index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811074/06933/index/9781107406933_index… ·...

i n d e x

Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) 153Aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) 23, 31, 153, 154,

159Acacia

fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea) 312umbrella thorn (A. tortilis) 312whistling thorn (A. drepanolobium) 333

Acanthochromis polyacanthus (see Damselfish)Accipenser baeri (see Sturgeon, Siberian)Accipenser gueldenstaedtii (see Sturgeon, Russian)Accipenser stellatus (see Sturgeon, stellate)Acetate esters 26Acetone 3726-Acetonylisoxanthopterin 194Acetophenone 190Achillea ligustica (see Yarrow, Ligurian)Achillea millefolium (see Yarrow)Acidification of water, effects 392Acomastylis [Geum] rossii (see Aven, alpine)Acomys cahirinus (see Mouse, spiny)Acomys russatus (see Mouse, golden spiny)Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (see Warbler, sedge)Actinomycetes 66“Active signalers” 172Active space 9, 33, 57Adaptations (herbivory)

defensive 315offensive 315

Adrenocortical effects, mice 220Aepyceros melampus (see Impala)Aeschna juncea (see Dragonfly)Aeschna umbrosa (see Dragonfly)Aethia cristatella (see Auklet, crested)Agaricus sp. (see Mushroom)Agelaius phoeniceus (see Blackbird, red-winged)Agnatha 171Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) 389Agrimonia sp. (see Agrimony)Agrimony (Agrimonia sp.) 266Agropyron smithii (see Grass, western wheat)Ailuropoda melanoleuca (see Panda, giant)

Air currents 6Alarm

odors 191responses, fish 192substance 192

“alarm signals, damage-released” 192Albatross

black-browed (Diomedea melanophris) 74, 352black-footed (D. nigripes) 114, 350grey-headed (D. chrysostoma) 352wandering (D. exulans) 352

Alcelaphus cokii (see Hartebeest, Coke’s)Alces alces (see Moose)Aldehydes in coyote lures 411Alder, green (Alnus crispa) 299, 300, 309

induced defense 332Alert odors 191Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 278, 286, 307Algae (Shewanella sp.) 247Alkaloids,

bioaccumulation 253birds 50poison dart frogs 49, 252properties, occurrence 280

Alligator, American (Alligator mississipiensis) 349Allocholic acid 66, 172Allomarking 148Almond, bitter (Prunus amygdalus) 291Alnus crispa (see Alder, green)Alouatta belzebul (see Monkey, red-handed

howler)Alouatta palliata (see Monkey, howler)Alpaca (Lama pacos) 140Amanita muscaria (see Mushroom, fly agaric)Amanita phalloides (see Mushroom, death cap)Amazona amazonica (see Macaw, orange-winged)Ambystoma spp. (see Salamander)Amines, biogenic 255Amino acids

as feeding deterrents 21barbel nerve response 339

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-40693-3 - Chemical Ecology of VertebratesDietland Müller-SchwarzeIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9781107406933

http://www.cambridge.org


i n d e x 531

non-protein 283predator odors, fish 358prey odors 339salmon fry feeding cues 342

γ -Aminobutyric acid 2452-amino-4′, 5′-methoxyacetophenone 397Aminopropionitrile 283Ammonia 414Amniotic fluid 138

dog 139rat 139, 237sheep 139, 409species specificity 237

Amphibians 38, 49, 68, 98, 133, 145, 201behavior development 228defense 250, 259kin recognition 129odor thresholds 114pre-mating isolation mechanisms 198prey odors 342priming pheromones 207sex pheromones 176territorial pheromones 152VNO 96

Amphibolurus ornatus (see Lizard)Amphikuemin 384Amphiprion ocellaris (see Fish, anemone)Amphiprion perideraion (see Fish, anemone)Amphisbaenan (Blanus cinereus) 348Amygdalin 281, 291Amyl acetate 408Anadenanthera peregrina (see Yopo tree)Anas platyrhynchos (see Mallard)Anchovy

inshore (nehu) (Stolephorus purpureus) 339,341

northern (Engraulis mordax) 339, 341Androgenized fetuses 235Androgens in plants 288Andropogon gerardii (see Grass, big bluestem)4,16-androstadien-3-one 22, 27, 119Andropogon sp. (see Salsify)5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol 48, 54, 55, 119, 187,

211, 389, 4065α-androst-16-en-3-one 27, 48, 54, 55, 118,

119, 187, 21116-androstenes

boar 32, 119pig fetuses 236

Androstenol 48, 410Androstenone 48, 410Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), priming 205Angelicoidenol 311Anguilla anguilla (see Eel)Anolis carolinensis (see Anole)

Anoplopoma fimbria (see Sablefish)Anser anser (see Goose, greylag)Ant (Neivamyrmex sp.) 375Antarctica 60Antechinus, brown (Antechinus stuartii) 103Antechinus stuartii (see Antechinus, brown)Antifeedants

birds 394conspecific odors 407mammals 401plant compounds 404selenium 406

Antilocapra americana (see Pronghorn)Antilope cervicapra (see Blackbuck)Antipredator ploy 196Antipredator responses 18

snakes 229without predators 377

Ants as diet 253Anurans 68Apigenin 284Apis dorsata (see Honey bee)Aplodontia rufa (see Mountain beaver)Aplysinopsin 384Apocrine secretion binding proteins 26Apodemus sylvaticus (see Mouse, wood)Apolipoprotein D (apoD) 26Aposematic coloration 252Aposematism, olfactory 317Apteryx sp. (see Kiwi)Aquatic environment 15Arabidopsis thaliana 282Arbacia punctulata (see Sea urchin)Arborvitae, false (Hiba) (Thujopsis dolabrata) 275Area odors 13Area repellents 397Arenicola marina (see Lugworm)Arginine as attractant 374Army worm (Spodophora exempta) 282Aromatic plants in birds’ nests 265, 378Arothron hispidus (see Fish, puffer,

white-spotted)Artemia sp. (see Shrimp, brine)Artemisia spp. (see Sagebrush)Arthole 310Artibeus literatus (see Bats)Asarum caudatum (see Ginger, wild)Asclepias spp. (see Milkweed)Aspen, quaking (Populus tremuloides) 299, 300,

304induced defense 332

Aspilia (Aspilia mossambicensis) 381Asterropteryx semipunctatus (see Goby, starry fin)Astralagus bisulcatus (see Vetch, milkvetch,

2-grooved)






532 i n d e x

Astronotus ocellatus (see Cichlids, tiger oscar)Atavistic antipredator responses 378Atelerix pruneri (see Hedgehog, African pygmy)Aven, alpine (Acomastylis [Geum] rossii) 319,

382Aversion

conditioned 317, 405primary 316transmission, rats 414

Aversive conditioningof coyotes 412of predators 412, 413prenatal 233by volatile terpenes 307

Auklet, crested (Aethia cristatella) 182, 262Automimicry 395Axilla, human 54, 225, 226Ayahuasca (yage) (Banisteriopsis caapi) 290, 292Azadirachta indica (see Neem tree)Azetidine 2-carbolic acid 283

Bacillus spp. 53, 54B. subtilis 53

Backswimmers (Notonecta sp.) 363Bacteria

Brevibacterium 373coryneform 53, 54diphtheroids 54

Bacteroides 53B. fragilis 53

Badger,European (Meles meles) 27, 134, 135,

366latrine sites 167, 168

honey (Mellivora capensis) 159Bait enhancers 406Bait shyness 406Bamboo, cyanogenic (Cephalostachyum ef.

uiguieri) 282Banisteriopsis caapi (see Ayahuasca)Barbarea vulgaris 307Barometric pressure and olfaction 6Barro Colorado Island 349Bass

large-mouth (Micropterus salmonides) 255,341, 360

spotted (Micropterus punctulatus) 359striped (Morone saxatilis) 130

Batrachotoxins 252Bats 5, 389

Artibeus literatus 118Artibeus spp. 390Egyptian fruit (Rousettus aegyptiacus) 388,

390Mexican (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) 140

Molossidae 56Phyllostomus discolor 5, 118pipistrelle (P. pipistrellus) 128pollination 389Pteropodidae 56short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) 5,

118, 390tomb 57tube-nosed

Harpiocephalus spp. 84Murina spp. 84

vampire (Desmothus rotundus) 118, 371Vespertilionidae 84wing pouches 57

Bearblack (Ursus americanus) 324, 407

aversive conditioning 414brown, incl. grizzly (Ursus arctos) 256, 375,

386, 388, 407polar (Thalarctos maritimus) 356, 375

Beaver 157anal gland 167castoreum 158, 201castor sacs 158Eurasian (Castor fiber) 127

scent marking 159, 214scent mound 157

feeding on pines 309oil sacs 158scent mound 165, 201North American (Castor canadensis) 9, 17, 31,

37, 48, 50, 53, 57area repellent 400complex scents 168feeding and food caches 312food soaking 320kin recognition 129predator odor responses 367“pseudobushes” 313scent marking 160, 165, 166scent mound 122, 157, 165, 201

seasonal marking patterns 169viscosity, anal gland secretion 167

Beetlebark, as prey 7Caliosobruchus chinensis 303diving (Dytiscus verticalis) 251dytiscid 21flea (Phyllotreta nemorum) 282predatory (Rhizophagus grandis), preying 7

Benzaldehyde 149, 281Benzoic acid 149Benzoquinones 268Benzyl cyanide 28Bettongia spp. (see Kangaroo)






i n d e x 533

Betula spp. (see Birch)Bifidobacterium 53Bile

acids 66, 237salts 66

Biotransformation of xenobiotics 322, 328acidemia 331conjugation 330degradation speed 331microorganisms’ role 332oxidation 329sodium loss 331

Birch (Betula spp.) 330Alaska paper (B. neoalaskana) 337Arctic white (B. tortuosa) 301canoe (paper B. papyrifera) 337downy (B. pubescens) 310, 333, 334European white (B. pendula) 285, 301, 310,

333, 334paper (B. resinifera) 299, 300

induced defense 332phenolics 285

Birds 42, 50, 71, 87, 153, 257antifeedants 394aromatic plant material use 265behavior development 231capsaicinchemosensory foraging 349contact repellents 396defense of their prey 266detoxication of plant food 322embryo response to odors 231feeding on plants 304homing 71methyl anthranilateodor thresholds 114palatability 259pheromone candidates 182seed conditioning 387seed passage 386social odors 143trigeminal nerve 107

Birth control, herbs 287(+)-α-Bisabolol 300Bison, North American (Bison bison) 383Bitterbrush, antelope, Purshia tridentata 5Blackbird

European (Turdus merula) 306, 384Red-winged (Agelaius phoeniceus) 305, 307,

395Blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra 4, 148Blarina brevicauda (see Shrew, short-tailed)Blarinatoxin 263Blennius pavo (see Blenny)Blenny (Blennius pavo) 38

Blood 48Blood flukes (Trematoda) 373

schistosome (Schistosoma mansoni) 373Boar (Sus scrofa) 32

pheromone 116scent marking 148

Bobcat (Felis rufus) 402Bobwhite, northern (See Quail, bobwhite)Body bridging, rattlesnakes 364Body odors 48, 49Body region odors 48Boiga irregularis (see Snake, brown tree)Boletus piperatus (see Mushroom, peppery

bolete)Bombykol 117Bonasa umbellus (see Grouse, ruffed)Borneol 275Bornyl acetate 307Boundary layers 15Bouteloua curtipendula (see Grass, sideoats

grama)Bouteloua gracilis (see Grass, blue grama)Brachydanio rerio (see Danio, zebra)Brachylagus idahoensis (see Rabbit, pygmy)Brachyteles arachnoids (see Monkey, muriqui)Bracken, common (Pteridium aquilinum) 282Branta canadensis (see Goose, Canada)Breath odor

humans 191, 365rats 197

Broad tuning 91Bruce effect 217Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) 306, 384, 395Buffalo, African (Syncerus caffer) 372Bufo spp. (see Toad)Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) 305, 307Bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) 48, 49,

340Buried seeds 354, 356Busycon contrarium (see Whelk)Butanoic acid 114(E)-2-Butene-1-thiol 24, 30, 32, 262(E)-2-Butenylmethyl disulfide(S)-(E)-2-Butenyl thioacetate 24, 2622-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole 37, 149Butyrate esters, tamarin 168Butyric acid

children’s tolerance 421dogs’ threshold for 115feeding stimulant, sheep 408bat-pollinated flowers 389vampire bat attractant 371

Cactus lophophora (see Peyote)Cadaverine 347






534 i n d e x

Caffeic acid 289Caffeine 303Calidris canutus (see Knot)Calidris maritima (see Sandpiper)Caliosobruchus chinensis (see Beetle)Callianassa affinis (see Shrimp, ghost)Callinectus sapidus (see Crab, blue)Calloselasma rhodostoma (see Pitviper)Calluna vulgaris (see Heather)Calvaria major (see Tambalacoque tree)Calvatia gigantea (see Mushroom, giant puffball)Camphene 310, 322Camphor 310, 322Campostoma anomalum (see Stone roller)l-Canavanine 283Cancer, esophageal 288, 289Candida kruzei 53Canids 55, 154Canis familiaris (see Dog)Canis latrans (see Coyote)Canis lupus (see Wolf)Cannabis

Cannabis indica 290C. sativa 290, 292

Cannibalism 120Capra hircus (see Goat)Capreolus capreolus (see Roedeer)Capsaicin 21, 397, 398Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) 52, 57Carassius carassius (see Carp, crucian)Carassius auratus (see Goldfish)Carbachol 413Carbamate 412Carbamylcholine chloride 413Carbon dioxide 372Carbon disulfide as food cue 197, 406Carbonyl sulfide 197, 406Carcinogens 288Cardenolides 279Cardiac glycosides 264, 279Carduelis cannabina (see Linnet)Caretta caretta (see Turtle, loggerhead)Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 81Caribou tarandus (see Reindeer)Carica papaya (see Papaya)Carnivores 128, 184, 201Carollia perspicillata (see Bats, short-tailed fruit)Carp

Cyprinus carpio 17, 18, 175amino acids as food cues 340, 342priming, milt production 205

crucian (Carassius carassius) 359grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) 341, 342, 385

Carpinus betulus (see Yoke-elm)Carrion odorants 114

Carrot, wild (Daucus carota) 266Carvacrol 275(4R)-Carvone 22(4S)-Carvone 22Cassava (see Manioc)Castor canadensis (see Beaver, North American)Castor fiber (see Beaver, Eurasian)Castration effect on odor detection 120Catastomidae 175Cat, domestic 120, 137, 256, 257, 259

catmint 275Catbird (Dumatella carolinensis) 386Catfish 16, 91, 340

African (Glarias gariepinus) 206channel (Ictalurus punctatus) 340, 342priming pheromones 206sex attractant 173, 174

Catha edulis (see Khat)Catharacta maccormicki (see Skua, South Polar)Cathartes spp. (see Vulture)Catmint (Nepeta cataria) 275Catostomus macrocheilus (see Sucker, largescale)Cattle 18, 19, 48, 216, 257, 323, 324

antifeedants 407calf odor in cross-fostering 408estrus synchronization 409gland secretions 29oestrus odor 190perineal and neck glands 52puberty acceleration 409seed conditioning 386sex attractants 185tannins 311toxic plants 280, 282tsetse fly 372

Cavia aperea (see Cavy)Cavia sp. (see Guinea pig)Cavy (Cavia aperea) 134Cebus olivaceus (see Monkey, wedge-capped

capuchin)Cedar, red (Thuja plicata) 402Centrocercus urophasianus (see Grouse, Sage)Cephalostachyum ef. uiguieri (see Bamboo,

cyanogenic)Cercopithecus aethiops (see Monkey, vervet)Cervus spp. (see Deer)Ceryle rudis rudis (see Kingfisher, pied,

palatability)Chaconine 301Chalcides ocellatus (see Lizard, ocellated skink)Char

Arctic (Salvelinus alpinus = Salmo alpinus) 65,66, 110, 111, 114, 130, 142, 227

amino acids as attractants 341predator odors 358






i n d e x 535

brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) 111lake (Salvelinus namaycush) 111

Charicidae 20, 49Chelodina longicollis (see Turtle, eastern

long-necked)Chelonia midas (see Turtle, green sea)Chelydra serpentina (see Turtle, snapping)Chemical fish lures 392Chemical imprinting 392Chemical search image 339“Chemical spies” 172“Chemical stranger” 49Chemoreception 4

and age 120gravity effects 15hormonal influences 119humidity effects 5maturation 234, 236radiation effects 14

Chen caerulescens atlantica (see Goose, greatersnow)

Chicken, domestic (Gallus gallus domesticus) 73,116

avoidance of salamanders 251Children 125

odor preferences 239Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), clay eating 326Chinning

rabbits 48tree shrews 26

Chin touching, salamanders 39Chipmunk

Eastern (Tamias striatus) 5, 11Siberian (Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus) 376, 377yellow pine (Tamias amoenus) 5, 357

Cholestanol 181Cholesterol 40, 149Christ’s thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi) 287Chrysemys picta (see Turtle, painted)Chrysemys (Pseudemys) scripta elegans (see Turtle,

red-eared)Chub

hornyhead (Nocomis biguttatus) 175speckled (Hybopsis aestivalis) 358, 359

Cichlasoma severum (see Cichlid, severum)Cichlids

severum (Cichlasoma severum) 359tiger oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) 359

Ciguatoxin 2471, 8-Cineole 307, 310, 322(E)-Cinnamaldehyde 412Cistus ladanifer (see Rockrose)Citral 232Clam

pill (Musculium rosaceum) 343

southern quahog (Mercenariacampechiensis) 340

Claviceps sp. (see Ergot)Clethrionomys spp. (see Vole)Clostridium 53Clover 307

“clover disease” 286subterranean (Trifolium subterraneum) 273,

286white (Trifolium repens) 286, 293

Clupeus harengus pallasi (see Herring, Pacific)Cobrotoxin 257Coca (Erythroxylon novogratense) 290, 292Cod, Atlantic (Gadus morhua) 86, 339,

341Coevolution

plants and herbivores 334predator–prey 268

Coffea arabica (see Coffee)Coffee (Coffea arabica) 302Coleonyx variegates (see Gecko, western banded)Coliform bacteria 53Colinus virginianus (see Quail, bobwhite)Colobus polykomos (see Monkey, black-and-white

colobus)Colosthetus sp. (see Frog)Coluber constrictor (see Snake, racer)Commelina spp. (Dayflower) 381Competition 268Competitive exclusion 268Conditioned flavor aversion 121, 405Conditioned taste aversion 260Conepatus mesoleucus (see Skunk, hog-nosed)Coniferyl benzoate 272, 287, 305Coniine 280Conium maculatum (see Hemlock)Connochaetes spp. (see Wildebeest)Conservation 363, 396, 411Convallaria majalis (see Lily-of-the-valley)Cottocomephorus grewingki (see Sculpin,

yellow-finned Baikal)Coprine 281Coprinus atramentarius (see Inky, alcohol)Coragyps atratus (see Vulture, black)Coronella austriaca (see Snake, smooth)Corvus corax (see Raven)Cottontail, eastern (Sylvilagus floridanus)

bioassay 313food choice 276interspecific responses 412

Cottus carolinae (see Sculpin, banded)Coturnix coturnix (see Quail, Japanese)p-Coumaric acid 286Coumestrol 286Countermarking 165






536 i n d e x

Cowbird, brownheaded (Molothrus ater) 114,116, 395

Coyote (Canis latrans) 23, 37, 48, 402chemical lures 411odor effect 368, 407prey detection 355scent-rolling 256urine marking 31, 159, 167

Crab, blue (Callinectus sapidus) 340Crane, greater sandhill (Grus canadensis) 412Crassostrea virginica (see Oyster)Crataegus monogyna (see Hawthorn)Crayfish

Oronectus rusticus 360Procambarus clarki 363

Creeper, blue-bell (Sollya heterophylla) 306Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) 299p-Cresol 149Cricetomys gambianus (see African/Gambian giant

pouched rat)Critical periods 241, 243Crocidura russula (see Shrew, greater

white-toothed)Crocodiles 41, 349Crocuta crocuta (see Hyena, spotted)Cross-Appalachian tracer experiment

(CAPTEX) 79Cross-fostering 140Crotalus spp. (see Rattlesnake)Cryptomys damarensis (see Mole-rat,

Damaraland)Ctenopharyngodon idella (see Carp, grass)Culaea inconstans (see Stickleback, brook)Cuy (Cavia sp.) 353-Cyanoalanine 283Cyanocitta cristata (see Jay, blue)Cyanogenic glycosides 281, 298Cycads

queen sago (Cycas circinalis) 289queen sago (Cycas rumphii) 289

Cycas circinalis (see Cycads, queen sago)Cycas rumphii (see Cycads, queen sago)Cycasin, biotransformation 3321, 2-Cyclohexadione 300Cyclohexanol 67Cyclopamine 288Cyclopia, sheep 288Cycloposine 288Cyclosmates (fish) 16, 83p-Cymene 310, 330Cynodon plectostachyus (see Grass, star)Cynops spp. (see Newt)Cyprinidae 20, 175Cypriniformes 20Cyprinus carpio (see Carp)

Dacecommon (Leuciscus leuciscus) 194finescale (Phoxinus neogaeus) 20, 359pearl (Semotilus margarita) 194, 206

Dactylis glomerata (see Orchardgrass)Dactylopsila palpator (see Triok, long-fingered)Damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) 194Danaus plexippus (see Monarch butterfly)Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 307Danio

giant (Danio malabricus) 194zebra (D. rerio) 173

Danio spp. (see Danio)Daphnane 277Daphne (Daphne mezereum) 277, 360Daphne mezereum (see Daphne)Daphnetoxin 277Daption capense (see Petrel, pintado)Darter, redline (Etheostoma ruflineatum) 343Darwin 238Dasyurus geoffroyii (see Marsupials,

western quoll)Daucus carota (see Carrot, wild)14-Deacetylnudicauline 280Deadnettle, purple (Lamium purpureum) 266“Dear enemy” phenomenon 127Decahydroquinolines 252(Z)-4-Decenal 182Dedicated motor patterns 83Deer lactone 22, 37Deer 215

black-tailed (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)antifeedants 402complex scent 49conditioned aversion 405“deer lactone” 37feeding 315, 406flehmen 102, 185isomer discrimination 22maternal imprinting 243metatarsal odor 195, 264osmetrichia 56predator odor responses 367, 368rub-urination 57scent glands 44tarsal organ 45terpenoid effects 285visual signals 34

mule (Odocoileus hemionus)feeding 310, 315, 406juniper defense 312metatarsal gland 5proline-rich salivary proteins 323,

324tannin binding 324






i n d e x 537

tarsal organ 45winter diet 310, 406

musk (Moschus sp.) 153pampas (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) 298red (Cervus elaphus) 57

antifeedants 275, 402, 403, 404wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) 368, 399water (Hydropotes sp.) 159white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus)

female behavior 184female odors 38food choice 276metatarsal gland 5repellents 399, 402rubs 150, 187rutting behavior 150scrapes 150, 187tarsal organ 45urine volatiles 37visual display 34

Dehydroepiandrostenone sulfate 2263, 4-Dehydro-exo-brevicomin 37, 149Delphinium spp. (see Larkspur)Dendroaspis sp. (see Snake, mamba)Dendrobates spp. (see Frog, dart-poison)Deoxycorticosterone 212-Deoxyglucose 242Desert animals 81Desmognathus spp. (see Salamander)Desmothus rotundus (see Bats)Dhurrin 281, 282, 291Diadophis punctatus (see Snake, ring-necked)2, 4-Diaminobutyric acid 2832, 6-Diamino-4-oxodihydropteridine 194Dicrostonyx torquatus (see Lemming, collared)Didelphis virginiana (see Oppossum, Virginia)Diet

effects on odor or secretions 49, 50, 138,253

effect on predator odor 370quality signals, salamanders 176

Digestion inhibition 284(see Foxglove)

Digitalis sp. 279Digitoxin 279Dihydroaplysinopsin 38417α,20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one

(17α,20βP), goldfish 114, 174, 204Dihydrotestosterone 1912,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline

403Dik-dik (Madoqua kirki) 149Dimethyl anthranilate 394(9E)-1,10-Dimethyl-9-decalol (geosmin) 66,

118

Dimethyl disulfidedeer antifeedant 403golden hamster 189rats 238

3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane 4033,4-Dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane 1845,5-Dimethyl-2-ethyltetrahydrofuran-2-ol

2102,5-Dimethyl-3-methylene-1,5-heptadine 3063,5-Dimethyl-2-octanone, wolf 32, 190N,N-Dimethyl-2-phenylethylamine 3512,5-Dimethylpyrazine 37, 213Dimethyl sulfide 351Dimethyl tetrasulfide 4032,3-Dimethylthietane 184, 370, 403, 412Dimethyl trisulfide 403Dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus) 247Dioclea megacarpa (see Sea purse)Diomedea spp. (see Albatross)Dipodomys spp. (see Kangaroo rat)Dipsosaurus dorsalis, (see Iguana, desert)Directional smelling 87, 122Discrimination

population 142species 142

Dispersioncoefficient 10Gaussian plume model 10, 11time-average (Sutton) model 10, 11, 12

Display, “superiority” (muskox) 149Distichlis stricta (see Grass, salt)“Disturbance signals” 192Disulfides 23Dodecanoic acid 27(Z)-7-Dodecen-1-yl acetate (elephant) 26, 33,

186, 190Dodecyl propionate 141Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) 385Dodo tree (see Tambalacoque tree)Dog (Canis familiaris)

air scenting 115, 414amniotic fluid 139anal sac compounds 23cow odor discrimination 190direction of track 417discriminating odors of twins 417disease odors 417indole 38police 415, 417response to odor mixtures 118scent glands 49sensitivity to venom 257tracking 5, 115, 414

Dogfish 16Dogrose (Rosa canina) 306






538 i n d e x

Domestication 95Dominance area, deer 150Dopamine 194Dorosoma petenense (see Shad, threadfin)Dragonfly

Aeschna juncea 362A. umbrosa 195

Dromedary, long-distance food detection 6Drymarchon corais (see Snake, eastern indigo)Ducks, domestic 143Dumatella carolinensis (see Catbird)Dytiscus verticalis (see Beetle, diving)

Early experience, mammals 242Earthquake odors, animal response 418Earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) as prey 344Eavesdropping 374Ebena (Virola theiodora) 292Eel (Anguilla anguilla) 16, 66, 67, 113, 142,

227Eddies 8Eddy diffusion 7Eft, red (Notophthalmus viridens) 251Egg predation 412Elaphe spp. (see Snake)Elasmobranchs 84Elder (Sambucus nigra) 306Electro-olfactogram (EOG), fish 175Elephant 6, 26, 33, 52, 84, 185

African (Loxodonta africana) 190, 311, 386Asian (Elephas maximus) 32, 186, 190

Elephas maximus (see Elephant, Asian)Elk (see deer, red)Embryonic malformations 288Emetin dihydrochloride 413Emodin 395Emys orbicularis (see Turtle, European pond)Enantiomers 22, 118Endocrine disruptors 421Engraulis mordax (see Anchovy, northern)Enhydra lutris (see Otter, sea)Environmental effects on odor thresholds 119Enzymes, induced 330Ephemeral ponds, predation ecology 362Epidermal growth factor 383Equids 148Equus caballus (see Pony)Ergot (Claviceps sp.) 290Erigeron sp. (see Flea bane)Erinaceus europaeus (see Hedgehog)Erpobdella punctata (see Leech, red)Erythroxylon novogratense (see Coca)Escherichia coli 53, 237, 267Esox americanus (see Pickerel, redfin)Esox lucius (see Pike)

Esox niger (see Pickerel, chain)Estrus synchronization

cattle 409humans 224mice 214

Ethanethiol 114Etheostoma ruflineatum (see Darter, redline)4-Ethyloctanoic acid 32, 190, 2174-Ethyl-oct-2-enoic acid 1903-Ethyl phenol 3724-Ethyl phenol 168, 190, 372Etiocholanolone glucuronide, gobi 174Eubacterium 53Eublepharis macularius (see Gecko, leopard)Eucalyptus spp.

effect on gland secretion 50herbivore metabolism 330herbivores, avoidance 306in koala diet 297, 334

Eumeces spp. (see Lizard)Euphausia superba (see Krill, Antarctic)Eupomacentrus partitus (see Fish, bi-color

damsel)Eurycea spp. (see Salamander)Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus (see Chipmunk,

Siberian)Evolution of pheromone communication 199Exaptation 179, 268Excretions 36Extended phenotype 376

Falco tinnunculus (see Kestrel)Familiarization 125

carnivores 125mice 125pronghorn 125rodents 125

Fanaloka (Fossa fossa) 370(E,E)-α-Farnesene 37, 149(E)-β-Farnesene 37, 149Fatty acids 27, 40, 54, 116, 226, 414Feather lice (Phthiraptera), bird toxin

effect 262Feces 37, 152, 153Feeding behavior 18Feeding stimulants 406Felis concolor (see Mountain lion)Felis rufus (see Bobcat)Felis wiedi (see Margay)Ferrets 29, 134, 367

Mustela furo 128, 184, 259chemical lures 411prey odor imprinting 244

Ficus exasperata 381Finch, zebra (Taeniopygia guttata) 306






i n d e x 539

Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 402, 405,406

Fireflies (Photinus spp.) 315Fish 17, 29, 49, 61, 84, 113, 130

acidification effects 392anadromous 61anemone

Amphiprion ocellaris 384Amphiprion perideraion 384

behavior development 227benefits of clay 328blind cave 142

Astyanax mexicanus 142Caecobarbus geertsii 142Phreatichthys andruzzi 142

box (Ostraction sp.) 250damsel, bi-color (Eupomacentrus partitus) 266deep-sea (Gonostoma bathyphilus,

Gonostomatidae) 87defense 246, 250feeding attractants 392female pheromones 174kin recognition 129lures, chemical 392male pheromones 172mosquito

Gambusia affinis 230Gambusia patruelis 358, 359, 363, 393

olfactory epithelium 86olfactory organ 85pheromone hypothesis of migration 62priming pheromones 203puffer (Tetraodontidae) 247, 250

white-spotted (“death”) (Arothronhispidus) 247

reef 266“scent marking” 151seed conditioning 385sequential imprinting 62sex pheromones 172“sniffing” (“coughing”) 83sole

peacock (Pardachirus pavoninus) 248,250

Red Sea Moses (P. marmoratus) 248, 250species discrimination 142stream imprinting 62tannic aid effects 328toxic

actively 248passively 247

water pollution effects 393Flavonoids 273Flea

Parapulex chephrenis 373

rabbit (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) 376Xenopsylla dipodilli 373

Flea bane (Erigeron sp.) 266Fleas (Siphonaptera) 373Flehmen 101, 119, 184, 185, 186Fluoroacetate 335Food

cachesbirds 354rodents 356

flavor, chickens 396odors, seabirds 353preferences 303preservatives, pika 382processing 319

Foraging, buried seeds 5Forest

air flow 12breeze 12edges 12quiet zone 13

Formononetin 286, 287Fossa fossa (see Fanaloka)Fox, red (Vulpes vulpes)

anal gland secretion as antifeedant 403bacteria in anal sacs 53as egg predator 413feces and urine 21, 160, 402odor effect on mammals 48, 378, 407response to artificial scent marks 168scent marks 159sex difference, fecal marking 167sulfide 30supracaudal gland 56TMT 37urine marking and food 167

Foxglove 279purple (Digitalis purpurea) 405

Freemartins 235Fregetta tropica (see Storm-petrel, black-bellied)Frog

African clawed (Xenopus laevis) 253American bull (Rana catesbiana) 255, 362Australian turtle (Myobatrachus gouldii) 343cascade (Rana cascadae) 129Colosthetus sp. 253dart-poison (Dendrobatidae) 49, 259

Dendrobates auratus 253Dendrobates pumilio 68Phyllobates aurotaenia 252Phyllobates bicolor 252Phyllobates terribilis 252

European common brown (Rana temporaria),VNO 97, 98, 362

European edible (Rana esculenta) 68, 361






540 i n d e x

Frog (cont.)gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) 360, 361green (Rana clamitans) 68, 360, 362magnificent tree (Litoria splendida), sex

pheromone 40, 176, 177northern leopard (Rana pipiens) 343pool (Rana lessonae) 29, 68, 361red-legged (Rana aurora) 363spotted chorus (Pseudacris clarki) 68Strecker’s chorus (Pseudacris streckeri) 68western chorus (Pseudacris triseriata) 68wood (Rana sylvatica) 362

Frontalin, elephant 22, 32Fruits

flavor, birds 384odor 118plant metabolites 302

Fugu (puffer fish)Fugu pardalis 247F. rubripes 247F. vermicularis 247

Fulmar, northern (Fulmarus glacialis) 350, 351Functional groups 20Furocoumarins 293, 294Fusobacterium 53

Gadus morhua (see Cod, Atlantic)Galago

Allen’s squirrel (Galago alleni ) 357Demidoff’s dwarf (Galagoides demidovii )

357Galagoides demidovii (see Galago, Demidoff’s

dwarf)Galidia elegans (see Mongoose, Madagascar

ring-tailed)Gallic acid 272Gallus gallus domesticus (see Chicken, domestic)Gambierdiscus toxicus (see Dinoflagellates)Gambusia affinis (see Fish, mosquito)Gambusia patruelis (see Fish, mosquito)Gases, effect on chemoreception 14Gastrolobium sp. 335Gastrophyne carolinensis (see Toad,

narrow-mouthed)Gaultheria shallon (see Salal)Gazella spp. (see Gazelle)Gazelle

Dorcas (Gazella dorcas) 389seed conditioning 386Thomson (G. thomsoni ) 159, 160

Gecko 366leopard (Eublepharis macularius) 181western banded (Coleonyx variegatus)

181Genes, odorant receptor 93

Genet (Genetta genetta) 201Genetic modification, manioc 283Genistein 286, 287Genotypic polymorphism, snakes 229Geochelone spp. (see Tortoise)Geophagy 324

humans 326Geosmin 66, 118Gephyrotoxins 252Gerbil 53, 199

Asia Minor (Meriones tristrami ) 287Indian (Tatera indica) 161Mongolian (Meriones unguiculatus) , 44

diet-dependent odors 50, 51Harderian gland 48hormones and marking 166individual discrimination 134keeper substance 30mate recognition 134osmetrichia 56paternal behavior 141polypeptides 168as prey 355scent marking 160, 183spatial orientation 80

Tatera spp. 5Wagner’s gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus) 373

Gerbillus dasyurus (see Gerbil, Wagner’s)Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri ) 159, 160, 166Germacrone 276, 312Gerrhosaurus spp. (see Lizard)Gila monster

Hyloderma horridum 258, 259H. suspectum 258, 259

Gilatoxin 258Ginger, wild (Asarum caudatum) 405Gland

abdominal, salamanders 39, 176anal

beaver 31, 158, 167birds 42fox 160hog-nosed skunk 30mongoose 29, 32otter 122spotted skunk 32striped skunk 32vole 51

anal fin appendage, fish 38anogenital, meadow vole 33apocrine 43, 44, 191axilla, humans 27, 44, 191axillary (Rathke’s), turtles 41caudal, fish 38caudal peduncle, fish 172






i n d e x 541

cheek, mongoose 29chest, galago 28chin

rabbit 149tortoises 181

cloacalbirds 42crocodiles 41salamanders 39turtles 41

cornual organ, goat 32crural venom, platypus 262dorsal

crocodiles 41hyrax 35pronghorn 167

femoral, lizards 40, 52, 126iguana 29, 52, 123, 126

flank, golden hamster 52, 104, 147, 167foot, mouse 58granular, toads 254Harderian, rodents 48, 52hedonic, woodland salamanders 39holocrine 44infraorbital, muskox 149inguinal, turtles 41interdigital, reindeer 196ischiadic, pronghorn 35lateral, turtles 41mandibular, crocodiles 41mental

salamanders 58, 176turtles 41

mesorchial, fish 174metacarpal, boar 148metatarsal, Odocoileus 4, 44, 195mucus, amphibians 38musk, crocodiles 41nasolabial, plethodontid salamanders

39neck, cattle 52nucho-dorsal, snakes 41oral, monitor lizards 376parotoid

frogs 177toads 254

pelvic, salamanders 39perineal, cattle 52posterolateral region, meadow vole 33pre-anal, snakes 41preen (uropygial), birds 42, 182, 262preorbital, gazelle 160preputial

boar 148rat 141

rostral, frogs 177sebaceous 43secretions, seasonal variation 27

and reproductive state 27snout (“morilla”), capybara 52sternal, possum 51subauricular, pronghorn 30, 44, 45,

167subcaudal, badger 27

variation of secretion 27sublingual, shrew 263submaxillary, shrew 263supracaudal, red fox 56tarsal, deer 44, 45temporal, elephant 32, 52ventral, Mongolian gerbil 30, 44, 51

Glandular secretions 38Glarias gariepinus (see Catfish, African)Glaucomys sabrinus (see Squirrel, flying)Glomerular convergence 93Glomeruli 93Glossina spp. (see Tsetse fly)Glucose 194Glutamate 245Glycoalkaloids 301Goat (Capra hircus) 32, 323, 324

flehmen 185male odor compounds 190maternal imprinting 243novel foods 317odor “labeling” 244predator odor effects 407priming pheromones 219tannins 311toxic diet 297

Goatfish, Hawaiian (Parupeneus porphyreus)339

Gobius jozo (see Goby, black)Goby

black (Gobius jozo) 173, 174blind (Othonops eos, formerly Typhlogobius

californiensis) 172starry fin (Asterropteryx semipunctatus) 194

Goldenrod, rough (Solidago rugosa) 266, 267Goldfish (Carassius auratus) 175, 192

female pheromones 173, 174odor threshold 114as prey 343priming pheromones 203, 206

Gonostoma bathyphilus (see Fish, deep-sea)Gonostomatidae (see Fish, deep-sea)Gopherus polyphemus (see Tortoise, Gopher)Gourami

blue (Trichogaster trichopterus) 198snakeskin (T. pectoralis) 198






542 i n d e x

GooseCanada (Branta canadensis) 305, 307, 395greater snow (Chen caerulescens atlantica) 305,

307greylag (Anser anser) 231, 305

Gopher, pocket (Thomomys talpoides) 397, 403Grackle, boat-tailed (Quiscalus major) 395Grandiflorenic acid 381Grapholitha molesta (see Moth, oriental fruit)Grass 281

big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii ) 285foxtail bristle (Setaria italica) 306grama

blue (Bouteloua gracilis) 285sideoats (Bouteloua curtipendula) 383

Indian rice (Oryzopsis hymenoides) 389Kentucky blue (Poa pratensis) 305little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium =

Andropogon scoparius) 285reed canary (Phalaris arundinacea) 294

salt (Distichlis stricta) 286, 380star (Cynodon plectostachyus) 282timothy (Phleum pratense) 293western wheat- (Agropyron smithii ) 285

Grasshopper (Poekilocerus bufonius) 280Grasshoppers, saliva 383Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) 66Grosbeak, black-headed (Pheucticus

melanocephalus) 268Grouse

ruffed (Bonasa umbellus) 299, 301, 304,307

sage (Centrocercus urophasianus) 310, 322Growth rate, plants 333Growth suppression, voles 285Grus canadensis (see Crane, greater sandhill)Guam ALS-PDC (disease) 289Guinea pig (Cavia sp.) 35, 50, 51, 52

bitter substances 316VNO stimulation 104, 106

Gull, glaucous-winged (Larus glaucescens)266

Gulo gulo (see Wolverine)Guppies, tannin effect 328Guppy, Trinidadian (Poecilia reticulata)

alarm odor 192, 194antipredator response 360

Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (see Tetra, black)Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) 117

Habitat imprinting 393Haementeria officinalis (see Leech, Mexican)Hair loss, livestock 283Hallucinogens 290, 292Halobaena caerulea (see Petrel, blue)

HamsterDjungarian (Rhodopus sungorus) 211golden (Mesocricetus auratus)

aphrodisin 105, 189body region odors 136chemosensory systems 104dimethyl disulfide 189dominance 147flank gland 167, 188hormone effects 52individual discrimination 128long-lasting scent marks 170mating behavior, timing 183mounting pheromone 24, 189over-marking 165predator odor response 48priming 219scent marking rhythm 189spatial orientation 80tannin effects 285, 324testosterone and olfactory

performance 120vaginal secretion 104, 189VNO and behavior 104, 106

Hapalemur aureus (see Lemur, golden bamboo)Hardenbergia comptoniana (see Vine, lilac)Hare

European (Lepus europaeus)feeding 285sodium loss 332

mountain (Lepus timidus) 299detoxication 332feeding 285, 299, 309phenols 312

snowshoe (Lepus americanus) 299, 300, 309antifeedants 403, 404, 405browsing and induced defense 332green alder defense 312diffuse coevolution 336population cycles 336“resistance centers” 336

Hartebeest, Coke’s (Alcelaphus cokii ), VNO 98Hasler’s fish orientation hypotheses 61Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) 306Heather (Calluna vulgaris) 296Hedera helix (see Ivy)Hedgehog 377

African pygmy (four-toed) (Atelerixpruneri ) 267, 377

Egyptian (desert) (Hemiechinus auritus) 267,377

European (Erinaceus europaeus) 18, 55, 257,259, 366, 377

Heloderma heloderma horridus (see Lizard, Mexicanbearded)






i n d e x 543

Helogale undulata rufula (see Mongoose, Africandwarf)

Hemicentetes semispinosus (see Tenrec, streaked)Hemiechinus auritus (see Hedgehog, Egyptian)Hemlock (Conium maculatum) 280Hemlock, eastern (Tsuga canadensis) 402Heptadecanoic acid 272-Heptanone 213(E)-4-Hepten-2-one 213(E)-5-Hepten-2-one 213Heron, black-crowned night (Nycticorax

nycticorax) 255Herpailurus yagouaroundi (see Jaguarundi)Herpestes spp. (see Mongoose)Herring, Pacific (Clupeus harengus pallasi ) 172Heterocephalus glaber (see Mole-rat, naked)Heterodon nasicus (see Snake, hognose)Heteromyid rodents 3891,2-Hexadecanediol 216Hippopotamus 57Histrionicotoxins 252Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)

body odor 143, 262fatty acid production 322

Homingbirds, to burrow 71pigeons 74

Homobatrachotoxin, birds 261Homogentisic acid 50Homo sapiens (see Humans)Honey badger (Ratel; Mellivora capensis) 352Honey bee (Apis dorsata) 352, 354Honey guide (Indicatoridae) 352

greater (Indicator indicator) 352least (Indicator exilis) 352scaly-throated (Indicator variegatus) 352

Honeysuckle, Tatarian (Lonicera tatarica) 386Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 42, 144, 262Hormonal control of odors 52Hormone, luteinizing 215Hormone-to-pheromone hypothesis 200Hornet (Vespa orientalis) 259, 260Horse 184, 257, 293, 407Horsenettle, Carolina (Solanum carolinense) 302Human (Homo sapiens) 32, 44, 133

androstenol in axillary secretion 226aversion therapy 419axillary odors

effects 225infants’ response 239

body smell library 420children’s odor tolerance 421clay eating 326degradation speed, xenobiotics 331diet odors 418

estrus synchronization 224fetus

odor learning 236odor responses 235

follicular phase odors 225food aversions 419individual odors 136individual recognition 239infants’ “scent marking” 171kin recognition 132menstrual phase odors 225movies with scent 422odors in advertising 421odor thresholds 118palatability of birds 260postnatal odor responses 238priming effects, search for 224puberty 224sex odors 191, 419track odors 415trigeminal nerve 107, 108

Humboldt, Alexander von 60, 354Humidity 4, 30Hyaena brunnea (see Hyena, brown)Hyaenids 55, 153Hybopsis aestivalis (see Chub, speckled)Hydrobates pelagicus (see Petrel, British storm)Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (see Capybara)Hydrogen sulfide 118, 420Hydropotes sp. (see Deer, water)6-Hydroxycyclohexenone 3006-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone 106, 21011β-Hydroxytestosterone5-Hydroxytryptamine 194Hyena

brown (Hyaena brunnea) , 29, 45, 49scent marking 122, 153, 154, 159

spotted (Crocuta crocuta) 154scent marking 159social unlearning of aversion 414

Hyla chrysoscelis (see Frog, grey treefrog)Hyla crucifer (see Spring peeper)Hyloderma horridum (see Lizard, Mexican

beaded)Hyloderma suspectum (see Gila monster)Hypericum perforatum (see St. Johnswort)Hypomesus pretiosus (see Smelt, surf)Hypothalamic dopamine system 222Hypoxanthine-3N-oxide 194Hyrax 35

Procavia capensis syriaca 295

Ictalurus nebulosus (see Bullhead catfish)Ictalurus punctatus (see Catfish, Channel)Icterus spp. (see Oriole)






544 i n d e x

Ifrita, blue-capped (Ifrita kowaldi ) 261Iguana, desert (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) 41, 83

femoral secretion 83, 84food finding 98proteins 84VNO for food detection 97

Iguana, green (Iguana iguana) 29, 52, 131Iguana iguana (see Iguana)Ilex paraguensis (see Mate)Immunoglobulins 298Impala (Aepyceros melampus) 311, 312Imprinting

filial 243maternal 243prey odors 244

Indicator spp. (see Honey guide)Individual odors 27Individual recognition 48Indolizidines 253Induced plant defense 332Infanticide 104, 132Information currents 17Inky, alcohol (Coprinus atramentarius)

281Introduced predators, Australia 366α-Ionone 117Ircinia sp. (see Sponge)Isobutylamine 1062-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine 67Isoflavonoids 273Isomers 22�3-Isopentenylmethyl sulfide, fox 30Isopentenyl pyrophosphate 30Isopentyl acetate 390Isopentyl sulfide, wolf 32, 190Isopropyl acetate 390Isosmates 16, 83Isovaleric acid 168Iso-vanillin 22Isovelleral 276, 316Isoxanthopterin 194Ivy (Hedera helix) 306Ixodes spp. (see Ticks)

Jaguar (Panthera onca) 366, 369Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) 369Jay

blue (Cyanocitta cristata) 280, 320gray (Perisorius canadensis) 266

Jervine 288Juniper (Juniperus sp.) 310, 319

alligator (Juniperus deppeana) 310Rocky Moutain (J. scopulorum) 310Utah (J. osteosperma) 310

Juniperus spp. (see Juniper)

Kalahari 153Kangaroo

Brush-tailed bettong (Bettongiapenicillata) 335

burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) 335eastern bettong (Bettongia gaimardi ) 335eastern grey (Macropus giganteus) 335grey (Macropus fuliginosus) 306, 313, 335western grey (Macropus rufus) 335

Kangaroo ratbanner-tailed (Dipodomys spectabilis) 183Merriam’s (D. merriami) 183, 369Ord’s (D. ordii) 380, 381panamint (D. panamintinas) 5and seed conditioning 388

Kaurenoic acid 381Keeper substances 29, 30Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 354Khat (Catha edulis) 289, 292Killifish (Oryzias latipes) 248Kin recognition 129

frog, cascades, Rana cascadae 18,19

humans 132odor 81saliva 48toad, American 18, 19

Kingfisher, pied (Ceryle rudis rudis),palatability 260

Kite, red (Milvus milvus) 412Kiwi (Apteryx sp.), prey detection 349Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) 375Knot (Calidris canutus) 352Koala (Phascolarctus cinereus) 297, 334Kob, Uganda (Kobus kob thomasi ) 184Kobus kob thomasi (see Kob, Uganda)Kobus leche kafuensis (see Lechwe, Kafue)Krill 17, 24

Antarctic (Euphausia superba) 352odor 81, 351

Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) 298, 311,312

Labeled lines 91Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) 276,

312Labriformidin 279Labriformin 279Lacerta vivipara (see Lizard, common)Lactarius sp. (see Mushroom, lactarius)γ -Lactones 149Lagodon rhomboides (see Pinfish)Lagomorphs 309

feeding inhibitors 309population control 399






i n d e x 545

Lamium purpureum (see Deadnettle, purple)Lamprey 114Lampropeltis spp. (see Snake)Land mine detection 417Larkspur (Delphinium sp.) 317, 408

duncecap (Delphinium occidentale) 280tall (D. barbeyi ) 314

Larrea tridentata (see Creosote bush)Larus glaucescens (see Gull, glaucous-winged)Laser-induced fluorescence 12Lathyrus spp. (see Pea)Latrine sites

badger 164hyena 154raccoon dog 164

Leaf miner (Perileucoptera coffeella) 303Learning

observational 319of odors

mice 244and olfactory bulb 244rat 241

Lechwe, Kafue (Kobus leche kafuensis) 184Lecythis (Lecythis ollaria) 283Ledum groenlandicum (see Labrador tea)Leech

medicinal (Hirudo medicinalis), feedingcues 374

Mexican (Haementeria officinalis), as snakeprey 347

red (Erpobdella punctata), as snake prey 347Legumes 283Lek species 184Lemming

brown (Lemmus trimoucronatus = sibiricus) 128,336

collared (Dicrostonyx torquatus) 336Lemmus trimoucronatus (= sibiricus; see Lemming,

brown)Lemur

black (Lemur macaco) 128, 144brown (L. fulvus) 128, 134, 144golden bamboo (Hapalemur aureus) 282mouse (Microcebus murinus)

priming 219VNO 101, 106

ring-tailed (Lemur catta), VNO 98Lemur spp. (see Lemur)Lepidochelys kempi (see Turtle, Kemp’s

ridley sea)Lepomis spp. (see Sunfish)Leptotyphlops dulcis (see Snakes, blind)Lepus spp. (see Hare)Lethocerus americanus (see Waterbug, giant)Leuciscus leuciscus (see Dace, common)

Life history shifts 363Lignins 274Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) 283Limonene 289, 307, 396Linamarin 281, 291, 321Linnet (Carduelis cannabina) 259Lion 31, 37, 368, 403, 407Lipids, iguana femoral secretion 123Lippia plicata 381Lithium chloride 197, 412, 414Litocranius walleri (see Gerenuk)Litoria splendida (see Frog, magnificent tree)Livestock 185, 291Lizard

Amphibolurus ornatus 52Anole (Anolis carolinensis) 266bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) 314black-lined plated (Gerrhosaurus

nigrolineatus) 181common (Lacerta vivipara) 181, 365

response to predatory snake odor 365defense 258defence of prey 266foraging 348giant plated (Gerrhosaurus validus) 348Iberian wall (Podarcis hispanica atrata) 378Komodo monitor (Varanus komodoensis) 376lace monitor (Varanus varius) 376Mexican beaded (Heloderma heloderma

horridus) 258monitor (Varanus albigularis) 366savanna monitor (Varanus exanthematicus),

preying 348skink

broad-headed (Eumeces laticeps) 143, 348common five-lined (Eumeces fasciatus) 143ocellated (Chalcides ocellatus) 348southeastern five-lined (Eumeces

inexpectatus) 348VNO 97western fence (Sceleporis sp.) 152

Lobster 16, 17Lonicera tatarica (see Honeysuckle, Tatarian)Lophiomus imhausi (see Rat, African crested)Lophortyx californicus (see Quail, California)Lotaustralin 281, 291Lotus corniculatus (see Trefoil, birdsfoot)Louse (Menacanthus sp.), birds 266Loxodonta africana (see Elephant, African)Lugworm (Arenicola marina) 339, 341Lumbricus sp. (see Earthworm)Lupines 280Lupinine 280Luteinizing hormone (LH) 105, 218Luteining hormone-releasing hormone 218






546 i n d e x

Lutra spp. (see Otter)Lycodonomorphus spp. (see Snake water)Lycopersicum cheesmanii (see Tomato, Galapagos)Lymantria dispar (see Gypsy moth)

Macaca sp. (see Monkey)Macaw, orange-winged (Amazona

amazonica) 325Macronectes sp (see Petrel, giant)Macropisthodon (orange-necked keelback) 41Macropus spp. (see Kangaroo)Madoqua kirki (see Dik-dik)Magpie, black-billed (Pica pica) 116, 354Main olfactory system 84, 89Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

odors 132fetal odor type 235individual odors 135kin recognition 130mate choice 132, 187mice 28odor learning 243peptides 30VNO receptor activation 106

Major urinary proteins (MUPs) 24, 25, 149,218

Malacosoma americanum (see Tent caterpillar,Eastern)

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 182Mammals 84, 122, 189

alarm odors 195behavior development 231capsaicin 396, 397chemial repellents 399diet effects 50diffuse coevolution 335dominance 145food choice 306foraging 355fungal spores 390hormone effects 52kin recognition 129main olfactory system 89methyl anthranilate 397odor discrimination 126odor thresholds 115orientation 80parental odors 136predator odors 366priming pheromones 207recycling animal materials 267reproduction regulators 379scent marking evolution 201seed conditioning 389sex odors 183

skin glands 43species discrimination 144territorial marking 153VNO 98

Manduca sexta (see Tobacco hornworm)Manioc (Manihot esculenta) , 282, 298

processing (detoxification) 321Manihot esculenta (see Manioc)Map

gradient 75mosaic 75

Margay (Felis wiedi ) 369Marine mammals 357Marking fluid, tiger 31Marmosets

Callithrix sp. 166Cebuella sp. 166

Marmota monax (see Woodchuck)Marsupials 145, 306

greater glider (Petauroides volans) 330western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroyii ) 366

Marten, pine (Martes martes) 104scent marking 126

Martes martes (see Marten, pine)Marula (Sclerocarya caffra) 386Mate (Ilex paraguensis) 289Mate recognition 134Maternal behavior 120

female rats 141male rats 104

Mating balls, garter snakes 178Mating plug, garter snakes 180Mauremys leprosa (see Turtle, terrapin)6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) 379,

381Medicagenic acid 278Medicago sativa (see Alfalfa)Meles meles (see Badger, European)Mellivora capensis (see Badger, honey)Menacanthus sp. (see Louse, birds)Mephitis mephitis (see Skunk, striped)4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1113-Mercaptopropan-1-ol 4033-Mercaptothiopropan-1-ol 403Mercenaria campechiensis (see Clams, southern

quahog)Meriones tristrami (see Gerbil, Asia Minor)Meriones unguiculatus (see Gerbil, Mongolian)Mesocricetus auratus (see Hamster, golden)Metabolic cost, detoxification 296Methacrolein 310Methiocarb 396Methionine 4042-Methoxyacetophenone 3976-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (see 6-MBOA)






i n d e x 547

2-Methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine 3182-Methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 3772-Methoxyphenol 372(S)-8-Methoxypsoralen 289β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine 289Methyl anthranilate 89, 394, 3972-Methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 3773-Methyl-1-butanethiol 24, 262(S)-3-Methylbutanylthioacetate 24, 2623-Methyl-3-butenyl methyl sulfide 4032-Methylbut-2-enal (rabbit mammary

pheromone) 1373-Methylbutylmethyl sulfide 403Methyl capsaicin 3985-Methyl-2-furoic acid 50, 516-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (salmon lice

attractant) 372(E)-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid 32, 54, 191(Z)-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid 1913, 7-Di-O-methyl kaempferol 284Methyl ketones

garter snakes 178gecko 181

Methyllycaconitine 280, 314Methyl-3-methylbut-3-enyl sulfide 234-Methyl octanoic acid 2173-Methyl phenol 3724-Methyl phenol 190, 3722-Methylquinoline 242-Methyl-2-thiazoline 232Micelles 17Microalgae (Phaeocystis pouchetti ) 351Microbial odors 53, 373Microcebus murinus (see Lemur, mouse)Microgale dobsoni (see Tenrec, long-tailed)Micropterus spp. (see Bass)Microtus spp. (see Vole)Milk odor 137Milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 279

Indian (Asclepias eriocarpa) 279scarlet (bloodflower) (Asclepias

curassavica) 280Utah (Asclepias labriformis) 279

Millipede (Orthoporus dorsovittatus) 267Milvus milvus (see Kite, red)Mimicry

Batesian 251, 395Mullerian 318

l-Mimosine 283Mimuyi (stomach oil deposits) 153Mink (Mustela vison) 370, 403, 413Minnow

European (Phoxinus phoxinus = laevis) 192alarm pheromone 79, 194, 206conditioned fright reaction 360

fathead (Pimephales promelas) 20, 175alarm substance 192male pheromone 172predator recognition 360as prey 344

Miroestrol 287Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (see Weatherfish,

oriental)Mite, fowl (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) 266Mole-rat

blind (Spalax ehrenbergi ) 144, 199Damaraland (Cryptomys damarensis) 208naked (Heterocephalus glaber) 207

Molothrus ater (see Cowbird, brownheaded)Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) 268, 279Mongoose 257

Aegyptian (Herpestes ichneumon) 32African dwarf (Helogale undulata rufula) 29,

134Indian (Herpestes auropunctatus) 18, 134,

413Madagascar ring-tailed (Galidia elegans) 370

Monkey 388black-and-white colobus (Colobus

polykomos) 311howler (Alouatta palliata) 311Macaca sp., degradation speed 331muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoids) 380red-handed howler (Alouatta belzebul), clay

eating 326rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 312vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) 312wedge-capped capuchin (Cebus olivaceus) 267,

377Monkeys, seed conditioning 386Monodelphis domestica (see Oppossum,

short-tailed)Monoterpenes 404Montezuma Wildlife Refuge 400Moose (Alces alces) 310, 312, 333Moray eels (Muraenidae) 248Morone saxatilis (see Bass, striped)Morpholine 29, 61, 113, 114, 231Moschus sp. (see Deer, musk)Mosesins 248Mosquitoes 377

Aedes aegypti 373Anopheles gambiae 373control 393

Moth, oriental fruit (Grapholitha molesta) 26Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) 402, 405Mountain lion (Felis concolor) odor 368, 402, 407Mouse 199

aboriginal house (Mus spretus) 126aztec (Peromyscus aztecus) 264, 266






548 i n d e x

Mouse (cont.) 199black-eared (Peromyscus melanotis) 264, 266California (Peromyscus californicus) 141deer (Peromyscus maniculatus) 5, 202

antipredator response changes 378estrus urine attracting predators 374finding buried seeds 356as non-target species, repellents 399plant toxins 282Prairie (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii ) 401pregnancy block 217puberty delay 212, 213seed digestion 302sexual priming of males 217as snake prey 346

familiarization 125foot glands 58harvest

Eurasian (Micromys minutus) 411Sumichrast’s (Reithrodontomys

sumichrasti ) 264, 266house (Mus musculus) 201

biotransformation, degradation speed 331carbon disulfide as attractant 197dominance 145estrus suppression 214estrus synchronization 214evolution of communication 202fecal volatiles 24feeding 407female choice of male odor 166, 189female urine affects testosterone in

males 219individual discrimination 134mate choice 132, 187maturation 2346-MBOA effects 381multicomponent pheromone 26odor discrimination 126over-marking 165predator odor response 367pregnancy block 217priming, growth 208priming, sexual 216proline-rich salivary proteins 323puberty acceleration 210, 211pups’ odor responses 236receptor zones 93reproductive isolation 199scent changes over time 170scent marking 161smell and optimal outbreeding 131spatial orientation 80t-complex 187toxins 283

urine mark and aggression 165urine marking 183urine mark, “shelf life” 170urine volatiles 37Whitten Effect 214

spiny (Acomys cahirinus) 50, 123, 127,129, 269

behavior development 237flea attractants 373golden (Acomys russatus), competition 269odor in competition 268

urinary pheromones (MUPs) 24, 29, 30white-footed (Peromyscus leucopus) 81, 129, 132

mate choice 188pregnancy block 217puberty delay 213

wood (Apodemus sylvaticus)antipredator responses 366, 367, 370pups’ odor preferences 242sex odor preferences 401trap response 401see also VNO, rodents

Mud snails 16Mugil cephalus (see Mullet, striped)Mullet, striped (Mugil cephalus) 340Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi ) 149Murina spp. (see Bats, tube-nosed)Muscarine 291Muscimol 313Musculium rosaceum (see Clam, pill)Mushroom 313

Agaricus sp. 316death cap (Amanita phalloides) 313fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) 290, 291, 313giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea) 313lactarius (Lactarius sp.) 316late fall-oyster (Panellus serotinus) 313peppery bolete (Boletus piperatus) 316San Isidro (Psilocybe cubensis) 290, 291Teonancatl (Psilocybe mexicana) 292vomiting Russula (Russula emetica) 316

Mushrooms 276, 316Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) 149Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) 242, 400Mus spp. (see Mouse)Mustela erminea (see Weasel, short-tailed)Mustela furo (see Ferrets)Mustela nivalis (see Weasel, least)Mustela putorius (see Polecat)Mustela sibirica (see Weasel, Siberian)Mustela vison (see Mink)Mustelid secretions, urine 402Mustelus griseus (see Shark, dog)β-Myrcene 307Myrtaceae 306






i n d e x 549

NaCl as cue for leech 374Najad, spiny (Najas marina) 385Natrix natrix (see Snake, grass)Natrix spp. 41Navigation

defined 61geographical 80landmark 80topographical 80

Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) 265Negaprion brevirostris (see Shark, lemon)Neighbor effect, plants 313Neisseria spp. 53Neivamyrmex sp. (see Ant)Neodiprion sertifer (see Sawfly, European pine)Neophobia 317Neotoma spp. (see Woodrat)Nepeta cataria (see Catmint)Nepetalactone 275Nereis sp. (see Sandworm)Nerodia spp. (see Snake)Nerium oleander (see Oleander)Nerodia sipedon (see Snake, water)Nerve

barbel 339facialis 108glosspharyngeal 85, 108olfactory (fish) 85, 338terminal 108trigeminal 107

prenatal function 234vagus 108

Neural pathways, centrifugal 95Neurolathyrism 283Neurotoxicity 289Newt 16, 343

Alpine (Triturus alpestris) 201California (Taricha torosa) 259, 363crested (Triturus carnifex) 201eastern red-spotted (Notophthalmus v.

viridescens) 69, 145Italian (Triturus italicus) 201red-bellied (Cynops pyrrhogaster) 39, 176red-spotted (Notophthalmus viridescens) 343,

421rough-skinned (Taricha granulosa) 250,

363sword-tailed (Cynops ensicauda) 176western (Taricha rivularis) 69

Nightshade, American black (Solanumamericanum) 302

Nipple odors 236Ngorongoro crater 154Nocomis biguttatus (see Chub, hornyhead)Nonanal 30

Norepinephrine 194Nose-tapping, salamanders 39, 96Notechis scutulatus (see Snake, tiger)Notonecta sp. (see Backswimmers)Notophthalmus viridens (see Eft, red)Notophthalmus viridescens (see Newt,

red-spotted)Notophthalmus v. viridescens (see Newt, eastern

red-spotted)Notropis coccogenis (see Shiner, striped)Notropis texanus (see Shiner, weed)Notropis venustus (see Shiner, blacktail)Nucifraga columbiana (see Nutcracker, Clark’s)Nutcracker, Clark’s (Nucifraga columbiana) 354Nutrient-toxin titration hypothesis 302Nyctereutes procyonides (see Raccoon dog)Nycticorax nycticorax (see Heron, black-crowned

night)

Oak 407Emory (Quercus emoryi ) 333red (Quercus rubra, subgenus Erythrobalanus),

acorn tannins 308Oceanites oceanicus (see Storm-petrel, Wilson’s)Oceanodroma leucorhoa (see Storm-petrel,

Leach’s)Ocellated skink (Chalcides ocellatus), VNO for

food detection 97Ochotona princeps (see Pika)Octadecanediol-1-2 216Octanal 1821-Octen-3-ol 318, 372Odocoileus spp. (see Deer)Odor

alarm 191alert 191aversion

fetal rat 234gravity effect 15primary 317

complexity 119fecal 138filial 139gestalt 26image 26individual 133memory 244mosaic 26“on-demand-odor” 33pattern 26plumes 12preferences, children 239profile 26and survival, rat pups 237trails, snakes 228






550 i n d e x

Oestrone-3-sulfate 185Oilbird (Steatornis caripensis) 144, 354Oleander (Nerium oleander) 279Oleandrin 279Oleic acid 30Olfaction–taste interactions 121Olfaction–trigeminus interactions 122Olfaction–VNO interactions 121Olfactory aposematism 258Olfactory bulb

early learning 244noradrenergic pathways 139processing 93size 87spatial segregation of input 93

Olfactory cortex, projections 94Olfactory image 134Olfactory impairment, smokers 14Olfactory imprinting

mammals 242, 408reptiles 231

Olfactory isolation mechanism 198Olfactory memory 120, 134, 218, 223Olfactory receptor neurons 89, 91

specialist 110Oncorhynchus kisutch (see Salmon, coho)Oncorhynchus mykiss (see Trout, rainbow)Oncorhynchus nerka (see Salmon, sockeye)Ondatra zibethica (see Muskrat)Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi ) (see Snake, green)Opisthocomus hoazin (see Hoatzin)Opossum,

short-tailed (Monodelphis domestica) 211Virginia (Didelphis virginiana) 135, 257

conditioned aversion 318as egg predator 413fungivory 291, 313primary toxic mushroom avoidance 316seed digestion 302willow defense 312

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) 123Orcinol 296, 297Oreochromis spp. (see Tilapia)Oreotragus oreotragus (see Klipspringer)Orientation

definition 61guided 80

Orioleblack-backed (Icterus galbula abeilli ) 268northern (Icterus galbula) 268

Ornithonyssus sylviarum (see Mite, fowl)Ornithorhynchus anatinus (see Platypus,

duck-billed)Oronectus rusticus (see Crayfish)Orthoaminoacetophenone 397

Orthoporus dorsovittatus (see Millipede)Orthopristis chrysopterus (see Pigfish)Orycteropus afer (see Aardvark)Oryctolagus cuniculus (see Rabbit)Oryx, Arabian (Oryx leucoryx) 6Oryzias latipes (see Killifish)Osmetrichia 55, 201Ostariophysi 20, 194Ostraction sp. (see Fish, box)Othonops eos (formerly Typhlogobius californiensis;

see Goby, blind)Otter 122, 135

Eurasian (Lutra lutra) 144, 160spraints (fecal marks) 159, 167

sea (Enhydra lutris) 266Over-marking 165Ovibos moschatus (see Muskox)Ovulation, induced 215Owl, burrowing (Speotyta cunicularia) 265Oxalic acid 284Oxalis acetosella (see Sorrel, wood)Oxalis pes-caprae (see Soursob)Oxylobium sp. 335Oxytocin 120, 139Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) 340Ozone hole 293Ozotoceros bezoarticus (see Deer, pampas)

Pachyptila desolata (see Prion, Antarctic)Paco-vicuna 140Padre Island National Seashore 71Pagodroma nivea (see Petrel, snow)Palatability

amphibians 251birds 260

Panda, giant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 48, 334Pandalus borealis (see Shrimp, northern)Panellus serotinus (see Mushroom, late

fall-oyster)Pangolin (Pangolinus arboricoles) 153Pangolinus arboricoles (see Pangolin)Panthera onca (see Jaguar)Panthera t. tigris (see Tiger)Pan troglodytes (see Chimpanzee, clay eating)Papaya (Carica papaya) 297Papyriferic acid 300Parapulex chephrenis (see Flea)Parasites, host odors 371Pardachirus marmoratus (see Fish, Red Sea Moses

sole)Pardachirus pavoninus (see Fish, peacock sole)Pardaxins 248Parental behavior 136Parrots, geophagy 324Parsnip (Pastinaca sp.) 307, 333






i n d e x 551

Pars-pro-toto 196, 264Parturition 120Parupeneus porphyreus (see Goatfish, Hawaiian)Parus caeruleus ogliastrae (see Tit, Corsica blue)Passer spp. (see Sparrow)Passiflora edulis (see Passion fruit)Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) 297Pastinaca sp. (see Parsnip)Pasting, brown hyena 29, 153Paternal behavior 141Path integration 80Paullinia yoco (see Yoco)Pavoninins 248Pea

flat (Lathyrus sylvestris) 283perennial (L. latifolius) 283sweet (L. odoratus) 283

Peeper, spring (Hyla crucifer) 341Pelamis platurus (see Snake, yellow-bellied sea)Penaeus duoarum (see Shrimp, pink)Penstemon digitalis 3072-pentanone 390(Z)-26-Pentatriaconten-2-one, garter

snakes 179(Z)-2-Penten-1-yl acetate 37, 213n-Pentyl acetate 37, 106, 213Peptides 177Peptostreptococcus sp. 53Perca flavescens (see Perch, yellow)Perca spp. (see Perch)Perch

common (Perca fluviatilis) 362yellow (Perca flavescens) 192, 359

Perileucoptera coffeella (see Leaf miner)Perineal pouches, guinea pig 35Perisorius canadensis (see Jay, gray)Peromyscus spp. (see House)Petauroides volans (see Marsupials, greater

glider)Petaurus breviceps (see Sugar glider)Petrel 24, 262

Antarctic (Thalassoica antarctica) 153,352

blue (Halobaena caerulea) 74, 352giant (Macronectes sp.) 351, 352Kerguelen (Pterodroma brevirostris) 352pintado (Cape; Daption capense) 351, 352snow (Pagodroma nivea) 73, 153, 351white-chinned (Procellaria aequinoctialis) 74,

351, 352see also Storm-petrel

Petromyzonol sulfate 66, 172Peyote (Cactus lophophora) 290, 292Phaeocystis pouchetti (see Microalgae)Phalaris arundinacea (see Grass, reed canary)

pH and volatility 14Phascolarctus cinereus (see Koala)Phasianus colchicus (see Pheasant)Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) 387β-Phellandrene 308Phenol 372Phenolic glycosides 301, 309Phenolics 272

birch 285Phenols 301, 3722-Phenoxyethanol (rabbit) 149Phenylacetic acid 30, 512-Phenylethanol 29, 62, 113, 231, 3522-Phenylethylmethyl sulfide 403Pheromaxein, pig 4, 54Pheromone

aggregation, snakes 143alarm, fish 359blend 26cloacal, snake 181copulatory, garter snakes 180courtship, salamanders 176-to-hormone hypothesis 200mammary (“nipple”), rabbit 136,

171mounting (hamster) 24multicomponent 26, 27

functions 28priming 409receptors, VNO 105sex 171signaling 410trailing, snakes 143transport 54

Pheucticus melanocephalus (see Grosbeak,black-headed)

Phleum pratense (see Grass, timothy)Photinus spp. (see Fireflies)Photophytodermatitis 296Photosensitizers 296Photosensitization 294Phototoxic effects 295Phoxinus neogaeus (see Dace, finescale)Phoxinus phoxinus (laevis) (see Minnow,

European)Phyllobates spp. (see Frog, dart-poison)Phyllostomus discolor (see Bats)Phyllotreta nemorum (see Beetle, flea)Phytoestrogens 286Phytohemagglutinins 301Pica pica (see Magpie, black-billed)Picea spp. (see Spruce)Pickerel

chain (Esox niger) 359redfin (Esox americanus) 359






552 i n d e x

Pigaggressive behavior 411alarm odor 195boar odor effects on VNO 105caecal odor attractant 138deoxycholic acid 236environmental odors 60maternal pheromone 137nipple odor 236pheromone transport 55priming pheromone 211puberty acceleration 409sex pheromone 410truffle detection 388venom resistance 257

Pigeons, odor thresholds 87, 116geographical differences in homing 77homing 74odor cues in homing 78

Pigfish (Orthopristis chrysopterus) 340, 341Pika (Ochotona princeps), “hay piles” 319,

382Pike (Esox lucius) 192, 359, 360, 361Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) 393Pimephales promelas (see Minnows, fathead)Pine

American red (Pinus resinosa) 307, 319Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi) 5, 357lodgepole (Pinus contorta) 315, 405Monterey (Pinus radiata) 404ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) 308Scots (Pinus sylvestris) 309, 310, 378, 402white (Pinus strobus) 307, 319

α-Pinene 275, 308, 310, 322β-Pinene 308, 310, 396Pine oil 404Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 340, 341Pinosylvin 273, 300, 309, 405Pinosylvin methyl ether 273, 300, 309, 405Pinus spp. (see Pine)2-Piperidone 23Pithuranthus triradiatus 295Pitohui 50

hooded (Pitohui dichrous) 261variable (P. kirhocephalus) 261

Pituophis melanoleucus (see Snake, pine)Pitviper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) 49Pitymys subterraneus (see Vole, European pine)Plant secondary metabolites 271, 299Plasma cortisol 194Plasmodus rotundus (see Bat, vampire)Platophylloside 285Platypus, duck-billed (Ornithorhynchus

anatinus) 262Plethodon spp. (see Salamanders, woodland)Plethodontid receptivity factor (PRF) 177

Plethodontids 96, 98Plume models 10Poa pratensis (see Grass, Kentucky blue)Podarcis hispanica atrata (see Lizard, Iberian wall)Poecilia reticulata (see Guppy, Trinidadian)Poekilocerus bufonius (see Grasshopper)Pogona vitticeps (see Lizard, bearded dragon)Polarity 22

and scent marks 14Polecat (Mustela putorius = Putorius putorius) 48,

356Pollution, air 420Polypeptides, gerbil 168Pony (Equus caballus) 149Poplar 299, 301

Poplar, balsam (Populus balsamifera) 299, 300,301

induced defense 332see also Aspen quaking

Populationcycles 221, 332density

and gland activity 40and scent marking, beaver 166

differences, salamander secretions 177estimates 412“top down” regulation (Lake Guri) 298toxic plant effects 297

Populus balsamifera (see Poplar, balsam)Populus tremuloides (see Aspen, quaking)Possum

brush-tailed (Trichosurus vulpecula) 30, 50,51, 125

conjugation 330Eucalyptus diet compounds 306excretion 330pinene detoxification 275

ring-tailed (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) 330Postovulatory prostaglandin pheromone,

goldfish 204Potato

alkaloidsPinta Boca (Solanum stenotonum) 326Solanum acaule 326Solanum megistacrolobum 326

secondary metabolites 300Potentiation 318Predation risk 194Predator control 411Predator inspection behavior 192, 359Pre-exposure effects 128Pre-familiarization, harvest mouse 411Pregnancy block

evolutionary significance 222post-implantation 217pre-implantation 217






i n d e x 553

5β-Pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one-glucuronide,catfish 174

Pregnenolone 191Prenatal olfaction 232Preovulatory primer pheromone, goldfish

204Preputial secretion, mice 54, 188Prey fish, predator odors 358Prey odors 338Primates

concealed ovulation 186hunting by smell 357sex odors 186VNO 101, 134

Priming, growth and development 208Priming pheromones

ecological significance 220effect on life history 222fish 206VNO role 216

Prion, Antarctic (Pachyptila desolata) 126Proboscids 311Procambarus clarki (see Crayfish)Procavia capensis syriaca (see Hyrax)Procellaria aequinoctialis (see Petrel,

white-chinned)Procellariiforms 71, 87

foraging 350Procyon lotor (see Raccoon)l-Proline 114, 283, 323Proline-rich salivary proteins 323Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)

familiarization 125glands 44, 167isovaleric acid 168lipid secretion 45male-specific glands 45“marking trips” 161non-volatiles 30overmarking 148scent mark longevity 31visual signal 34winter diet 310

n-Propyl dithiolane 4073-Propyl-1,2-dithiolane 397, 4033-Propylphenol 3724-Propylphenol 3722-Propylthietane 184, 397, 403, 412n-Propylthiolane 407Prostaglandins 111, 114Proteinase inhibitors 301Proteins 24

elephant 26iguana 29, 123odorant binding 91olfactory marker 92

salamander pheromone 176tamarins 25

Proteles cristatus (see Aardwolf)Proteus spp. 53Protoadaptation 179Prunasin 281, 297Prunus amygdalus (see Almond, bitter)Pseudacris spp. (see Frog)Pseudocheirus peregrinus (see Possum,

Ring-tailed)Pseudomonas spp. 53, 267Pseudotsuga menziesii (see Fir, Douglas)Pseustes sulphureus (see Snake, puffing)Psilocybe spp. (see Mushroom)Ptarmigans 305Pteridium aquilinum (see Bracken, common)Pterodroma brevirostris (see Petrel, Kerguelen)Pterophyllum scalare (see Angelfish)Ptychocheilus lucius (see Pikeminnow)Ptychocheilus oregonensis (see Squawfish,

northern)Puberty

acceleration 210, 409delay 212humans 224

Pueraria mirifica (see White kwao krua)Puffer fish (see Fugu)Puffinus spp. (see Shearwater)Pumiliotoxins 252Purshia tridentata (see Bitterbush)Putrescine 347Pyrazine 26, 67, 318, 351, 352Pyridine-N-oxide 194Pyrrhula pyrrhula (see Bullfinch)Pyrrolizidines 253, 264

Quailbobwhite (Colinus virginianus) 116, 302California (Lophortyx californicus) 287Japanese (Coturnix coturnix) 287

Quebracho tree (Schinopsis lorentzii ) 285, 305,404

Quercetin 284, 285Quercus spp. (see Oak)Quinol 2972-Quinolinemethanethiol 24, 262S-2-Quinolinemethyl thioacetate 24Quinones in fruits 395Quiscalus major (see Grackle, boat-tailed)

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)antifeedant 403chin-marking 48, 147, 159, 160

over-marking 166dominance odor 149flea 376






554 i n d e x

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (cont.)hormone-dependent dominance 166mammary (“nipple”) pheromone 136, 237microorganisms 53odor imprinting 243predator odor response 370population control 399prenatal odor learning 232priming effects 212, 218pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) 315testosterone effect 52VNO 98, 237

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 413Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides) 164Rajasthan desert 161Ramphotyphlops nigrescens (see Snake, blind,

Australian)Rana aurora sp. (see Frog)Rangifer tarandus (see Caribou)Raphus cucullatus (see Dodo)Rat

African crested (Lophiomus imhausi ) 56African/Gambian giant pouched (Cricetomys

gambianus) 417hispid cotton (Sigmodon hispidus) 147Norway or laboratory (Rattus norvegicus)

amniotic fluid 139, 237antipredator response 37, 366, 367bacteria 53bait shyness 406broad tuning 91castration effect on reception 120caecal odor 50clay eating 326communication on food 197cow odor discrimination 190decoding “odor gestalt” 113fetal effect of alcohol 233food odor communication 55individual discrimination 134individual odor variation 52, 53induced ovulation 215maternal care and trigeminal nerve 108maternal pheromone 241maternal stimulation 242maturation of chemoreception 2346-MBOA effects 381milk odor 137norepinephrine effect 120odorant thresholds 117odor imprinting 243odor memory 244odors and pup survival 237ovulation and VNO 105palatability of bird eggs and flesh 259prenatal odor conditioning 232, 233

prenatal olfaction 232priming and VNO 216proline-rich salivary proteins 323, 324receptor zones 93response to milk odor 137spatial orientation 80tannin processing 324taste aversion to salamanders 252testosterone effect 52urine effects on VNO 106urine volatiles 37

rice (Rattus rattoides) 377roof (Rattus rattus) 407soft-furred (metad; Rattus meltada

pallidior) 406see also Kangaroo rat

Rattlesnakes 83, 345banded rock (Crotalus viridis viridis) 345, 346canebrake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus) 364diamondback (Crotalus atrox) 256northern Pacific (Crotalus viridis oregonus),

preying 345, 346prairie (Crotalus viridis) 228

behavior development 228, 230odor trails 228prey striking and searching 345, 352predator odor response 365

pygmy (Sistrurus miliarius)antipredator “body-bridging” 229, 364

strike-induced chemosensory searching 345timber (Crotalus horridus) 364

behavior development 228, 230response to prey odors 343

twin-spotted (Crotalus pricei ) 345venom immunity 257

Rattus spp. (see Rat)Raven (Corvus corax) 260, 412Recycled animal and plant materials 265Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) 280Regional selectivity 21Reindeer (Caribou tarandus) 81, 196Reithrodontomys sumichrasti (see Mouse,

Sumichrast’s harvest)Release modulators 29Removal rate hypothesis 302Renal effects 293Repellents

conspecific odors 400contact 396excretions 402non-target species, effects 399population effects 399predator odors 397, 399, 407for predators 412for rodents 403

Reproductive behavior 18






i n d e x 555

Reproductive cycle, behavior variation 189Reproductive inhibition by plant

compounds 286Reptiles

behavior development 228chemoreception 87defense 256diet effects 49food choice 304glands 40hormone effects 52odor detection 83odor thresholds 114orientation 69predator detection 363priming pheromones 207reproductive isolation 198territorial displays 152VNO 97, 106

Reservoirs 54anal sacs, carnivores 54castor sacs 54

Retrieving pups, VNO effects 104Rhamnus cathartica (see Buckthorn)Rhinophrynus dorsalis (see Toad, Mexican

burrowing)Rhizophagus grandis (see Beetle, predatory)Rhododendron sp. 277Rhodopus sungorus (see Hamster, Djungarian)Rhyacotriton olympicus 39Rivers

black-water 274, 328“white” 328

Robin, American (Turdus migratorius) 302, 386Rockrose (Cistus ladanifer) 284Rodents

dominance 145familiar individuals 127food choice and plant metabolites 307male marking 183mate choice 187repellents 403territorial marking 157see also individual species

Roedeer (Capreolus capreolus) 402Rosa canina (see Dogrose)Rosaceae 281Rousettus aegyptiacus (see Bats, Egyptian fruit)Rub-urination 57“ruff-sniff”, auklet 182Ruminants

microbes in biotransformation 332phenolics effects 285

Ruppia martima (see Tasselweed)Russula emetica (see Mushroom, vomiting

Russula)

Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) 114Sagebrush 310, 315

big (Artemisia tridentata) 310, 315, 322black (A. nova) 310

Saguinus spp. (see Tamarin)Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) 57Saiga tatarica (see Saiga antelope)St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) 294Salal (Gaultheria shallon) 402Salamander 38, 68, 129, 259, 342

Allegheny mountain dusky (Desmognathusochrophaeus) 207

brook (Eurycea wilderea) 96, 361long-toed (Ambystoma macrodactylum) 195northern two-lined (Eurycea bislineata) 360olympic torrent (Rhyacotriton olympicus) 39pygmy (Desmognathus wrighti ) 58small-mouth (Ambystoma texanum) 360, 361,

362spotted (Ambystoma maculatum) 12, 69,

251Texas blind (Typhlomolge rathbuni ) 176tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum) 114, 252, 343woodland (Plethodon spp.) 39, 58, 96, 134

Jordan’s (P. jordani ) 176, 198, 207red-backed (P. cinereus) 39, 133, 152, 176,

251, 343, 361P. dorsalis 361P. montanus 143, 240P. richmondi 361P. shermani 143, 240P. yonahlossee 143, 240slimy (P. glutinosus) 198western red-backed (P. vehiculam) 145

Salicaldehyde 300Salicylic acid 272Saliva 32, 48, 383Salix spp. (see Willow)Salmon 61

Atlantic (Salmo salar)acidification effects 392amino acids as feeding cues 342behavior development 227kin recognition 131olfactory imprinting 61orientation 16, 61, 65pesticide effect on priming 421prey odor 342priming pheromone 205salmon lice attractant 371sex attractant 175

Chinook 18, 393coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) 65

kin recognition 129, 130odor threshold 113, 114olfactory imprinting 61, 392






556 i n d e x

Salamander (cont.)population odors 142predator odor avoidance 358

sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) 392Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) 371Salmo salar (see Salmon)Salmo trutta (see Trout, brown)Salsify (Andropogon sp.) 307Saltgrass (see Grass, salt)Salvelinus alpinus = Salmo alpinus (see Char,

Arctic)Salvelinus fontinalis (see Trout, brook)Samandarin 255Sambucus nigra (see Elder)Sandpiper (Calidris maritima) 352Sandrats 33Sandworm (Nereis sp.) as prey 344Saponins 277, 301Sarcorhamphus papa (see Vulture, king)Sawfly, European pine (Neodiprion sertifer) as

prey 355, 357Scent

hair 55mark,

aardwolf 31age of 27, 170complex composition, beaver 168life expectancy 29, 32

markingbeaver 157, 160coyote 156and feeding 166gazelle 160gerbil 160gerenuk 160hyena 153mouse 161otter 160population density 161pronghorn 161seasonal variation 168syndrome 161tiger 160woodchuck 159

matching 126, 165mound, beaver 122, 165rolling 55

Schistosoma mansoni (see Blood flukes,schistosome)

Sciurus spp. (see Squirrel)Schinopsis lorentzii (see Quebracho)Schizachyrium scoparium (see Grass, little

bluestem)Sclerocarya caffra (see Marula)Schreckstoff 192, 194

Scophthalmus maximus (see Turbot)Schreckstoff 192, 194Scilliroside 404Sculpin,

banded (Cottus carolinae) 343yellow-finned Baikal (Cottocomephorus

grewingki ), sex attractant 174Sea anemone

Radianthos kuekenthali 384Stoichactis kenti 384

Seabirds 17food odors 353foraging 350see also individual species

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)attractants 64, 66bile acid 172host odor 371sex attractant 171

Sea purse (Dioclea megacarpa) 283Seasonal variation

behavior 188plant chemical defenses 301

Sea squill (Urginea maritime) 404Sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) 340Secondary plant metabolites, physiological

effects 284Secretion

flank gland,golden hamster 128shrew 135

viscosity 167Seeds 302

conditioning 386, 388dispersal, birds 384passage through animals 384

birds 386fish 386mammals 386reptiles 386

Selenocystathionin 283Self-anointing 376, 377

canids 376hedgehog 55

“selfish herd” 194Self-medication 381Semotilus margarita (see Dace, pearl)Sensitive periods 241Sensory drive 200Sensory exploitation 200Septal organ of Masera 108Sesquiterpene 312Sesquiterpene lactones 276, 382Sesquiterpene phytoalexins 301Setaria italica (see Grass, foxtail bristle)






i n d e x 557

Setting, effects of 17, 18Sex pheromone, pig 4

3α-androstenol 45α-androstenone 4

Shad, threadfin (Dorosoma petenense) 358, 360Sharks

dog (Mustelus griseus) 248hammerhead (Sphyrnidae) 84lemon (Negaprion brevirostris) 248white-tip reef (Triaenodon obesus) 248

ShearwaterBuller’s (Puffinus bulleri ) 350greater (P. gravis) 350Manx (P. puffinus) 114, 350pink-footed (P. creatopus) 350short-tailed (P. tenuirostris) 350sooty (P. griseus) 350, 351wedge-tailed (P. pacificus) 143

Sheepalkaloids 311, 312amniotic fluid 139antifeedants 402, 404, 407, 408attachment 138, 408clover effect on lambing 286conditioned aversion 318coping with toxins 302cross-fostering , 140embryonic malformations 288feeding behavior 123feeding stimulants 408flehmen 102, 185induced ovulation 215inguinal wax 138lamb odor 244mating behavior 123parturition and odor response 245predator odor 37prenatal odor responses 232tannin processing 323, 324toxic plants 280, 284, 297, 314

“She-males,” snakes 178Shewanella sp. (see Algae)Shiner

blacktail (Notropis venustus) 358, 359striped (N. coccogenis) 343weed (N. texanus) 358, 359

Short-chain fatty acids 23Shrew

common (Sorex araneus) 401greater white-toothed (Crocidura russula) 37,

135masked (Sorex cinereus) 355short-tailed (Blarina brevicauda) 251, 263,

355, 366Shrimp

brine (Artemia sp.) 360ghost (Callianassa affinis) 172northern (Pandalus borealis) 339, 341pink (Penaeus duoarum) 340, 341

Sideroxylon grandiflorum (see Tambalacoque tree)Sigmodon hispidus (see Rat, hispid cotton)Silefrin 176Sistrurus miliarus (see Rattlesnakes, pygmy)Skatole (methyl indole) 375, 414Skink, blue-tongued (Tilique scincoides) 126Skua, South Polar (Catharacta maccormicki ) 260,

351Skunk

hog-nosed (Conepatus mesoleucus) 30spotted (Spilogale putorius) 32striped (Mephitis mephitis) , 23, 32, 262

as egg predator 413“Smelling of rain” 81Smelt, surf (Hypomesus pretiosus) 339, 341Smoking 119Snake 69

African waterLycodonomorphus laevissimus 253Lycodonomorphus rufulus 253

anal sacs 264avomic 69black rat (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) 369blind

American (Typhlops pusillus) 375Australian (Ramphotyphlops nigrescens) 375Texas (Leptotyphlops dulcis) 256, 266, 375

brown (Storeria dekayi ) 228, 229brown tree, Boiga irregularis 18, 19, 180

chemical cues for control 347, 394impact on fauna 346prey odors 347

bull (see pine snake)corn (Elaphe guttata) 69, 343defense 259eastern indigo (Drymarchon corais) 364European adder (Vipera berus) 178, 365feeding behavior development 229fox (Elaphe vulpina vulpina) 343garter 228, 365

aquatic (Thamnophis elegans aquaticus) 229avoidance toxic prey 255blackbelly (Thamnophis melanogaster), prey

learning 347Canadian (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) 178feeding behavior development 206, 229,

230food odor preferences 344multisensory preying 347Plains (Thamnophis radix) 69, 178, 181,

229, 362






558 i n d e x

Snake (cont.)predator chemicals response 365red-sided (Thamnophis sirtalis) 69, 98, 196,

198species identification 143toxin tolerance 251VNO zone-to-zone projection 97western terrestrial (Thamnophis

elegans) 229, 230, 345, 362gopher (see pine snake)grass (Natrix natrix) 365gray rat (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) 256green (Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi ) 229

food odor 344hognose (Heterodon nasicus) 365king (Lampropeltis getulus) 229, 257, 364, 365

prey odors 346mamba (Dendroaspis sp.) 256milk (Lampropeltis triangulum) 256orange-necked keelback (Macropisthodon

sp.) 41pine (bull or gopher; Pituophis

melanoleucus) 229, 365, 370response to mouse odor 344response to predator chemicals 365

puffing (Pseustes sulphureus) 364racer (Coluber constrictor) 365rat (Elaphe climacophora) 256, 376ring-necked (Diadophis punctatus) 256, 361smooth (Coronella austriaca) 365southern water (Nerodia fasciata) 365tiger (Notechis scutulatus) 258venom 49, 257VNO 97water (Nerodia [Natrix] sipedon) 228, 254, 343,

360yellow-bellied sea (Pelamis platurus) 257yellow-bellied water (Nerodia

erythrogaster) 255Snake plant (Turbina corymbosa) 292Sniffing land mines 417Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) 368social odors, familial 125Sodefrin 39, 176Sodium uptake, macaws 325α-Solamargine 302Solanine 280, 301, 327Solanum americanum (see Nightshade, American

black)Solanum carolinense (see Horsenettle, Carolina)Solanum spp. 302Solanum stenotonum (see Potato, Pinta Boca)α-Solasonine 302Solidago rugosa (see Goldenrod, rough)Sollya heterophylla (see Creeper, blue-bell)

Solubility 22Songbirds 87Songthrush (Turdus philomelos) 306Sorex spp. (see Shrew)Sorghum spp. (see Sorghum)Sorghum

grain (Sorghum bicolor) 282, 289, 306sweet (Sorghum vulgare) 291

Sorrel, wood (Oxalis acetosella) 284Soursob (Oxalis pes-caprae) 284Spalax ehrenbergi (see Mole rat, naked)Sparrow

house (Passer domesticus) 265, 306, 307tree (P. montanus) 266

Speotyta cunicularia (see Owl, burrowing)Spermophilus spp. (see Squirrel, ground)Sphyrnidae (see Shark, hammerhead)Spices as bird repellents 396Spilogale putorius (see Skunk, spotted)Spilopsyllus cuniculi (see Flea, rabbit)Splendipherin 40, 177Spodophora exempta (see Army worm)Sponge (Ircinia sp.) 265Spraint (otter) 122Spring peeper (Hyla crucifer) 255Spruce

Norway (Picea abies) 307, 319Sitka (P. sitchensis) 405white (P. glauca) 299, 300, 307, 319

Squalene 30, 178Squawfish, northern (Ptychocheilus

oregonensis) 358Squid 17Squirrel

Abert’s (tassel-eared) (Sciurus aberti ) 308flying (Glaucomys sabrinus) 313gray (Sciurus carolinensis)

acorn burying 320acorn tannins 308mushroom eating 313

groundArctic (Spermophilus parryi plesius) 313Belding’s (Spermophilus beldingi ) 129California (Spermophilus beecheyi ) 370, 401Columbian (Spermophilus columbianus) 127,

129Franklin’s (Spermophilus franklinii ) 41313-lined (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) 129

red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)mushroom preferences 316toxic mushrooms 313

Staphylococcus spp. 53S. aureus 53, 54

Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 265, 378, 394Steatornis sp. (see Oilbird)






i n d e x 559

Sternotherus odoratus (see Turtle, stinkpot)Steroidal bufogenins 255Steroids,

beetles 21human axilla 27odoriferous 20, 54pregnolones 21

Sterols 40Stickleback, brook (Culaea inconstans) 173Stigmastanol 181Stigmasterol 181Stilbenes 273Stimulus generalization 111Stingrays (Dasiatidae) 250Stoat (see Weasel, short-tailed)Stolephorus purpureus (see Anchovy, inshore)Stomach oil, petrels 262, 264Stonefish (Scorpaenidae) 249

Synanceja trachynis 249Synaneichthyes verrucosus 249

Stone roller (Campostoma anomalum) 343Storeria dekayi (see Snake, brown)Storm-petrel

black-bellied (Fregetta tropica) 351British storm (Hydrobates pelagicus) 73Leach’s (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) 350, 351Wilson’s (Oceanites oceanicus) 71, 350, 351

Streptococcus spp. 53S. aurealis 267S. faecalis 53

Stress, rat pups 139Strike-induced chemosensory searching,

rattlesnakes 83Sturgeon

Russian (Accipenser gueldenstaedtii ) 114Siberian (A. baeri ) 114stellate (A. stellatus) 114

Sturnus vulgaris (see Starling)Sucker, largescale (Catostomus macrocheilus) 358Suckling, chemical cues 237Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) 125, 145“Suint”, ram 215Sulfur compounds 21, 37, 370, 399, 403,

405, 414Sunfish 21

bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) 359green (Lepomis cyanellus) 360, 362

Sus scrofa (see Boar)Swallow, tree (Tachycineta bicolor) 114, 116“Swimmer’s itch” 374Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri ) 359Sylvia communis (see Whitethroat)Sylvilagus floridanus (see Cottontail)Synanceja trachynis (see Stonefish)Synaneichthyes verrucosus (see Stonefish)

Syncerus caffer (see Buffalo, African)Synomones 383

Tachycineta bicolor (see Swallow, tree)Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (see Bat, Mexican)Taeniopygia guttata (see Finch, zebra)Tamaliscus korrigum (see Topi)Tamarin,

cotton-top (Saguinus o. oedipus) 29, 48, 212scent marking 220

red-bellied (Saguinus labiatus) 369saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) 25, 26, 53,

144, 168Tambalacoque (Dodo) tree (Sideroxylon

grandiflorum, formerly Calvariamajor) 385

Tamias spp. (see Chipmunk)Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (see Squirrel, red)Tannins

carcinogens 288condensed (catechin) 274, 275description 273digestion effects 285hydrolyzable 274, 275juniper 319sorghum 306South African plants 311and tortoises 304

Taraxacum officinale (see Dandelion)Taricha spp. (see Newt)Tasselweed, beaked (Ruppia maritima) 385Taste 108

aversion 316conditioned 317, 260

bitter 316bud 109experience in utero 233fish 108papillae 109rat fetus 233receptor cells 109

Tatera indica (see Gerbil, Indian)Taurine 66Taxiphyllin 281Taxus cuspidata (see Yew, Japanese)t-complex, mice 187, 210Temperature effects 3, 55Tenrec

long-tailed (Microgale dobsoni ) 370streaked (Hemicentetes semispinosus) 370tailless (Tenrec ecaudatus) 370

Tenrec ecaudatus (see Tenec, tailless)Tent caterpillar, Eastern (Malacosoma

americanum) 291Teratogens 288






560 i n d e x

Terpene alcohols 404Terpenoids 274, 319α-Terpineol 322Territorial marking, badger 27Testosterone 105

fish 174Testudo hermanni (see Tortoise, Greek land)Tetra, black (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi ) 206�9-Tetrahydrocannabinol 2902,4,6,10-Tetramethyl-1-undecanoic acid 32Tetraphyllin B 297Tetrodotoxin 110, 114, 247, 250Thalarctos maritimus (see Bear, polar)Thalassoica antarctica (see Petrel, Antarctic)Thalassoma bifasciatum (see Wrasse,

blue-headed)Thamnophis spp. (see Snake, garter)Thiamine 383Thiazoles 67Thioacetates 23, 32Thiols 23, 32, 114Thomomys talpoides (see Gopher, pocket)Thresholds

birds 116odor detection 113odor recognition 113

β-Thujaplicine 275β-Thujone 322Thujopsine 275Thuja plicata (see Cedar, red)Thujopsis dolabrata (see Arborvitae, false)Thunnus albacares (see Tuna, yellowfin)Thymallus thymallus (see Grayling)Ticks

effect of bird chemicals 262Ixodes matopi 375Ixodes mentzii 375

Tiger (Panthera t. tigris) 31, 38, 366, 407scent marking 159, 160

Tilapiaoreochromis sp. 385redbelly (Tilapia zilii ) 341spotted (Tilapia mariae) 360

Tilapia spp. (see Tilapia)Tilique scincoides (see Skink, blue-tongued)Tit, Corsica blue (Parus caeruleus ogliastrae) 267Toad

American (Bufo americanus)chemical defense 255, 341kin discrimination 129, 131, 228setting, effect 19

cane (giant) (B. marinus) 256, 343common European (B. bufo) 362

alarm substance 195bufotalin 255

Fowler’s (B. woodhousei fowleri ) 68, 255glands 253Great Plains (B. cognatus) 362Mexican (B. valliceps) 68Mexican burrowing (Rhinophrynus

dorsalis) 343narrow-mouthed (Gastrophyne

carolinensis) 255natterjack (Bufo calamita) 342southwestern (B. microsaphus) 362toxins used by hedgehogs 377western (B. boreas) 68, 195, 343, 363

Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) 303Tomato, Galapagos (Lycopersicum cheesmanii var.

minor) 385Tongue-flicking, reptiles 97Topi (Tamaliscus korrigum), VNO 98Topography and airflow 12Tortoise 69, 181

Galapagos (Geochelone elephantopus) 385Giant (Geochelone gigantea) 304Gopherus sp. 181Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) 4Greek land (Testudo hermanni ) 69

Toxins, antiparasite 262Tragelaphus strepsiceros (see Kudu)Trail odors 1966-Transnonenal 190Tree shrew

Tupaia belangeri 26Tupaia glis 166, 167

Trefoil, birdsfoot (Lotus corniculatus) 291Triaenodon obesus (see Sharks, white-tip reef)Trichogaster spp. (see Gourami)Trichosurus vulpecula (see Possum, brush-tailed)Trifolium spp. (see Clover)Trigeminal irritants 394, 3977α,12α,24-Trihydroxy-5α-cholan-3-one-24-

sulfate 1722,4,6-Trihydroxydihydrochalcone 300Trimethylamine 23, 114, 3522,3,5-Trimethylphenylmethyl carbamate 4123,4,5- Trimethylphenylmethyl carbamate 412Trimethylthiazoline (TMT) 37, 369, 403, 407Triok, long-fingered (Dactylopsila palpator) 263(Z)-24-Tritriaconten-2-one, garter snakes 178Triturus spp. (see Newt)Trout

brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) 65host for sea lamprey 371

brown (Salmo trutta) 175host for sea lamprey 371priming 205

rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss)amino acids as food cues 340






i n d e x 561

effect on prey 362kin recognition 129, 131odor sensitivity 114pheromone specificity 111prey odors 342priming pheromone 205, 206specialist receptors 110water pollution effects 393

Truffle, Perigord (Tuber melanosporum) 389Tryptophan 194Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) 372T-shirt test 132, 191, 239Tsuga canadensis (see Hemlock, eastern)Tuber melanosporum (see Truffle, Perigord)Tubifex, amino acids 340Tuna 16

yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) 339, 341Tupaia spp. (see Tree shrew)Turbina corymbosa (see Snake plant)Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) 371Turbulence 7

environment, properties 16flow 6water 15

Turdus merula (see Blackbird, European)Turdus migratorius (see Robin, American)Turdus philomelos (see Songthrush)Turtle 69

chemosensory foraging 348eastern long-necked (Chelodina longicollis) 70European pond (Emys orbicularis) 348green sea (Chelonia midas) 231imprinting 71Kemp’s ridley sea (Lepidochelys kempi ) 71,

258, 393loggerhead (Caretta caretta) 258, 348odor thresholds 114painted (Chrysemys picta) 70red-eared (Chrysemys [Pseudemys] scripta

elegans) 98sea, egg losses 413secretions 258snapping (Chelydra serpentina) 231, 255,

360stinkpot (Sternotherus odoratus) 258terrapin (Mauremys leprosa) 181

Typhlomolge rathbuni (see Salamander, Texasblind)

Typhlops pusillus (see Snake, blind, American)

Ultrasonic vocalizations 104, 121Ultraviolet light 354Uncia uncia (see Snow leopard)Ungulates 150, 184, 187Upupa epops (see Hoopoe)

Urginea maritima (see Sea quill)Urine 37

guinea pig 51wolf 32

Urine balls, sandrats 33Urodeles 69Ursus americanus (see Bear, black)Ursus arctos (see Bear, brown)

Vanillin 22Vanillyl acetamide 398Varanus albigularis (see Lizard, monitor)Varanus exanthematicus (see Lizard, savanna

monitor)Varanus komodoensis (see Lizard, Komodo

monitor)Varanus varius (see Lizards, lace monitor)Vegetation and air flow 12Veratryl acetamide 398Veratryl amine 397, 398Vernodalin 382Vernonia sp. 276

V. amygdalina 382Vernonioside B1 382Vespa orientalis (see Hornet)Vespertilionidae (see Bats)Vetch

common (Vivia sativa) 283milkvetch, two-grooved (Astralagus

bisulcatus) 318Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) 140, 159Vine, lilac (Hardenbergia comptoniana) 3134-Vinylguaiacol 2864-Vinylphenol 286Vipera berus (see Snake, European adder)Virola theiodora (see Ebena)Viscous environment, properties 16Visual signals 33Vivia sativa (see Vetch)Volatiles 22

mixtures 26over vegetation 13

Volatility 22Vole (Microtus spp.) 404

bank (Clethrionomys glareolus) 147, 150, 199,213, 401

antipredator responses 366, 367, 370trap response 401, 406

boreal redback (Clethrionomys gapperi ) 399California (Microtus californicus) 212, 298,

401California red-backed (Clethrionomys

occidentalis) 313cycles 297European common (Microtus arvalis) 131






562 i n d e x

Vole (Microtus spp.) (cont.)European field (short-tailed) (M. agrestis) 217,

219, 315, 354, 366, 367, 401European pine (Pitymys subterraneus) 213gray-tailed, Microtus canicaudus 18, 132, 367Levant (M. guentheri ) 211long-tail (M. longicaudus) 399meadow (M. pennsylvanicus)

alkaloids 309, 312antifeedants 403body region odors 49conifer diet 307“dear enemy” phenomenon 127diet-dependent odor 50, 51familiar individuals 127food palatability 307food processing 319metabolic rate 296as non-target species, repellents 399odor response, timing 189phenolics effects 284predator avoidance 366, 367pregnancy block 217priming 211renal lesions 293saponins 309seasonal differences 188signal longevity 33tannin processing 324vomeronasal organ (see VNO)

montane (M. montanus) 285, 379, 381, 403Orkney (M. arvalis orcadensis) 378, 402pine (M. pinetorum) 101, 106prairie (M. ochrogaster)

food palatability 307individual odors 134induced estrus 211, 215kin recognition 131luteinizing hormone release 219main olfactory system 96mate recognition 134mating and VNO 104, 105phenolics effects 284, 285pregnancy block 217, 218priming, growth 208priming, sexual 216puberty delay 213tannin effects 285, 324VNO 106

root (Microtus oeconomus), inducedenzymes 330

Townsend’s (M. townsendii) 18, 379, 381antifeedants 404repellents 399

woodland (M. pinetorum) 380, 381

VNO (Vomeronasal organ)in amphibians 96and behavior 103, 104, 106in mammals 98, 101, 105, 134, 237

and luteinizing hormone 219and mating 104, 105and maturation 234and pheromones 216in primates 101, 134

rodents 101, 105, 106, 130, 216, 219pump 99, 100receptors

V1 103, 105V2 105

reptiles 97system 96, 98

Vulnerability score, birds 260Vulpes vulpes (see Fox, red)Vulture

black (Coragyps atratus) 350greater yellow-headed (Cathartes

melambrotus) 350king (Sarcorhamphus papa) 350lesser yellow-headed (Cathartes

burrovianus) 350turkey (Cathartes aura) 115, 116, 349

Wallabia bicolor (see Wallaby, swamp)Wallaby, swamp (Wallabia bicolor),

antifeedants 402Wapiti (see Deer, red)Warbler, sedge (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus)

259Water–air interface 17Water buffalo, African 6Waterbug, giant (Lethocerus americanus) 195Waterfowl, egg predators 413Wax esters, beaver 31Waxwings 89

cedar (Bombycilla cedrorum) 114, 116Weasel

least (Mustela nivalis) 366, 374short-tailed (stoat; M. erminea) 135, 170,

366, 374, 397, 403Siberian (Mustela sibirica) 377see also Ferrets

Weatherfish, oriental (Misgurnusanguillicaudatus) 21

Whalesbaleen 81, 357toothed 357

Whelk (Busycon contrarium) 340White kwao krua (Pueraria mirifica) 287Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) 259Whitten effect 214






i n d e x 563

Wildebeest (Connochaetes sp.) 81common (C. taurinus) 99

Wildfires and plant defense 337Willow 299, 301, 309

Arctic (Salix arctica) 305S. fragilis 301S. purpurea 301

Wolf (Canis lupus)body region odors 48odor effect on prey 402prey detection 355scent marking 159territorial marking 154testosterone effect 53urine compounds 32, 190urine marking 154, 160, 167

Wolverine (Gulo gulo) 403Woodchuck (Marmota monax) 127, 147, 159Woodrat

desert (Neotoma lepida) 299Stephens’ (N. stephensi ) 319

Wrasse, blue-headed (Thalassomabifasciatum) 265, 266

Xenopus laevis (see Frog, African clawed)Xenopsylla dipodilli (see Flea)Xiphophorus helleri (see Swordtail)

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) 266Ligurian (Achillea ligustica) 267

Yew, Japanese (Taxus cuspidata) 402Yoco (Paullinia yoco) 303Yoke-elm (Carpinus betulus) 407Yopo tree (Anadenanthera peregrina) 292

Zebra 6Zebrafish (Danio [formerly Brachydanio] rerio) 91,

93male sex pheromone 174primer pheromone 206

Ziziphus spina-christi (see Christ’s thorn)Zone-to-zone projection in olfactory bulb 93






index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811074/06933/index/9781107406933_index… ·...

Documents

Transcript of index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811074/06933/index/9781107406933_index… ·...