistic exchange, 340 fi gurative, 655 heroic scenes, 295 , 625 , 626 , 655 , 661 historical approach, 338 , 381 , 383 object, 338

artifi cial cave sanctuary, 642 artifi cial caves. See rock-cut tomb Arzawa, 356 Ashdod, 256






Index

667

Ashkelon, 254 , 256 ashlar, 87 , 90 , 327 , 331 , 337 , 339 , 344 , 403 , 501 , 514 , 516 , 627 , 628 , 656 ,

657 , 658 Asia Minor, 29 , 205

coast, 27 , 28 , 29 shekel , 201 , 205 , 206 standard, 208 western, 189 , 191

askoid jug, 105 , 273 , 275 , 302 Aslanta s tomb, 388 assimilation, 131 , 133 , 242 , 256 Assiros Toumba, 184 Assyria, 196 , 346

A šš ur, 388 Assyrian domination, 575 Assyrian elite burial ritual, 578 Assyrian Empire, 383 , 384 Assyrian infl uence, 578 Assyrian king, 385 Assyrian rock relief, 380 , 381 , 382 , 385 Assyrian state, 379

Astarte, 493 , 575 Asterousia Mountains, 528 , 530 Atalaia, 556 Ategua, 495 Athens, 189 , 658

Acropolis, 279 , 288 , 655 , 656 Agora, 181 , 182 , 185 Athena sanctuary, 656 Kerameikos, 182 warrior grave, 183

Athienou, 285 , 292 , 628 , 629 Bamboulari tis Koukounninas , 626

Atlantic, 104 , 205 , 302 , 305 , 488 coast, 46 , 67 , 205 , 216 , 308 , 488 , 489 , 495 -Mediterranean trade, 490 trade, 216

Attic import Crete, 656 , 659 Iberia, 208 , 481 Sardinia, 278 Sicily, 219 , 223 south Italy, 244 , 245

Attica, 28 , 31 , 186 , 208 , 587 Attic black-fi gure pottery, 245 , 288 Attic pottery, 293 Attic red-fi gure pottery, 288

Aubet, Maria Eugenia, 196 , 225 , 492 , 493 Augusta, 63 Aulis, 186 Ausetani, 466 Ausonian, 66 , 77 , 88–90

bronze, 86 culture, 92–93 invasion, 88 , 92 metal industry, 92 , 93 northern, 66

Auza, Libia, 302 Avaris. See Tell ed-Dab’a Aveiro River, 207 awl, 548 , 549 , 558 , 559 Ayia Irini, Cyprus, 294 , 627 , 628 , 630 Ayia Irini, Kea, 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ,

33 , 34 Ayia Triada. See Agia Triada Ayios Andreas, 33 , 34 Ayios Photios sanctuary, 285 Aznalc ó llar, 197 , 302 , 490 Azoria, 427 , 431

Bab ed-Dhra, 609 Bab ed-Drah, 523 Babylon, 256 , 344

Neo-Babylonian rock relief, 381 Badajoz, 501

Badia, 597 Ba h rija, 65 , 66 , 67

pottery, 216 Ba h rija pottery import

Sicily, 86 Bai ô es

hoard, 207 Baixo Alentejo, 556 Bakla Tepe, 28 , 146 , 147 Bak s eyi s /Bah sıs Monument, 388 Balearics, 8 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 40–52 , 41 , 109 , 202 , 205 Balkan import

Greece, 168 Balkans, 60 , 61 , 102 , 140 , 146 , 164 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 186

balkanization, 106 , 185 chronology, 161

Banditella spring, 641 banquet, 242 , 259 , 278 , 294 , 385 , 475 , 594 , 595

funerary, 545 set, 201 , 242 , 245 , 275 , 596

Baragiano, 240 , 245 Baria, 500 barley, 47 , 223 , 478 , 542 Barranc d’en Fabra, Amposta, 455 Barranc de G à fols, 459 Basento River, 233 , 235 Bastida de les Alcusses, 474 , 475 , 476 , 479 , 484 Bay of Naples, 188 Beaker

burial, 556 complexes, 42 objects, 556 pottery, 41 , 42 , 44 , 61 , 563 presence, 79

beer, 116 , 117 , 129 , 308 , 461 Beiras, 206 , 491 Bel é n, 502 Belmeque, 559 bench sanctuary, 653 Berzocana

hoard, 206 Berzocana hoard, 206 Bes, 288 , 295 Beth Shean, 115 , 127 , 185 , 357 Beycesultan, 28 , 143 B é ziers, 510 , 511 , 514 Big Man, 115 , 171 , 457–60 , 462

community, 454 –type society, 467

Biniai Nou 1 tomb, 42 biogeographic approach, 7 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 bird, 15 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 621 , 646

decoration, 640 , 653 Birgi necropolis, 219 Bisenzio, Bisentium, 443 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 644

Olmo Bello , 592 B ı s o t u n, 381 Biteli c , 167 Bithia, 278 , 279 , 280 Bo g azk ö y, 384

Ni s anta s , 384 Boiotia, 186 Boljevi c a Gruda tumulus, 168 Bologna, 270 , 440 , 646 Bomarzo, 446 Bor g in-Nadur, 63 , 65 , 66

Double Chapel, 65 pottery, 63 , 66 , 216 , 220 -style pottery, 67 temple, 65

Bor g in-Nadur import Sicily, 84 , 86

Borgo Panigale, 640 Botrys, 302 Bourdieu, Pierre, 299 , 317 , 400 , 445 , 585 , 587 , 599






Index

668

bovines. See cattle boxer statue, 276 , 277 B ö z ü y ü k, 146 Braida di Vaglio, 244 , 245 Brand ö pferplatzen . See votive pyres Braudel, Fernand, 1 , 34 , 230 bread, 116 , 117 , 400 , 475 Breno, 645 Broglio de Trebisacce, 188 bronze, 44 , 64 , 157 , 180 , 182 , 183 , 188

boat model, 279 fi gurine, 276 , 630 , 644 , 645 , 651 , 656 , 658 ingot, 201 production, 308 , 476 scrap, 181 , 207 , 308 , 457 statuette, 216 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 275 , 276 , 278 , 447 ,

479 , 644 votive, 183 , 493 , 654 votive breastplate, 291 weapons, 87 , 90 , 91 , 209 , 563 , 637 , 639 , 659 workshop, 640

Broodbank, Cyprian, 14 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 59 , 67 , 163 bucchero , 219 , 220 , 224 , 278 , 595 , 597 , 598 built environment, 96 , 221 , 318 , 399–413 bundling, 339 , 342 , 343 , 344 , 346 , 347 burial practice. See mortuary practice burial rite. See rite, funerary Burriac, 462 , 464 , 465 Buscemi, 85 Buskett Gardens, 217 , 218 Butera, 222 Buto, 614 Byblos Temple, 202

Ca na Costa, 42 , 51 Ca na Cotxera, 44 , 48 , 49 Cabecico Parra, 492 Cabezo de la Esperanza, 302 Cabezo de San Pedro, 302 Cabezo Redondo, 205 Cabrera, 42 Cagliari, 104 , 278 , 279 , 280 Caixa hoard, 201 Cala Blanca, 45 , 47 , 49 , 50 Cala Morell, 47 Calabria, 1 , 59 , 66 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 82 , 89 , 93 , 230 , 231 Cala ñ as de Marmolejo, 495 Caldare, Monte S. Vincenzo, 87 Calle Puerto, 490 Caltagirone, 77 , 85 , 90 , 91 , 92 Caltanissetta, 62 , 79 Camarina, 222 Campania, 82 , 186 , 440

coast, 62 Etruscanising centre, 594

Campidano Plain, 100 , 104 , 277 , 278 , 279 Can Cany í s, 461 Can Gallet, 46 Can Partit, 302 Can Piteu-Can Roqueta (Sabadell), 457 , 461 Canaan, 116 , 117 , 209 , 252–61 , 614 , 615

Canaanite bronze production, 258 Canaanite city-states, 253 Canaanite trading post, 202 Canaanites, 253 , 256 , 260

Cancho Roano, 208 , 497 , 501 , 502 Cannatello, 63 , 66 , 87 , 104 Canyamel, 48 , 49 Cap de Forma, 46 , 47 Cape Gelidonya shipwreck, 202 , 204 Capo Colonna, 279 Capo Graziano, 62 , 82

culture, 75 , 76 facies , 61 , 82 , 84 , 87 pottery, 62 , 79 , 80 , 82 settlements, 82

Capote, 502 Cappiddazzu sanctuary, 220 Capreria, 87 Capua, 440 Caracupa, 644 Carambolo, 105 , 307 , 310 , 493 Caramoro, 544 Caramoro II, 306 Carchemish, 122 , 348 , 356 Caria, 390 Carmona, 307 , 491 , 493 , 496 , 500

district, 500 Gandul, 495

Carsac, Carcassonne, 507 , 508 Ç ar s amba Fan, 140 Carteia, 500 Carthage, 67 , 105 , 106 , 216 , 220 , 221 , 224 , 225 , 267 , 273 , 278 , 280 , 302 ,

303 , 308 , 499 , 500 Carthaginian domestic pottery, 221 Carthaginian domination, 221 Cartheginian hegemony, 489 Carthaginian infl uence, 268 Carthaginian traders, 280 Carthaginians, 109 , 467 , 488 , 500

Carthagian import Gadir, 302

Casa das Moinhola-3, 500 Case Pietra, 87 Casinalbo, 638 Cassibile, 66 , 77 , 92

bronzes, 86 facies , 66

Cassibile/Ausonian II facies , 66 Cassino, 637 Cassiterides, 491 cassiterite tin, 98 , 146 , 496 Castellet, 484 Castellet de Banyoles, 477 Castellet de Bernab é , 474 , 475 , 480 , 484 Castellina del Marangone, 444 Castello, 63 Castell ó n Alto, 560 , 561 Castelluccio, 62 , 80 , 82

culture, 62 , 76 , 79 facies , 61 phase, 61 , 76 pottery, 79 , 80 sites, 79

Castels de Nages, 512 Castillejos-2, 502 Castillo de Do ñ a Blanca, 302 , 306 , 311 , 490 , 500 castro , 501 , 502 Castro Marim, 491 C á stulo, 491 , 493 Catalonia, 42 , 454 , 456 , 457 , 509 , 517 Catania, 63 , 66 , 76 , 79 , 80 , 92 Catania Barriera, 62 cattle, 40 , 42 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 81 , 82 , 148 , 149 , 169 , 428 , 431 , 460 , 476 , 478 ,

492 , 501 , 542 , 546 , 560 , 564 , 565 , 620 , 621 , 623 , 624 , 630 , 637 sacrifi ce, 149 terracotta fi gurine, 623

Caucasus, 111 , 114 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 139 Caucasian infl uence, 120 Caucasian people, 121 Caucasian-style metal, 123 , 132 southern, 120

Cave of the Treasure, 611 , 613 Cazzago Brabbia, 637 central place, 438 , 440 , 442 , 495 , 500

theory, 441 centre (core) and periphery, 111 , 112 , 116 , 120 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 162 , 201 ,

249 , 307 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 489 cereals, 47 , 81 , 115 , 201 , 305 , 428 , 478 , 492 , 501 , 637 , 640 ceremonial drinking, 320 , 329 , 331 , 524 , 640 , 646 Cerro de la Encina, 547 , 557 , 560 , 561 , 562 Cerro del Prado, 492






Index

669

Cerro del Villar, 208 , 305 , 306 , 308 , 310 , 492 , 493 Cerro do Malh ã o, 556 Cerro Macareno, 495 Cerro Naranja, 500 Cerro Salom ó n, 302 , 490 Cerveteri, 279 , 444 , 446 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 594 , 595 , 644

Banditaccia , 593 Camera degli Alari , 598 Monte Abatone , 593 Regolini-Galassi tomb , 596 , 598 Sorbo , 593 , 598 Tomba delle Cinque Sedie , 595

Cessetania, 465 Cetina culture, 167 , 168 , 169 , 171

tumuli, 167 Cetina import

Albania, 168 Greece, 168 Italy, 168 Malta, 168

Ceuta, 307 Chalinomouri, 427 Chalkidike, 186 chamber and dromos tomb, 577 , 580 chamber tomb, 63 , 91 , 218 , 221 , 268 , 310 , 501 , 523 , 556 , 575 , 590 , 595 ,

596 , 597 , 656 Chania, 169 , 655 Cherry, John, 14 , 15 , 50 , 171 , 187 , 441 Chichina, 560 chicken, 492 , 578 chief, 166 , 170 , 238 , 245 , 275 , 276 , 353 , 460 , 462 , 465 ,

595 , 642 chiefdom, 63 , 86 , 92 , 171 , 320 , 327 , 441 , 495 , 635 , 638 foreign, 354 of Hatti, 354 , 356 house, 242 , 424 , 425 of Keftiu , 354 of Tunip, 354 warrior, 166

Childe, Gordon, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 159 , 611 Chios, 28 Chiusi, 443 , 587 , 591 , 595 Chorreras, 306 , 492 chronology

absolute, 160 , 178 , 184–86 , 191 , 196 , 489 , 636 Aegean, 420 Anatolia, 112 , 140 , 161 Balkans, 161 Crete, 26 , 161 , 321 , 420 , 526 Cycladic, 26 Egypt, 13 , 161 French Iron Age, 506 Graeco-Phoenician, 215 Greece, 26 , 161 historical, 196 Levant, 112 Montoro, 203 relative, 184 Sardinian Iron Age, 266–69 south Iberian, 556–58 Trebisacce, 238

Chrysokamino, 427 , 428–31 territory, 429

Ciavolaro di Ribera (Agrigento), 79 , 80 Cierro de San Crist ó bal, 496 Cierro Manzanillo, 497 Cilicia, 126 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 149 , 184 , 202 , 390 , 624 Circuit of the Straits. See C í rculo del estrecho C í rculo del estrecho , 488 , 491 , 500 cist, 120 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 149 , 185 , 221 , 528 , 541 , 556 , 558 , 559 , 562 ,

563 , 564 , 565 , 597 citadel, 144 , 147 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 166 , 465 Cittadella, 66 city-state, 190

Archaic, 178 Canaanite, 253

Etruscan, 443 , 444 , 445 Greek, 181 , 186 , 189 , 591 Levant, 360 North Syrian, 348 Syria, 126

civilization, 3 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 111 , 112 , 116 , 118 , 157 , 187 , 231 , 320 , 373 , 399 , 650

Classical archaeology, 3 , 109 , 178 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 215 , 249 climate, 1 , 20 , 554 , 611 , 637 Cogotas I pottery, 203 , 205 coin, 371 , 484

Aeginetan, 655 Punic, 483

coinage, 178 , 180 Etruscan, 201 silver, 188–90

Coldstream, Nicholas, 178 , 186 , 266 , 651 , 656 Colfi orito, 446 , 447 Coll del Moro de Gandesa, 461 Colle Madore, 222 Colle S.Mauro, 85 colonialism, 160 , 250 , 554 , 555 colonization, 32 , 90 , 109–10 , 117–18 , 166 , 185 , 187 , 215–25 , 230–45 ,

253 , 257 , 266 , 272 , 278 , 299 , 300 , 311 , 454 , 492 , 495 , 497 , 529 , 555 , 575

colony Achaean, 235 Corinthian, 188 Egyptian, 614 Greek, 202 , 218 , 219 , 249 Mycenaean, 64 Phoenician, 196 , 208 , 249 , 307 , 310 Rhodian, 188 Spartan, 231

commensality, 320 , 322 , 329 , 331 , 524 , 535 , 560 embodied, 330 practices, 535 , 540 , 549 rituals, 331 , 541 , 545–46 , 549

communication, 7 , 45 , 46 , 57 , 63 , 82 , 84 , 127 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 145 , 152 , 216 , 219 , 225 , 230 , 332 , 388 , 400 , 442 , 447 , 488 , 587 , 622

(exchange) route, 446 , 482 , 626 , 654 device, 621 network, 133 , 152 nodes, 157 symbolic, 299 , 606

community, 18 , 129 , 131 , 232 , 240 , 245 , 322 , 344 , 395–96 , 399–413 , 417–34 , 462 , 465 , 527 , 528–30 , 532 , 562 , 572 , 573 , 576 , 577 , 578 , 580 , 581 , 585 , 591 , 593 , 595 , 612 , 654

Big Man, 454 colonial, 274 , 493 gateway, 62 , 164 identity, 222 , 275 , 348 , 396 , 425 , 446 , 580 , 622 , 653 ideology, 588 imagined, 7 , 396 , 402 kinship-based, 465 living, 523 , 535 migrant, 133 mixed, 278 status, 219 structure, 622 urban, 437–48 , 524

competition, 82 , 237 , 238 , 242 , 255 , 258 , 261 , 301 , 311 , 328 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 348 , 399 , 408 , 413 , 459 , 460 , 499 , 573 , 575 , 577 , 594 , 600 , 622

competitive display, 625 elite, 328 , 575 , 576 , 579 , 580 , 594 , 598 , 659 entrepreneurial, 577

complex society, 97 , 407 , 526 , 650 complexity, 59 , 74 , 230 , 237 , 249 , 250 , 287 , 299 , 389 , 406 , 440 , 444 ,

448 , 466 , 468 , 471 , 483 , 488 , 495 , 523 , 525 , 526 , 527 , 542 , 593 , 627 , 643

iconographic, 621 Conimbriga, 491 connectivity, 3 , 7–8 , 10–21 , 25–35 , 40 , 57–68 , 75 , 84 , 96–106 , 224 , 230 ,

240 , 249 , 250 , 437–48 , 650 consumption, 240 , 317 , 367 , 375 , 631

alcohol, 143 , 242 , 461






Index

670

beer, 129 ceremonial, 654 communal, 408 , 534 , 535 communal wine, 274 , 275 , 277 conspicious, 328 , 329 , 332 , 419 funerary, 594 , 621 large-scale, 461 , 536 patterns, 310 , 311 , 421 , 459 practices, 124 , 307 public, 310 , 328 ritual, 630 studies, 317 wine, 129 , 242 , 308 , 461 , 594

contact zone, 116 , 250 , 260 Contestani, 471 Contrada Diana, 82 Coppa Nevigata, 76 copper, 8 , 40 , 44 , 45 , 61 , 76 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 113 , 115 , 132 , 145 , 146 , 157 ,

181 , 182 , 189 , 301 , 399 , 475 , 490 , 491 , 496 , 572 , 659 arsenical, 114 , 115 , 120 , 132 Cypriot, 132 Cypriot industry, 626 , 628 , 631 ingot, 273 , 542 mining, 44 , 563 , 629 ore, 1 , 44 , 45 , 145 , 146 , 166 , 554 oxhide ingot, 99 , 101–02 technology, 132 trade, 624 workshop, 623 , 630

Corbones River, 493 C ó rdoba, 496 Coria del R í o, 493 Corinth, 186 , 189 , 219

Corinthian aryballos , 596 Corinthian colony, 188 Gulf of, 169 , 170 Museum, 374

Corinthian import Motya, 225 Pithekopussai, 225 Sicily, 219 , 220 , 222

Cornia Nou, 46 , 47 Corsica, 1 , 16 , 50 , 105 , 268 , 280 , 309 Corte Auda, 275 Cortona, 447 cosmology, 238 , 587 , 592 , 609 , 621 , 661 Costa de can Martorell, 456 Coudoun è u, 511 Cova de l’Avellaner, 456 Cova de Muleta, 41 Cova des Moro, 41 , 48 , 49 Cova des Riuets, 40 , 42 , 50 covacha , 541 , 558 , 560 Coval den Pep Rave, 48 Coval Sim ó , 47 , 49 Cozzo del Pantano, 65 , 93 , 188 Cozzo della Tignusa, 218 Cozzo Pantano, 85 craft, 64 , 65 , 151 , 235 , 236 , 301 , 303 , 307 , 514 , 612

activities, 484 craftsmen, 75 , 81 , 148 , 201 , 202 , 204 , 207 , 223 , 235 , 464 , 476 , 480 , 493 ,

594 , 606 , 612 , 660 , 661 domestic, 623 exchange, 236 itinerant craftsmen, 63 , 652 product, 594 production, 407 , 421 , 428 , 429 , 477 , 611 specialised, 112 , 113 , 115 , 208 , 232 , 327 , 328 , 428 , 542 , 575 , 631 technology, 606 workshop, 612

cremation, 61 , 62 , 82 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 267 , 278 , 309 , 456 , 495 , 578 , 580 , 587 , 588 , 590 , 591 , 597 , 598 , 639 , 642 , 646 , 651 , 656 , 659 , 660

cemetery, 89 , 91 , 92 , 457 creolisation, 232 , 233 , 235 , 250 , 256 , 305

Cretan import Akrotiri, 30

Cretan pottery imitation Akrotiri, 30

Crete, 1 , 12 , 14 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30–31 , 32 , 33 , 74 , 75 , 99 , 105 , 109 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 184 , 191 , 208 , 273 , 322 , 354 , 425–34 , 426 , 525–36 , 650–61

Assyrianising style, 660 , 661 chronology, 26 , 161 , 321 , 420 , 526 Cretans, 356 elite, 30 , 661 infl uence, 650 thalassocracy, 12

crucible, 45 , 145 , 146 , 496 , 626 Cruz de Negro, 495 Cuesta del Negro, 557 Ç ukuri ç i H ö y ü k, 146 cult, 96 , 105 , 115 , 237 , 238 , 285 , 287 , 310 , 387 , 428 , 471 , 589 , 626 , 654 , 655

activities, 380 , 388 , 479 , 482 , 607 , 635–46 , 655 , 657 , 658 agrarian and fertility, 481 ancestor, 595 , 640 building, 82 , 626 , 627 , 628 , 657 , 658 civic, 643–46 Cypriot, 628–31 Demeter, 642 domestic, 123 , 269 , 481 , 630 , 638 , 642 , 654 elite, 593 equipment, 653 instrument, 589 mountain, 640 object, 613 practice, 285 , 294 , 384 , 388 , 627 rituals, 383 rural, 630 site, 79 , 97 , 101 , 102 , 288 , 445 , 613 , 615 , 619 , 624 , 628 , 637 , 651 , 654 , 657 sun, 640

cult places. See cult site cultural encounters, 2 , 249–50 , 295 cultural osmosis, 12 , 104 cultural practice, 35 , 125 , 129 , 170 , 171 , 347 , 380 , 382 , 445

hybrid, 160 cultural transmission theory, 160–62 cultural-historical approach, 142 , 150 , 252 , 255 , 455 , 593 culture change, 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 57 , 74 , 159 , 162 , 166 , 249 , 254 , 256 , 258 ,

454 , 494 culture contact, 157 , 160–62 , 163 , 164 , 170 , 171 , 230 , 231 , 249 , 250 ,

285 , 454 Cumae, 188 , 591 , 594

Fondo Artiaco , 594 Custoza, 640 Cyclades, 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 20 , 25 , 27–35 , 163 , 169 , 171 , 235 , 321 , 323 , 326 ,

528 , 591 chronology, 26 cultural practices, 35 Cycladic presence on Crete, 326 fi gurine, 20 , 28 , 368 , 370 , 374 , 375 Mycenaean, 35 network, 17

cylinder seal, 85 , 87 , 112 , 337 , 339 , 340–44 , 408 imagery, 625 Mesopotamian, 615

Cypriot import Crete, 659 Egypt, 356 Iberia, 203 , 208 , 301 Italy, 99 Portugal, 207 Samos, 291 Sardinia, 96 , 99 , 104 Sicily, 84 , 86 , 87 , 223 Thapsos, 104

Cypriot pottery imitation Sicily, 84 , 91

Cyprus, 1 , 4 , 8 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 64 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 102 , 103 , 109 , 126 , 139–52 , 159 , 167 , 169 , 181 , 184 , 191 , 202 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 216 , 220 , 270 ,

consumption (cont.)






Index

671

285–96 , 341 , 345 , 347 , 371 , 395 , 399–413 , 571–81 , 572 , 619–31 , 620 , 652 , 654 , 659 , 660

bronzes, 148 copper industry, 626 , 628 , 631 Cypriot art, 285 , 287 Cypriot cult, 628–31 Cypriot iconography, 285 Cypriot infl uence, 102 , 104 Cypriot shekel , 201 Cypriot traders, 85 Cypriot trading posts, 202 Cypriots, 64 , 99 , 102 , 104 , 201 , 204 , 206 , 207 elite, 102 , 104 , 143 , 659

Dakhleh, 204 Dalmatia(n), 160 , 166–68

coast, 60 , 166 Dar-es-Soltan, 563 Darius I relief, 381 Dark Age, 34 , 93 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 181 , 186 , 197 , 242 , 424 , 434 ,

651 Daunia, 67 Dead Sea, 115 , 523 Decima, 594 Decimoputzu, 100 deer, 42 , 46 , 476 , 546 , 621 , 623

engravings, 204 deforestation, 150 , 447 , 492 Deir el-Balah, 372 Delikli Ta s , 388 Delos, 28 , 518 Delphi, 183 , 295

sanctuary, 288 Sanctuary of Apollo, 294

Demeter, 481 , 642 Demircih ö y ü k, 28 , 146 , 149

Sariket cemetery, 146 , 149 , 150 dendrochronology, 184 , 636 Deneia cemetery, 371 , 622 Denyen, 357 depas cup, 28 , 144 Desborough, Vincent R. d’A., 178 , 651 Desmont à , 640 Dessueri, 90 , 91 , 92 Dhaskalio Kavos, 28 diachronic perspective, 14 , 25 , 27 , 42 , 77 , 86 , 92 , 185 , 348 , 379 , 380 , 381 ,

389 , 526 diaspora, 117 , 131 , 187 , 231 , 236 , 302 , 311 diet, 41 , 48 , 51 , 115 , 256 , 258 , 456 , 478 , 560 , 564 diff usionism, 11 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 132 , 140 , 171 , 360 , 440 , 441 , 555 , 593 Dimini, 164 , 187 Diodorus Siculus, 67 , 88 Diogenes Laertius, 655 Dionysius Periegetes, 205 Dionysos shrine, 34 Dipylon oinochoe , 190 Dirillo valley, 85 Djahi, 355 , 362 Dodecanese, 27 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 184 dog, 48 , 81 , 428

consumption, 51 Doganella, 443 Do g ubeyaz ı t tomb, 390 dolia , 82 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 443 , 596 dolmen, 61 , 456 domus de janas , 523 donkey, 51 , 492

fi gurine, 609 Donousa, 34 Dorians, 185 Doric-Greek language, 651 , 654 Double Goddess, 628

Sanctuary, 627 , 628 , 630 Dragomelj hoard, 201 Drakones Z, 533

drinking set, 206 , 623 Attic, 656 , 659

D ü mrek, 388

early state, 115 , 116 , 118 , 441–42 , 495 , 541 , 635 , 643 Early State Module (ESM), 441 formation, 114 polity, 114

east Greek import Sardinia, 278 Sicily, 219 south Italy, 234

eastern Mediterranean, 77 , 126 , 139 , 147 , 157 , 166 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 181 , 185 , 201 , 202 , 204 , 207 , 224 , 252 , 271 , 337–49

craftsmen, 201 naval technology, 88 presence in Sicily, 88 sailors, 160 states, 164 traders, 85 , 90 , 204

eastern Mediterranean import Sicily, 87 west Mediterranean, 203

eastern Mediterranean-type pottery Sicily, 86

Ebla, 126 , 345 , 610 Ebro River, 457

estuary, 202 , 311 valley, 308 , 456 , 466

É cija, 495 Edecon, 465 , 477 Edeta, 475 , 476 , 477 , 484

Edetani, 471 territory, 396 , 465 , 478 , 480 , 482

Edom, 252 , 260 egalitarian

group, 44 ideal, 588 social-ethos, 460 society, 96 , 97 , 146 , 399 , 510 , 517 , 526 , 529 , 622

egg(shell), 50 , 51 , 578 ostrich, 201 , 208 , 221 , 563 swan, 646

Egypt, 4 , 30 , 32 , 111–33 , 160 , 162 , 169 , 171 , 184 , 190 , 192 , 209 , 252 , 260 , 323 , 341 , 344 , 345 , 346 , 352–62 , 610 , 614 , 624 , 658

art, 360 chronology, 13 , 161 (colonial) settlement, 116 , 117 , 118 Egyptian hegemony, 255 Egyptian iconography, 207 Egyptians, 254 , 614 , 615 (high) elite, 352 , 356 , 362 infl uence, 12 , 361 , 578 New Kingdom, 253 , 343 , 345 , 346 , 352

Egyptian import Aegean, 184 Iberia, 310 Levant, 116 Sicily, 223

Ekron, 254 , 256 , 257 El Argar, 544 , 556 , 561

culture, 540–49 , 541 , 554 , 556 , 559 , 561 , 562 , 564 mortuary rituals, 560

El Calvari, 308 El Castellvell, 466 El Puntarr ó n Chico de Beniaj á n, 559 El Torell ó del Boverot, 457 Elba, 8 Eleutherna, 659

Orthi Petra cemetery, 660 Elis, 186 , 187 Elkab, Ahmose son of Ibana tomb, 361 Els Estinclells, 466 Els Villars d’Arbeca, 456 , 457 Emborio, 28






Index

672

Emilia Romagna, 440 , 642 emporion, 75 , 85 , 235 , 301 , 306 , 309 , 444 , 447 Emporion, Ampurias, 308 , 309 , 311 , 456 , 461 , 500 , 509 En Besor, 117 enchytrismos . See pithos burial En-Gedi temple, 613 Enkomi, 86 , 102 , 104 , 402 , 407 , 410 , 571 , 573 , 574 , 575 , 579 , 624–26 , 627 ,

628 , 629 , 630 , 631 Ayios Iakovos , 574 , 575 , 577 Dikaios’s Area, 575 elite, 575

Enna, 79 Ens é rune, 514 , 515 entanglement, 250 , 299 , 305 , 310 , 573

culinary, 307 cultural, 249 , 286 , 296

Entremont, 514 , 515 Entrerr í os, 497 , 502 Ephesos, 183

Temple of Artemis, 189 epicampaniform(e) (pottery), 44 , 556 Epirus, 160 , 164 , 171 , 187 , 192 Episkopi Bamboula , 402 , 403 , 409 , 410 , 412 Erani C pottery, 116 Erbe Bianche, 87 Erechtheus, king, 656 Eretria, 191 Erytheia, 490

mythical, 287 Es Figueral de Son Real, 48 , 49 Es Pou à s, 42 Es Velar, 44 Esino valley, 447 Eski s ehir, 144 , 387 , 389 Eskiyapar, 147 Espinha ç o de C ã o, 500 Estapa, 495 Este, 645 , 646 Estela de Assento, 559 Estremoz, 556 ethnicity, 21 , 112 , 132 , 143 , 252 , 260 , 369 , 571 , 575 , 586 ethnogenesis, 252 , 259 , 261 , 585 , 587 ethnos , 178 , 186 , 439 , 442 , 611 Etna, 1 , 59 , 67 , 76 , 80 Etruria, 104 , 105 , 202 , 266 , 270 , 276 , 278 , 296 , 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 443 ,

445 , 448 , 454 , 523 , 585 , 586 , 587 , 589 , 590 , 593 , 594 , 595 , 598 , 642 , 643

coast, 280 metallurgy, 91 north, 104 , 270 , 279 south, 279

Etruscan, 187 , 266 , 279 , 460 , 509 , 585 , 591 chronology, 586 city, 587 coinage, 201 colonization, 440 elites, 595 Etruscanising centre, 594 inscription, 279 religion, 644 territory, 441 trade, 446 , 509

Etruscan import Carthage, 224 Catalonia, 456 , 509 Iberia, 308 Sardinia, 278 , 280 Sicily, 220 south Italy, 243 , 245 southern France, 224 , 509 Tiber valley, 446

Etrusco-Corinthian import Carthage, 224 Sardinia, 278

Euboea, 28 , 74 , 170 , 186 , 191 , 591

‘Entrio-Euboean’ wares, 238 Euboean standard, 202 Euboeans, 188 , 205 , 223 , 235 , 236 , 238

Euboean import Sardinia, 273

Euboean-Cycladic import Iberia, 208

Euphrates, 144 , 361 , 390 valley, 112–15 , 120–25 , 126 , 390

Euripides, 294 Eurystheus of Tiryns, 287 Evans, John D., 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 74 Evans, Sir Arthur, 12 , 13 , 655 , 657 exchange, 32 , 44 , 109 , 159 , 658 , 659

cultural, 160 , 340 ideological, 221 long-distance, 113 , 118 , 140 , 151 , 183 , 306 , 323 metal, 139 , 144–48 , 150 , 490 network, 29 , 46 , 51 , 75 , 149 , 151 , 162 , 187 , 224 , 291 , 306 , 307 , 309 , 311 ,

317 , 328 , 437 , 443–47 , 651 , 659 node, 163 , 187 obsidian, 164 system, 82 , 88 , 157 , 178 , 180 , 182 textile, 150 unequal, 300 , 491

exotica, 75 , 86 , 97 , 98 , 104 , 106 , 157 , 160 , 170 , 183 , 205 , 242 , 270 , 275 , 277 , 278 , 322 , 327 , 331 , 353 , 580 , 594 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 654 , 658 , 661

bronzes, 80 extramural cemetery, 145 , 146 , 149 , 151 , 231 , 413 , 575 , 577 , 579 , 580 Extremadura, 302 , 307 , 489 , 491 , 493 , 498 , 501

faience, 86 , 207 , 208 , 216 , 331 , 629 , 652 amulet, 117 beads, 84 , 660 cylinder seal, 341 fi gurines, 658 vessel, 223

Falerii , 446 farm, 96 , 420 , 425 , 427 , 428 , 430 , 443 , 466 , 471 , 480 , 484 ,

500 , 501 , 511 farmer, 1 , 96 , 278 , 428 , 464 , 480 farming, 98 , 140 , 148 , 187 , 267 , 427 farming community, 151 , 152 farming village, 151 , 152 fortifi ed, 484 land, 425 , 501

Fastucheria cemetery, 91 faunal assemblage. See faunal remains faunal remains, 47 , 49 , 50 , 148 , 149 , 428 , 510 , 545 , 615 , 630 feasting, 29 , 63 , 115 , 144 , 149 , 151 , 209 , 242 , 245 , 259 , 308 , 328 , 332 , 408 ,

409 , 419 , 424 , 459 , 461 , 462 , 560 , 577 , 578 , 606 , 619 , 620 , 623 , 631 , 646 , 659

competitive feast, 621 mortuary, 560

Fern ã o Vaz, 495 , 501 Ferradeira, 556 , 558

Horizonte de Ferradeira , 556 fertility, 201 , 296 , 555 , 590 , 592 , 597 , 621 , 657 , 658

cult, 481 festivals, 276 , 658 fi bula , 91 , 183 , 224 , 270 , 275 , 457 , 461 , 480 , 589 ,

590 , 596 , 651 , 659 fi gurine, 59 , 224 , 310 , 322 , 580 , 609 , 614 ,

638 , 642 , 644 anthropomorphic, 623 , 642 , 658 bronze, 651 , 656 , 658 bull, 630 bulls’ head, 609 Cycladic, 20 , 28 , 368 , 370 , 374 , 375 faience, 658 female, 626 horse, 630 , 642 human-shaped, 609 Ingot God, 102






Index

673

Nuragic, 278 Pyrga, 292 Reshep, 659 steer, 149 Syrian, 615 terracotta, 63 , 292 , 651 , 655 , 658 terracotta bull, 630 warrior, 658 warrior head, 100

Filicudi, 62 , 67 , 82 , 84 , 87 F ı nd ı k, 388 F ı nd ı k Asar Kaya, 388 Finocchito, 218 F ı rakt ı n rock relief, 384 fi sh, 1 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 82 , 308 , 578

fi shing, 50 , 51 , 267 , 491 , 492 salted, 457 , 500

fl int, 40 , 44 , 45 , 82 artefacts, 81 , 116 blades, 80 disk, 609 mining, 80

Floridia, 85 Flumenelongu, 273 Folha das Palmeiras, 559 Fonbouisse, 42 Fonte Velha, 492 , 495 Fonteta R à quia, 482 Formazza, 640 Formentera, 18 , 40 , 42 , 46 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 205 fortifi cation, 29 , 33 , 66 , 80 , 97 , 150 , 166 , 232 , 390 , 410 , 419 , 456 , 462 , 464 ,

465 , 466 , 471 , 479 , 490 , 544 , 624 fossa grave, 219 , 556 Francavilla Marittima, 188 , 230 , 237 , 238 , 239 France, 201

Iron Age chronology, 506 Mediterranean, 301 southern, 44 , 105 , 169 , 224 , 278 , 280 , 395 , 445 , 457 , 459 , 506–18

Frattesina, 201 fresco, 337 , 339 , 346

Aegean, 615 Minoan Bull, 655

Fuente Alamo, 557 , 558 , 559 , 560 Fuente Amarga, 561 funerary landscape. See landscape, mortuary funerary practice. See mortuary practice funerary ritual, 44 , 67 , 85 , 90 , 120 , 131 , 240 , 266 , 274 , 280 , 309 , 310 ,

413 , 447 , 471 , 523 , 524 , 533 , 534 , 548 , 549 , 555 , 576 , 580 , 585 , 587 , 588 , 598

Funtana, 98

Gabii, 440 Gadir, C á diz, 196 , 205 , 302 , 488 , 489 , 491 , 492 , 495 , 496 , 499 , 500 , 502

Bay of, 500 elite, 500 Melqart temple, 302 , 310 , 489 , 493

Gaio, 492 , 495 galena, 308 Gandul, 495 , 500 Gar Kahal, 563 , 564 Gargaliani Ordines, 419 , 420 , 424 Gatas, 557 , 558 Gato, 500 Gaul, southern, 506–18 Gavurkalesi, 384 Gaza, 116 , 256 Gela, 76 , 79 , 188 , 224

Gulf of, 85 valley, 91

Gelinciktepe, 121 gender, 149 , 395 , 407 , 413 , 471 , 483 , 542 , 543 , 546 , 561 , 585 , 586 , 587 ,

588 , 589 , 591 , 594 , 597–98 archaeology, 471 , 484 , 547 gendered labor division, 407 identity, 407 , 548

Gerdek Kaya monument, 389 Germanos (So g uk ç am), 387 Geryon, 285–96 Gezer, 256 , 345 , 609 G h ajn Qajjet, 218 , 220 , 223 Ghar Dalam, 17 Ghassulian culture, 115 , 132 , 610 Ghor es-Safi , 371 Giants’ tomb, 266 , 277 gift exchange, 116 , 183 , 190 , 276 , 308 , 493 , 656 , 659 Gil ã o River, 491 Gilat, 610 Glanum, 514 , 516 globalisation, 230

theory, 215 , 219 , 438 Glykys Limin, 164 glyptic production, 114 , 625 goat, 48 , 50 Godelier, Maurice, 454 , 459 , 460 , 585 , 587 , 599 , 635 Gola del Sentino, 638 Golan, 611 , 613 gold, 63 , 146 , 182 , 189 , 197 , 354 , 490 , 491 , 496 , 579

mining, 488 ore, 145 , 554 plate technique, 206

Golgoi, 285 , 288 , 291 , 292 , 294 , 295 G ö ltepe, 145–46 G ö nd ü rle H ö y ü k, 147 Gordion, 388 , 578 Gorgon, 245 , 295 , 596 Gournes cemetery, 324 , 530 Gournia, 326 , 425 , 428 , 431 , 534 G ö yn üs valley, 387 , 388 Gozo, 59 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 76 , 217 Granada, 540 granary, 130 , 149 , 150 , 474 , 480 , 506 grape, 478

seeds, 242 vine, 143

Gravina, 240 Gravisca, 279 grazing, 170 , 267 , 429 , 501 Greece, 3 , 28 , 34 , 103 , 160 , 164 , 166 , 169 , 171 , 178–92 , 178 , 209 , 224 , 225 ,

367 , 374 , 454 Archaic pottery, 188 chronology, 26 , 161 Classical, 418 , 650 , 651 , 652 (colonial) settlement, 184 , 218 , 230 , 231 , 280 , 299 , 439 ,

510 , 516 , 594 east, 205 , 658 east Greeks, 189 elites, 216 Greek art, 287 , 289 , 291 , 293 , 374 Greek colonization, 90 , 187 , 197 , 215 Greek community, 233 , 234 Greek craftsmen, 235 , 243 , 244 Greek diaspora, 231 Greek infl uence, 31 , 309 , 464 , 511 , 514 ,

516 , 573 , 594 Greek mythology, 289 , 291 , 390 Greek network, 67 Greek presence, central Mediterranean, 215–25 Greek rituals, 238 Greek traders, 309 , 646 Greek world, 185 , 186 , 201 , 222 , 230 , 238 , 245 , 266 , 274 , 291 , 439 ,

442 , 484 Greeks, 2 , 109 , 160 , 170 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 191 , 244 , 271 , 299 , 425 , 488 ,

509 , 585 , 591 mainland, 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 144 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 169 , 181 , 339 , 528 ,

655 , 656 , 658 tumulus, 168 western Greeks, 183 , 188

Greek import Carthage, 273 Etruscan sites, 591






Index

674

Iberia, 301 , 308 , 459 , 464 Levant, 185 Malta, 218 , 223 Motya, 225 Pithekoussai, 225 Sardinia, 273 , 278 , 280 Sicily, 219 south Italy, 234 , 235 , 243 , 245

Greek pottery imitation south Italy, 231

Greek-Euboean settlement, 591 griffi n, 243 , 342 , 625 Griff zungenschwert . See Naue II sword Grotta (phase), Naxos, 34 Grotta Calafarina, 85 Grotta Chiusazza, 85 Grotta del Colle, 637 , 639 , 644 , 646 Grotta del Mezzogiorno, 638 Grotta del Prete, 639 Grotta delle Mosche, 638 , 645 Grotta dello Sventatoio, 637 Grotta Misa, 637 Grotta Morritana, 637 Grotta Sant’Angelo, 637 grotticella , 79 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 91 , 92 Guadalhorce River, 305 , 492 Guadalimar River, 493 Guadalquivir River, 471 , 489 , 493 , 495 , 500

estuary, 490 valley, 307 , 311 , 488 , 495 , 499 , 500 , 502

Guadiana River, 202 , 491 , 495 , 496 , 497 valley, 488 , 495 , 499 , 501

Gubbio, 446 Guerrero de Medina de las Torres, 498 Gymnesic Islands, 40

habitus , 7 , 299 , 303 , 304 , 306 , 307 , 317 , 321 , 326 , 587 , 600 Habuba Kabira, 112 Hacinebi, Birecik, 112 , 122 Hala Sultan Tekke Vyzakia , 410 halberd, 543 , 544 , 549 , 559 , 561 , 563 Halif terrace, 117 Hamilcal Barca, 500 Hassek H ö y ü k, 112 , 122 Hatip rock relief, 383 Hatti, 346 , 354 , 356 , 362 Hattu š a, 346 , 348 , 383 , 384 Hazor, 127 , 131 , 345 Hebron, 259 , 371 Hecateus, 67 hegemony, 35 , 164 , 255 , 258 , 310 , 489 , 575 , 594 , 600 heirloom, 217 , 323 , 326 , 580 Heliopolis, 362 Hellenisation, 215 , 241 , 242 , 571

hellenicity, 243 Helms, Mary W., 157 , 162 , 166 , 170 , 630 , 659 , 661 Hera Lacinia sanctuary, Capo Colonna, 279 Hera sanctuary

Capo Colonna, 279 Gravisca, 279 Samos, 291 , 292

Herakles, 287 , 289 , 291 , 293 , 295 Seleukid, 381 Weary, 373

Hercules. See Herakles Herdade do Montinho, 559 herding, 115 , 149 , 169 , 170 , 480 Herodotus, 187 , 189 , 191 , 204 , 292 , 296 , 308 , 650 heroisation, 587 , 593 Hesiod, 181 , 287 , 289 , 655 High Friuli, 201 Himera, 222 Hittite, 345 , 348 , 379

Empire, 383

Hittites, 346 , 354 , 356 king Hattu š ili III, 384 king Muwatalli, 358 rock-cut monument, 391 rock-cut tomb, 389 rock relief, 380 , 383 state, 348 , 383

hoard, 87 , 101 , 102 , 637 , 641 , 660 Abini, 102 Bai ô es, 207 Berzocana, 205 , 206 Caixa, 201 Cave of the Treasure, 611 , 613 Dragomelj, 201 founder’s, 88 gold, 205 Gualdo Tadino, 640 Jatt, 206 , 209 Kadmeion, 340 , 343 Larnaud, 201 Lipari, 105 Llavors í , 459 Madriolo, 201 Mahmatlar, 147 metal, 46 , 133 , 308 Monte Sa Idda, 270 Piediluco-Contigliano, 270 Pila del Brancon, 641 S. Francesco, 270 Schiers, 201 silver, 371 Villena, 205 , 206 votive, 102 , 459 , 637

Homer, 164 , 182 , 187 , 190 , 243 , 273 , 571 , 594 , 655 Homeric epics, 655 , 660 Homeric literature, 223 Homeric rite, 596 Odyssey , 656

homogeneity, 44 , 74 , 75 , 85 , 88 , 331 , 402 , 526 , 626 homogenization, 75 , 114 , 125 , 143 homogenizing, 32 , 151 Horden and Purcell, 3 , 7 , 8 , 25 , 34 , 187 , 230 , 437 , 438 , 440 , 659 Horizonte de Montelavar , 556 Horned God, 628 , 630

Sanctuary, 627 , 628 , 630 horse, 51 , 81 , 159 , 242 , 478 , 481 , 546 , 660

bits, 457 , 459 , 591 burial, 170 -drawn chariot, 285 fi gure, 658 fi gurine, 630 , 642 sacrifi ce, 578

horticulture, 48 olive, 115

hospitality, 143 , 308 , 330 household, 129 , 131 , 149 , 395–96 , 399–413 , 417–34 , 471–85 , 506–18 ,

562 , 623 archaeology, 395 , 401 aristocratic, 597 empowered, 306 head, 590 identity, 126 -idol, 613 organization, 125 practices, 129 production, 133 ritual, 630 social dynamics, 126 , 406 , 407

house-tomb, 326 , 330 , 530 , 531 , 533 , 535 Huelva, 207 , 216 , 273 , 301 , 302 , 306 , 311 , 489 , 490 , 495 , 499 hunting, 1 , 48 , 51 , 267 , 592 , 623

gear, 484 ground, 501

Hurrian, 122 , 385 Hvar, 160

Greek import (cont.)






Index

675

hybridisation, 2 , 4 , 77 , 84 , 88 , 92 , 127 , 131 , 152 , 160 , 163 , 166 , 170 , 171 , 215 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 249–50 , 252–61 , 266–80 , 285–96 , 299–311 , 326 , 380 , 454 , 572 , 579 , 591 , 594

hybrid, 29 , 66 , 157 , 160 , 169 , 219 , 220 , 222 , 225 , 232 , 337 , 353 , 354 , 356 , 384 , 390 , 594

hybrid pottery, 116 hybrid practice, 162 hybrid society, 233 , 235 visual hybridization, 286

hydria , 238 , 245 , 288 Hyksos

king, 361 post-Hyksos, 356

hypogeum. See rock-cut tomb

I Faraglioni, 63 , 84 , 87 Ialysos, 32 , 347 Iberia, 99 , 101 , 105 , 169 , 270 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 396

coast, 517 east, 301 , 308 , 310 , 311 Iberian inscription, 478 Iberian revolt, 467 Iberians, 471–73 Mediterranean coast, 307 northeast, 308 , 311 northwest, 308 south Iberian chronology, 556–58 southeast, 306 , 545 , 559 , 561 , 562 , 564 southwest, 499–500 , 558 , 560 , 562 , 564

Iberian import Pithekoussai, 224 Sardinia, 96 , 99

Ibero-Phoenician import Motya, 225 Pithekoussai, 225

Ibiza, 18 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 109 , 205 , 302 , 307 , 308 Icklingham Bronzes, 373 iconoclasm, 612–14 iconography, 276 , 285 , 286 , 288 , 291 , 294 , 295 , 337 , 338 , 339 , 340 , 345 ,

346 , 358 , 362 , 390 , 598 , 612 , 613 , 619 , 629 , 630 , 631 , 636 , 653 , 654 , 658 , 661

Egyptian, 207 , 615 Mycenaean, 207 Near Eastern, 575 Philistine, 257 of power, 209 ritual, 621

Ida, cave sanctuary, 651 , 661 Idalion, 293 , 627 , 628 , 630 identity, 21 , 152 , 215 , 219 , 221 , 242 , 250 , 253 , 257 , 259 , 300 , 305 , 311 , 331 ,

339 , 347 , 348 , 352–62 , 381 , 395 , 396 , 402 , 408 , 417 , 488 , 525 , 528 , 542 , 571–81 , 612 , 625 , 631 , 653

Aegean, 257 Archaic, 186 collective, 240 , 546 , 549 , 580 , 585 construction, 590 , 594 cultural, 57 , 89 , 105 , 125 , 126 , 255 , 256 , 323 , 434 elite, 422 , 626 ethnic, 445 formation, 45 , 132 , 260 , 400 , 409 , 413 , 554 , 565 gender, 548 Greek, 390 group, 255 , 418 , 524 household, 409 Israelite, 259 Kura-Araks, 132 marker, 126 , 127 Mediterranean Phoenician, 220 Persian, 390 self-, 236 , 254 , 400 , 405 , 547 , 548 Sicilian, 225 Sicilian Greek, 219 social, 400 , 402 , 406 , 438 , 540 , 546 , 547 , 560 , 573 , 578 , 607 , 621 , 631 ,

650 , 651 , 654 , 658 socio-cultural, 125 , 132

state-based, 133 western Phoenician, 310

ideology, 274–77 , 328 , 354 , 460 , 461 , 484 , 489 , 495 , 502 , 523 , 577–79 , 605–07 , 609–15 , 619–31 , 635–46 , 650–61

collective, 585 community, 526 elite, 585 , 593 funerary, 302 , 594 , 595 , 596 hybridised, 575 ideological change, 159 , 500 , 607 ideological exchange, 221 ideological innovation, 595 kingship, 362 Orientalising, 497 power, 546 princely, 593 warrior, 311

Î le, 510 Ilercavones, 471 Ilergetes, 466 , 467 Ilici, Elche, 309 Illa den Colom, 45 Illa d’en Reixac, 309 , 464 Illeta dels Banyets, 310 , 475 , 477 , 558 Illot des Porros, 48 Illyria, 171 , 186 , 192

chief, 166 proto-Illyrians, 166

immigration, 254 , 554 , 555 impasto pottery, 75 , 76 , 82 , 84 , 86 , 242 , 278 , 587 , 595 , 596 , 597 Incoronata, 230 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 240 , 243 Indibilis, 466 Indiketes, 464

territory, 309 , 464 Indo-European invasion, 140 , 142 inequality, 63 , 310 , 441 , 461 , 476 , 483 , 579 , 605

institutionalised, 619 social, 171 , 399 , 474 , 500 , 546 , 611 , 625 , 637 , 638

ingot, 46 , 103 , 104 , 146 , 205 , 626 bar, 201 bronze, 201 bun, 98 copper, 273 , 542 iron, 481 , 484 lead, 145 , 146 mould, 148 oxhide, 63 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 98 , 99 , 101–102 , 104 , 105 plano-convex, 98

Ingot God, 628 , 630 fi gurine, 102 Sanctuary, 574 , 627 , 628 , 630

inhumation, 80 , 87 , 120 , 220 , 267 , 278 , 280 , 309 , 541 , 589 , 590 , 591 , 659

individual, 81 , 85 , 185 , 219 , 221 , 266 , 531 , 556 , 558 multiple, 82 , 91 , 221

In-Nuff ara, 65 , 66 insularity, 7–8 , 10–21 , 61 , 76 , 82 , 92 , 650 , 651 intramural burial, 171 , 558 , 559 , 562 , 563 , 564 , 565 , 574 , 575 , 576 invasion, 13 , 88 , 93 , 142 , 145 , 171 , 185 , 359 Iolkos, 164 , 187 Ionian

bowls, 245 coast, 75 , 79 , 230 , 231–39 islands, 164 , 168 , 169 , 171 Italy, 82 Revolt, 292 , 296 Sea, 1 , 165 , 188

Ippari valley, 80 , 85 Iran, 120 , 343 , 381 , 390 iron, 99 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 188 , 205 , 206 , 301 , 457 , 491

ingot, 481 , 484 slag, 480 technology, 651 tools, 207 , 208 , 457 , 464 , 467 votive, 183






Index

676

weapon, 181 , 208 , 311 , 457 , 461 , 462 , 465 , 467 , 576 working, 359 , 497 , 502

irrigation, 219 , 564 island

archaeology, 7 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 25 colonization, 8 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 41 , 42 , 44 community, 7 , 10 , 11 , 17 , 21 , 27 , 31 , 44 , 573 , 579 , 591 as laboratory, 7 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 74 , 525

islandscape, 11 , 18 , 26 , 27 , 66 isolation, 7 , 8 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 40 , 44 , 57 , 96 , 105 , 113 , 151 , 185 , 311 isotope analysis, 48 , 51 , 101 , 308 , 542 Israel, 116 , 206 , 252 , 355 , 367 , 371

ancient, 252 , 260 Israelites, 252 , 260 Museum, 372 State of, 372 , 373

Issa, 160 Istria, 166 Italian import

Crete, 659 Iberia, 301 , 481 Motya, 225 Pithekoussai, 225 Sicily, 219

Italy, 66 , 76 , 164 , 165 , 169 , 171 , 184 , 188 , 201 , 202 , 204 , 205 , 514 , 517 central, 75 , 88 , 103 , 273 , 437–48 , 444 , 523 , 585–600 , 646 Italic infl uence, 516 mainland, 74 , 75 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92 , 99 north, 75 , 76 , 88 , 103 , 646 peninsular, 1 , 59 , 66 , 104 , 188 , 192 , 270 , 274 , 277 , 439 Raetic area, 636 , 645 south, 25 , 75 , 84 , 92 , 99 , 171 , 184 , 188 , 216 , 230–45 , 279

Ithaka, 164 ivory, 63 , 207 , 307 , 491 , 563 , 578 , 594 , 597 , 629 , 659 , 660

buttons, 44 carving, 609 fi gurine, 100 objects, 306 , 493 , 609 , 652 , 660 ornaments, 341 relief, 291 seals, 322 tessera hospitalis , 279 working, 208 , 301

I vriz, 379–82

J. Paul Getty Museum, 373 , 374 Ja é n, 540 Jebel Aruda, 112 Jordan, 127 , 129 , 130 , 379 Judah, 252 Judean Desert, 613 Justinus, 216 , 474 , 484

Kalavasos, 623 Ayios Dhimitrios , 403 , 405 , 408 , 409 , 410 , 626

Kalopsidha, 620 , 626 , 628 , 629 Tsaoudhi Ç iftlik , 402

Kaman Kaleh ö y ü k, 143 Kamares ware, 329 Kaminospelio, 323 Kamose, 361 Kanl ı ge ç it, 150 kantharos , 224 , 242 , 245 , 278 Kap ı kaya, 389 Karabur, 385 Karanl ı kdere. See Ambarderesi Karata s cemetery, 146 Karata s –Semay ü k, 28 Karkemish, 660 Karmi, 620

Palealona , 620 , 624 Karphi, 653 , 659 Kastamonu, 390 Kastri (Syros), 28

Kastri Group, 28 , 29 Kastro, 427 Kavos, 20 , 370 , 374 Kavousi, 427 , 431 Kazaphani, 293 Kazarma tholos tomb, 342 , 343 , 344 Kea, 28 , 30 , 32 , 33 Kef el Baroud, 563 Keftiu , 354 , 356 , 362 Kehf Taht el Ghar, 563 Kelin, 475 , 476 , 478 , 484

territory, 483 Kenamun tomb, 202 , 353 Kerma, 361 Keros, 20 , 28 , 374

hoard, 374 Keros-Syros Group, 28

art, 18 Kestel mine, 145 , 146 Keswani, Priscilla S., 145 , 523 , 574 , 575 , 579 Khaniale Tekke, 105 Khirbet en-Nahas, 185 Khirbet ez-Zeraqon, 615 Kilise Mevkii tomb, 389 kiln, 235 , 480 , 484 , 500 Kimolos, 33 kin. See kinship kinship, 151 , 178 , 187 , 277 , 408 , 424 , 425 , 454 , 455 , 461 , 462 , 482 , 484 ,

506 , 508 , 510 , 523 , 563 , 575 , 576 , 577 , 589 -based community, 75 , 465 -based events, 622 -based feasting, 623 -based system of control, 627 group, 82 , 240 , 434 , 457 , 467 , 577 , 580 , 587 , 595 system, 460

Kissonerga Mosphilia , 143 , 148 Kition, 191 , 204 , 302 , 410 , 572 , 575 , 624 , 627 , 628 , 629

sanctuary area II, 406 K ı z ı lda g , 384 Knossos, 12 , 13 , 20 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 164 , 182 , 320 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 333 , 344 ,

425 , 534 , 535 , 536 , 651 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 658 , 659 North Cemetery, 656 , 659 palace, 654 , 655 , 656 Shrine of the Double Axes, 654 Spring Chamber, 654 Teke Tomb 2, 660 territory, 656

knowledge, 14 , 15 , 44 , 57 , 61 , 64 , 67 , 102 , 157 , 162 , 171 , 235 , 331 , 332 , 339 , 359 , 382 , 396 , 408 , 533 , 547 , 580 , 587 , 612 , 630 , 659 , 661

exchange, 233 ritual, 606 , 622 , 624 , 631 ritualized, 61 system, 605 tradition, 57 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 528 transfer. See knowledge transmission transmission, 129 , 201 , 203 , 303–305 , 311

koine , 29 , 32 , 33 , 145 , 151 , 186 , 224 , 591 , 593 Kolonna, 27 , 163 , 166 , 167 , 168

infl uence, 169 komai , 187 , 192 Kommos, 104 , 169 , 203 , 208 , 301 , 529 , 654 , 655 , 657 , 658 , 660

Temple A, 658 Temple B, 658

Konya, 383 Korakou, 168 Kor çë , 166 Korphos, 164 Korucutepe, 112 , 126 Koryfasio Beylerbey, 419 , 420 Kotinoussa, 205 , 490 kotyle , 218 , 222 , 224 Kouklia Palaipaphos , 572 , 573 , 579–80 , 624 , 627 , 628

Eliomylia , 574 , 580 Kato Alonia , 574 , 580 Lakkos tou Skarnou , 579

iron (cont.)






Index

677

Plakes , 574 , 579 , 580 Skales , 209 , 301 , 574 , 579 , 659 tombs, 579 Xerolimni , 579

Koukounaries, 33 , 34 Koumasa, 322 , 326 , 534 Kouphota, 534 Kouretes , 661 Kourion Kaloriziki , 659 krater , 129 , 222 , 223 , 236 , 245 , 347 , 408 , 576 , 655 , 656 , 659

Euphronious, 373 Kroisos, 183 , 189 K ü ll ü oba, 28 , 146 , 149 , 150 K ü ltepe, 144 , 150 , 151 Kura-Araks, 111 , 115 , 118 , 120–33

infl uence, 126 pottery, 114

kurgan culture, 131 Early Kurgans, 126

Kuru ç ay, 143 Kush, 359 , 361

King’s Son of Kush, 361 K ü tahya, 387 , 388 kylix , 245 , 278 , 424

Mycenaean, 65 Kyme. See Cumae Kypia, 653 Kythera, 27 , 34 , 163 Kythnos, 29

l’Alt de Benimaquia, 308 L’Amastuola, 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 239 l’Oriola, 461 La Almoloya de Pliego, 559 La Bastida de la Totana, 558 La Calcara, 82 La Colomina, 461 La Femosa, 461 La Fonollera, 456 La Fonteta, 305 , 306 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 La Joya cemetery, 307 , 490 La Muculufa, 79 la Muralla Nordeste, 461 La Palma, 461 La Pedrera de Vallfogona, 461 La Picola, 309 , 310 La Savina, 46 La Solivella, 461 La Traviesa, 556 , 559 , 560 , 562 Lacetani, 466 Lachish, 256 , 345 Laconia, 418

dialect, 243 Laeetani, 465 Lago delle Colonnelle, 637 Lagole, 645 Lagos, 493 Laja Alta rock shelter, 204 Lake del Monsignore, 641 Lake Van Basin, 389 Lampedusa, 42 landscape, 139 , 150 , 160 , 232 , 238 , 318 , 333 , 434 , 441

agrarian, 431 , 434 , 488 ancestors’, 562 archaeological, 367 , 371 , 417 , 443 archaeology, 17 , 380 , 438 , 471 of contact, 235 cultural, 438 , 564 of fear, 612 , 613 mortuary, 417 , 558 , 571 , 590 political, 186 , 253 , 433 , 434 , 441 , 442 , 572 , 576 , 591 of power, 462 , 595 , 598 ritual, 417 , 445 , 637 rural, 417 , 433 sacred, 238 , 388

social, 255 , 528 , 563 , 579 symbolic, 384 , 385 trans-corporal, 322 urban, 396 , 410 , 413 , 417

Languedoc, 42 , 202 , 308 , 311 , 454 , 459 , 507 , 511 coastal, 509 eastern, 506

Languedoc-Roussillon, 506 Lanuvium, 643 Laouret, 507 lapis lazuli, 148 , 341 , 343 , 354

beads, 340 seals, 344

Lapithos, 620 , 622 Kastros , 659

larnakes , 323 , 326 , 330 , 526 , 531 Larnaud hoard, 201 Las Cumbres, 500 Las Minitas, 556 , 560 Las Palomas, 560 Lasithi mountains, 331 , 651 , 653 Latium, 266 , 279 , 440 , 590 , 594 , 637 , 642 , 643 , 644 Lattes, 506 , 509–18 Laurentina, 594 Laurita cemetery, 310 Lavinium, Pratica di Mare, 642 Lavrion, 29 , 30

mines, 163 Laxe Auga dos Cervos Petroglyph, 204 lead, 44 , 46 , 98 , 102 , 197 , 301 , 307 , 308 , 475 , 480 , 481 , 490 , 491

ingot, 145 , 146 inscription, 465 , 474 , 484 isotope analysis, 101 mining, 488 oxide, 490 sheets, 596 slag, 480 weights, 208 , 306

Lebanon, 381 coast, 254

Lebena, Yerokambis II tomb, 323 Lebrija, 495 Lef kandi, 28 , 182 , 191 , 209 , 223 , 301 , 659

Toumba, 170 , 659 Warrior Trader Tomb, 208

Lef koniko, 293 legumes, 201 , 305 , 422 , 428 , 542 , 637 Lemnos, 28 , 29 Lentini, 92 , 188 Leontinoi. See Lentini Lerna, 80 , 168 Levant, 111–33 , 139 , 145 , 189 , 196 , 202 , 208 , 209 , 341 , 345 , 346 , 360 ,

372 chronology, 112 , 127 Levantine bronzes, 201 Levantine coast, 169 , 183 , 347 Levantine pottery, 220 Levantines, 201 , 207 , 266 , 267 , 270 , 271 southern, 185 , 252 , 524 , 609–15 , 624 , 654

Levantine import Egypt, 117 , 356 Iberia, 301 Malta, 218 Portugal, 207

Liatovouni, 187 Libu, 358 Libyans, 352 , 358 , 359 Licata, 79 Lidar H ö y ü k, 122 Liman Tepe, 28 , 146 Linear A, 35 , 328 Linear B, 35 , 181 , 327 , 419 , 420 , 421 , 422 , 656 lion, 243 , 245 , 279 , 296 , 342 , 388 , 578 , 625 , 661

bronze, 278 skin, 291 , 293 , 295






Index

678

Lipari, 59 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 82 , 84 , 87 , 92 , 104 , 188 , 222 , 270 Acropolis, 82 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 105 Bay of, 62 hoard, 105 Piazza Monfalcone, 92

Liqui è re, 507 Lisbon, 491 , 495 literacy, 178 , 181 , 186 , 190–92 , 606 , 631 Livari, 323 livestock, 48 , 49 , 50 , 98 , 102 , 106 , 170 , 482 , 488 , 492 , 542 , 615 , 657 , 658 Livy, 308 , 466 , 477 Lixus, 303 , 305 , 306 , 310 , 491

Herakles Temple, 303 Temple A, 310

Llago de la Virgen, 556 longboats, 13 , 59 long-distance trade, 8 , 45 , 115 , 133 , 150 , 189 , 190 , 301 , 624 , 630 longue dur é e , 2 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 65 , 164 , 170 , 252 loom, 149 , 473 , 475 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 481

goddess of the, 237 , 238 vertical, 243 warp-weighted, 148 , 149

loomweight, 148 , 237 , 254 , 256 , 257 , 457 , 475 , 478 , 481 , 483 , 640 Lorca, 558 Los Millares, 558 lost-wax technique, 147 , 201 , 205 , 206 , 207 Lucania, 186 , 230 , 231 , 239 Luni sul Mignone, 82 Lusitani, 502 Luwian

inscription, 380 , 383 , 384 -Phoenician inscription, 381 rock relief, 380

Luxor Temple, 358 Lycia, 146 , 390 Lydia, 181 , 189 , 390

Lydians, 189

Maa, 410 Palaeokastro , 412

maat , 353 , 362 Macchiabate necropolis, 238 Macedonia, 27 , 164 , 186 , 187 , 192 Madonie mountains, 76 Madonna del Piano cemetery, 92 Madre Chiesa, 87 Madriolo hoard, 201 Magacela, 497 Mahmatlar hoard, 147 maintenance activities, 546 , 548 Majorca, 40–52 Mala Gruda tumulus, 168 M á laga, 216 , 302 , 310 , 500 Malaka. See M á laga Malatya (plain), 114 , 121 , 348 Malhada das Taliscas-4, 500 Malia, 27 , 30 , 320 , 327 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 534 , 536

Chrysolakkos cemetery, 331 , 534 Mallorca, 105 , 205 , 307 Malpensa, 640 Malta, 7 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 42 , 57–68 , 76 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 215–25

(-type) pottery, 65 Temple-period, 58 , 60 , 61

Malta s , 388 Manfria, 62 , 79 , 80 , 81 Manika, 28 Marathon, 578 Marche, 638 , 641 Marcita, 87 Marianopoli, 222 maritime trade, 33 , 59 , 74 , 90 , 93 , 167 , 168 , 206 , 630 maritory, 57 , 59 , 61 , 65 , 67 Marki, 620

Alonia , 143 , 144 , 148 , 403 , 413 , 623 Maroni Vournes , 626

Mars, 447 , 644 Marsaxlokk Bay, 63 , 65 Marseille, 509 , 514 , 516 Marsiliana d’Albegna, 443 , 444

elite, 443 Martela, 502 Mas Castelllar de Pont ó s, 462 Massalia, 280 , 308 Massalian import

Sicily, 220 Mata de Campanario, 501 , 502 Matachel River, 502 Matapeces River, 497 Matar cult, 389 Matelica, 447 Matera, 240 materiality, 4 , 7 , 25 , 35 , 104 , 299 , 306 , 310 , 318 , 320–33 , 337–49 , 379 , 384 ,

395 , 400 , 401 , 407 , 523 , 547 , 588 , 605 , 612 material practice, 1 , 2 , 132 , 257 , 327 , 390 , 396 , 441 , 442 , 447

Mati, 166 Matrensa, 65 , 85 , 188 matrilocality, 562 , 565 Mazarr ó n shipwrecks, 307 Mdina-Rabat, 217 , 224 , 225 Medell í n, 497 , 501

elite, 497 Medinet Habu, 184 , 202 , 204 , 253 , 352 , 356–59 , 359 , 362 megalithic tomb, 42 , 43 , 45 , 51 , 80 , 556 , 558 , 559 , 562

S’Aigua Dol ç a, 44 megaliths. See megalithic tomb Megara Hyblaea, 188 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 222 , 233 megaron , 32 , 145 , 150 , 151 , 164 , 421 Megiddo, 115 , 116 , 118 , 185 , 206 , 209 , 345 , 609 , 615

Picture Pavement, 614 Mellaart, James, 139 , 140 , 142 , 150 Mellie h a, 220 Melos, 14 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 164 Melqart, 575

temple, 310 , 489 , 493 memory, 152 , 205 , 240 , 270 , 320–33 , 348 , 379–91 , 395 , 400 , 409 , 523 , 524 ,

525 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 536 , 585 , 593 , 615 , 622 , 655 Memphis, 362 M é ndez N úñ ez, Las Monjas, 490 Menkheperreseneb, 353

tomb, 354 , 362 Menorca, 40–52 , 105 , 205 , 307 mentalit é , 158 , 160 , 605 , 606 , 612 , 613 Merneptah, 253 , 359 , 360 , 362 Merthies, 323 Mesara, 321 , 323 , 324 , 326 , 327 , 529 , 530 , 535 , 657 Meseta, 501 , 502

southern, 489 , 495 Meshwesh, 358 Mesopotamia, 111 , 118 , 131 , 132 , 341 , 343 , 360 , 610

cylinder seal, 615 mina , 188 shekel , 188

Mesopotamian import Greece, 341

Messenia, 164 , 165 , 417–34 Messina, 79 , 218 , 222

-Torrente Boccetta, 81 metal

consumption, 139 , 144–48 exchange, 144–48 ores, 267 production, 144–48 tools, 120 , 122 , 542 , 543 , 548 trade, 29 , 101 , 114 , 125 , 132 , 157 , 159 , 205 , 459 , 499 , 630 weapon, 102 , 120 , 166 , 171 , 543 , 559

metallurgy, 29 , 44 , 65 , 96 , 98 , 99 , 102 , 120 , 123 , 129 , 133 , 150 , 151 , 186 , 188 , 207 , 223 , 270 , 273 , 406 , 407 , 457 , 462 , 479 , 480 , 484 , 488 , 490 , 514 , 542 , 543 , 606 , 623 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 651 , 652 , 654

activity, 301 , 306 , 308 , 457 , 475 , 479 facilities, 406 , 484 , 490 , 628 , 630






Index

679

innovation, 29 , 144 , 180 metallurgical society, 541 Orientalising, 496 resources, 490 , 541 Talayotic, 46 tools, 101 , 102 traditions, 122 , 123 , 563 wealth, 145 , 146 , 147 , 149 workshop, 90 , 101 , 145 , 148 , 406 , 476 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 484 , 623 , 627 ,

630 , 640 metalwork. See metallurgy Metapiccola, 66 , 92 Metapontion. See Metapontum Metapontum, 188 , 235 , 237 , 245

territory, 233 m é tissage , 250 , 591 , 594 Mezzano lake, 641 Mianes, 461 Midas, 183 Midas City (Yaz ı l ı kaya), 388

Angdistis sanctuary, 389 Areyastis Monument, 388 ‘Broken Monument’, 388 Midas Monument, 388

middle ground, 118 , 225 , 249 , 250 , 266 , 277 , 591 migration, 12 , 13 , 32 , 57 , 67 , 109–10 , 112 , 132 , 133 , 139–52 , 233 , 249 ,

252–61 , 299 , 301 , 309 , 311 , 359 , 360 , 493 , 571 migrant community, 133

Milatos, 659 Milazzo, 82 , 222

cemetery, 87 , 89 , 91 Milena, 87

Monte Campanella, 87 Serra del Palco, 87

Miletus, 31 , 346 millet, 201 , 478 , 637 mine, 491

copper mining, 44 , 624 , 629 Etrurian mining, 270 fl int mining, 80 Iglesiente, 98 Kestel, 145 Lavrion, 163 metal mining, 145 mining, 146 , 267 , 270 , 302 , 484 , 488 , 490 , 542 mining community, 145 , 146 mining district, 493 , 500 mining resources, 306 , 591 Sierra Morena, 491 tin mining, 146

Minerva, 646 Minet el-Beida, 347 Minoan, 12 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 163 , 164 , 203 , 525 , 526

‘colony’, 163 Crete, 30 , 169 , 320–33 cult symbols, 653 cultural practices, 35 , 171 culture, 527 demise, 650 grave goods, 171 hegemony, 35 infl uence, 169 Minoanising, 12 , 29 , 30–31 state, 157 , 164 -style wall paintings, 356 trade route, 164 traditions, 356 , 650 , 651

Minoan import Akrotiri, 30 Ayia Irini, 30 coastal Asia Minor, 30 Cyclades, 30 Egypt, 30 , 347 Kolonna, 30 Miletus, 30

Phylakopi, 30 south Aegean, 30 Trianda, 30

Minos, king, 650 , 655 , 656 , 661 Mirabello Bay, 425 , 426 Mittani kingdom, 361 Moab, 252 , 260 Moarda, 76 , 79 mobility, 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 42 , 48 , 57–68 , 104 , 109–10 , 121 , 132 , 151 , 178–92 ,

215–25 , 230–45 , 250 , 299–311 , 437 , 438 , 442 , 443 , 446 , 448 , 549 , 561 , 564 , 573 , 591 , 659

Mochlos, 326 , 331 , 427 , 428 , 534 cemetery, 167

Modica, 218 Mogador, 307 , 491 Mokarta, 91

bronzes, 91 Castello, 91 Cresta di Gallo, 91

Mol í d’Esp í gol, 466 Molinello, 188 Molinello di Augusta, 85 Molino della Badia-Madonna del Piano, 66 , 92 molluscs, 48 , 82 Monastir, 280 Mondego River, 207 , 302 , 491 Monkodonja, 166 , 167 Monolithos, 34 Montagna di Caltagirone cemetery, 67 , 91 Montagnola di Capo Graziano, 87 Montagnoli, 222 Monte Arci, 17 , 105 Monte Bubbonia, 222 Monte Canalotti cemetery, 91 Monte Cetona, 637

Antro della Noce, 638 Monte Cimino, 641 Monte Croce Guardia, 641 Monte da Cabida, 556 Monte da Velha, 556 , 558 Monte do Trigo, 208 Monte Grande (Palma di Montechiaro), 62 , 80 , 87 Monte Iato, 222 Monte Luna, 280 Monte Piombone, 446 Monte Polizzo, 222 Monte Prama, 106 , 276 Monte Primo, 641 Monte S.Angelo, 637 Monte Sa Idda hoard, 270 Monte San Giuliano, 62 Monte San Paolillo, 63 Monte Saraceno di Ravenusa, 222 Monte Sirai, 276 , 278 , 279 , 280 Monte Torre Maggiore, 447 Monte Vetrano, 279 Montemol í n, 493

Vico, 495 Monterano, 444 Monti Iblei, 59 , 76 Montilla, 492 Montlaur è s, 510 Montoro, 203 , 204 , 495

chronology, 203 Morgantina, 66 , 92 , 218 , 222 Morocco, 302 , 554 , 555 , 563 , 564

Atlantic coast, 307 , 499 coast, 491

Morris, Ian, 3 , 170 , 178 , 181 , 230 , 523 , 587 Morro de Mezquitilla, 216 , 306 , 492 mortuary

landscape, 417 , 573 practice, 152 , 302 , 329 , 523 , 554–65 , 571–81 ,

656 shrine, 620






Index

680

mortuary practice Aegean, 578

mortuary rite. See rite, funerary mortuary ritual. See funerary ritual Moshe Dayan, 371 , 372 Motya, 105 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 224 , 225 , 273 , 493 mouffl on, 621 , 623 mould, 66 , 145 , 236 , 626

axe/ingot, 145 ingot, 145 , 146 , 148

Mouliana, 659 Mozia. See Motya Mt Kynthos, 28 Mtarfa, 216 , 218 , 220 , 224 Murcia, 540 , 559 Murlo, 443 , 444 Mursia, 63 , 66 Mycenae, 27 , 31 , 164 , 168 , 655

Mycenaean colony, 64 , 188 Mycenaean community, 164 Mycenaean connections, 74–93 , 157–72 Mycenaean craftsmen, 201 Mycenaean demise, 181 , 186 , 187 Mycenaean expansion, 35 Mycenaean iconography, 207 Mycenaean infl uence, 27 , 35 , 167 Mycenaean interaction, 25 Mycenaean king(ship), 169 , 171 Mycenaean naval technology, 88 Mycenaean pottery, 63 , 65 , 75 , 82 , 87 , 164 , 166 , 169 , 188 , 204 , 254 , 255 ,

256 , 339 , 347 Mycenaean state, 157 , 160 , 164 , 169 , 185 Mycenaean trade, 202 Mycenaeasing, 31–34 Mycenaeanising pottery, 164 , 166 Mycenaeans, 63 , 65 , 99 , 104 , 169 , 188 , 204 ,

232 , 654 palace, 169 shaft grave, 166 , 171 , 182

Mycenaean alabastron, 98 , 100

Mycenaean import Aeolian islands, 88 , 89 Albania, 166 Iberia, 203 , 204 Sardinia, 96 , 98–100 , 104 Sicily, 84 , 86 , 87

Mycenaean pottery imitation Sicily, 64 , 66 , 84 , 85 , 91

Mykonos, 32 Mylai, 222 Myrtos-Phournou Koryfi , 534 , 535 Myrtos-Pyrgos, 534 Myrtou Pigadhes , 627 , 630 myth, 238 , 606 , 646 , 656

of Geryon, 285–96 Greek, 289 religious, 635

mythology, 291 , 390 , 625 , 631 , 635 , 636 , 640 , 644 , 646

Nages, 517 Nahal Mishmar, 610 , 613 Nahr al-Kalb, 381 Naqada, 115 Naqsh-i Rustam, 390 Narmer, 116 , 117

King, 116 Palette, 116 , 360 , 362

Naro-Partanna culture, 76 , 79 National Archaeological Museum of Athens, 375 Naue II sword, 169 , 183 Nauplia, 578 naveta , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 50 Naxos, 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 87 , 221 Neapolis, Napels, 188 Neapolis, Sardinia, 280

Near East, 30 , 111 , 133 , 157 , 159 , 168 , 185 , 190 , 197 , 275 , 381 , 399 , 563 , 595 , 613 , 650 , 659 , 660

archaeology, 215 , 384 burial practices, 575 craftsmen, 660 elite, 216 history, 360 iconography, 575 infl uence, 578 , 652 Near Eastern immigrants, 660 Near Eastern seals, 341 , 343 , 344 Near Eastern states, 162 Near Eastern tradition, 277 Near Easterners, 224 religions, 615

Near Eastern import Aegean, 184 Crete, 660 Malta, 217

Nebrodi mountains, 76 Nemi, 642

Diana sanctuary, 642 Neo-Assyria, 260 , 346

rock relief, 383 , 385 state, 572 , 575 text, 256

Neo-Hittite, 252 network

analysis, 20 , 163 Anatolian, 114 Anatolianising, 28 aristocratic, 659 central Mediterranean, 18 client, 454 communication, 133 , 152 elite, 151 Greek, 67 island, 67 kinship, 433 , 456 learning, 129 long-distance, 625 maritime, 28 , 45 , 47 , 88 , 99 Mediterranean-wide, 109 metal, 145 , 180 Minoan/Mycenaean, 34 node, 34 Phoenician, 67 , 308 of power, 467 ritual-commercial, 493 settlement, 186 , 302 , 413 , 417 , 442 , 445 , 492 social, 65 , 413 thinking, 438 trade, 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 76 , 125 , 306 , 353 , 354 , 499 trade and exchange, 126 , 279 , 443 Uruk, 114 , 132

Neval ı Ç ori, 122 Neves-Corvo, 501 New Archaeology, 109 , 252

new archaeologists, 317 , 523 Nichoria, 418 , 419 , 420–25 , 434 Niebla, 302 , 311 , 490 Nile, 357 , 361 , 362

Delta, 614 Valley, 12 , 116

N î mes, 511 , 514 Nimrud, 578 Nin-Privlaka, 167 Noceto, 638 Nopigeia, Drapanias, 332 Nora, 280

stele, 216 , 273 Nor s untepe, 123 , 125 , 126 Nubians, 352 , 360 , 362 Numana, 447 Nuoro

the Nuorese, 267






Index

681

nuraghe , 96 , 97 , 105 , 106 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 279 model, 104 , 105 , 269 , 276 , 277 Nuragic aristocracy, 277 Nuragic bronze boat model, 279 Nuragic bronzes, 270 Nuragic community, 277 , 279 Nuragic elites, 106 Nuragic fi gurine, 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 Nuragic grey ware, 104 Nuragic pottery, 273 Nuragic society, 96–106

Nuraghe Albucciu, 102 Nuraghe Antigori, Sarroch, 98 , 99 , 100 , 103 , 104 Nuraghe Arrubiu, Orroli, 97 , 98 , 100 Nuraghe Gennamaria, 270 Nuraghe Palmavera, 270 Nuraghe Sirai, 275 , 278 , 280 Nuraghe Su Mulinu, 270 Nuraghe Su Nuraxi, Barumini, 97 Nuragic import

Carthage, 273 , 278 central Italy, 105 Crete, 105 Etruria, 276 Iberia, 208 , 276 , 301 , 302

Nurd ò le, Orani, 277 , 278

obeloi , 270 , 578 , 580 , 659 , 660 object biography, 109 , 317 , 318 , 367 , 374 , 375 , 400 objectifi cation, 317 , 528 obsidian, 59 , 106 , 323

Lipari, 8 , 76 , 82 Melos, 8 , 14 , 17 , 164 Pantellerian, 76 , 109 Sardinian, 8 , 17 , 105

Oenotrian people, 235 Ognina, 60 , 63 , 67 , 80 , 85 , 87 oikos , 236 , 590 oinochoe , 190 , 222 , 224 , 278 Olbia, France, 309 , 511 Olbia, Sardinia, 280 oligarchy, 493 , 495 , 598 olive, 1 , 201 , 320 , 428 , 475 , 478 , 492 , 501

horticulture, 115 oil, 117 , 307 , 308 , 328 , 480 , 483 , 484 , 491 ,

492 , 629 press, 473 , 475 , 480 , 483 , 484

Olympia Altis, 62 , 168 sanctuary, 288

Onuba. See Huelva opium, 322 , 629 , 630 oppidum , 309 , 310 , 466 , 479 , 480 , 493 , 494 ,

497 , 500 Ops Consiva, 642 , 644 Oral, 484 Oristano, 104 , 273 , 275 , 277 , 278

Gulf of, 278 the Oristanese, 267

Orthi Petra, Eleutherna, 184 , 660 Ortigia, 85 Orvieto, Volsinii , 443 , 446 , 447 , 587

Belvedere temple, 446 Osmankayasi, 578 ossuary, 331 , 531 , 533 , 587 , 589 , 590 , 596 , 609 Osteria dell’Osa, 523 ostrich egg, 201 , 208 , 221 , 563 Osuna, 495 Othoca, 278 , 279 , 280 Otricoli, 443 , 446 Ouka ı meden plateau, 563 ovicaprines, 40 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 81 , 82 , 428 , 431 , 476 , 478 , 492 , 501 , 542 , 546 ,

560 , 615 , 620 , 637 Ovid, 67 oxhide, 104

ingot, 63 , 87 , 88 , 98 , 99 , 101–02 , 104 , 105

oxhide-shaped altar, 493 feature, 498

Padana, 201 Paestum, 186 palace, 34 , 169 , 196 , 208 , 240 , 243 , 245 , 320–33 , 362 , 420 , 425 , 489 , 493 ,

525 , 526 , 536 , 597 , 656 demise of palatial system, 178 , 181 , 201 , 202 , 207 , 422 ,

424 , 425 economy, 63 , 186 Mycenaean, 86 , 164 , 178 , 186 palatial centre, 31 , 32 , 33 , 169 , 187 , 434 palatial polity, 187 palatial society, 571 palatial system, 66 , 185 , 418–24 , 572 treasury, 340 , 344 Tyre, 302

Palaepaphos. See Kouklia Palaipaphos Palaikastro, 326 , 654 , 655 Palamari, 28 Palermo, 87 , 219 , 220 , 222

tombs, 223 Palestine, 184 , 252 , 355 , 610

Palestinian Authority, 371 Palestrina, 594 Palma Campania, 76 , 79 Palmela point, 556 , 563 Palu, 390 Panarea, 63 , 82 , 87 Pani Loriga, 279 Panighina di Bertinoro, 637 Panormos, 28 Pantalica, 66 , 90 , 92 , 188

bronzes, 91 culture, 75 , 77 , 90–92 , 93 North pottery, 87 pottery, 89

Pantalica North/Montagna di Caltagirone culture, 66

Pantanassa, 659 Pantelleria, 59 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 75 , 76 , 82 , 84 , 105 , 109 Paphlagonia, 379 , 390

elites, 390 rock-cut relief, 383 rock-cut tomb, 382 , 389

Parall í , 461 Paros, 33 Passo di Spluga, 640 pastas , 242 , 243 , 245 pastoralism, 49 , 96 , 120 , 123 , 125 , 142 , 146 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 187 , 425 ,

564 , 565 pasture, 67 , 149 , 187 , 496 , 501 Patern ò , 85 , 222 Patsos, 659 Pech Maho, 510 , 513 Pef kakia, 28 Peleset, 357 , 358 Pella, 192 Peloponnese, 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 65 , 99 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 187 , 192 , 235 , 243 ,

418 , 425 Peloponnesian import

Sicily, 219 Peloritani mountains, 66 , 76 Pe ñ a Negra, 306 , 310

Les Moreres cemetery, 306 Pe ñ alosa, 302 , 490 , 542 , 558 peraia , 27 , 29 Perati, 169 , 208 , 209 performance, 133 , 151 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 408 , 523 , 527 , 528 , 535 , 548 , 585 ,

588 , 595 , 606 , 619 , 621 , 630 , 635 competitive, 331 ritual, 624 , 625 , 626 , 630 , 631 ritualised, 620

Pergine Valsugana, 640 Perugia, 446






Index

682

Petras, 320 , 326 , 329 , 330 , 331 Peyia, 288 , 292 Phaistos, 27 , 30 , 320 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 534 , 536 , 654 , 655 , 657 , 658

palace, 657 Pharos, Hvar, 160 Philistia, 184 , 252 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 260 , 261

Philistine hegemony, 258 Philistine iconography, 257 Philistine infl uence, 257 Philistine Pentapolis, 252 , 254 , 256 Philistines, 252–61 , 355

Phocaea Phocaean (colonial) settlement, 280 Phocaean trade, 499 Phocaeans, 299 , 308 , 490

Phoenicia, 189 , 190 , 192 , 220 , 274 , 454 (colonial) settlement, 105 , 191 , 196 , 205 , 208 , 216 , 218 , 249 , 274 , 279 ,

280 , 299 , 492 , 493 , 495 , 500 Phoenician alphabet, 178 , 181 , 191 Phoenician city, 196 Phoenician colonization, 196 , 215 , 266 , 278 , 454 Phoenician diaspora, 231 , 299 , 301 , 303 Phoenician elites, 310 Phoenician factory-cum-sanctuary, 491 Phoenician graffi ti, 208 Phoenician infl uence, 222 , 225 , 495 , 578 , 594 Phoenician inscription, 307 , 493 Phoenician network, 67 Phoenician presence central Mediterranean, 215–225 Phoenician script, 652 Phoenician seafarers, 654 , 659 Phoenician shekel , 208 Phoenician ship, 273 Phoenician temple, 276 Phoenician trade, 208 , 310 , 457 , 460 , 493 Phoenician traders, 279 Phoenician-Luwian inscription, 381 Phoenicians, 2 , 3 , 106 , 109 , 180 , 187 , 188 , 191 , 196 , 197 , 202 , 205 , 206 ,

266 , 271 , 274 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 460 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 , 509 , 571 , 573 , 575 , 585 , 591

Phoenicians in western Mediterranean, 299–311 western Phoenicians, 273

Phoenician import Catalonia, 456 , 509 Crete, 658 Cyprus, 209 Etruscan sites, 279 , 591 Gozo, 217 Iberia, 208 , 307 , 308 , 457 , 459 , 460 , 461 , 491 , 501 Malta, 217 , 224 Morocco, 307 Pithekoussai, 224 Sardinia, 273

Phrygia cult of Matar, 389 Phrygian script, 191 rock-cut architecture, 383 , 391 sanctuary, 379 , 382

Phylakopi, 14 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 Pian della Conserva, 444 Piano del Porto, 82 Piano Quartara, 82 Piediluco-Contigliano hoard, 270 pig, 40 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 258 , 428 , 431 , 476 , 478 , 482 , 492 , 501 , 546 , 559 , 642 Pila del Brancon, 641 pilgrim fl ask, 104 , 218 , 223 , 224 pit burial, 185 , 266 , 276 , 324 , 556 , 558 , 559 , 576 , 577 , 588 Pithekoussai, 188 , 191 , 205 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 308 , 591 Pithekoussan import

Sardinia, 274 southern Spain, 224

pithos burial, 152 , 235 , 526 , 531 , 560 , 656 Pithyusic Islands, 40 Plakoura, 323 Plan de la Tour, Gailhan, 510

Platanos cemetery, 167 , 531 , 534 Plato, 650 Plemmirio, 85 , 87 plough, 115 , 148 , 150 , 638 Podere Tartuchino, 443 Point Iria shipwreck, 204 Policoro, 235 Poliochni, 28 , 147 , 167 polis , 178 , 186 , 188 , 190 , 192 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 239 , 438 , 439 ,

591 , 651 polity, 100 , 361 , 413 , 418 , 425 , 434 , 454 , 467 , 606 , 624 , 630

early state, 114 formation, 625 , 626 hybridised, 571 peer, 113 regional, 462 , 467 state, 106

Polizzello, 66 , 222 Polla, 188 Polybius, 465 , 466 Pontecagnano, 270 , 440 , 593 , 594 Pontignano, 270 Populonia, 270 , 587 , 589 , 590 pork consumption, 258 , 260 Poro promontory (Calabria), 84 , 88 Portella di Salina, 63 , 84 , 87 Portugal, 216 , 554 , 555

coast, 307 , 491 , 499 elites, 492 south, 556 south-central, 489 , 493

postcolonial theory, 160 , 249 , 250 , 301 , 438 , 454 potlatch- type society, 459 Potnia Theron, 660 , 661 potter’s wheel, 30 , 201 , 304 , 329 , 331 pottery production, 67 , 122 , 126 , 186 , 219 , 234 , 235 , 299 , 305 , 310 , 311 ,

484 , 650 power, 98 , 102 , 115 , 146 , 162 , 164 , 222 , 238 , 239–43 , 269 , 280 , 299–311 ,

348 , 368 , 408 , 417 , 441 , 444 , 459 , 461 , 462 , 489 , 501 , 576 , 577 , 578 , 589 , 591 , 598 , 599 , 605 , 621 , 625 , 631 , 655

ancestral, 331 , 332 , 575 centre, 465 , 467 ceremonial insignia, 594 cosmic, 353 dialectics, 320 discourse, 332 , 605 divine, 293 dynamics, 329 , 331 iconography, 209 ideology, 546 landscape, 462 , 595 , 598 military, 346 network, 467 palatial, 31 , 419 political, 33 , 388 , 410 , 418 , 442 , 443 , 593 , 626 , 627 , 628 relation, 171 , 233 , 238 , 359 , 402 , 408 , 438 , 448 , 462 , 466 , 467 , 496 , 560 ,

605 , 609 , 626 ritual, 585 , 587 , 593 royal, 118 , 354 social, 98 , 605 , 624 , 627 , 631 socio-economic, 593 , 611 source, 462 , 466 , 478 , 484 , 580 , 631 state, 384 , 417 , 418 structure, 120 , 408 , 495 struggle, 575 , 605 symbol, 105 , 106 , 207 , 245 , 594 , 596 , 598 , 622 , 626 , 644

Pozzi della Pian, 637 Praisos, 651 , 653 , 659 prestige good, 102 , 115 , 117 , 132 , 157 , 166 , 181 , 242 , 275 , 446 , 447 , 457 ,

459 , 464 , 465 , 467 , 476 , 480 , 481 , 490 , 491 , 495 , 496 , 497 , 498 , 501 , 558 , 626 , 627

princely, 443 , 593 , 594 aristocracy, 491 status, 587 , 596 , 598 tomb, 170 , 245 , 275 , 279 , 497 , 523






Index

683

Prinias, 659 processual archaeology, 16 , 139 , 140 , 143 , 150 , 255 , 402 , 523 Prosymna, 168 Protocorinthian import

Sicily, 222 , 223 south Italy, 234

Proto-Elymian tradition, 66 proto-state, 159 , 163 , 320 proto-urban centre, 8 , 63 , 86 , 96 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 446 , 587 , 588 , 642 , 643 ,

644 , 646 Proto-Villanovan, 587

bronzes, 92 Provence, 202 , 309 , 506 , 509 , 510 , 511 proxemics, 405 , 409 Pseira, 425 , 427 , 530 Psematismenos, 620 Pseudo-Scylax, 67 Psiloritis Mountains, 651 Puente de Noy cemetery, 310 Puglia. See Apulia Puig Castellar de Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 465 Puig de Sant Andreu, Ullastret, 309 , 311 , 462 , 464 , 467 , 517 Puig de ses Torretes, 42 , 44 pulses, 478 , 501 Pulur-Sakyol, 122 , 123 Punic, 279

coin, 483 , 500 infl uence, 51 , 500 traders, 309

Punic import Iberia, 464

Punt, 356 Punta Castelluzzo, 92 Punta Milazzese, 87 Punta Peppa Maria, 82 Puntal dels Llops, 475 , 480 , 482 , 484 Punto Chiarito, Ischia, 279 Purullena, 203 , 204 Puyemere tomb, 354 , 356 Pyla Kokkinokremos , 403 , 405 , 408 , 409 , 410 , 411 Pylos, 32 , 164 , 165 , 418 , 420 , 424

Palace of Nestor, 418 territory, 421

Pyrenees, 44 , 454 , 459 Pyrga, 288 , 292 Pyrgos cave, 323 , 326 Pyrgos Mavrorachi , 623 pyrite, 197 , 488 , 490 pyxis , 238 , 291 , 324 , 656

Protocorinthian, 287

Qadesh, Battle of, 358 , 362 Qal’at Siriani, 122 Qatna, 346 Qode, 356 Quinta do Almaraz, 491 , 495

rabbit, 431 , 478 , 482 Rachgoun, 491 Ragusa, 79 , 80 Ramacca, 222 Rambla de la Alcantarilla, 483 Rambla de Los Morenos, 483 Ramesses II, 359 , 362 , 381

Tanis II stela, 357 Ramesses III, 184 , 202 , 204 , 253 , 254 , 256 , 356 , 357 , 359 , 360 , 362 Raphina, 28 Ras Ibn Hani, 572 Ras Shamra. See Ugarit raw materials, 1 , 8 , 25 , 35 , 40 , 44 , 82 , 88 , 98 , 109 , 113 , 117 , 129 , 132 , 133 ,

157 , 299 , 323 , 331 , 427 , 471 , 491 , 496 , 542 redistribution, 30 , 112 , 114 , 133 , 310 , 320 , 327 , 328 , 443 , 459 , 460 ,

605 , 621 Red ù , 638 regionalism, 33 , 34 , 178 , 579 , 651

regionality, 178 , 186 Reitia, 645 Rekhmire tomb, 354 religion, 286 , 291 , 296 , 369 , 574 , 609 , 615 , 635 , 636 , 643 , 644 , 646 , 653

Latin, 644 votive, 294 , 295

Renfrew, Colin, 3 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 28 , 181 , 320 , 374 , 375 , 635 Requena, Valencia, 483 Reshep fi gurine, 659 resistance, 117 , 129 , 133 , 189 , 253 , 285 , 287 , 368 , 408 , 493 , 555 , 614 ,

627 Resulo g lu, 147 Retjenu, 356 Rhodes, 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 191 Rhodian import

Motya, 225 Pithekoussai, 225 Sicily, 222

Riotinto, 189 , 197 , 302 , 490 Risco, 501 rite, 622

commemorative, 535 domestic, 480 funerary, 61 , 151 , 238 , 267 , 278 , 460 , 461 , 462 , 524 , 525 , 529 , 533 , 535 ,

540 , 541 , 545 , 547 , 596 , 622 , 635 , 651 Homeric heroic, 596 initiation, 459 propitiatory, 637 , 639 , 646

ritual, 59 , 67 , 89 , 102 , 111 , 120 , 123 , 132 , 160 , 238 , 242 , 245 , 276 , 285 , 287 , 320 , 389 , 400 , 424 , 440 , 461 , 475 , 481 , 535 , 575 , 577 , 578 , 589 , 591 , 596 , 605–607 , 619–31 , 635–46 , 650–61

activity, 295 , 310 , 385 , 481 , 578 centre, 20 , 494 ceremony, 535 change, 500 context, 275 , 278 , 382 , 526 , 585 domestic, 126 , 475 , 484 eating and drinking, 222 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 576 , 577 , 579 hearth, 480 , 637 heroic, 594 innovation, 237 landscape, 417 , 445 , 637 off ering, 80 , 597 practice, 123 , 221 , 294 , 370 , 384 , 389 , 442 , 556 , 558–60 , 564 ritualisation, 606 , 619 sacrifi ce, 242 site, 97 , 493 , 498 , 501 , 629 , 642 structure, 126 , 627 , 628 text, 384 Villanovan, 587

Roca Vecchia, 75 rock art, 204 , 207 , 380 , 563 rock-cut tomb, 43 , 45 , 47 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 152 , 219 , 225 , 324 ,

523 , 528 , 541 , 556 , 558 , 559 , 560 , 620 Rod ì -Tindari-Vallelunga (RTV), 75 , 76 , 79 , 81

pottery, 79 Roman(s), 2 , 109

conquest, 269 , 455 , 458 , 463 , 467 , 506 Romanisation, 215 , 502 , 506 Romanou, 164 Rome, 3 , 280 , 418 , 439 , 440 , 443 , 500 , 502 , 588 , 642 , 643 , 644

Auditorium, 444 Roman-Carthaginian treaty, 268 , 499 Sant’Omobono, 279 temple of Vesta, 643

Ronda, 492 Roques de Sant Formatge, 461 Roselle, Casa dell’Impluvium , 444 Rousset al-Amir, 122 Royal-Athena Gallery, 374 Ruecas River, 497 Rusaddir, 491 Ruscino, 507 Ruvo-Satriano pottery, 242 rye, 201






Index

684

S. Angelo Muxaro, 66 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 222 , 224 S. Francesco hoard, 270 S. Rosa di Poviglio, 642 S’Aigua Dol ç a megalith, 44 S’Arcu ‘e is Forros, Villagrande Strisaili, 102 S’Arenalet de Son Colom, 44 S’Hospitalet Vell, 47 S’Uraki, San Vero Milis, 275 , 280 Sa Caleta, 306 , 307 Sa Domu ‘e S’Orku, 98 Sabine region, 440 , 636 Sabucina, 66 , 91 , 222

krater , 222 Sado River, 491 , 495 sail, 28 , 59 , 63

sailing, 74 , 75 , 87 , 196 , 197 , 332 sailing ship, 1 , 67 , 225

Saint-Blaise, 514 , 516 Saint-Pierre-les-Martigues, 510 Sala Consilina, 188 Saladares, 306 , 307 Salamis, 209 , 571 , 574 , 575 , 576 , 579 , 659

Cellarka , 574 , 580 city-kingdom, 577 , 579 , 580 elite, 577 Koufomeron , 574 , 580 Royal Tombs, 574 , 577 , 578 , 580

Salento tombs, 233 Saliagos, 13 , 14 Salina, 87 , 88 Salor River, 496 Salso River (valley), 76 , 91 salt, 1 , 76 , 201 , 205 , 302 , 491

mines, 491 salting, 457 , 492 , 500

Samaria, 184 Samos, 292

Heraion, 28 , 291 , 294 Kolaios of, 204

San Bartolom é de Almonte, 302 , 490 San Calogero, 87 San Fernando, 500 San Giovenale, 445 San Maurizio Bagni di Zolfo, 641 San Pietro Montagnon, 645 San Rocchino, Versilia, 273 San Sperate, 280 San Teodoro cemetery, 233 sanctuary, 20 , 183 , 189 , 238 , 285–96 , 406 , 443 , 444 , 447 , 490 , 493 , 498 ,

572 , 574 , 636 , 643–46 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 658 , 661 artifi cial cave, 642 bench, 653 cave, 271 , 651 , 659 , 661 domestic, 475 , 480 extramural, 188 Greek, 183 network, 493 Nuragic, 98 , 102 , 104 , 269 , 270 , 273 , 277 open-air, 294 , 295 , 386 , 387 , 390 Portonaccio, 644 rock-cut, 387 ruin, 655 spring, 381 urban, 446

Sanctuary of the Ingot God, 574 , 628 Sant’ Anastasia, Sardara, 275 Sant Jaume-Mas d’en Serr à , 457 Sant Juli à de Ramis, 465 Sant Mart í d’Emp ú ries, 308 , 456 , 509 Sant’Anastasia, Sardara, 102 Sant’ Antioco di Bisarcio, 101 Sant’Angelo Romano, 637 Sant’Imbenia, 208 , 216 , 272 , 273 , 274 Santa Croce Camarina, 85 Santa Olaia, 307 , 491

Santa Vittoria, Serri, 275 Santarem, 491 sarcophagus, 219 , 220 , 221 , 267 , 590

anthropoid, 372 Sardara, 279 Sardinia, 1 , 8 , 13 , 42 , 50 , 61 , 67 , 74 , 90 , 96–106 , 100 , 101 , 103 , 109 , 201 ,

205 , 208 , 216 , 221 , 224 , 225 , 266–80 , 500 , 523 , 659 battle of the Sardinian Sea, 499 elite, 100 , 104 , 105 , 106 Iron Age chronology, 269 metalworking, 98 , 104 Sardinian bronzes, 270 Sardinian craftsmen, 270

Sardinian import Crete, 659 Etruscan sites, 279 Iberia, 208 Portugal, 207

Saronic Gulf, 163 Satricum, 443 , 642 , 643 Saturnia, 443 scarab, 160 , 216 , 218 , 223 , 224 , 372 , 461 , 576 , 578

Egyptian, 615 ring, 217 seal, 276

Schiers hoard, 201 Scirinda, 87 , 91 , 92 Scoglio del Tonno, 75 , 188 Sea Peoples, 202 , 204 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 355 , 356 , 358 ,

359 , 360 pottery, 254

seafaring, 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 59 , 63 , 68 , 74 , 629 , 630 , 659 Second Punic War, 466 , 467 secondary products, 1 , 49 , 50 , 115 , 139 , 148–50 , 500

Revolution, 148 Seeberg (Bolzano), 640 Segesta-Monte Barbaro, 67 Selinunte, 216 Se ñ a, 476 Sencelles, 44 Senorb ì , 279

Corta Auda, 275 Monte Luna, 280

Seped, 358 Septem, 491 Serbia, 170 Serra de Tramuntana mountains, 40 , 44 Serra del Palco, 79 Serra di Vaglio, 240 Serra Ilixi, Nuragus, 101 Serro dei Cianfi , 87 Serro dei Cianfi (Salina), 82 sesi , 105 Sesklo, 167 Setefi lla, 307 , 491 , 496 , 500 , 560 Seti I, 361 Settimo San Pietro, 280 settlement hierarchy, 97 , 99 , 328 , 417 , 418 , 427 , 438 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 462 ,

465 , 471 , 476 , 494 , 512 , 542 , 638 Set ú bal, 491 Seville, 496 , 500 Sevso Treasure, 371 Sexi, 500 shaft grave, 166 , 171 , 576 Shechem, 259 , 345 sheep and goats. See ovicaprines shekel

Asia Minor, 201 , 205 , 206 Cypriot, 201 Mesopotamian, 188 Phoenician, 208 Syrian, 201

Shekelesh, 357 Shephelah, 253 , 256 , 260 shepherd, 1 , 50–52






Index

685

Sherden , 254 , 357 shipwreck

Cape Gelidonya, 202 , 204 Mazarr ó n, 307 Point Iria, 204 Uluburun, 166 , 182 , 202 , 203

shrine, 654 mortuary, 620

Sicilian import Crete, 659 Malta, 224

Sicily, 1 , 8 , 13 , 20 , 57–68 , 74–93 , 104 , 105 , 184 , 186 , 188 , 192 , 201 , 233 , 280 , 439 , 500

Sicilian bronzes, 87 sickle, 44 , 47 , 637 , 641 Sidi Cherkaoui, 563 Sidi Messaoud, 563 Sidon, 182 , 190 , 209 , 260 Sierra del Algibe de Aliseda, 491 , 501

treasure of Aliseda, 496 Sikel, 218 , 223 Sile River, 637 silver, 113 , 180 , 182 , 188 , 196 , 208 , 301 , 302 , 323 , 354 , 475 , 476 , 490 , 496 ,

541 , 579 bullion, 190 coinage, 188–190 cupellation, 197 , 481 , 484 , 490 exploitation, 197 ore, 145 , 554 standard, 132 trade, 490

sima , 243 , 245 Siphnos, 28 , 29 , 34 Siris, 188 , 235 Siruela, 498 Sissi, 326 Siva, 531 Skales. See Kouklia Palaipaphos Skarkos, 28 skyphos , 184 , 218 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 273 Skyros, 28 slaves, 182 , 299 , 302 , 484 , 491 Slovenia, 201 Snodgrass, Anthony M., 178 , 181 , 183 , 651 , 652 social complexity, 4 , 11 , 13 , 59 , 92 , 97 , 145 , 148 , 159 , 170 , 441 , 454 , 489 ,

517 , 518 , 542 , 624 social dynamics, 27 , 408 , 409

households, 126 , 406 , 407 social exchange, 408 social hierarchy, 407 , 411 , 471 , 476 , 578 social organisation, 51 , 125 , 266 , 269 , 274–77 , 395 , 399 , 400 , 407 , 454 ,

456 , 457 , 462 , 471 , 473 , 510 , 517 , 523 , 525 , 526 , 536 , 560 , 593 , 607 , 635

Big Man–type, 458 social practices, 2 , 8 , 58 , 223 , 242 , 308 , 320 , 339 , 382 , 384 , 396 , 433 , 524 ,

542 , 555 , 571 , 573 , 576 socio-ideological, 546

social reproduction, 59 , 67 , 396 , 399 , 402 , 555 , 593 , 600 social stratifi cation, 29 , 98 , 460 soldering, 147 , 201 , 205 Solunto, 220 , 222 , 224 Son Dan ú s, 44 Son Gallard, 41 , 44 Son Matge, 41 , 44 , 48 Son Mercer de Baix, 45 Sorek Valley, 256 , 258 Sorgenti della Nova, 642 Sotira Kaminoudhia , 144 , 148 , 403 , 623 Source of the Tigris, 383 , 385 , 391 Spain, 188 , 205 , 216 , 273 , 554 , 555 , 564

Atlantic coast, 301 eastern, 396 northwest, 491 south, 223 southeast, 558 , 565

Sparta, 651 Artemis Orthia, 658 (colonial) settlement, 231 , 245 craft tradition, 236 dialect, 243 infl uence, 243 pottery, 236 spelt, 201

sphinx, 243 , 578 , 625 , 661 Spina, 646 spinning, 148 , 149 , 150 , 475 , 484 , 589 state, 320 , 327 , 328 , 361 , 396 , 417 , 418 , 434 , 467 , 542 , 575 , 610

Aegean, 162 Assyrian, 379 city-, 126 , 178 , 181 , 186 , 190 , 219 , 252 , 253 , 348 , 360 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 591 discourse, 384 , 391 eastern Mediterranean, 164 Egyptian, 360 failed, 359 formation, 27 , 29 , 126 , 260 , 441 , 442 , 573 , 619 Hittite, 348 , 383 institutions, 126 , 166 of Israel, 372 , 373 level polity, 106 Minoan, 157 , 164 Mycenaean, 157 , 160 , 164 , 169 , 185 Near Eastern, 162 Neo-Assyrian, 572 , 575 organization, 196 , 502 palatial, 425 power, 384 , 417 , 418 proto-, 159 , 163 , 320 society, 187 , 201 , 320 Syro-Hittite, 379 , 383 system, 636 tribal, 178 , 186–87 , 192 , 442 Urartu, 390 vassal, 255 , 348 , 383

Steno, Leukas, 168 tumulus, 167

Stesichoros, 287 , 294 Strabo, 308 , 489 Strait of Messina, 76 , 79 Strait of Gibraltar, 46 , 196 , 202 , 204 , 205 , 303 , 305 , 488 , 554 , 563 , 564 Stromboli, 82 Su Benatzu cave-sanctuary, 271 Su Monte, Sorradile, 275 , 278 , 279 subsistence economy, 47 , 48 , 457 , 555 subsistence strategy, 8 , 47–50 , 181 , 186 , 187 , 441 Suessetani, 467 Sulcis, 225 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 277 , 278 , 279 sulphur, 62 , 76 , 80 swan egg, 646 swine, 81 , 82 Switzerland, 201 sword, 46 , 87 , 166 , 207 , 276 , 543 , 544 , 549 , 558 , 559 , 561 , 591 , 637 , 638 ,

640 , 659 Danubian-style, 166 Naue II, 169 , 183 Thapsos-type, 85

Sybaris, 187 , 230 , 231 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 239 area, 238

symbolic(al) violence, 585–600 Syme, 651 , 658 symposium, 209 , 242 , 277

set, 245 Syracuse, 63 , 79 , 85 , 87 , 188 , 218 , 221

Athena temple, 219 , 222 cemetery, 219 , 222 elite, 219

Syria, 112 , 114 , 125 , 126 , 184 , 624 , 660 north, 337 , 348 North Syrians, 187 Syrian infl uence, 578 Syrian shekel , 201






Index

686

Syrian standard, 208 urbanism, 133

Syro-Canaanite import Cyprus, 209

Syro-Hittite rock relief, 380 , 382 state, 379 , 383

Syro-Palestine chronology, 161 Syros, 28

Taanach, 209 Tabara el-Akrad, 125 Tabbat-al-Hammam, 184 Tabla de las Ca ñ as, 502 Tagus River, 207 , 302 , 488 , 495 , 496 , 502

estuary, 495 valley, 501

talayot , 47 Talha de Chaparrinho, Serpa, 556 Talo River, 491 Tamassos, 576 Tanit, 481 Taras, Taranto, 75 , 188 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 245

craftsmen, 236 , 243 Tarhunta šš a, 383 Tarhunzas, 380 , 384 Tarifa, 204 Tarquinia, 271 , 279 , 443 , 444 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 594 , 644

Arcatelle , 588 , 590 Cavalupo , 270 Doganaccia , 593 Le Rose , 588 Macchia della Turchina , 593 Monterozzi , 593 Pogg io Impiccato , 588 Selciatello , 588 territory, 446 Villa Bruschi Falgari , 590 warrior tomb, 591

Tarragona, 462 , 464 , 465 Tarsus, 144 , 145 , 146 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 184 Tartessos, 196 , 202 , 204 , 488 , 489 , 493 , 496 , 497 , 499 , 500 , 501

Gulf of, 491 Tartessian colonization, 495 Tartessians, 491 , 493 , 494 , 495 territory, 196 , 197 , 302

Tarxien, 12 , 13 cemetery, 17 , 61 , 62 , 76 cemetery pottery, 79 , 80 temple, 17 , 61

Ta s kun Mevkii, 125 Tas-Sil g , 65 , 66 , 217 , 225 Taureana, 82 Taurus mountains, 122 , 123 , 129 , 132 , 133 , 145 , 382

Bolkar Da g , 379 Tavira, 491 Tejada la Vieja, 302 , 311 , 490 Tel ‘Erani, 115 Tel Bet Yerah (Khirbet Kerak), 127 , 131 , 133

granary (Circles Building), 130 Tel Beth, Shemesh, 258 , 260 Tel Dor, 185 , 254 Tel Hadar, 185 Tel Kabri, 346 Tel Qishyon, 127 Tel Rehov, 185 Tel Yaqush, 127 , 131 Tell Abu Hawam, 184 Tell ed-Dab’a, 344 , 346 , 356 , 362 Tell esh-Shuna, 127 Tell es-Safi , Garth, 184 , 254 , 256 Tell es-Sakkan, 116 , 117 Tell Halaf, 348 Tell Kazel, 184

Tell Nami, 204 Tell Sukas, 122 , 184 Tellaro River (valley), 76 , 80

cemeteries, 80 Temessa, 182 Tenos, 32 , 33 Tepecik, 125 Termitito, 188 , 232 Terni, 446

Acciaierie cemetery, 446 S. Pietro in Campo cemetery, 446

terracotta, 291 animal fi gure, 657 , 658 anthropomorphic fi gurine, 62 bull fi gurine, 630 candelabra, 578 cattle fi gurine, 623 decoration, 443 , 446 fi gurine, 63 , 651 , 655 , 658 goddess with upraised arms, 653 mask, 630 model, 620 north Syrian, 626 sarcophagus, 221 statuette, 288 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 294 , 481 , 595 warrior, 292

terramare settlements, 638 territory, 27 , 40 , 44 , 74 , 97 , 105 , 132 , 219 , 236 , 249 , 255 , 256 , 270 , 273 ,

280 , 301 , 360 , 409 , 410 , 412 , 417–18 , 422 , 427 , 428 , 431 , 433 , 434 , 440 , 441 , 443 , 455 , 462 , 463 , 465 , 466 , 471 , 477 , 497 , 500 , 501 , 620

colonial, 232 Egyptian, 357 Egyptian-controlled, 355 Etruscan, 441 Greek, 233 Knossos, 656 Philistine, 259

Tesorillo de la Llan á , 556 textile, 65 , 151 , 207 , 606 , 629

production, 148 , 149 , 150 , 188 , 406 , 407 , 479 , 481 , 548 technology, 148 , 149 tools, 589 , 591 , 596 wool, 149 , 150 , 151

Thapsos, 63 , 63–65 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 80 , 84 , 85–86 , 88 , 91 , 92 , 104 bronzes, 91 -Milazzese culture, 75 , 76 , 77 , 84–88 , 90 , 92 -Pantalica tradition, 92 pottery, 87 , 91 , 188 , 216

Tharros, 278 , 279 Thebes (Egypt), 352

Amun temple, 362 kings, 361 tombs, 352–56 , 357

Thebes (Greece), 27 , 186 , 341 hoard, 340 , 342 , 343 , 344 New Kadmeion Palace, 340

Thera, 27 , 28 , 30 , 34 , 163 , 164 eruption, 31 , 34

Thermi ware, 60 Thessaly, 19 , 28 , 164 , 186 , 187 Thiessen polygons, 97 , 440 tholos , 87

tomb, 32 , 63 , 164 , 321 , 323 , 324 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 331 , 342 , 419 , 421 , 422 , 524 , 528 , 529 , 530 , 531 , 533 , 556 , 558

-type tomb, 66 , 75 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 91 , 93 Thorikos, 28 Thrace, 144 , 150 , 164 Thucydides, 184 , 185 , 186 Thutmose I, 361 Thutmose II, 361 Thutmose III, 354 , 360 , 361 , 362 Thutmose IV, 361 Tiber, 440 , 585

estuary, 280 valley, 443 , 445 , 447

Syria (cont.)






Index

687

Ticchiara cave, 87 timber, 113 , 142 , 150 , 492 , 629 Timmari, 240 Timpa Dieri (Siracusa), 80 Timpone della Motta, 237 , 238 tin, 44 , 46 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 157 , 181 , 182 , 491 , 496

-bronze, 132 , 144 mining, 146 ore, 554

Tiryns, 31 , 168 , 655 , 659 Titri s , 122 Tivissa, Tarragona, 477 Tjehenu, 358 , 360 Tjeker, 357 , 358 Todi, 446 , 447

Logge cemetery, 446 San Raff aele cemetery, 446

Tomba dei Polacchi, 637 , 638 , 645 tophet , 220 , 274 , 279 Torre del Mordillo, 188 Torre di Satriano, 230 , 236 , 238 , 240 , 242 , 243 , 244

tombs, 245 Torre Galli, 216 Torre Mordillo, 237 , 238 Torre Vedras, 495

cemetery, 492 Torrej ó n de Abajo, 499 Torrepadrones, 495 Toscanos, 205 , 310 , 311 , 492 , 493 Tossal de les Basses, 477 tower tomb, 389 trade

and exchange (system), 169 , 347 long-distance, 8 , 45 , 115 , 133 , 150 , 189 , 190 , 301 , 624 , 630 maritime, 33 , 59 , 74 , 90 , 93 , 167 , 168 , 206 , 630 metal, 29 , 101 , 114 , 125 , 132 , 157 , 159 , 205 , 459 , 499 , 630 route, 29 , 33 , 164 , 224 , 275 , 447 , 659 , 660 system, 77 , 79 , 82 , 88 , 90 , 310 unequal, 307 wine, 273

trading post, 168 , 235 Transcaucasia, 139 trans-egalitarian society, 63 , 166 Transylvanian import

Greece, 166 Trapani, 67 , 76 Traversant, 507 Trayamar, 205 , 302 , 310 , 493 Trebbio, 447 Trebisacce, 237 , 238

chronology, 238 trench burial, 219 , 221 , 266 , 268 , 279 Trianda, 27 tribe, 92 , 170 , 327

Libyan, 360 tribal society, 97 , 187 tribal state, 178 , 186–87 , 192 , 442

Troodos, 101 , 145 , 626 Tropea, 76 , 79 Troy, 28 , 80 , 140 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 167

elite, 147 , 151 Troyan treasures, 148 wine merchant’s cellar, 150

Tsoungiza, 168 tumulus, 169 , 170 , 171 , 389 , 444 , 501 , 523 , 556 , 559 , 562 , 595

Albania, 169 Boljevi c a Gruda, 168 Cetina, 167 Greek, 168 Mala Gruda, 168 Steno, Leukas, 167 , 168 Vajz ë , 166 Velika Gruda, 168

Tunip, 362 Turdetanian culture, 500

Tur ó de ca n’Oliver, 462 , 465 Tur ó del Calvari, 459 Tur ó del Montgr ò s, 466 Tuscany, 76 , 273 Tu š pa, 390

Horhor Odalar ı ’ tombs, 390 royal tomb, 390

Tuthmosis III, 217 Tylisos, 651 , 654 Tyre, 196 , 209 , 220 , 260 , 276 , 302 , 489 , 499

Tyrian foundation, 489 Tyrrhenian

coast, 82 , 88 , 91 , 182 , 437 elites, 594 islands, 44 , 202 , 205 Italy, 74 , 75 , 82 , 87 , 92 , 225 , 274 , 275 , 585 , 636 , 639 , 641 Sea, 1 , 63 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 82 , 89 , 103 , 183 , 201 ,

202 , 224 , 585

Ugarit, 122 Ugarit, Ras Shamra, 122 , 123 , 125 , 184 , 345 , 347 , 572

Temple of Baal, 202 Ulina, Monte Castellazzo, 87 Uluburun shipwreck, 166 , 182 , 202 , 203 Umbria, 270 , 442 , 443 , 446 , 637 Urartu, 379 , 389

Haldi, 388 rock-cut architecture, 390 rock-cut relief, 383 rock-cut tomb, 382

urban centre, 233 , 280 , 431 , 437 , 440 , 442 , 443 , 448 , 492 , 494 , 495 , 497 , 511 , 572 , 628 , 629

urbanisation, 113 , 118 , 127 , 129 , 131 , 133 , 151 , 192 , 230 , 327 , 399 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 442 , 446 , 448 , 502 , 506 , 610 , 611 , 619 , 624 , 626

delayed-, 440 indigenous, 440 proto-, 440 , 442

urbanism. See urbanisation urn, 218 , 220 , 225 , 495 , 541 , 558 , 559 , 588 , 594 , 656

barrel, 225 belly-shaped, 656 biconial, 588 ceramic, 558 hut-shaped, 588 , 589 , 590 , 595 Phoenician, 274

urnfi eld, 89 , 456 , 461 Uruk, 111–33 , 113

infl uence, 133 -style wall painting, 114

Ustica, 63 , 67 , 76 , 77 , 82 , 84 , 87

Vajz ë tumulus, 166 Val Camonica rock carvings, 636 Valdegamas, 498 Valencia, 202 , 456 , 457 , 471 , 472 , 476 , 517 Valledolmo, 87 Valsavoia, 80 Varna, 146 Vassallaggi, 222 Vassiliki, 534 Vega de Granada, 492 Veii, 443 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 594 , 598

Grotta Gramiccia , 588 , 590 , 591 Macchia Comunit à , 593 Monte Michele , 593 , 596 Piazza d’Armi, 644 Portonaccio sanctuary, 644 Quattro Fontanili , 588 , 591 territory, 446 Vaccareccia , 593

V é lez river, 492 Velika Gruda tumulus, 168 Vel í ka Skordh á kis, 420 Velitrae, Velletri, 643 Veneto, 645






Index

688

V é raza (pottery), 42 Verderame, 67 Verduron, 511 Verucchio, 440 , 447 , 645 Vettones, 502 Vetulonia, 105 , 279 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 594 , 595

Aule Feluske stele, 598 Tomba del Tridente , 598

Viale dei Cipressi (Milazzo), 62 Villabartolomea (Verona), 646 Villagerc í a de la Torre, 498 Villanova, 266 , 273

proto-Villanovan, 89 , 587 villanovan ritual, 587 Villanovan/Etruscan weight standard, 201 Villanovans, 266 , 270

Villanovan import Iberia, 208

Villanueva de la Vera, 498 Villasmundo, 218 , 223 Villena hoard, 205 vine(s), 1 , 115 , 201 , 320 , 428 , 429 , 475 , 478 , 492 , 501 Vinha do Cas ã o, 556 , 560 violence, 150 , 152 , 171 , 185 , 301 , 310 , 311 , 456 , 457 , 460 , 462 , 466 , 543 ,

544 , 549 , 561 Vis, 160 Vitsa, 187 Vivara, 62 , 188

Punta Mezzogiorno, 82 Volterra, 594 , 597

Casale Marittimo , 595 , 597 votive, 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 658 , 661

breastplate, 291 , 294 bronze, 183 , 493 , 654 Cypriot, 291 dedication, 183 , 189 , 389 deposit, 80 , 238 , 380 , 447 , 459 , 637 , 641 , 643 , 644 , 645 , 656 , 657 , 658 graffi ti, 310 hoard, 102 iron, 183 off ering, 102 , 475 , 636 , 638 , 640 , 641 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 658 pyres, 578 , 636 , 640 , 645 , 646 relief, 285 religion, 294 , 295

Vounous, 620 , 622 , 624 , 631 Vronda, 427 , 431 Vulci, 278 , 279 , 443 , 444 , 446 , 587 , 590 , 642

Cavalupo , 588 Osteria , 588 , 590 Pogg io Mengarelli , 588 Tomba dei Bronzetti Sardi , 588 , 592

warfare, 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 183 , 540 , 542 , 544 , 549 , 611 Warpalawas relief, 380 , 381 warrior, 171 , 209 , 276 , 543 , 544 , 589 , 640 , 642 , 645

class, 559 , 561 , 588 , 598 cremation, 642 culture, 169 , 171 elite, 159 , 541 , 543 , 549 , 561 ethos, 169 , 170 fi gurine, 658

grave, 169 , 170 , 181 , 183 , 201 -herding culture, 170 ideology, 311 king, 166 , 168 , 170 , 359 mythical, 661 stelae, 207 , 209 , 495 tomb, 590 , 591 tri-corporate, 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 295 , 296

wealth accumulation, 115 , 457 , 459 , 465 , 467 , 471–85 , 543 weapon, 219 , 270 , 289 , 293 , 385 , 459 , 466 , 480 , 481 , 484 , 545 , 558 , 559 ,

561 , 563 , 580 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 596 , 630 , 637 , 641 , 651 , 658 , 660 -bearing elite, 622 bronze, 87 , 90 , 91 , 209 , 563 , 637 , 639 iron, 181 , 208 , 219 , 311 , 457 , 461 , 465 , 467 , 576 metal, 543 , 559 miniature, 642 , 658 specialised weaponry, 541 , 543 , 544 , 549

weaving, 148 , 149 , 295 , 409 , 457 , 475 , 479 , 480 , 484 , 547 , 589 Weshesh, 357 western Mediterranean, 660 wheat, 201 , 478 , 637 , 639 wheel-made pottery, 30 , 75 , 91 , 114 , 120 , 122 , 125 , 129 , 140 , 143 , 145 ,

203–204 , 217 , 273 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 307 wine, 117 , 129 , 223 , 224 , 242 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 307 , 308 , 310 ,

328 , 457 , 458 , 460 , 461 , 483 , 484 , 491 , 492 , 500 , 594 , 654 drinking, 273 press, 388 , 475 , 478 , 501 production, 623 trade, 273 , 308 , 311 winery, 479 , 480

workshop, 33 , 112 , 126 , 203 , 285 , 306 , 340 , 406 , 443 , 464 , 579 , 630 , 652 , 660

artisanal, 612 metallurgical, 90 , 101 , 145 , 148 , 406 , 476 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 484 , 623 , 627 ,

630 , 640 palatial, 344 pottery, 126 , 204 , 219 , 220 , 242 , 278 , 308 sculptors, 292 textile, 406 , 407 , 627

world-system theory, 157–72 , 438 writing, 88 , 112 , 178 , 190–92 , 208 , 209 , 327 , 328 , 331 , 352 , 464 , 467 , 495 ,

606 , 651 alphabetic, 178 , 181 implements, 208 , 301 system, 606

Xobourgo, 33

Yalburt Sacred Pool complex, 383 Yaz ı l ı kaya, 348 , 384 Y ı lan Ta s tomb, 388 Yumuktepe, Mersin, 143

Zamant ı Su valley, 384 Zancle, 222 Zas Cave, 28 Zentral-italische Amphoren (ZitA), 273 , 278 Zeus, 285 , 650 , 656 , 661 Zoquete, 483 , 484 Z ú jar River, 502 Zygouries, 168






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