Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805216/43801/index/9780521643801...art (craft)...

Index

Achinstein, Peter, 317acquired characteristics, heritability

of, 150, 223, 230, 283Adams, M., 257Adanson, Michel, 73, 75adaptation, 150–151, 179–180

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis on,200, 258–261

polymorphic, 258adaptationism, 268, 334, 336, 340,

342. See also ModernEvolutionary Synthesis,“hardening of the”

adaptive radiation, 168, 287,328

Adickes, E., 113–114affordances, 357. See also

psychology, ecological;Gibson, J. J.

Alberti, S., 228Alexander, Richard, 330–331Alexandria, 32, 33altruism. See cooperative behavior in

natureAmundson, Roald, 318, 350–351anagenesis, 257, 276, 277anatomy, comparative. See Cuvier, G.,

comparative anatomy;Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E.,comparative anatomy; Darwin,C., comparative anatomy

anthropic principle, 188

anthropology, as discipline, 323,327–328, 333, 352

physical, 334cultural, 333, 335

Appel, Toby, 128, 137, 148Aquinas, Thomas, 8, 39–60, 184–185argument from design, 98, 160, 164,

184, 188, 189, 191, 194–198,201. See also natural religion;natural theology

Ariew, André, 317–318Ariew, Roger, 38, 40, 44aristogenesis, 286Aristotle, xvi–xvii

art (craft) (technē), as contrastedwith nature by, 6–7

biological interests of, as startingpoint for inquiry, 11, 14, 35,306, 351

biological treatises, reception of, 42biology, view of as part of physics,

5, 32. See also Aristotle, physicscamel’s dentition, 24–25causes

kinds of, doctrine concerning,xvii, 6–7, 31, 36

final, 211–212, 313, 314chance, view of, 7–8change, doctrine of, xvii

substantial vs. accidental,distinction between, 47

character traits (ethē), 12

393

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394 Index

Aristotle (cont.)classification, views about, 18–19,

20, 71. See also classification,Aristotle on

borderline cases (dualizers), 19,22

dichotomous division, critique of,20–21

definition, conception of, 21explanation, relation to, 23formula of the essence (logosousias), as, 23

differences (predicated of animals)(diaphorai), 11

division (diaresis), view of, 15, 20essences, 21, 23, 25–26explanation, 22–23, 25–26first philosophy. See Aristotle,

theologyform (eidos)

individual, 31–32Platonic view of, 31specific, 27, 28substantial, 31unity of, in organisms, 29, 30

Generation of Animals, treatise on,22–26, 31, 95–96, 98

Generation and Corruption, treatiseon, 60

heavenly bodies as living beings, 10heredity, 29Hippocratics, comparison with and

relation to, 3–4, 29History of Animals, treatise on, 12,

15–22, 26, 33, 78life of, 1, 11logic, 26kinds (genē)

great, 15, 21–22lesser or least (“species”), 15,

291, 292–293, 301knowledge, conception of, 13–14,

21, 23, 31, 33. See alsoAristotle, scientific knowledge,criteria of

materialists, refutation of, 30matter, doctrine of, 41

prime, 41

mind, independence of, from body,8, 337

natural historian, 355nature, conception of, 6–8, 9

formal. See formmaterial, 23, 24, 28, 30

necessityabsolute (unconditional), 23–26hypothetical (conditional), 24,

27, 28, 30organisms, considered by, as

substances, 30, 31, 47Parts of Animals, treatise on, 12,

22–26, 31parts

of organic bodies, 11–12uniform, 27non-uniform, 27

Peripatetics, school of, 2, 33physics, conception of, 8, 10pneuma, conception of, 28psychology, moral, 17quantity, doctrine of, as category,

16realism of, 261reproduction, theory of, 13, 28scala naturae. See Great Chain of

Beingscientific knowledge (episteme),

criteria of, 32sensation, as incipiently cognitive,

13–14soul (psuchē) conception of, 8, 12,

30, 42species. See Aristotle, kinds, lesser

or leastspontaneity. See Aristotle, chance,

view ofspontaneous generation, 27stars and planets. See Aristotle,

heavenly bodies as living beingssubstance (ousia), criteria for, 5–6

functions of, for variousdimensions of life, 12–13

teleology, conception of. SeeAristotle, causes, final

theology (“first philosophy”), 6,15




Index 395

theory, orientation toward, 4–5traits, 16–18, 19

explananda, 17, 19, 24zoology, research program in, 9–10,

11Aristotelian tradition, xvi, 1, 35, 36,

38–39, 42, 45, 64, 71. See alsoScholasticism

matter-form relation in, 38–42matter, as principle of individuation

in, 40Arnauld, Antoine, 46

Babbage, Charles, 168Bacon, Francis, 174, 205–209Baldwin effect, 342Balfour, Francis, 226Balme, David, 12, 18, 21, 31–32,

72Barkow, Jerome, 339Barsani, Guido, 79Bates, Henry Walter, 222–223,

231Bateson, William, xix, 222, 226, 230,

236, 237, 238, 239, 240,241–242, 244

Bauhin, Caspar de, 60Beatty, John, 213, 265Bechtel, William, 316Beeckman, Isaac, 44Bell, Charles, 187Bentham, Jeremy, 186–187Berg, L. S., 231Bergson, Henri, 235Bernard, Claude, xviBerry, Wendell, 265Bigelow, John, 317biogenetic law. See recapitulationism;

Haeckel, E.bioinformatics, 361biology

autonomy of, as discipline (fromphysics), xv, 175, 355

developmental, 248, 280, 281, 282,286, 313, 347, 348. See alsoontogeny; genetics,developmental

evolutionary, 347, 348

laws in, as seen by nineteenth-century thinkers, 226

molecular, 308, 309, 310, 351, 355,361

central dogma of, 283, 345philosophy of, xx, xxi, 248–249,

273, 285, 286, 288, 290, 312,313, 324, 347, 348

technoscience, 345, 347, 348term, history of, xviii, 5, 122–123

biometricans, 222, 233–234,236–238, 260. See also Galton,W., Pearson, K., Weldon, W.

Blainville, Henry, 136–138blood, circulation of. See Descartes;

HarveyBloom, Paul, 341Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 92,

121–122, 123, 329epigenesis and, 121formative impulse (Bildungstrieb),

concept of, 121Handbook of Natural History,

122human beings

defining traits of, 325races of, 121, 324

Kant’s influence on, 122Linneaus, critiqued bymonogenism of, 324On the Formative Impulse (Über

den Bildungstrieb), 100, 121,122

On the Varieties of Human Kind(De Generis HumaniVarietate), 121

scala naturae, rejection of, 124,127, 161, 324. See also GreatChain of Being

Bonnet, Charles, 81, 83, 88, 96Boveri, Theodor, 243Bourguet, Louis, 84Bowler, Peter, 221, 226, 227Boyd, Richard, 301Boyle, Robert, 35, 63Brachet, Jean, 354–355, 356Brandon, Robert, 265, 273, 279,

314




396 Index

bricolage (evolutionary tinkering),262, 263. See also Jacob, F.,262

Bridgewater Treatises, 161, 164, 167,187, 189–191. See alsoBuckland, William; Bell,Charles; Prout, William; Roget,Peter; Whewell, William.

British Association for theAdvancement of Science(BAAS), 154–155, 214

Brocchi, Giovanni Battista, 197Brogniart, Alexandre, 134, 148,

158Browne, Janet, 203Büchner, Ludwig, 227, 271Buckland, William, 157, 159, 160,

163–164, 170, 179, 187, 190Buffon, Comte de (Georges-Louis

Leclerc)abstraction, dislike of, 69, 76, 85anthropocentrism of, 77anthropology, father of, 322–324,

325Aristotle, as inspiration for, 2, 66,

74, 78career of, 129classification. See classification,

Buffon oncontinuity of nature, 78. See also

Great Chain of Beingcosmogony, 66, 82, 90–91earth, history of, as cooling, 82,

90–91, 157, 169, 170empiricism of. See Buffon, facts,

stress onepigenesis, relation of views on

reproduction to, 83, 85, 87experiments of, 86. See also

Needham, J.Epochs of Nature, 82, 90facts, stress on, 65, 66–67, 68First Discourse, 68–69, 70, 76, 81forces, penetrating, 66, 89genus

definition of, 78, 81reality of, 70, 179

geology. See Buffon, earth historyHume, compared with, 68hypotheses, uses of, 87internal molds, doctrine of, xvii, 82,

86, 90knowledge, senses as leading to, 67landowner, 71Leibniz, relation to, 70–71, 88Linnaeus, criticisms of, xvi, xvii, 73,

324Locke, relation of his view to,

66–68, 70mechanism and, 66, 108monogenism of, 307, 324Natural History (L’histoire

naturelle), 83, 86natural history, method of, xvii, 15,

66, 71, 75–76, 83, 118, 160,324, 360

Newtonianism of, xvii, 64–66, 69,70, 202

organic molecules, theory of, xvii,70, 82, 84–89, 90, 96

philosophes, relations with, 88Plato, critical of, 66–67polygenism, view of, 313preformationism and, 83, 85, 87probability, mathematical theory of,

68“Proofs of the Theory of the Earth,”

90realism of, 71, 76“Second View,” 77, 81species

considerations on, 81definition of, 12, 66, 77, 79–80,

117, 291, 324degeneration of, 80, 81, 82extinction of, 80fixity of, 79–80, 82hybrids between, 81, 82reality of, 77, 81–82historical individuals as, xvii, 77,

79, 81Systéme de la nature, 84taxonomy. See classification, Buffon

on




Index 397

truth, mathematical vs. physical,xvii, 68–69, 70

Venus physique, essay of, 84vitalism, relationship to, xviii, 66,

71, 88–89, 306Buller, D., 317–318Burkhardt, Frederick, 192Burian, Richard, 243–244, 257,

354–355, 356, 360Butler, Bishop Joseph, 168Burnet, Thomas, 90, 159Büttner, David S., 18Büttner, Christian W., 18–19

Cain, A. J., 258Cambrian explosion, 276Canalization, 281. See also

Waddington, C. H.Canguilhem, Georges, 353Carus, Carl Gustav, 127catastrophism, xviii, 158, 161,

162–164Causality, “when-then” (mechanistic),

314Cavalli-Sforz, Luigi, 344cell theory. See cytologycentral dogma of molecular biology.

See biology, molecular, centraldogma of

Cesalpino, Andrea. See classification,Cesalpino on

Chambers, Robert, 177, 180, 182. Seealso Vestiges of Creation

Chagnon, Napoleon, 335Charig, A. J., 296Cheney, D. L., 356Chetverikoff, Sergei, 257, 259Chomsky, Noam, 340–341chromosomes, 223–224, 243Churchland, Paul, 338Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 160, 184cladistics. See classification, cladisticcladogenesis, 257, 276classification, 303–306

Adanson on, 73–74Aristotle on, 71. See also Aristotle,

classification, views about

Blumenbach on, 214Buffon on, xvii, 66, 74, 214, 324Cesalpino on, xvi, 71–72cladistic, xx, 277, 294–297, 303,

304, 306, 328synapomorphies in, 298“transformed,” 298–299

Cuvier on, 134, 135, 143, 214. Seealso classification, naturalsystem of

Darwin on, xix, 201, 213–214, 215,326

evolutionary approach to, 303,304–306. See alsoclassification, Mayr on,

evolutionary progress, as groundingsome theories of, 289

Geoffroy Saint Hilaire on, 143, 144,214

Linnaeus on, 19, 72–73, 144, 214,276

binomial system of, 19, 72–73,143, 144, 213–214, 298

hierarchical nature of systematicsof, 293

Mayr on, 267, 303, 304–306natural system of, 73, 134,

143–144. See alsoclassification, Cuvier on

phenetic approach to, 303–304, 306phylogenetic systematics. See

classification, cladisticRay, John, 73–74

Clifford, W. K., 236cloning, 345Coimbra, University of, 41consciousness, 336cooperation in nature, 269, 271Coleman, William, 134Cosmides, Leda, 339Correns, Carl, 239, 240creationism, 184Crick, Francis, 248, 266, 268, 272,

282, 283, 310, 312culture, as adaptive, 331–332Cummins, Robert, 316–317, 318,

319–320, 321




398 Index

Cuvier–Geoffroy debate. See Cuvier,Geoffroy, relations and debatewith; Geoffroy, Cuvier,relations and debate with

Cuvier, Georgesadaptationism of, 135, 151, 179Aristotle, influence of, xvi, 2, 19,

135, 137, 146–147, 211–212birds, on anatomy of, 145–146Buffon, view of, 323career of, 132catastrophism of, 146, 160,

162–163classification, on, See classification,

Cuviercomparative anatomy, xviii, 132,

133–134, 135, 136, 161–162,163

conditions of existence, concept of,128–129, 139–140, 163, 167,211, 284, 292. See alsoDarwin, conditions of existence

correlation of parts, 141–142creationism and, 136Descartes, influence of, 307, 323descent with modification, rejection

of, 136–138earth, history of, 157, 163, 169, 170“embranchements,” 136, 144–145,

181, 204, 225facts, relevance of, 134, 135final cause, and, 139–140, 313. See

also Cuvier, conditions ofexistence; Darwin, final causes

natural historian, 356Geoffroy, relations and debate with,

xviii, 133, 146, 292geology, views about. See Cuvier,

earth history ofHunter, John, admired by, 19Le Règne Animal, 128–131, 132,

143, 144Leçons d’Anatomie Comparée, 132opossum, 133, 146–147paleontology, researches in, 158,

163, 321. See also Brogniart,Alexandre

preformationism of, 142Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles,

132, 134, 136reputation of, xv, 128, 150, 153species

concept of, 291, 292, 301permanence of (fixism), 193specimens of, 135

subordination of characters,principle of, according to,141–142, 144

transformism, opposition to,147–148, 150, 321

vertebrates, comparative anatomyof, 145

cybernetics, 345cytology, 221, 243–244cytoplasmic inheritance, 254, 281

Daniel, Father, 47Darden, Lindley, 244Darlington, C. D., 281–282Darwin Centennial. See Darwin,

Origin of the Species,centennial of

Darwin, Charles, xixadaptationism of, 150, 196, 218,

221analogies. See Darwin, homology.

See also homology; Owen,Richard

anthropology (as views abouthuman evolution), xix, 207,220, 322, 325–326, 331

Aristotle, compared with, 211–212artificial selection, 198, 243Autobiography of, 207Bacon, influence of, 205, 207, 209Beagle, voyage on, 193, 212career of, 154, 193–194chance, 212classification, views about, See also

classification, Darwin onconditions of existence,

interpretation of, xviii,150–151, 208–211. See alsoCuvier




Index 399

Correspondence, 192Cuvier, influence of, xviii, 129, 141,

147–152, 208–211Cuvier–Geoffroy debate, responses

to, xvi, 129, 141, 146,150–153, 209–211

Darwin, Erasmus, influence of, 194,197

Descent of Man, xix, 207, 216,220, 221

descent with modification, 201,202, 221

divergence, principle of, 205–209embryology, as support for descent

with modification, 201emotions, interpretation of, 219Essay of 1944, 192evolution, use of term by, 217Expression of the Emotions in Man

and Animals, by, 217eye, vertebrate, 203–204final cause, 153, 208–212finches, “Darwin’s,” 197“Franciscan” view of, 192, 194,

197Galton, Francis, relation to,

231–232geographical distribution, 202, 326.

See also adaptive radiationGrant, Robert, relations with, 178,

194, 197Gray, Asa, correspondence withGreat Chain of Being, rejection of,

326Haeckel, Ernst, relations with, 226,

229Herschel, John, influence of his

method on, 200, 202–203,258–259

higher and lower kinds, reluctanceto characterize as, 107

homologies, interpretation of, 215Hooker, Joseph, relation with, 213human evolution. See Darwin,

anthropologyHumboldt, Alexander, influence of,

195–198

Hume, possible influence of,197–198

Huxley, Thomas, interactions with,208

hypotheses and theories, distinctionbetween of, 198, 219. See alsoGayon, Jean

inheritance of acquiredcharacteristics, 194, 230

Jenkin, Fleeming, challenges posedby, 234

Lamarck, viewed by, 194“life-long generation theorist,”

197Linnaeus, viewed by, 213Lyell, relationship with, xvii,

165–166, 195, 196, 207, 214M and N Notebooks of, xix, 216Marginalia, 192Malthus, influence of, 198, 199,

257materialism and, 216, 226, 337Mendel, Gregor, possible influence

of, 240mimicry, 222moral sense, 217morphology, as support for descent

with modification, 201On the Origin of Species, xix, 129,

207, 210, 212–213, 227centennial celebration of

publication of, 287, 331–332,334

“Ornithological Notes” of, 196Natural Selection (“Big Species

Book”), 129, 130, 199, 210natural historian, as self-described,

195natural selection

concept of, xix, 195, 198, 199,201, 202, 211, 222

conditions of existence derivedfrom, 152

descent with modification,relationship to, 202, 203, 215

power of, 206, 207, 227qualifications on, 218, 221




400 Index

Darwin, Charles (cont.)“Natura non facit saltum,”

(“Nature does not makeleaps”), view of maxim by,206, 326

“Newton of a blade of grass,” xvNotebooks. See Darwin, M and N

Notebooks; Darwin,Transmutation Notebooks

origin of life, speculations on,215

Owen, relations with, 153, 211,215, 281. See also Owen,Richard

paleontology, 201, 321Paley, view of, 187, 194–195pangenesis, theory of, 29, 219, 223,

227, 232recapitulationism, view of, 182rudimentary organs, as support for

descent with modification,201

sketch of 1842, 192sexual selection, theory of, 217,

218–219social attitudes of, 219species

concept of, 212–213, 292mutability of. See Darwin,

transmutationreality of, xix, 255

Species Book, 192teleology, 151, 153, 210, 313. See

also Darwin, final causetheory, importance of, in empirical

research according to, 203–207transformism of. See Darwin,

transmutation; Darwin,evolution

transmutation, 91, 152, 196–197sexual theory of, 197species senescence theory of, 197.See also Brocchi, G. B.

Transmutation Notebooks, of,146–147, 192–193, 208, 210

unity of type, as explained by unityof descent by, xviii, 215

Variation in Animals and Plants,198–215, 219, 232

variation, views about, 202, 212,224

Vestiges of Creation, reaction to,181, 183–184, 198, 207

Whewell, William, view of, 183,205, 207

Wallace, Alfred, relationship with,199

works of, surveyed, 192–193Darwin, Emma, 181, 198, 208Darwin, Erasmus, 194Darwin, Francis, 192Darwin, George, 234Darwin Research Archives (DAR), 192Darwinism

anthropology, approach to subjectof, 336

“eclipse of,” 221, 247eugenics and, 249, 329genetic, 268, 270, 273“pseudo,” 226, 227Linnaean classification, consistency

with, 213materialism, tendency toward, 336Mendelism, relationship to,

245–246. See also Mendel, asopposed to Darwinism

“neo-”, 224, 268“population thinking” in, 234. See

also Mayr, Ernst, populationthinking of

progress, evolutionary, views about,289

racism and, 326statistical, 233, 237. See also

heredity, statistical methods forstudy of

“ultra,” 224, 335, 336, 346Daston, Lorraire, 130Daubenton, Jean-Marie-Louis, 75,

129, 131Davenport, Charles, 329Dawkins, Richard, 270, 272, 275,

282, 309, 338Deacon, Terrence, 342




Index 401

Dear, Peter, 44De Beer, Gavin, 281De Candolle, Augustin, 167De Lisi, Charles, 343demes, 252Demetrius of Phaleron, 33Democritus, 29, 30, 108, 109, 112,

311, 313Dennett, Daniel, 336, 338, 339, 342,

346Depew, David, 319De Queiroz, Kevin, 302Descartes, René

Aristotelian tradition, schooled in,39, 42–46, 60, 64

automata, animals as, xvii, 8, 37,46–47, 48, 49–50, 99, 195

bête-machine. See Descartes,automata, animals as

biology, interest in, xvi, 46causes, doctrine of, 36–37circulation of blood, theory of, xvii,

38, 53Description of the Human Body, by,

53, 55, 58Discourse on Method, 43, 48, 55,

69doubt, methodological, 44–46“form,” usage of, 40–41, 45God, existence and attributes of,

45Harvey, response to, xvi, 53–57heart, motion of, according to, xvii,

53–57Jesuits, relations with, 39–42, 47matter, considered as res extensa by,

36, 40–41mechanism, commitment to, xv,

xvii, 1, 35–36, 37–38, 45, 53,59, 109, 185, 195, 306

Meditations, 43–46Objections to, 35, 43, 46, 48

method of, 57–58. See alsoDescartes, doubt,methodological

mind, relationship with matter, 8,45, 48, 337, 338, 339

motion, conception of as change ofplace, xvii, 48

physics, mathematical conceptionof, 36–37, 46

Principles of Philosophy, 43Recherche de la verité, 43reductionism of. See Descartes,

mechanism ofsensation, conception of by, 46soul, on. See Descartes, mind,

relationship with matterWorld, unpublished treatise by, 37,

53, 55Des Chene, D., 41Desmond, Adrian, 194developmental biology. See biology,

developmental; see also genes,developmental; “evo-devo”;ontogeny; embryology

Developmental Systems Theory, 285developmental programs, 285De Vries, Hugo, xix, 223, 238–239,

240, 241, 242, 249, 261, 279Dewey, John, 337–338Diderot, Denis, 81, 88Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 207, 247,

286–288, 346adaptationism of, 258–259balancing selection, theory of,

devised by, 200, 254, 258–259,330–331

chance and necessity, 261eugenics, 330–331evolution, definition of, 255,

308–309gene-culture relationship according

to, 332, 333genes-traits relationship according

to, 254Genetics and the Origin of Species,

by, 253–256, 261heritability, 254heterozygote superiority

(“heterosis”), interest in, 259hominids, 327Jesup Lectures, delivered by, 248,

253




402 Index

Dobzhansky, Theodosius (cont.)macroevolution, as viewed by, 257,

276Mankind Evolving, 327, 328Mayr, Ernst, relations with, 256Modern Evolutionary Synthesis,

contributions to, xix, 253–257.See also Modern EvolutionarySynthesis

molecular genetics, response to, 283natural selection, 255, 271population genetics, views about,

253progress, evolutionary, views of,

287–288reductionism, 307–308, 311speciation, 255species

definition of, 255–256reality of, 255

theological views of, 259units of selection, 278variation, genetic, views about,

253–254, 259, 280, 331–340,344

Wright, Sewall, relationship with,253

Dortous de Mairan, Jean Jacques, 90Driesch, Hans, 307, 323Dufay, Charles, 356Dulbecco, Renato, 343Dunn, Leslie, 274Duns Scotus, 32, 39Dupleix, Scipion, 40Dupré, John, 301, 302, 311

ecology, 94, 225behavioral, 356

Eimer, Theodor, 230–231Eldredge, Niles, 258, 276–279, 280eliminative materialism. See

materialism, eliminative“emboı̂tment.” See preformationismembranchement. See Cuvierembryology, 244, 280–281. See also

biology, developmental;ontogeny

Empedocles, 29–30, 147Ent, George, 39, 60, 62environments. See ecology; perception,

ecological theory ofEpicurus, 108epigenesis, xvi, 83, 95, 96–97, 281,

285. See also ontogenyepistemology, evolutionary, 349Erasistratus, 32–33Ereshefsky, Mark, 293–297essentialism, 234ethology, as model for philosophy of

science, 352, 356eugenics, 232–233, 235, 237, 260,

329, 331, 334Eustance of St. Paul, 40“evo-devo,” 285. See also genetics,

developmentalevolution, 83, 217

development and. See “evo-devo”human, 322progress in, 286–289

Evolution (journal), 259evolutionary forces. See genetic drift;

migration; mutation; naturalselection

evolutionary psychology (“EP”),339–340, 342

evolutionary synthesis. See ModernEvolutionary Synthesis

Fabricius of Aquapendente, 57falsification. See Popper, Karlfatalism. See Spinoza, BenedictFeuerbach, Ludwig, 227Filipchenko, I. A., 257Fisch, M., 176, 189Fisher, Ronald A., 238, 247, 270, 308,

345adaptationism of, 275chance and necessity in evolution,

viewed by, 261eugenics of, 254, 260, 329–330genetic drift, view of, 258mutations, 249Wright, Sewall, relations with, 250,

251–252, 272–273




Index 403

fitnesscomponents of, 280context-dependence of, 309definition of, 262–263, 272,

274–275expected, 263frequency-dependence of, 251inclusive, 269, 270, 333, 335tautology of, 262, 263, 267

Fitzroy, Robert, 155, 195Fleck, Ludwig, 353, 355Fodor, Jerry, 338, 342Ford, E. B, 258, 287Forster, Georg, 124–125fossils, 156–158. See also geologyFrede, Michael, 32frequency dependence. See fitness,

frequency dependence ofFromondus, Libetus (Froimont), 35,

63Fuchs, T., 63functions, conceptual analysis of, xx.

See also Cummins, Robert;teleology; Wright, Larry

causal role (CR) account of, xx,316, 317, 318. See alsoCummins, Robert

etiological account of. Seefunctions, conceptual analysisof; selected effect (SE) accountof; see also Wright, Larry

selected effect (SE) account of, xx,315–316, 317, 318, 319, 320,321. See also Wright, Larry

“proper effects” view. See functions,conceptual analysis of; selectedeffect (SE) account of

role-in-a-system view. See functions,concepual analysis of, causalrole (CR) account of. See alsoCummins, Robert

genomics, role of, 321paleontolological inferences, role of,

321

Gaertner, C. F., 240Galen, 34, 36, 39–53, 59, 60

Galilei, Galileo, 44Galton, Francis, xix, 222, 231–236,

237, 238, 242, 245eugenics and, 233, 260, 329“law of ancestral heredity” of, 233,

234, 236. See also Pearson, K.Garber, D., 38Garland, M., 187Gassendi, Pierre, 35, 63Gayon, Jean, 81, 198, 219, 234, 236,

245, 246gene

action vs. activation, 283–284, 285duplication, 284flow, 250, 252mapping, 284sequencing, 284, 343–344therapy, 333–335

genes, 223, 243, 361developmental, 347. See also

biology, developmental;“evo-devo”

“developmental resources,”347

Hox, 284Pax-6, 284–286selfish, 270–272, 275, 286, 346,

347structural vs. regulatory, 284,

285gene-culture relationship, 332–333,

334–335genetic

determinism, 313, 334drift, 250, 252, 258medicine, 345, 346

genetics, 236developmental, 281, 285Mendelian, 245–246, 247, 286molecular, 244, 272, 282, 283,

312–313, 345population, 249–251, 264, 266,

280, 285, 330, 339, 347transmission, 241–242, 244

genic selectionism. See units ofselection, genes

genome, 272–273




404 Index

genomics, functional, 321genotype, 242. See also

phenotype/genotyperelationship

Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Etienne, xviibalance of parts, 141, 142career of, 130–132classification. See classification,

Geoffroy Saint Hilaire oncomparative anatomy, method of,

137, 138, 141, 148, 360connection, the principle of,

141–142crocodiles of Caen, 148–149, 292Cuvier, relations and debate with,

xvi, xviii, 128, 136, 143epigeneticism of, 142–143hyloid bone of monkey, 142influence in Britain of, 153,

177–178, 180, 194“Newton of a blade of grass,” xvPhilosophie anatomique, 131–132,

137, 138“Principles of Zoological

Philosophy,” 132, 148transmutationism, views of, 141,

146, 148–149unity of composition (unity of

plan), conception of, xviii, 128,138, 140, 148, 150, 284

Geological Society (London), 154,155, 207

geologyhistory of, xviii, 156–158fossil record and, 156–158religion, relation to, 158–159,

160–161Gesellschaft Deutscher Natürforscher

und Ärtze, 155Ghiselin, Michael, 300, 301Gibson, E. J., 357Gibson, J. J., 356–358, 360Gilbert, Walter, 344Gilmour, J. S. L, 299Gilson, Etienne, 43, 47Girtanner, Christoph, 125–126Godfrey-Smith, Peter, 317, 318

Goethe, Johann, 126Goldschmidt, Richard, 249, 257, 281,

282Goodwin, Brian, 293Gordon, Deborah, 353Gotthelf, Allan, 2–25Göttingen, University of, xviii, 121,

122–123, 124, 127, 161,325

Gould, John, 196, 213Gould, Stephen Jay, 225, 229,

276–279, 280, 288, 334, 341.See also punctuated equilibrium

Grant, Robert, 128, 177, 178, 194Great Chain of Being (scala naturae),

14, 15, 19, 34, 79, 161–162,214, 324, 326

Gray, Asa, 199, 210Grene, Marjorie, 38, 40, 44–45, 54,

263, 279Griesemer, James, 311Griffin, Donald, 356Griffiths, Paul, 273, 301, 312Guyer, Paul, 104

Haeckel, Ernst, xix, 217, 224,225–226, 227, 228–229, 230

Haldane, J. B. S., 247, 249, 269, 270Hales, Alexander, 65, 66–67Haller, Albrecht von, 63, 83, 88, 96,

121, 307Hamilton, William D., 269–270, 275,

334Hanov, Michel Christoph, 123haplodiploidy, 270“hardening of the synthesis.” See

Modern EvolutionarySynthesis, “hardening” of;adaptationism

Hardy, G. H, 245Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Law,

245, 250–251, 264, 265, 283Haüy, René-Just, 131, 141Harvey, William, xvi, 54–56

astronomy, as viewed by, 60–62Aristotelianism of, xvi, 2, 38,

59–60, 62, 63




Index 405

blood circulation, theory of, 38–39,53

De Generatione, 60De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of

the Heart), 53, 56education of, 57epigenesis and, 79–80, 96heart, motion of, according to, xvii,

32, 58physiology, methodological view

of, 57teleologist, 59–60vitalism of, 306

Hatfield, Gary, 123Hattab, Helen, 36heart, motion of. See Descartes, R;

Harvey, W.Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 104,

126, 227Hempel, Carl, 317Hennig, Willi, xx, 294–297, 298,

303Henslow, John, 154, 193Herder, Johann, 106, 108–109, 112,

117, 119–120, 121, 126, 127heredity, laws of, 209, 223, 231–232,

234, 240–241. See alsoMendel, laws of

statistical methods for study of,233–234, 236

Herophilus, 32–33Herrnstein, Richard, 335Herschel, John, 155

Darwin, influenced by, 200empiricism of, 176, 182, 188laws of nature, conception of, 169Lyell, influence of, 168, 170, 172natural selection, misunderstanding

of, 260Prelimininary Discourse, 155,

161species creation, view of, 168uniformitarianism of, 169, 170vera causa (“true cause” principle,

xviii, 169–170, 202Whewell, relationship with, 172,

175–176, 183

heterozygote superiority (heterosis),259

Heyne, Christian Gottlof, 123Hippocratics, 2–4. See also Aristotle,

Hippocratics, comparison withand relation to

Hirschmann, David, 316Hobbes, Thomas, 45, 352, 354Hodge, M. S. J., 91, 165–166, 183,

192, 194–195, 196, 197,200–201, 219

Hölderlin, 126hominids, 327–328, 338homology, 131, 137, 140, 215Hooke, Robert, 358Hooker, Joseph, 198, 209, 213, 216house mouse, t allele in, 274Hull, David, 271, 288–289, 296, 300,

301, 312, 349–351Human Genome Diversity Program,

344Human Genome Project, xxi, 284,

313, 322, 343–347Humboldt, Alexander, 123, 195human beings (homo sapiens sapiens)

evolution of, xx, 327, 328nature of, xx, 335–336races of, 116, 324. See also

Blumenbach, Johann, humanspecies, on races of; Kant,Immanuel, human species, onraces of

unity of, as single species. Seemonogenism

Hume, DavidDarwin and, 197–198design argument, opposition to, 68,

98, 109, 171, 180–185, 189,237

Dialogues Concerning NaturalReligion by, 184–185

Paley, attitude toward, 186skepticism of, 93

Hunter, John, 2, 19Hurlbutt, R., 186Hurley, Lucille, 311–312Hutchinson, G. E., 279




406 Index

Hutton, James, 164–165Huxley, Julian, 217, 221, 247, 258,

280, 287, 288Huxley, Thomas, 147–152, 208, 209,

216, 228, 229, 247, 307, 326Huygens, Christian, 35Hyatt, Alpheus, 230, 231hybridization. See Mendel, lawshylomorphism. See Aristotelian

tradition, matter-formrelationship

hylozooism. See Herder, Johann

inclusive fitness. See fitness, inclusiveinheritance, laws of. See heredity, laws

of. See also Mendel, lawsintentional stance. See Dennett, Danielinteractors. See replicator/interactor

distinction

Jachmann, Johann, 125Jacob, François, 283–284, 315James, William, 337Jameson, Robert, 163, 170, 190Jena, University of, 126, 127Jenkin, Fleeming, 234Johannsen, W. L., 223, 242–243Jukes, Thomas, 272Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de, 129,

144“Just So Stories,” 334

Kaestner, Abraham Gotthelf, 123Kant, Immanuel

anthropology, conception of, 307,323

antinomiesdefinition of, 111teleological judgment, 111,

112–113, 114, 122argument from design, response to,

98–100, 103, 185, 189biological science

influence on, 92method in, views of, 116limits of, according to, 126–127

Blumenbach, relations with, 92,121–122

Buffon, view of, 96, 117causality

conception of, 93–94, 97, 107teleology and, 94

contingency, 115“Critique of Aesthetic Judgment,”

aims of, 101Critique of Judgment, 92, 106, 114,

116, 125, 128–129Critique of Pure Reason (“first

critique”), 25–26, 98, 110, 115“Critique of Teleological

Judgment,” 98, 100, 102, 106,111, 118

critical philosophy of, 92–93epigenesis and preformation, views

about, 95, 96–97, 120explanation, doctrine of, 107Herder, relations with, 106, 108,

118, 119–120Hume, responses to, 93, 95–96, 98,

109human species, on the

races of, 116, 119–120unity of. See Kant, monogenism

ofideas (of Reason)

regulative, 105, 107, 110, 114pragmatic, 107

intuitions, 115judgments

determinate vs. reflective, 105,112, 114

perceptual, 360knowledge, scientific, on, 110Leibniz, response to of, 95Linnaeus, response to, 117, 324materialism, opposed by, 120matter, conception of, according to,

93, 109“mechanism,” use of term by, 107Metaphysical Principles of Natural

Science, 97monogenism of, 116, 119, 324morality, 104, 217natural history vs. natural

description, distinction drawnby, 117–118, 119, 125




Index 407

natural purposes, doctrine of, xv,xviii, 94, 97–98, 102–108, 112,115, 116, 122. See also Kant,organisms on

“Newton of a blade of grass,” onthe idea of, xv, 125, 134

On the Use of TeleologicalPrinciples in Philosophy, 125

ontogeny, 94–95, 285Opus postumum, 107, 113–114,

126organisms. See also Kant, natural

purposes.causes and effects of, 89, 94, 99artefacts, relationship to, 97–100,

102parts of, as mutually causative of,

94, 103physico-theological proof. See Kant,

argument from design,response to

polygenism, opposition of, 117predispositions (Anlagen), doctrine

of, according to, 96, 119, 120preformationism. See Kant,

epigenesis and preformationProlegomena to Any Future

Metaphysics, 102purposiveness (Zweckmässigkeit),

conception of, according to,xviii, 100–101, 102

races of human beingsracism, accused of, 119reductionism, 92“Second Analogy,” 93–94, 98, 107.

See also Kant, causalityself-formative force, conception of,

99–100. See also Blumenbach,self-formative force; influenceon Kant of

self-organization, on developmentas, 100

species, concept of, according to,118, 125

supersensible, 114, 115teleology, 92, 101, 120

external vs. internal, 106, 108,112

universal (or global), 59, 105,106

theism and, 109teleological maxim (“Nature does

nothing in vain”), 105vitalism and, 89

Kielmayer, Carol Friedrich,123

Kimura, Motoo, 271–272King, Jack, 272Kingsolver, J., 318kin selection. See natural selection, kin

selection as form ofKitcher, Philip, 317Knox, Robert, 177, 178Koehl, M., 318, 319–321Koelreuter, J. G., 240Köhler, W., 357Kohn, David, 152, 193, 196, 208–209Kripke, Saul, 176

lac operon, 284. See also Jacob, F.La Caze, Louis de, 88, 89La Flèche, 41Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, xvi, 129

acquired characteristics, inheritanceof, according to, 150, 230

adaptationism of, 151biology, origins of term and, 123,

149classification. See classification,

Lamarck onextinction, view of, 150, 177influence in Britain of, xviii, 146,

153, 178–179, 180–182materialism of, 178–179progress, evolutionary, doctrine of,

333scientific interests of, 149spontaneous generation, on, 150transformism of, xviii, 146, 148,

177, 194language, evolution of, xxi, 340–343Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de,

134, 135Latour, Bruno, 354Latreille, Pierre-André, 144Lauden, Rachel, 157, 175




408 Index

Lauder, George, 318, 320Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 134,

149law(s) of nature

biological, 263Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

formula as, 264Newton’s, 265Mendel’s laws as, 264, 265–266.

See also Mendel, laws ofLeclerc, Georges-Louis. See Buffon,

Comte deLe Guyader, H., 128Le Matieu, D., 186Leuwenhoek, Anton van, 358Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 32,

70–71, 78, 88, 95–96, 98Lennox, James, 9, 12levels of selection. See natural

selection, levels ofLeucippus, 311Lewontin, Richard, 254, 272,

274Link, Friedrich, 123Link, Henrich, xviLinnaeus [Linné], Carolus, 72–74. See

also classification, Linnaeus onessentialism of, 73genus, as fundamental reality, 77,

291habitus, 73Homo, classification of, 117,

324–325Linnean Society (London), 154Lloyd, Elizabeth, 265Locke, John, 64, 66–68, 74–78, 85,

172, 299, 339, 343Loeb, Jacqueslogical empiricism, 262, 263, 264,

266, 283, 290, 347, 348logical positivism. See logical

empiricismLovelace, Ada, 181Löw, Reinhard, 113–114Lumsden, Charles, 334Lyell, Charles

actualism of, 164, 168, 172, 200

adaptation, view of, 179, 196. Seealso Lyell, preadaptation

argument from design, view of, 161,190–191

Babbage, Charles, relationship with,168

Cuvier, views about, 163cyclicalism of, 157, 164–165, 172Darwin, influenced by, 154–155,

165–166, 193, 195, 200, 207Darwin, views of, 178, 195, 196,

214, 217extinction, 167–168geology, methodology of, 161–162,

163, 164, 165, 166–167, 188gradualism of, 164–165, 172,

276Hershell, influence of, 168, 200Hutton, relationship of his work to,

165Jameson, view of, 163Lamarck, 196paleontology, 181preadaptation, 32–33, 167, 168reputation of, 154–155, 157Principles of Geology, 91, 162uniformitarianism of, 162, 164species, creation of, 167–168, 278“vera causa” (“true cause”)

principle and, 167, 200,258–261

Tertiary, divisions of, according to,158, 181

transmutation, resistance to, 168,178–180, 195, 196

Mach, Ernst, 236, 246, 351, 358macroevolution, xix, 257, 276, 278,

279, 285Malesherbes, C. G., 64Malthus, Thomas, 198, 199, 201,

209Marsh, Othniel, 229, 230materialism, 179, 188, 216, 226–227,

228British view of, 179eliminative, 338




Index 409

Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Morean de,81, 84

Mayden, R., 297Mayr, Ernst, 247, 256, 287, 302

autonomy of biology, support for,265–266, 308, 311

adaptationism of, 258–259biological species concept (BSC)

proposed by, xx, 256–257,267, 293–294, 297, 299, 306.See also species, conceptions of

classification, approach to. Seeclassification, Mayr on, 267,303, 304

Darwin’s work, viewed by, 151, 260Dobzhansky, relationship to, 253,

256–257fitness, defense of relativity of, 309“genetic revolutions,” 276, 282human evolution, 328natural history, view of evolutionary

biology as, 266–267natural selection, viewed by as

“two-step process, 308macroevolution, view of about, 257Modern Evolutionary Synthesis,

contributions to, xix, 256–257,280

“population thinking,”development of idea of, 267,293. See also Darwinism,“population thinking” in

progress, evolutionary, viewed by,288

reductionism. See Mayr, autonomyof biology, support for

speciation, theory of, developed by,277, 278

teleonomy and, 315units of selection problem, 271,

278, 308McCullough, John, 209McFarland, J., 113McLaughlin, Peter, 90, 107, 317mechanism in biology, origins in

Alexandria, 32–33, 35–36. Seealso Erasistratus; Herophilus

meiotic drive, 274Meier, Rudolf, 297Mendel, Gregor, xix

germ cells, 243laws of (hybridization), 240–241,

245, 250, 265, 274, 283rediscovery of, xix, 222, 223,

236, 237, 239–240“Versuche über Planzenhybriden,”

240–241Mendelism, 226, 233, 245, 249

Darwinism, as opposed to, in earlytwentieth century, 247, 249,260

Menkel, Johann Friedrich, 123Mersenne, Mari 37migration, 252Mill, John Stuart, 176, 202, 237Millikan, Ruth, 317Milne Edwards, Henri, 206mimicry, 222–223, 231, 309. See also

Bates, W. H; Muller, F.mind, evolution of, as adaptation, xxi,

336, 338, 339, 341Mishler, Brent, 298, 299Mitchell, Sandra, 265models, role of, in scientific theorizing,

266Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, xix,

221, 224, 233, 246, 248, 257,268, 275, 286, 290, 341

adaptation, concept of, in the,261

autonomy of biology from physics,approach to, of the, 264

chance and necessity in evolution,approach to, of the, 76, 261

Darwin’s view, compared with,260

definition of, 247–248, 249developmental biology and,

280–281, 282eugenics and, 330“expansion of,” 275, 278–279formation of, 267“hardening of the,” 258, 261heirarchical thinking in, 272, 279




410 Index

Modern Evolutionary (cont.)natural selection, central place of,

in, 260, 261, 267, 268molecular biology and the, 283philosophical implications of the,

248–249principles of the, 250–251progress, evolutionary, approach to,

by the, 287, 328–329speciation, 276, 279value-neutral science, 259, 331unifying biological disciplines, xix,

260, 280units of selection and, 268. See also

natural selection, units ofmolecular biology. See biology,

molecularmolecular clock, 272Monod, Jacques, 284, 313monogenism, 116, 322, 324, 328. See

also polygenismMontaigne, Michel de, 51, 160Montpellier, University of, 89, 123morality, as adaptation, 334More, Henry, 46Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 244, 253,

259, 280, 283Müller, Fritz, 223, 225, 227Muller, H. G., 254, 261, 330Murchison, Roderick, 157Murray, Charles, 335Murray, Jeffrey, 344Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris),

xvi, xviii, 128, 129, 130,153

mutability of species. See evolution;transformism; transmutation

mutation, 222, 233, 252, 261pressure, 250, 252

Nagel, Ernest, 310, 312, 317Nagel, Thomas, 356Nägeli, K., 240narrative, role of in evolutionary

science, 267, 268National Institutes of Health (USA),

343

natural religion, 160natural selection, 151, 202, 227, 287.

See also Darwinism, genetic;Modern EvolutionarySynthesis

all-powerful, 310. See alsoWeismann, Friedrich

balancing, 281, 282. See alsoDobzhansky, balancingselection

chance and, 260evolutionary force, 252kin selection, as form of, 269, 270,

271, 333levels of, 272, 273, 275, 278model for history of science,

349–351. See also Hull, David;Amundson, Roald

negative (as eliminating the unfit),279

normalizing, 282optimizing, as, 285unit(s) of, 268. See also natural

selection, levels ofclades as, 309demes as. See Wright, Sewall,

shifting balance theory ofgenic, 268, 269, 270, 272–274,

275, 284, 286, 331–340genome as, 272–273groups as, 269, 273–275, 278,

280, 309individuals as (organismic

selection), 268, 278interdemic, 200, 258–259organismic. See natural selection,

units of, individuals as speciesas, 278–279, 309

stabilizing, 282statistical methods in study of,

236tautology problem and. See fitness,

tautology ofteleology and, 314–315

natural theology, xix, 161. See alsoargument from design; naturalreligion




Index 411

nature-nurture debate, xxi, 322, 335.See also gene-cultureinteraction

Naturphilosophie, 229Needham, John Turbervill 85“neo-Darwinism.” See Darwinism,

genetic; Darwinism, “neo”;Weismann, Friedrich

Newton, Isaac, xv, 69, 167, 168, 202,234, 351

neutral theory of protein evolution,271–272

niche, concept of, 292nomogenesis, 286non-Darwinian evolution. See neutral

theory of protein evolution

Ockham, William (Ockham’s razor),105

Oken, Lorenz, 127Olby, Robert, 240–241ontogeny, 94–95, 225, 287. See also

biology, developmentalorganic molecules. See Buffon, Comte

de, organic moleculesorigin of life, problem of, 310orthogenesis, 230, 231, 313Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 231Owen, Richard

archetype, 134argument from design and, 161Aristotle, admired by, 2, 19“British Cuvier,” reputation as the,

180Darwin, relationship with, 207homology, 215Hunterian Lectures, 19, 146–147,

193On the Nature of Limbs, 198–215transmutation, views about, 147,

148, 193, 197, 214unity of form, 211Vestiges of Creation, 180–181

Oxford Movement, 187

Padua, University of, 42Pagel, Walter, 61

paleontology, xix, 136, 176, 231, 260,320–321

Paley, William, xix, 160, 172,184–187, 188, 194–195, 197,204–205. See also argumentfrom design; natural theology

pangenesis. See Darwin, pangenesis,theory of

pangens, 238–239, 243. See alsoDe Vries, Hugo

Pantin, C. F. A., 147Paracelsus, 324Park, Katherine, 130Pargetter, Robert, 317–318Pasteur, Louis, xviPearson, Karl, xix, 234, 236–238,

246Peirce, Charles Sanders, 176perception, ecological theory of,

357–358. See also Gibson, J. J.;language, evolution of;philosophy of science

Peripatetics. See Aristotle, school of;Aristotelian tradition

phenomenalism, 236–237, 357–358phenotype-genotype relationship, 242,

270, 272, 282, 309Phillips, John, 157philosophy of biology. See biology,

philosophy of, as disciplinephilosophy of science, xxi, 290, 310,

348phylogenetic systematics, xx,

294–297. See alsoclassification, cladistic; species,phylogenetic concept of

phylogeny, 225, 229–230, 277, 285,289

Pinker, Steven, 341, 342Pittendrigh, Colin, 315Piveteau, Jean, 74–78Playfair, William, 165, 166Platnik, Norman, 298–299Plato, 20, 184Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatus

(Plemp), 19, 53–58Pliny, 15, 19, 74, 118




412 Index

Pluche, Abbé Nöel, 160Pollot, Alphonse, 49, 51Polanyi, Michael, 358polygenism, 117. See also

monogenismpolyp, regeneration of the, 83, 85, 96,

121. See also Trembley,Abraham

polyploidy, 254Popper, Karl, 262Porter, Duncan, 152, 192pragmatism, 107preadaptation. See Lyell, Charles,

preadapationpreformationism, xvi, xvii, 84–85,

95“animalculists” (“spermists”), as

school of, 83“ovists,” as school of, 83“emboı̂tment” (encasement), as

account of, 85progress, evolutionary. See evolution,

progress inproteomics, 347Prout, William, 187Ptolemy I, 33punctuated equilibrium, theory of,

258, 276–280. See alsoEldredge, Niles; Gould,Stephen Jay

Putnam, Hilary, 176psychology, ecological, . See also

perception, ecological theoryof; Gibson, J. J.; Gibson, E. J.

Quetelet, A., 234Quinn, Frank, 358

races, human. See human beings, asspecies, races of

Ray, John, 73, 135, 156, 159realism, scientific, 312, 325, 351,

358recapitulationism, xix, 146–147, 180,

181, 182, 215, 224–226, 230,231, 287, 330, 339

Red Queen hypothesis, 251

reducibilityof biology to physics, xx, 249, 283,

291, 306, 310of Mendelian to molecular biology,

312, 313of science to sociology, 354

reductionismontological, 311methodological, 311–312theoretical, 311, 312Rosenberg, Alexander, on, 312Schaffner, Kenneth, on, 312–321

Regius, Henricus (Henri de Roi), 62Reid, Thomas, 202Reinhold, Karl, 125Religion, natural, 159–160. See also

argument from design; naturaltheology

Rensch, Bernard, 257replicator/interactor distinction, 271,

275reverse engineering, 262Rey, Roseleyne, 88, 89Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg, 82, 355, 360Richards, Robert, 124Richardson, Robert, 316Rivinus, 72, 74Roe, Shirley, 85Roger, Jacques, 66, 69, 84, 88, 89, 160Roger, Peter Mark, 187Rohault, Jacques, 50, 51Rosenberg, Alexander, 264, 312, 349Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 318, 324Roux, William, 307Royal Society (London), 156Rudwick, Martin, 134, 156–157, 164,

228, 320–321Rupke, Nicholas, 147Ruse, Michael, 172, 183, 189, 200,

265, 334

Sahlins, Marshall, 333Salthé, Stanley, 279Sarkar, Sahotra, 313saurians (dinosaurs), p. 158scala naturae. See Great Chain of

Being




Index 413

Schaffner, Kenneth, 312, 349Scholasticism. See Aristotelian

traditionSchelling, Friedrich, 104, 126–127Schleiden, Matthias, 243Schmalhausen, I. I., 281, 282Schwann, Theodor, 243Seafarth, R. M, 356secondary causes, 177Secord, James A., 161, 181, 182Sedgwick, Adam, 157, 163, 164,

172–190, 193, 226Vestiges of Creation, review of,

181–182, 198Darwin, relations with, 154, 195,

200, 207, 272Paley, opposition to, 187

Segerstrale, Ullica, 334selection pressure, 250selfish genes. See genes, selfishsemantic view of theories, 256, 265“Sewall Wright effect.” See genetic

driftShapin, Steven, 354“shifting balance” theory. See Wright,

Sewall, shifting balance theorysickle cell anemia, 330–331, 333Simpson, George G., 247, 248, 256,

276, 297Dobzhansky, influence of, 230, 253evolutionary species concept of,

294, 297macroevolution, view of, 257, 276Modern Evolutionary Synthesis,

contributions to, 257, 258natural selection, rates of according

to, 257philosophical views of, 259progress, evolutionary, view of, 288“quantum evolution,” notion of,

199, 257, 276–277, 282reductionism, viewed by, 308, 311speciation, 278Tempo and Mode in Evolution,

257–258units of selection, 278

Sinsheimer, Robert, 343, 344

Sober, Elliott, 262–263, 274–275,292, 312

social constructivism, as view ofscientific activity, 352, 354–355

Social Darwinism. See Spencer, HerbertSocial insects, 269. See also

cooperation in nature.Society for the Diffusion of Useful

Knowledge, 155sociobiology, 267, 333, 334–335, 339sociology of science, relationship to

philosophy of science, 348, 354Sloan, Phillip, 70–81, 84, 117, 124,

126, 195, 196, 237Smith, Sydney, 192Smith, William, 154speciation, 276

allopatric, 256peripatric, 256punctuated equilibrium and, 277

speciesclasses, xx, 300–302definitions of, 291

biological species concept of,(BSC), xx, 256, 293–294, 299,303

cohesion concept of, 299ecological concept of, 299evolutionary species concept, 294mate recognition concept of, 280,

299numerical taxonomy, view of. See

phenetic concept ofphenetic concept of, xx, 299, 300phylogenetic concept of,

297–298, 299–300pluralism about, 302–303population lineage concept of,

303typological (“essentialist”)

concept of, 292–293fixity of, xviii, 213–214historical entities, 293individuals, xx, 279, 280, 300, 336polytypic, 331, 333reality of, xx, 260, 299

Spencer, Herbert, 260, 262, 331




414 Index

Spinoza, Benedict, 108, 109, 112spontaneous generation, 27, 86, 150.

See also Aristotle, spontaneousgeneration

Stadler, L. J., 244Stahl, Georg Ernst, 89Stanley, Stephen, 279Stebbins, G. Ledyard, 247, 253, 287,

288Steinle, Friedrich, 356Steno, Nicholas, 62, 156Sterelny, Kim, 273–274, 312Stevens, Peter, 293Stoics, 9Stonesfield fossil, 166, 178, 181, 183“survival of the fittest,” 262. See also

fitness; adaptednessSutton, Walter, 243synapomorphies. See classification,

cladisticSyndenham, Thomas, 74–78systematics. See classification

Tax, Sol, 331tautology problem. See fitness,

tautology oftaxonomy. See classificationteleology, biological, xx, 249, 313,

314, 319. See also Aristotle,cause, final; Cuvier, final causeand; Darwin, final cause on;functions, conceptual analysesof

instrumental, 314intentionalistic, 189internal, 34external, 27, 34“neo-”, 318, 319–321regulative idea of, See Kant,

teleological ideaHellenistic views of, 33–34universal or global, 34, 59teleological maxim (“Nature makes

no leaps”), 34, 239. See alsoDarwin, “Natura non facitsaltum,” on maxim of; Kant,teleological maxim

teleonomy, 315Theophrastus, 11, 32–33, 74Theriot, Edward, 298, 299Thompson, Paul, 265Thucydides, 355Tinbergen, Niko, 320Tooby, John, 339Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 72,

74transformism. See transmutation;

evolutiontransmutation, 161, 177, 186–187.

See also evolutionargument from design, as posing

threat to, 186–187transubstantiation, 39Trembley, Abraham, 83Trembley’s polyp. See polyp,

regeneration of; Trembley,Abraham

Treviranus, Georg Reinhold, 123–124Tschermak, Erich von, 239, 240

uniformitarianism, xviii, 162. See alsoLyell, Charles,uniformitarianism of

units of selection. See naturalselection, units of

unity of science, ideal of, 310, 347,348, 349

Van Hoghelande, Cornelius, 62Vesalius, 323–324Vestiges of Creation, xviii, 180.

See also Chambers,Robert

Darwin’s view of, 183–184,195–198, 207

influence of, 183–184, 292materialism of, 180recapitulationism of, 180reviewed by Sedgwick. See

Sedgwick, AdamViray, J. J., 144vitalism, 63, 88, 89, 221, 291vitalist/mechanist debate, xx, 306–307Voetius, 43




Index 415

Voltaire, 55, 106, 307–318, 324von Baer, Karl F., 182, 225–226

recapitulationism, strict, critique of,182

“von Baer’s laws,” 226vulcanism, 174–175

Waddington, C. H., 281, 284, 285,290, 314, 332

Wagner, Günther, 301Wallace, Alfred Russel, 199, 326Waller, J., 228, 233Walsh, D. M., 317–318Watson, James D., 248, 266, 268,

272, 282, 283, 343Webster, G., 293Weinberg, W., 245Weismann, August, 215, 223,

224–225, 226, 230, 231, 233,243, 261, 268

Weldon, W. F. R., xix, 222, 226, 233,236, 237, 238, 246

Werner, Abraham Gottlief, 174–175Wheeler, Quentin, 297, 299Whewell, William

argument from design, 187–189Aristotle, view of, 173biology, considered as autonomous

science by, 175catastrophism of, 174–175colligation, concept of, 172, 189consilience (of inductions), concept

of, xviii, 173–174, 176, 183,189, 200, 202, 277

Cuvier–Geoffroy controversy,viewed by, 209–210

geology, methodology of, 155–157,163, 164, 174–175

Herschel, opinion of, 169, 170,172, 174

Kant, influence of, 172–190laws of nature, on the, 205,

209–210Linnaeus, critique of by, 171,

176Locke, critique of, 172Lyell, opinion of, 170–172

materialism, rejection ofnecessary truths, 173–174, 176

possibly contradicting God’sfreedom to create, as, 189. Seealso Ruse, Michael

nomenclature, importance of inscience, 174

Of the Plurality of Worlds, 210“palaetiological sciences,” concept

of, 174, 266Paley, opposition to, 172, 185–188Peirce, Charles Sanders, influence

of, 176Philosophy of Inductive Sciences,

162, 189recapitulationism, view of, 182reductionism, opposition to, 174,

175scientific method, views of, 162,

172–174Sedgwick’s review of Vestiges,

opinion of, 182species, creation of new, 175terminology, as inventor of, 155,

156, 162transmutation, opposition to, 171,

179, 180–185uniformitarianism, critique of, 171,

180–185Vestiges of Creation, view of, 181,

182vitalism of, 175

Wigner, Eugene, 351Wilberforce, Samuel, 216, 226Wiley, Ed, 297Williams, George C., 267–272, 274,

275, 279, 288, 289, 309. Seealso natural selection, units of

Willmann, R., 297Wilson, D. S., 274–275Wilson, E. O., 270, 283, 313, 333–335Wilson, Peter, 332Wilson, Robert, 301Wimsatt, William, 308, 311Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 354Wolff, Caspar Friedrich, 96Wolff, Christian, 70–71




416 Index

Woodger, J. H., 290Woodward, John, 156Woolgar, Steven, 354Wright, Sewall, xix, 247, 270, 287,

329adaptive landscape, concept of,

256chance and necessity in evolution,

view of, 261Dobzhansky, relations with, 254Fisher, relations with, 250,

251–252, 272–273, 330genes-trait relationship, 250genetic drift, view of, 258. See also

genetic driftinterdemic selection, 200, 258–261,

274. See also natural selection,units of

philosophical views of, 259,352

pluralism of, 258, 275punctuated equilibrium, on,

276–280shifting balance theory of, 252, 255,

258, 274Wynne Edwards, V., 267, 268, 269

Xenophon, 184

Yanomami, 335

Zamecnik, Paul, 355Zammito, J., 124Zoological Society (London), 154Zuckerkandl, E., 272Zumbach, Clark, 95, 107



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