In Search of Confluence: Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan

8/11/2019 In Search of Confluence: Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan

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Magdujgmj0

>. tfj `ugmtkag ac twa rkvjrs, jspjmknddy rkvjrs ac nppraxkentjdy jqund wkltf9

8. ng nmt ar pramjss ac ejrokgo.

Axcarl Jgodksf Lkmtkagnry

Car yau af gahdj orkjcCar yau af swjjt lrjne

Car yau af faejdngl

Car yau af Gkdj

Car yau af gkoft

Af oaal ngl hjnutkcud agj

Af ey mfnrekgo maugtry

()

Af Guhkng cnmj,

Af Nrnhkm warl,

Af Hdnmi Ncrkmng tnttaa

Af Ey Mfnrekgo Maugtry ([n Hndnlk [n Fnhhah), n paje hy

]klnfejl Ndfnrlnddau wrkttjg kg >;?8, wfkmf fns hjmaej

agj ac tfj east papudnr sagos ac ]ulng, pjrcarejl hy tfjeumf davjl skgojr Eafnejl _nrlk. Kt spjnis ac ]ulng ns

agj dngl, prnkskgo tfj maugtrys lkvjrskty.


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J^ZND XKOF\] \XZ]\KG RNX\GJX]FKR _K\F

]ZLNGJ]J AXONGK]N\KAG CAX XJ]JNXMF NGL LJSJDAREJG\

Kg ]jnrmf ac Magdujgmj

Nllrjsskgo Lksmrkekgntkag

ngl Kgjqundkty kg ]ulng

\fj Jqund Xkofts \rust Maugtry Xjpart ]jrkjs0


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\fj Jqund Xkofts \rust ks ng kgljpjgljgt kgtjrgntkagnd arongksntkag wfasj pur-pasj ks ta maehnt lksmrkekgntkag ngl praeatj jqundkty ns n cuglnejgtnd fueng

rkoft ngl n hnskm prkgmkpdj ac samknd `ustkmj.

Amtahjr 82>< Jqund Xkofts \rust

Mavjr Amtahjr 82>< Lnkgn Oujaroukjvn Rfatas0 Ngwnr Nwnl Ndk Jdsnengk

Ljskog0 Lnkgn OujaroukjvnDnyaut0 Kstvng Cjgyvjsk

Rrkgtjl kg tfj ZI hy ]traen Dtl

K]HG0 ;?6-2-;:?=


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Magdujgmj0

>. tfj `ugmtkag ac twa rkvjrs, jspjmknddy rkvjrs ac nppraxkentjdy jqund wkltf9

8. ng nmt ar pramjss ac ejrokgo.

Axcarl Jgodksf Lkmtkagnry

Car yau af gahdj orkjcCar yau af swjjt lrjne

Car yau af faejdngl

Car yau af Gkdj

Car yau af gkoft

Af oaal ngl hjnutkcud agj

Af ey mfnrekgo maugtry

()

Af Guhkng cnmj,

Af Nrnhkm warl,

Af Hdnmi Ncrkmng tnttaa

Af Ey Mfnrekgo Maugtry ([n Hndnlk [n Fnhhah), n paje hy]klnfejl Ndfnrlnddau wrkttjg kg >;?8, wfkmf fns hjmaej

agj ac tfj east papudnr sagos ac ]ulng, pjrcarejl hy tfjeumf davjl skgojr Eafnejl _nrlk. Kt spjnis ac ]ulng ns

agj dngl, prnkskgo tfj maugtrys lkvjrskty.


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\NHDJ AC MAG\JG\]

NMIGA_DJLOJEJG\]

NMXAG[E]

JVJMZ\KSJ ]ZEENX[

>. KG\XALZM\KAG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

>.> Rurpasj ngl ]trumturj ac \fks Xjpart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

>.8 Magmjptund Crnejwari ngl Xjsjnrmf Ejtfaladaoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

>.= Maugtry Magtjxt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?

>.< Oavjrgejgt ngl Radktkms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:

8. RN\\JXG] AC LK]MXKEKGN\KAG NGL KGJ^ZNDK\[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =>

8.> Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty Hnsjl ag Xjdkokag ar Hjdkjc . . . . . . . . ==

8.8 Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty Hnsjl ag Xnmj ngl Jtfgkmkty . . . . . . . :>

8.= Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty Hnsjl ag Radktkmnd Apkgkag . . . . . . . . . 6:

8.< Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty Hnsjl ag Ojgljr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2?

8.: Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty Hnsjl ag Lksnhkdkty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >


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=.>.8 Atfjr Kgtjrgntkagnd \rjntkjs Xjdjvngt ta Jqundkty . . . . . . . . . >3;

=.>.= Xjokagnd Kgstruejgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?2

=.>.< ]tntus ac Kgtjrgntkagnd Kgstruejgts kg Laejstkm Dnw . . . . . . >?=

=.8 Gntkagnd Dnw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?3

=.8.> \fj Magstktutkag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?3

=.8.8 ]pjmkkm Jqundkty ngl Ngtk-lksmrkekgntkag Djoksdntkag . . . . . >;=

=.8.= Gag-lksmrkekgntkag Rravkskags kg Atfjr Djond Ckjdls . . . . . . 828

=.= Gntkagnd Radkmkjs Kepnmtkgo ag Lksmrkekgntkag ngl Kgjqundkty . . . 823

=.< Jgcarmjejgt ngl Kepdjejgtntkag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>6

=. Jgcarmjejgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>6

=.

=.: Magmduskag0 n _jni Djond ngl Radkmy Crnejwari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


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NMIGA_DJLOJEJG\]

\fks rjpart ks puhdksfjl hy tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust, kg pnrtgjrsfkp wktf tfj]ulngjsj Arongksntkag car Xjsjnrmf ngl Ljvjdapejgt (]AXL). \fj magmjp-

tund crnejwari, strumturj ngl rjsjnrmf ejtfaladaoy wjrj ljvjdapjl hy tfjJqund Xkofts \rust ns pnrt ac kts Maugtry Xjpart ]jrkjs ag nllrjsskgo lks-mrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty kg lkccjrjgt maugtrkjs nraugl tfj wardl.

Lkektrkgn Rjtravn, Jxjmutkvj Lkrjmtar ac tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust, avjrsnw tfjrjsjnrmf ngl lrnctkgo ac tfj rjpart. Kg Enrmf 82>=, nsskstjl hy Sngkn Ingjvn,sfj trnvjddjl ta ]ulng kg n smapkgo eksskag, nssjsskgo tfj magtjxt ngl pa-tjgtknd ac pralumkgo tfks rjpart. \fj krst lrnct ac tfj rjpart wns prjpnrjl hy

Ifngsnn nd-Inrkh, ag tfj hnsks ac entjrknds, jvkljgmj ngl ngndysks pravkljl

hy ]AXL, ngl n rjvkjw ac jxkstkgo dktjrnturj. \fks lrnct wns rjvkjwjl, nejgl-jl, uplntjl ngl jxpngljl hy @ke Cktzojrndl, wktf nsskstngmj crae Xkmfnrl_kgokjdl. Kg @ngunry 82>


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lag ]tuljgt Fueng Xkofts Rraorneej, wfa ugljrtaai prjdkekgnry rjsjnrmfag pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag, ngl ta Sngkn Ingjvn wfa dknksjl wktf Nrnhkmspjnijrs, rjvkjwjl Nrnhkm dngounoj saurmjs ngl praacrjnl tfj kgnd vjrskag.

\fngis ndsa oa ta kgtjrgs @nmi Lnfdsjg, ]nrnf Futgki, Skmikj Igax, ]agne

Ensngkn ngl Jekdy Sng Fngjong, wfa ndd magtrkhutjl ta tfj rjsjnrmf pramjss.Sjry spjmknd tfngis oa ta aur vadugtjjr Lnkgn Oujaroukjvn wfa ljskogjl tfj

mavjr ac tfj rjpart. \fj \rust ndsa tfngis Kstvg Cgyvjsk, wfa lkl tfj dnyautcar tfj rjpart. _j nrj ndsa kgljhtjl ta Ngwnr Nwnl Ndk Jdsnengk, n maddjnoujcrae ]ulng, car fks nlvkmj ag saej nspjmts ac tfj rjparts magtjgt ngl carojgjrausdy lagntkgo pfataornpfs crae fks rkmf maddjmtkag car tfj cragt mavjrac tfj rjpart.

\fks rjpart ks ng autmaej ac n pnrtgjrsfkp hjtwjjg tfj Jqund Xkofts \rustngl ]AXL, wfkmf hjong kg 82>2 wktf tfj pra`jmt Jepawjrkgo mkvkd samkjtykg ]ulng ta maehnt lksmrkekgntkag, cugljl hy tfj Jurapjng Zgkag. Ckgngmkndsuppart car tfj wari ag tfj rjpart wns ndsa pravkljl hy tfj Zgktjl IkgolaeCarjkog ngl Maeeagwjndtf Ackmj. _j nrj vjry orntjcud ta hatf. Fawjvjr, tfj

magtjgts ac tfks puhdkmntkag nrj tfj sadj rjspagskhkdkty ac tfj \rust ngl mng kgga wny hj tnijg ta rjprjsjgt tfj vkjws ac tfj Jurapjng Zgkag ar tfj ZgktjlIkgolae. Gjktfjr cugljr fns kgtjrcjrjl kg ngy wny wfntsajvjr wktf tfj rj-sjnrmf ar tfj magtjgts ac tfks rjpart.

Kg tfj pramjss ac pralumkgo tfks rjpart, wj maglumtjl kgtjrvkjws, sauoft kg-carentkag ngl magsudtjl n wklj rngoj ac ]ulngjsj jxpjrts ngl arongksntkags,engy ac wfae nrj mktjl kg tfj rjpart. \fj \rust wksfjs ta tfngi ndd kglkvklundsngl arongksntkags wfa rjspagljl ta qujrkjs, onvj cjjlhnmi ag tfj lrnct rjpart,pravkljl kgcarentkag ngl nlvkmj, ar ejt wktf us, ]AXL ar aur rjsjnrmfjrs.

Ckgnddy, wj wksf ta tfngi ndd pjrsags wfa sfnrjl tfjkr starkjs wktf us. \fksrjpart ks ljlkmntjl ta tfje ngl ndd atfjr pjrsags kg ]ulng wfa fnvj succjrjl

ngl tfasj wfa magtkguj ta succjr lksmrkekgntkag ngl jxmduskag.


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NMXAG[E]

NM@R] Ncrkmng Mjgtrj car @ustkmj ngl Rjnmj ]tulkjsNKL] Nmqukrjl Keeugaljkmkjgmy ]yglraej

MJLN_ Magvjgtkag ag tfj Jdkekgntkag ac Ndd Cares ac Lksmrkekgntkagnonkgst _aejgMJXL Maeekttjj ag tfj Jdkekgntkag ac Xnmknd LksmrkekgntkagMJ]MX Maeekttjj ag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd XkoftsMXRL Magvjgtkag ag tfj Xkofts ac Rjrsags wktf LksnhkdktkjsMRN Maeprjfjgskvj Rjnmj NorjjejgtMXM Magvjgtkag ag tfj Xkofts ac tfj MfkdlM]As Mkvkd ]amkjty ArongksntkagsCOE Cjendj ojgktnd eutkdntkag

OLR Orass Laejstkm RralumtFNM Fuengktnrkng Nkl MaeeksskagFKS Fueng Keeugaljkmkjgmy Skrus

FXM Fueng Xkofts MaeekttjjKMM Kgtjrgntkagnd Mrkekgnd MaurtKMMRX Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngt ag Mkvkd ngl Radktkmnd XkoftsKMJXL Kgtjrgntkagnd Magvjgtkag ag tfj Jdkekgntkag ac ndd cares ac Xnmknd

LksmrkekgntkagKMJ]MX Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngt ag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd Xkofts

KLRs Kgtjrgnddy Lkspdnmjl RjapdjsKOM]J Kgtjrgntkagnd Ojgjrnd Mjrtkkmntj ac ]jmaglnry Jlumntkag

KDA Kgtjrgntkagnd Dnhaur ArongksntkagKGM Kgtjrke Gntkagnd MagstktutkagKGOAs Kgtjrgntkagnd Gag-Oavjrgejgtnd Arongksntkags@FX @aurgndksts car Fueng Xkofts gjtwari@JE @ustkmj ngl Jqundkty EavjejgtDOH Djshkng, Ony ngl HksjxundGMR Gntkagndkst Magorjss Rnrty

GLN Gntkagnd Ljeamrntkm NddkngmjGOAs Gag-Oavjrgejgtnd ArongksntkagsGFXM Gntkagnd Fueng Xkofts MaeeksskagGK]] Gntkagnd Kgtjddkojgmj ngl ]jmurkty ]jrvkmjsAMFN Ackmj car tfj Maarlkgntkag ac Fuengktnrkng Nccnkrs

RLC Rapudnr Ljcjgmj CarmjsXXM Xjdkjc ngl Xjfnhkdktntkag Maeeksskag


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X]C Xnpkl ]uppart Carmj]NC ]ulngjsj Nrejl Carmjs]KOK ]amknd Kgstktutkags ngl Ojgljr Kgljx]KFN ]trntjokm Kgktkntkvj car _aejg kg tfj Farg ac Ncrkmn

]GNR ]ulng Gntkagnd Nkls Rraorne]AXL ]ulngjsj Arongksntkag car Xjsjnrmf ngl Ljvjdapejgt]RDN ]ulngjsj Rjapdjs Dkhjrntkag Nrey]RDE ]ulngjsj Rjapdjs Dkhjrntkag Eavjejgt]RDE-G ]ulngjsj Rjapdjs Dkhjrntkag Eavjejgt Gartf]XC ]ulng Xjvadutkagnry Cragt]\L ]jxunddy \rngsekttjl Lksjnsj\H \uhjrmudasksZG Zgktjl Gntkags

ZGNKL] @akgt Zgktjl Gntkags Rraorneej ag FKS/NKL]ZGLR Zgktjl Gntkags Ljvjdapejgt RraorneejZGJ]MA Zgktjl Gntkags Jlumntkagnd, ]mkjgtkkm ngl Mudturnd Arongksntkag

ZGFMX Zgktjl Gntkags Fkof Maeeksskagjr car XjcuojjsZGKMJC Zgktjl Gntkags Mfkdlrjgs CuglZRX Zgkvjrsnd Rjrkalkm Xjvkjw_FA _ardl Fjndtf Arongksntkag


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KK

Jxjmutkvj sueenry

JVJMZ\KSJ ]ZEENX[

Ifnrtaue, tfj mnpktnd ac ]ulng, skts nt tfj magdujgmj ac tfj Hduj ngl _fktj

Gkdjs. ]ulng ktsjdc, rjmkpkjgt ac tfj rkmf ngl lkvjrsj kgdujgmjs crae hatf

gartfjrg ngl suh-]nfnrng Ncrkmn, skts nt tfj magdujgmj ac lkccjrjgt rnmjs, rjdk-okags ngl mudturjs. \fks rjpart kgls tfnt ugdkij tfj Gkdj, wfasj twa hrngmfjs

ejjt ngl taojtfjr care agj ac tfj wardls ekoftkjst rkvjrs, ]ulng rjenkgsrnmijl hy lkvkskag ngl lkvjrojgmj, wktf kgjqundkty hjkgo tfjkr raat mnusj.

\fj rjpart kljgtkkjs tfj kljadaoy praeatjl hy Rrjskljgt Aenr nd-Hnsfkr ns

n enkg cnmtar lrkvkgo tfj 8>stMjgtury ejtnearpfasjs ac adljr pnttjrgs aclksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty. ]kgmj >;6;, nd-Hnsfkr fns sauoft ta ljornljngl lkekgksf tfj maugtrys keejgsj lkvjrskty kg cnvaur ac n gnrraw vkskag

ac ]ulng ns n skgoudnrdy Nrnh, Ksdnekm, ngl endj-laekgntjl maugtry. Kg salakgo, tfj oavjrgejgt fns kgstktutkagndksjl lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsksac rjdkokag, jtfgkmkty, padktkmnd apkgkag, ojgljr ngl sjxund arkjgtntkag. \fjstntj sfaws smngt rjspjmt car tfj rkoft ta gag-lksmrkekgntkag0 tfj djond nglpadkmy crnejwari ks engkcjstdy kgnljquntj ta pravklj pratjmtkag crae lks-mrkekgntkag, ngl kg engy mnsjs dnws nmt ns ng kgstruejgt ta praeatj, rntfjrtfng prjvjgt, lksmrkekgntkag.

Rnrt >0 Kgtralumtkag

Rurpasj ngl ]trumturj ac \fks Xjpart

\fj purpasj ac tfks rjpart ks ta ljsmrkhj ngl ngndysj lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgj-qundkty kg ]ulng ngl ta rjmaeejgl stjps nkejl nt maehntkgo lksmrkekgntkagngl praeatkgo jqundkty. \fj rjpart jxpdarjs dago-rjmaogksjl fueng rkoftsprahdjes, wfkdj ndsa sjjikgo ta sfjl dkoft upag djss wjdd-igawg pnttjrgs aclksmrkekgntkag kg tfj maugtry. \fj rjpart hrkgos taojtfjr car tfj krst tkej

jvkljgmj ac tfj dkvjl jxpjrkjgmj ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundktkjs ac engy

lkccjrjgt cares wktf ng ngndysks ac tfj dnws, padkmkjs, prnmtkmjs ngl kgstktu-tkags jstnhdksfjl ta nllrjss tfje.

\fj rjpart maeprksjs caur pnrts. Rnrt > sjts aut tfj magmjptund crnejwariwfkmf fns oukljl tfj nutfars wari, ns wjdd ns tfj ejtfaladaoy nppdkjl lur-kgo tfj rjsjnrmf pramjss. Kt tfjg pravkljs ng avjrvkjw ac tfj ljeaornpfkm,jmagaekm, fkstarkmnd, samknd ngl padktkmnd magtjxt ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kg-


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KKK

Jxjmutkvj ]ueenry

tfj @aurgndksts car Fueng Xkofts gjtwari, suppartkgo kts jccarts ta praeatjfueng rkofts kg ]ulng, jepfnskskgo tfj kepartngmj ac gag-lksmrkekgntkagngl jqundkty kg tfks struoodj.

Kg tfj magtjxt ac tfks wari, tfj \rust fnl jxtjgskvj appartugktkjs ta magsudtngl maglumt rjsjnrmf ag pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty kg ]ulng._j fnvj ndsa kgljpjgljgtdy rjvkjwjl jxkstkgo dktjrnturj ag lksmrkekgntkagngl kgjqundkty ag lkccjrjgt oraugls, ngl ngndysjl ngl nssjssjl tfj maugtrysdjond ngl padkmy crnejwari rjdntjl ta jqundkty. Rrkar ta puhdkmntkag, tfks rj-part wns tfj suh`jmt ac ng jxtjgskvj magsudtntkag, kg wfkmf kts kglkgos ngl

magmduskags wjrj jxpasjl ta smrutkgy hy jxpjrts ngl stnijfadljrs crae mkvkdsamkjty, oavjrgejgt, nmnljekn ngl tfj ejlkn. _j hjdkjvj tfnt ns n rjsudt, tfjrjparts kglkgos ngl magmduskags fnvj hjjg skogkkmngtdy strjgotfjgjl.

Maugtry Magtjxt, Oavjrgejgt ngl Radktkms

Kg nllktkag ta tfj magmjptund crnejwari, tfj krst pnrt ac tfj rjpart pravkljs

ng avjrvkjw ac tfj ljeaornpfkm, jmagaekm, samknd, padktkmnd ngl fkstarkmndmagtjxt kg wfkmf lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ammur kg ]ulng.

\fj Xjpuhdkm ac tfj ]ulng (]ulng) ks n dnroj maugtry damntjl kg Gartfjnst Nc-rkmn. ]ulng maeprksjs >6 stntjs avjr n tatnd nrjn ac >,663,236 sq ie, enikgo

kt tfj >3tfdnrojst maugtry kg tfj wardl. Zgtkd 82>>, ]ulng wns maepasjl actjrrktary wfkmf murrjgtdy enijs up hatf prjsjgt-lny ]ulng ngl tfj Xjpuhdkmac ]autf ]ulng. Caddawkgo ljmnljs ac magdkmt hjtwjjg carmjs crae tfj gartf

ngl sautf ac ]ulng, n pjnmj norjjejgt wns rjnmfjl kg 822:. N rjcjrjglueag kgljpjgljgmj car ]autf ]ulng wns fjdl kg 82>> ngl ]autf ]ulng ackmknddy

onkgjl kgljpjgljgmj ag ; @udy 82>>.

\fj papudntkag ac ]ulng ks jstkentjl, ag tfj hnsks ac tfj dnst mjgsus ac 8226,nt hjtwjjg =: ngl =6 ekddkag pjapdj. \frauofaut kts ngmkjgt ngl magtjepa-

rnry fkstary, ]ulng fns hjjg mfnrnmtjrksjl hy kts keejgsj jtfgkm lkvjrskty,hut ga mrjlkhdj jstkentjs jxkst car tfj guehjr ac jtfgkm oraups kg ]ulng ta-lny, ns ga mjgsus fns hjjg maglumtjl skgmj hjcarj tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]u-lng. Nmmarlkgo ta ZGLR jstkentjs, Eusdkes maeprksj ;?% ac tfj papudntkagac past-sjmjsskag ]ulng. \fj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag stntjs tfnt ]ulngsfndd fnvj ns kts saurmjs ac djoksdntkag Ksdnekm sfnrkn ngl tfj magsjgsus actfj pjapdj. ]ulng rjmaogksjs twa ackmknd stntj dngounojs0 Nrnhkm ngl Jgodksf.


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KS


Ljspktj tfj eudtkpdkmkty ac damnd dngounojs spaijg kg tfj maugtry, kg prnmtkmjNrnhkm ks tfj maeeag dngounoj ac oavjrgejgt ngl huskgjss.

_ardl Hngi jstkentjs ac ]ulngs Orass Laejstkm Rralumt car 82>= staal nt

$33.:: hkddkag (kg murrjgt Z]$), wktf Orass Gntkagnd Kgmaej pjr mnpktn js-tkentjl nt $>,>=2. Kg 82>=, tfj Fueng Ljvjdapejgt Kgljx vnduj car ]ulngwns 2.


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S

Jxjmutkvj ]ueenry

nrjns ndago tfj harljr wktf ]autf ]ulng, kg tfj ]autf Iarlacng ngl HdujGkdj stntjs.

\fj Ksdnekst Gntkagnd Magorjss Rnrty (GMR) (nd-Eutnenr nd-_nng) fns

oavjrgjl ]ulng skgmj maekgo ta pawjr kg tfj >;6; maup ngl laekgntjs tfjpadktkmnd dnglsmnpj. Kg tfj 82>2 jdjmtkag, tfj pnrty rjmjkvjl avjr 36% ac tfjvatj ngl =8= aut ac tfj 8, tfj appasktkag pnrtkjs kg maarlkgntkag wktf ]RDE-Gfnvj hjjg mnddkgo car rjokej mfngoj. Kg 82>>, 82>8 ngl 82>=, puhdkm pratjstsngl ljeagstrntkags wjrj arongksjl kg Ifnrtaue, kg ng jccart ta hukdl papu-dnr suppart car mfngoj. \fj oavjrgejgt rjspagljl wktf apprjsskvj ejns-urjs ngl dago nctjr tfj pratjsts, magtkgujl ta nrrjst ngl fnrnss pratjstjrsngl ejehjrs ac oraups wfa eny fnvj rjprjsjgtjl ngy care ac padktkmnd ap-

pasktkag ta tfj rjokej.

Ljspktj n Magstktutkag tfnt mndds car tfj pratjmtkag ac fueng rkofts ngl hnskmcrjjlaes, ]ulng cnrjs paardy kg tjres ac kts fueng rkofts rjmarl. \fj maugtryfns rjmjkvjl smarjs ac ? (tfj dawjst djvjd ac crjjlae) kg hatf Radktkmnd Xkoftsngl Mkvkd Dkhjrtkjs kg tfj Crjjlae Fausj rngikgos kg 82>


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nmtkags ac stntj nmtars mnrrykgo aut puhdkm cugmtkags, jxpasurj ta lksmrkekgntaryvkadjgmj ngl lksmrkekgntkag kg nrjns sumf ns jepdayejgt, jlumntkag ngl nmmjssta oaals ngl sjrvkmjs. _fkdj tfjrj nrj mdjnr lkccjrjgmjs hjtwjjg tfj prahdjesjxpjrkjgmjl hy tfasj succjrkgo lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ag jnmf ac tfj

oraugls mavjrjl ngl ugkquj prahdjes nccjmtkgo saej oraups tfj rjsjnrmfkljgtkkjs n guehjr ac maeeag pnttjrgs ngl kgtjr-rjdntkagsfkps hjtwjjg tfj

cares ac lksmrkekgntkag jxpjrkjgmjl ag lkccjrjgt oraugls. \fks enijs kt pas-skhdj ta fkofdkoft sjvjrnd ijy tfjejskg tfks stuly.

\fj krst ijy tfjej ks tfj radj pdnyjl hy tfj kljgtkty padktkms ac tfj murrjgt

]ulngjsj rjokej nkejl nt jepawjrkgo ng Nrnh Ksdnekm kljgtktykg mrjnt-kgo, pjrpjtuntkgo ngl ejtnearpfaskgo pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag kg ]ulng._fkdj car tfj snij ac ng jqundkty dnw ngndysks kt ks gjmjssnry ta lkstkgouksf

cares ac lksmrkekgntkag ag lkccjrjgt oraugls, kg tfj ]ulng, lksmrkekgntkagactjg ammurs ag n hdjgl ac oraugls kg wfkmf kgorjlkjgts ac rjdkokag, jtf-gkmkty ngl padktkmnd apkgkag nrj ndeast kgjvktnhdy caugl, ndhjkt kg vnrykgoprapartkags. Rrjskljgt nd-Hnsfkr mnej ta pawjr kg n maup kg >;6; ngl fnsenkgtnkgjl n strago orkp ag pawjr skgmj tfnt tkej. Fks Gntkagnd Magorjss Rnr-ty fns kepasjl n magsjrvntkvj Ksdnekst kljadaoy, mjgtrjl ag tfj nppdkmntkag acsfnrkn dnw tfrauof tfj sjmudnr djond systje, ngl fns rjstrkmtjl tfj crjjlaesac tfasj wfa nlvamntj ar nrj nssamkntjl wktf ndtjrgntkvj vkskags.

]aejwfnt magtrnry ta Ksdnekm trnlktkag wfkmf jepfnsksjs rjdkokaus hjdagokgoavjr jtfgkm arkokgs, tfj nd-Hnsfkr rjokej fns ljvjdapjl n lundkst jtfga-rjdk-okaus kljadaoykg wfkmf jtfgkmkty pdnys ng jqunddy kepartngt pnrt wktf rjdk-okag. Kgdujgmjs crae tfj sjmudnr png-Nrnh eavjejgt ngl Nrnh gntkagndkse ac

tfj jnrdkjr ljmnljs fnvj hjjg kgtjrwavjg wktf Ksdnekm prkgmkpdjs. Ns tfj struo-odj car pawjr kg ]ulng skgmj kgljpjgljgmj fns hjjg sjvjrj ngl enrijl hy vka-djgmj ngl hrutndkty, tfj gjjl car kljadaokmnd `ustkkmntkag fns hjjg pnrtkmudnrdy

nmutj. \fks fns rjsudtjl kg n strago padktkmksntkag ac tfj mjgtrnd kljadaokmndvndujs nraugl jtfga-rjdkokaus kljgtkty0 jtfga-rjdkokaus qujstkags kg talnys

]ulng nrj gat n enttjr ac nmnljekm mudturnd kgtjrjst hut ac dkcj ngl ljntf.

Ns n rjsudt, rjdkokaus ekgarktkjs ngl tfasj praeatkgo earj ealjrntj vjrskagsac Ksdne jxpjrkjgmj lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac tfjkr rjdkokag ar hjdkjc nglsjvjrj rjstrkmtkag ag tfjkr rjdkokaus crjjlaes, hut tfjkr jxpjrkjgmj ks strago-dy kgdujgmjl hy tfj padktkmnd magtjxt. Curtfjrearj, tfj rjokej fns mdnepjl

lawg ag tfj crjjlaes ac tfasj wfa mfnddjgoj tfj kepasktkag ac ng Ksdnekst


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Jxjmutkvj ]ueenry

kljadaoy car purjdy padktkmnd rjnsags, rntfjr tfng hjmnusj ac rjdkokaus lam-trkgj. Ejehjrs ac appaskgo padktkmnd eavjejgts, taojtfjr wktf samknd nmtkv-ksts, ejehjrs ac mkvkd samkjty arongksntkags, nmnljekms ngl stuljgts, `aurgnd-ksts ngl atfjrs cnmj lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac tfjkr padktkmnd apkgkag, hatf

kg tfj jxjrmksj ac tfjkr padktkmnd crjjlaes ngl kg atfjr nrjns ac dkcj. Ejehjrsac jtfgkm oraups wfkmf nrj, ar nrj pjrmjkvjl ta hj, kg magdkmt wktf tfj rjokej

nrj suh`jmtjl ta nrejl vkadjgmj kg tfjkr faejdngls, ngl ta atfjr cares aclksmrkekgntkag wfjg rjsklkgo jdsjwfjrj kg tfj maugtry, nonkg hjmnusj ac tfjpadktkmksntkag ac rnmj ngl jtfgkmkty.

N mdasjdy rjdntjl tfjej ac tfks pnrt ac tfj rjpart ks tfj radj ac tfj stntj kgmrjntkgo ngl pjrpjtuntkgo tfj maglktkags car lksmrkekgntkag. Lksmrkek-gntkag hnsjl ag ojgljr ks djoktkeksjl ngl kgstktutkagndksjl hy n guehjr ac

dnws wfkmf lksmrkekgntj nonkgst waejg, ngl dnws wfkmf nrj nppdkjl lkspra-partkagntjdy nonkgst waejg. _fkdj rnmknd/jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag ks caugl djsskg dnw ngl prjlaekgngtdy kg prnmtkmj (wktf tfj jxmjptkag ac gntkagndkty dnwwfkmf lksmrkekgntjs jxpdkmktdy ag tfj hnsks ac jtfgkmkty), tfj mfkjc jtfgkm lks-mrkekgntar ks tfj stntj, nmtkgo tfrauof sumf stntj nojgts ns tfj nrejl carmjs,tfj padkmj ngl tfj sjmurkty sjrvkmjs. \fjkr nmtkags ngl tfjkr pnsskvkty kg tfjcnmj ac vkadntkags hy prkvntj nmtars kg tfj maursj ac tfj dnst twa ljmnljs fnvjhukdt n mudturj ac kepugkty kg wfkmf lksmrkekgntkag tfrkvjs.

Ckgnddy, tfj tfkrl ijy tfjej ks tfj ojgljr lkejgskag ruggkgo tfrauof nddpnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag lksmussjl kg tfks pnrt ac tfj rjpart. \fjrj nrjmnsjs ac lksmrkekgntkag, ac maursj, wfjrj ojgljr pdnys ga radj, hut tfjsj nrjrnrj. \fj vnst en`arkty ac mnsjs kljgtkkjl car tfks rjpart, kc sjjg kg magtjxt, wkdd

rjvjnd tfj ljjp-sjntjl ojgljr hkns. Car jxnepdj, lksmrkekgntkag ag orauglsac padktkmnd apkgkag mng avjrdnp wktf lksmrkekgntkag ag oraugls ac jtfgkmkty, nsmjrtnkg jtfgkm oraups nrj pjrmjkvjl ta suppart mjrtnkg padktkmnd appasktkag pnr-tkjs ar rjskstngmj eavjejgts. Hut daaikgo ljjpjr ngl hranljr, agj waudl sjjtfnt padktkmnddy ar jtfgkmnddy eatkvntjl maglumts nrj gat ojgljr gjutrnd. \fjy

nrj ns ojgljrjl, ns ojgljr ngl sjxundkty nrj padktkmksjl.

Rnrt 8 ac tfj rjpart nttjepts ta lksjgtngodj tfj vnrkaus cares ac lksmrkekgn-tkag ngl nrrngoj tfje kg mntjoarkjs nmmarlkgo ta rjmaogksjl oraugls, wfkdjijjpkgo kg ekgl tfjkr kgtjrrjdntjlgjss. Kt hjokgs hy jxnekgkgo tfasj pnttjrgsac lksmrkekgntkag wfkmf nrj east mdasjdy tkjl ta tfj jtfga-rjdkokaus kljadaoypraeatjl hy tfj oavjrgejgt0 lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac rjdkokag ar hj-


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dkjc, rnmj ngl jtfgkmkty ngl padktkmnd apkgkag. Kt tfjg jxnekgjs tfj sktuntkag acwaejg, wfa jxpjrkjgmj sjvjrj lksmrkekgntkag ns n rjsudt ac lksmrkekgntarydnws ngl tfj nmtkags ac stntj nojgts, hut wfa ndsa succjr lksmrkekgntkag nglvkadjgmj nt tfj fngls ac prkvntj nmtars. \fj rjpart tfjg jxnekgjs tfj sktun-

tkag ac pjrsags wktf lksnhkdktkjs, djshkng, ony ngl hksjxund pjrsags ngl pjr-sags jxpjrkjgmkgo lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac tfjkr fjndtf stntus.

_ktf rjspjmt ta lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ag tfj hnsks acrjdkokag arhjdkjc, sjmtkag 8.> ac tfj rjpart kljgtkkjs n skogkkmngt guehjr ac lksmrkek-gntary djond pravkskags, wfkmf jxkst ljspktj magstktutkagnd ounrngtjjs accrjjlae ac rjdkokag ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac rjdkokag ar hjdkjc.]kgmj >;6=, engy mrkekgnd ngl mkvkd stntutjs fnvj hjjg nejgljl ar rjpdnmjlta enij tfje maepdkngt wktf n pnrtkmudnr, gnrraw kgtjrprjtntkag ac sfnrkn

dnw, wktf tfj rjsudt tfnt mjrtnkg dnws lksmrkekgntj ag tfj hnsks ac rjdkokag nglojgljr. ]jmtkag >8: ac tfj Mrkekgnd Dnw Nmt fns hjjg nppdkjl ns n lj cnmtahdnspfjey pravkskag, wfkdj sjmtkag >83 jxpdkmktdy prafkhkts npastnsy9 hatfpravkskags dkekt rjdkokaus crjjlae ngl crjjlae ac jxprjsskag ngl magstktutjlksmrkekgntkag ag oraugls ac rjdkokag ar hjdkjc. ]jmtkag >:8 ac tfj MrkekgndDnw Nmt prafkhktkgo kgljmjgt maglumt ar tfj wjnrkgo ac kgljmjgt lrjss fnshjjg nppdkjl kg wnys wfkmf kglkrjmtdy lksmrkekgntj nonkgst gag-maepdykgoEusdkes. \fks sjmtkag ndsa prjsjgts jvkljgmj ac lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst Mfrks-tkngs, wfa fnvj cnmjl kgmrjnsjl prjssurj skgmj tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng

nt tfj fngls ac hatf stntj ngl gag-stntj nmtars, wktf mnsjs kgvadvkgo nttnmisag rjdkokaus hukdlkgos, tfj mdasurj ac mfurmfjs ngl Mfrkstkng jlumntkagnd kgstk-tutkags, nrrjsts car prasjdytksntkag ngl tfj magksmntkag ac rjdkokaus dktjrnturj.

Kt ndsa kljgtkkjs n guehjr ac rjmjgt mnsjs kg wfkmf Mfrkstkngs wjrj suh`jmt ta

rjdkokausdy-eatkvntjl vkadjgmj. N cjw mnsjs ac pjrsjmutkag ag atfjr rjdkokausekgarktkjs, sumf ns Hnfnk ngl ]fkn, nrj hrkjdy prjsjgtjl. Ckgnddy, tfj sjmtkag

maeejgts ag rjdkokaus lksmrkekgntkag kg jepdayejgt ngl jlumntkag.

]jmtkag 8.8 ac tfj rjpart jxnekgjs lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ag tfj

hnsks ac rnmj ngl jtfgkmkty. Kg n maugtry wfjrj jtfgkmkty ks fkofdy padktk-mksjl, ngl wfjrj jtfgkm magdkmt magtkgujs ta ljtjrekgj tfj dkvjs ac ekddkags

ac pjapdj, tfks care ac lksmrkekgntkag kc agj wns ugljr ahdkontkag ta nsskogrntkgos sfaudl hj rntjl ns pjrfnps tfj east sjrkaus. \fj jgtkrj cuturj actfj maugtry, kg aur vkjw, mrktkmnddy ljpjgls ag wfjtfjr ar gat stnijfadljrswkdd nllrjss pjrvnskvj ngl systjekm rnmknd/jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag jccjmtkvjdy.\fks sjmtkag nroujs tfnt kgjqundkty kg ojgjrnd ngl rnmknd/jtfgkm kgjqundkty kg


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pnrtkmudnr ks tfj raat mnusj ac tfj jtfga-rjdkokaus magdkmts kg tfj sautf (prkar

ta 82>>), Lnrcur, tfj Jnst ngl dnttjrdy kg ]autf Iarlacng ngl Hduj Gkdj stntjs.\fj sjmtkag prjsjgts jvkljgmj ac jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag ngl vkadjgmj maeekt-tjl hy stntj nmtars, wfkmf ks jssjgtknddy djoktkeksjl hy keeugkty dnws wktf

kepugkty magsjqujgmjs. \fj rjpart taumfjs upag tfj kepnmt ac tfj nejgl-ejgts enlj ta tfj Gntkagndkty Nmt kg 82>> rjvaikgo tfj gntkagndkty ac pjrsagswfa arkokgnddy mnej crae talnys ]autf ]ulng hut fnvj ng jstnhdksfjl prjs-jgmj kg ]ulng. \fj dnw fns put ng jstkentjl =22-=:2,222 pjrsags ac ]autf]ulngjsj arkokg nt rksi ac stntjdjssgjss. \fks sjmtkag ac tfj rjpart oajs agta prjsjgt jvkljgmj ac jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag kg nmmjss ta rjsaurmjs, padktkmndpnrtkmkpntkag, jepdayejgt ngl jlumntkag.

\fj sjmtkag ac tfj rjpart ljndkgo wktf lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks ac pa-

dktkmnd apkgkag (sjmtkag 8.=) prjsjgts mnsjs kg wfkmf tfj nhusj succjrjl kshjst ljsmrkhjl ns hjkgo hnsjl ag padktkmnd apkgkag, ljspktj tfj lkckmudty ac

lksjgtngodkgo tfj padktkmnd crae tfj jtfgkm, ojgljr ngl atfjr lkejgskags aclksmrkekgntkag kg tfj ]ulngjsj magtjxt. Radktkmnd lksmrkekgntkag ks prjsjgtjlfjrj ns ng jdjejgt ac n rngoj ac atfjr fueng rkofts nhusjs kgmdulkgo jx-trn`ulkmknd ikddkgos, tarturj ngl kdd-trjntejgt, nrhktrnry ngl pradagojl ljtjg-tkag ngl tfj ljgknd ac padktkmnd crjjlaes lkrjmtjl nt tfasj wfa appasj, arnrj pjrmjkvjl ta appasj tfj rjokej. \fj rjpart prjsjgts krst-fngl tjstkeagy

crae kglkvklunds nrrjstjl car tfjkr pnrtkmkpntkag kg pratjsts nonkgst tfj rjokej

kg 82>>, 82>8 ngl 82>=, ngl jstkentjs tfj guehjr ac pjapdj ikddjl ngl lj-tnkgjl lurkgo tfj east rjmjgt wnvj ac pratjsts. Kt kgls maepjddkgo jvkljgmj

ac lksmrkekgntary tarturj ngl kdd-trjntejgt ac tfasj kgvadvjl kg tfj pratjsteavjejgts. \fj sjmtkag curtfjr lksmussjs tfj lksmrkekgntary ljgknd ac crjj-laes ac jxprjsskag, nssjehdy ngl nssamkntkag, tfrauof rjstrkmtkags ag ejlkncrjjlae ngl tfj crjjlaes ac mkvkd samkjty arongksntkags ta magvjgj ejjtkgosngl ugljrtnij nmtkvktkjs. Ckgnddy, wj kljgtkcy pnttjrgs ac padktkmnd lksmrkekgn-tkag kg tfj nddamntkag ac dngl ngl kg tfj nrjns ac jepdayejgt ngl jlumntkag.

]jmtkag 8.< ac tfj rjpart jxnekgjs ojgljr kgjqundkty kg ]ulng, kglkgo tfnttwa prkgmkpnd cnmtars kgcare tfj jxpjrkjgmj ac waejg ngl okrds0 tfj jxkstjgmjac n skogkkmngt guehjr ac lksmrkekgntary dnws ngl tfj magtkgukgo prjvndjgmj

ac magsjrvntkvj samknd pjrmjptkags ac waejg, wfkmf nrj jgfngmjl hy ackmknd

kljadaoy. \fks sjmtkag kljgtkkjs n wklj rngoj ac lksmrkekgntary djond pravkskags.

Rnrtkmudnrdy skogkkmngt prahdjes nrj kljgtkkjl kg tfj Eusdke Rjrsagnd ]tntus

Nmt, wfkmf rjdjmts pntrknrmfnd magmjptkags ac waejgs radj kg samkjty, ngl tfj


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Mrkekgnd Dnw Nmt, wfkmf pravkljs kgjccjmtkvj pratjmtkag crae sjxund vkadjgmjngl magtnkgs n pravkskag ag kgljmjgt lrjss wfkmf fns hjjg usjl ta prasjmutjengy fuglrjls ac waejg. \fj east sjrkaus nddjontkags wj fnvj enlj kg tfkssjmtkag rjdntj ta ojgljr-hnsjl vkadjgmj, kg pnrtkmudnr sjxund vkadjgmj kg magdkmt

zagjs ngl nt tfj fngls ac stntj nojgts. \fj sjmtkag prjsjgts n guehjr ac lks-trjsskgo mnsjs ac waejg wfa fnvj hjjg suh`jmtjl ta vkadjgmj hy tfj padkmj nglsjmurkty sjrvkmjs. \fj Jqund Xkofts \rust wjdmaejs tfj stjps tnijg hy tfj oav-jrgejgt ta tnmidj cjendj ojgktnd eutkdntkag, hut gatjs tfnt tfj prnmtkmj rjenkgsdjond kg dnroj pnrts ac tfj maugtry ngl jgcarmjejgt ac jxkstkgo dnws ks gat jc-cjmtkvj. \fj dnst partkag ac sjmtkag 8.< maeejgts ag pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkagngl kgjqundkty nccjmtkgo waejg kg jepdayejgt ngl jlumntkag, ngl wjdmaejspraorjss enlj kg kgmrjnskgo waejgs pnrtkmkpntkag kg puhdkm dkcj.

\fj sjmtkag camusjl ag tfj pasktkag ac pjrsags wktf lksnhkdktkjs(sjmtkag8.:) nmigawdjlojs tfj stjps tnijg hy tfj oavjrgejgt ta kepravj tfjkr sktu-ntkag. Gjvjrtfjdjss, tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust ks magmjrgjl tfnt mnsjs ac lkrjmtlksmrkekgntkag kg hatf jepdayejgt ngl jlumntkag nrj wkljsprjnl. \fj rj-part kgls dkttdj jvkljgmj ac puhdkm ar prkvntj nmtars tnikgo rjnsagnhdj nmmae-ealntkag ejnsurjs, jvjg wfjrj rjqukrjl ta la sa hy dnw. _fnt ks eksskgocrae tfks sjmtkag eny hj ns kepartngt ns tfnt wfkmf ks kgmduljl0 ugcartu-gntjdy, wj fnvj gat hjjg nhdj ta kgmdulj kgcarentkag nhaut tfj trjntejgt acpjrsags wktf ejgtnd lksnhkdktkjs. \fjsj nrj tfj kgvkskhdj vkmtkes wfa sfaudl

fnvj hjjg, hut nrj gat, fkofdkoftjl kg tfks stuly. _fkdj tfks aeksskag rjdjmtstfj kgvkskhkdkty ac tfks oraup kg ]ulngjsj samkjty, kt ndsa mrjntjs ng ahdkontkagcar tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust ta rjturg ngl camus ag tfje kg n cuturj kgktkntkvj.

\fjrj ks jccjmtkvjdy ga apjgdy faeasjxund papudntkag kg ]ulng, ngl kgtjrgn-tkagnd fueng rkofts ngl DOH\ arongksntkags fnvj gat fnl eumf ta sny nhauttfj sktuntkag cnmkgo tfks maeeugkty. Jvjg enikgo magtnmt wktf tfj ugljrorauglDOH maeeugkty kg tfj maugtry ks n sjrkaus daokstkmnd mfnddjgoj. Kgljjl, kg arljrta kgmdulj tfj hrkjc sjmtkag kg tfks rjpart mavjrkgo lksmrkekgntkag hnsjl agsjx-

und arkjgtntkag(sjmtkag 8.3), tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust taai suhstngtknd sjmurktyrksis. \fj sjmtkag pravkljs n krst-fngl kgskoft kgta tfj rjmjgt jxpjrkjgmj ac n

oraup ac ony ]ulngjsj ejg, lksmusskgo tfj lksmrkekgntkag ngl atfjr sjrkausfueng rkofts nhusjs wfkmf tfjy cnmj, eatkvntjl hy tfjkr sjxundkty. \fj djondjgvkragejgt ac ]ulng ks ugmaepraekskgody fastkdj ta tfks maeeugkty. ]nej-sjx maglumt hjtwjjg ejg ks jxpdkmktdy mrkekgndksjl, wfkdj atfjr pravkskags kgtfj Mrkekgnd Dnw Nmt fnvj hjjg usjl ta prasjmutj ejehjrs ac tfj DOH mae-


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eugkty. DOH pjrsags cnmj jxtrjejdy fkof djvjds ac samknd stkoen ngl n fkof rksiac lksmrkekgntary vkadjgmj. \fasj wfa nrj jxpasjl ns ony, djshkng ar hksjxundmng fnrldy jg`ay n garend dkcj kg ]ulng.

\fj kgnd sjmtkag ac Rnrt 8 jxnekgjs pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj hnsks acfjndtf stntus (sjmtkag 8.?). Kt kgls tfnt, ljspktj n guehjr ac wjdmaej padkmy

ejnsurjs, pjrsags dkvkgo wktf FKS/NKL] ngl tuhjrmudasks cnmj lksmrkekgntkagngl lksnlvngtnoj. Zgdkij wktf sjxund ekgarktkjs fawjvjr, tfj oavjrgejgt,ndkogjl wktf ngl suppartjl hy tfj kgtjrgntkagnd maeeugkty, nppjnrs ta hjag tfjkr sklj.

Rnrt =0 Djond ngl Radkmy Crnejwari Xjdntjl ta Jqundkty

Rnrt = ac tfj rjpart lksmussjs tfj djond ngl padkmy crnejwari rjdntjl ta gag-lksmrkekgntkag ngl jqundkty kg ]ulng, kg arljr ta nssjss kts nljqunmy kg pra-vklkgo pratjmtkag crae lksmrkekgntkag ngl tfj jxtjgt ta wfkmf ]ulng ks kgmaepdkngmj wktf kts kgtjrgntkagnd dnw ahdkontkags kg tfks rjonrl. Kt lksmussjshatf tfj kgtjrgntkagnd djond ahdkontkags ac tfj stntj ngl tfj laejstkm djondngl padkmy crnejwari wfkmf pratjmts tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrke-kgntkag. Kg rjspjmt ac laejstkm dnw, kt jxnekgjs tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstk-tutkag, spjmkkm ngtk-lksmrkekgntkag dnws, ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag pravkskags

kg atfjr nrjns ac dnw. Kt ndsa jxnekgjs oavjrgejgt padkmkjs wfkmf fnvj ng

kepnmt ag kgjqundkty. \fj kgnd sjmtkag nssjssjs tfj systje ac kepdjejgtntkagngl jgcarmjejgt, kgmdulkgo n rjvkjw ac tfj gntkagnd fueng rkofts kgstktutkagngl tfj `urkspruljgmj ac tfj ]ulngjsj maurts.

]jmtkag =.> nssjssjs ]ulngs rjmarl ac pnrtkmkpntkag kg kgtjrgntkagnd kg-struejgts. Kt kgls tfnt ]ulng, fnvkgo nmmjljl ta agdy kvj ac tfj gkgj marj

ZG fueng rkofts trjntkjs, fns n paar rjmarl ac kgtjrgntkagnd pnrtkmkpntkag.]ulng fns rntkkjl gjktfjr tfj Magvjgtkag nonkgst \arturj ngl Atfjr Mrujd,

Kgfueng ar Ljornlkgo \rjntejgt ar Rugksfejgt, gar tfj Magvjgtkag ag tfj

Jdkekgntkag ac Lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst _aejg. \fj stntj fns ndsa rjskstjlmndds ta rntkcy tfj aptkagnd pratamads wfkmf nddaw kglkvklund maepdnkgts ugljrtfj kgtjrgntkagnd kgstruejgts ta wfkmf kt ks pnrty. Nt tfj rjokagnd djvjd, ]u-lng fns rntkkjl hatf tfj Ncrkmng Mfnrtjr ag Fueng ngl Rjapdjs Xkofts ngl

tfj Ncrkmng Mfnrtjr ag tfj Xkofts ngl _jdcnrj ac tfj Mfkdl, hut fns gatnhdycnkdjl ta rntkcy tfj Rratamad ag tfj Xkofts ac _aejg kg Ncrkmn. Nrtkmdj 8?(=)ac tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag, wfkmf pravkljs car tfj lkrjmt jccjmt ac


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VKK


kgtjrgntkagnd fueng rkofts kgstruejgts ta wfkmf ]ulng ks pnrty, fns gat hjjgnppdkjl kg prnmtkmj.

]jmtkag =.8 ngndysjs ]ulngs laejstkm djond systje, stnrtkgo wktf tfj 822:

Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag. Kt kgls tfnt, ljspktj pravklkgo nrounhdy tfjhjst djvjd ac fueng rkofts pratjmtkag ac ngy ac ]ulngs jkoft magstktutkagsskgmj kgljpjgljgmj, tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag pravkljs wjni pratjm-tkag car tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag. \fj prkgmkpnd jqundktyngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag pravkskag Nrtkmdj => lajs gat prafkhkt lksmrkekgn-tkag kg tfj jg`ayejgt ac fueng rkofts, ns rjqukrjl hy hatf tfj KgtjrgntkagndMavjgngt ag Mkvkd ngl Radktkmnd Xkofts (KMMRX) ngl tfj Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngtag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd Xkofts, gar lajs kt pravklj n ojgjrnd prafk-hktkag ag lksmrkekgntkag kg ndd nrjns ac dkcj oavjrgjl hy dnw, ns rjqukrjl hy

Nrtkmdj 83 ac tfj KMMRX. Kgstjnl, kt ounrngtjjs agdy jqund pratjmtkag ac tfj dnwwktfaut lksmrkekgntkag ag n strkmtdy dkektjl dkst ac oraugls, djnvkgo tfj entj-rknd smapj ac pratjmtkag ugmdjnr. \fj pjrsagnd smapj ac pratjmtkag crae lks-mrkekgntkag ks dkektjl, aekttkgo oraugls sumf ns lksnhkdkty, sjxund arkjgtntkagngl fjndtf stntus. Nrtkmdj =8, wfkmf prafkhkts lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst waejg,ks hranljr kg smapj tfng Nrtkmdj =>, hut ks ugljrekgjl hy n dnroj guehjrac ojgljr-lksmrkekgntary dnws tfnt rjenkg kg carmj talny ngl fnvj gat hjjgcaugl ugmagstktutkagnd. \fj rjpart nroujs tfnt Nrtkmdj


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VKKK

Jxjmutkvj ]ueenry

vjgtkag ag tfj Xkofts ac Rjrsags wktf Lksnhkdktkjs, n trjnty ta wfkmf ]ulnghjmnej pnrty kg 822;.

]jmtkag =.8.= nssjssjs gag-lksmrkekgntkag pravkskags kg atfjr nrjns ac

dnw. Nonkg, kts kglkgos nrj lksnppakgtkgo. Djoksdntkag oavjrgkgo gntkagnd-kty ngl mktkzjgsfkp, cnekdy dnw, ngl jlumntkag ngl fjndtfmnrj dnws magtnkgga ounrngtjjs ac gag-lksmrkekgntkag. \fj Mrkekgnd Dnw Nmt magtnkgs n skg-odj pravkskag prafkhktkgo tfj praeatkag ac fntrjl ag tfj hnsks ac jtfgkmkty,madaur ar dngounoj. Kg tfj nrjn ac jepdayejgt, tfj Dnhaur Nmt pravkljs gapratjmtkag crae lksmrkekgntkag, hut tfj Gntkagnd Mkvkd ]jrvkmj Nmt magtnkgshatf n pravkskag ag jqund pny car jqund wari ngl n pasktkvj nmtkag pravkskagkg cnvaur ac pjrsags wktf lksnhkdktkjs.

]jmtkag =.=, wfkmf jxnekgjs oavjrgejgt padkmkjs,kgls tfnt tfjsj la gat kddtfj onps kg pratjmtkag wfkmf rjsudt crae tfj nhsjgmj ac n djoksdntkvj crnej-wari. East skogkkmngtdy, tfj Gntkagnd Fueng Xkofts Nmtkag Rdng nlaptjl kg

82>= lajs gat sjt aut magmrjtj tnrojts ngl pravkljs ga ejmfngkses ta nddawmkvkd samkjty, tfj ejlkn ar tfj puhdkm ta fadl stntj nmtars nmmaugtnhdj. Faw-jvjr, tfj oavjrgejgt fns nlaptjl sjvjrnd spjmkkm padkmkjs tfnt nrj rjdjvngt

ta jqundkty. \fjsj kgmdulj padkmkjs ag kgtjrgnddy lkspdnmjl pjrsags, pjrsagswktf FKS/NKL], ngl tfj jepawjrejgt ac waejg, neago atfjrs. Ns n ojgjrndrudj, rjmjgt oavjrgejgt padkmkjs nrj nljquntj ngl maeprjfjgskvj, hut nspk-

rntkagnd0 tfjy la gat nppjnr ta hj rjdntjl ta rjsaurmjs ar ta mrjntj spjmkkmpawjrs car tfj stnijfadljrs.

\fj kgnd sjmtkag ac Rnrt = ngndysjs tfj jgcarmjejgt ac dnws ngl kepdjejgtn-tkag ac padkmkjs rjdntjl ta jqundkty. Kt kgls tfnt tfj nhsjgmj ac jccjmtkvj magstk-tutkagnd ngl djoksdntkvj pratjmtkags car tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrke-kgntkag ks jxnmjrhntjl hy wjni ngl kgjccjmtkvj jgcarmjejgt pramjlurjsngl kepdjejgtntkag prnmtkmjs. Gjmjssnry ejnsurjs ta jgsurj nmmjss ta`ustkmj kgmdulkgo mdjnr pramjlurj rudjs, rudjs pjrekttkgo stnglkgo car kgtjr-

jstjl pnrtkjs, djond nkl ngl spjmkkm pravkskags oavjrgkgo jvkljgmj ngl praac nrj nhsjgt crae tfj djond crnejwari. Ejehjrs ac tfj Gntkagnd Fueng XkoftsMaeeksskag wjrj gat nppakgtjl ugtkd 82>8, ljspktj tfj Maeeksskag fnvkgohjjg jstnhdksfjl hy stntutj kg 822;. Nt tfj tkej ac wrktkgo, tfj Maeeksskagfns gat hjjg rntjl hy tfj Kgtjrgntkagnd Maarlkgntkgo Maeekttjj ac GntkagndKgstktutkags car tfj Rraeatkag ngl Rratjmtkag ac Fueng Xkofts, hut kts magstk-tutkgo djoksdntkag mdjnrdy cndds sfart ac tfj stnglnrls rjqukrjl hy tfj Maeekt-


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VKS


tjj kg rjspjmt ac kgljpjgljgmj. Aur ngndysks ac ]ulngjsj `urkspruljgmj kgls

tfnt tfj Magstktutkagnd Maurt, wfkmf ks jepawjrjl ta rjmjkvj maepdnkgts aclksmrkekgntkag ugljr tfj Magstktutkag, fns n wjni rjmarl.

Kg sue, tfks pnrt ac tfj rjpart kgls tfnt ]ulngs djond ngl padkmy crnejwari ksengkcjstdy kgnljquntj ta nllrjss tfj pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqund-kty kljgtkkjl kg pnrt 8.

Rnrt


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VS

Jxjmutkvj ]ueenry

Jgsurkgo `ustkmj car vkmtkes ac sjrkaus mnsjs ac pnst lksmrkekgntkag9

]trjgotfjgkgo ac kgtjrgntkagnd maeektejgts rjdntjl ta jqundkty9

Xjpjnd ar nejglejgt ac gntkagnd djoksdntkag wfkmf vkadntjs tfj rkoftsta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag9

Jgnmtejgt ac suhstngtkvj dnw pratjmtkgo tfj rkofts ta jqundkty nglgag-lksmrkekgntkag9

Jgcarmjejgt ac tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag9

\fj luty ac tfj oavjrgejgt ta ontfjr ngl lkssjekgntj kgcarentkagrjdjvngt ta jqundkty9

Radkmkjs ta rjspjmt ngl praeatj tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lks-mrkekgntkag9

Jlumntkag ag jqundkty9 ngl

Rrafkhktkag ac rjorjsskvj kgtjrprjtntkag, ljraontkags ngl rjsjrvntkags.


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Kgtralumtkag

>

>. KG\XALZM\KAG

>.> Rurpasj ngl ]trumturj ac \fks Xjpart

\fj purpasj ac tfks rjpart ks ta fkofdkoft ngl ngndysj lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgj-qundkty kg ]ulng ngl ta rjmaeejgl stjps nkejl nt maehntkgo lksmrkekgntkagngl praeatkgo jqundkty. \fj rjpart jxpdarjs dago-rjmaogksjl fueng rkoftsprahdjes, wfkdj ndsa sjjikgo ta sfjl dkoft upag djss wjdd-igawg pnttjrgs aclksmrkekgntkag kg tfj maugtry. \fj rjpart hrkgos taojtfjr car tfj krst tkej

jvkljgmj ac tfj dkvjl jxpjrkjgmj ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundktkjs ac engylkccjrjgt cares wktf ng ngndysks ac tfj dnws, padkmkjs, prnmtkmjs ngl kgstktu-tkags jstnhdksfjl ta nllrjss tfje.

\fj rjpart maeprksjs caur pnrts. Rnrt > sjts aut kts purpasj ngl strumturj,ngl tfj magmjptund crnejwari wfkmf fns oukljl tfj wari ngl tfj rjsjnrmfejtfaladaoy. Kt ndsa pravkljs hnskm kgcarentkag nhaut ]ulng, kts fkstary nglmurrjgt padktkmnd ngl jmagaekm sktuntkag.

Rnrt 8 prjsjgts pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty, hjokggkgo wktftfasj pnttjrgs wfjrj nmtund ar pjrmjkvjl appasktkag ta tfj murrjgt rjokej ksn ijy cnmtar kg mnuskgo ngl pjrpjtuntkgo kgjqundkty0 kgjqundktkjs hnsjl ag rjdk-okag ar hjdkjc, rnmj ngl jtfgkmkty ngl padktkmnd apkgkag. \fks pnrt tfjg rjvkjws

tfj sktuntkag ac waejg, wfa succjr lksmrkekgntkag hatf ns n magsjqujgmj acoavjrgejgt padkmy, ngl tfj nmtkags ac prkvntj nmtars. Kt tfjg turgs ta oraupsjxpjrkjgmkgo lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ag tfj hnsks ac tfjkr lksnhkdkty,sjxund arkjgtntkag ngl fjndtf stntus.

Rnrt = hjokgs hy rjvkjwkgo tfj enkg kgtjrgntkagnd djond ahdkontkags ac ]ulngkg tfj kjdl ac jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag wktfkg tfj crnejwaris ac tfj

Zgktjl Gntkags ngl tfj Ncrkmng Zgkag fueng rkofts systjes. Kt tfjg lksmussjs]ulngjsj gntkagnd dnw rjdntjl ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag, stnrtkgo

wktf tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag hjcarj jxnekgkgo gntkagnd djoksdn-tkag. Rnrt = ndsa rjvkjws stntj padkmkjs rjdjvngt ta jqundkty. \fj patjgtknd cartfj rjndksntkag ac tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag ks kddustrntjltfrauof n rjvkjw ac ulkmknd prnmtkmj, ngl n rjvkjw ac tfj apjrntkag ac oavjrg-ejgt ngl kgljpjgljgt halkjs rjspagskhdj car tfj kepdjejgtntkag ac fuengrkofts dnws.


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Kgtralumtkag

=

kgo ag tfj


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. mnusjs ar pjrpjtuntjs systjekm lksnlvngtnoj9

8. ugljrekgjs fueng lkogkty9 ar

=. nlvjrsjdy nccjmts tfj jqund jg`ayejgt ac n pjrsags

rkofts ngl crjjlaes kg n sjrkaus enggjr tfnt ks mae-

pnrnhdj ta lksmrkekgntkag ag tfj prafkhktjl oraugls

stntjl nhavj.

Lksmrkekgntkag eust ndsa hj prafkhktjl wfjg kt ks ag tfj

oraugl ac tfj nssamkntkag ac n pjrsag wktf atfjr pjrsagsta wfae n prafkhktjl oraugl nppdkjs ar tfj pjrmjptkag,

wfjtfjr nmmurntj ar atfjrwksj, ac n pjrsag ns fnvkgo n

mfnrnmtjrkstkm nssamkntjl wktf n prafkhktjl oraugl.

8 Khkl., Rrkgmkpdj


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Kgtralumtkag

:

Lksmrkekgntkag eny hj lkrjmt ar kglkrjmt.

Lkrjmt lksmrkekgntkag ammurs wfjg car n rjnsag rj-

dntjl ta agj ar earj prafkhktjl oraugls n pjrsag ar

oraup ac pjrsags ks trjntjl djss cnvaurnhdy tfng ng-atfjr pjrsag ar ngatfjr oraup ac pjrsags ks, fns hjjg,

ar waudl hj trjntjl kg n maepnrnhdj sktuntkag9 ar

wfjg car n rjnsag rjdntjl ta agj ar earj prafkhktjl

oraugls n pjrsag ar oraup ac pjrsags ks suh`jmtjl ta

n ljtrkejgt. Lkrjmt lksmrkekgntkag eny hj pjrekttjl

agdy vjry jxmjptkagnddy, wfjg kt mng hj ustkkjl nonkgst

strkmtdy ljkgjl mrktjrkn.

Kglkrjmt lksmrkekgntkag ammurs wfjg n pravkskag, mrk-tjrkag ar prnmtkmj waudl put pjrsags fnvkgo n stntus ar

n mfnrnmtjrkstkm nssamkntjl wktf agj ar earj prafkhktjl

oraugls nt n pnrtkmudnr lksnlvngtnoj maepnrjl wktf

atfjr pjrsags, ugdjss tfnt pravkskag, mrktjrkag ar prnmtkmj

ks ah`jmtkvjdy `ustkkjl hy n djoktkentj nke, ngl tfj ejngs

ac nmfkjvkgo tfnt nke nrj nppraprkntj ngl gjmjssnry.

Fnrnssejgt magstktutjs lksmrkekgntkag wfjg ugwngt-

jl maglumt rjdntjl ta ngy prafkhktjl oraugl tnijs pdnmjwktf tfj purpasj ar jccjmt ac vkadntkgo tfj lkogkty ac n

pjrsag ar ac mrjntkgo ng kgtkeklntkgo, fastkdj, ljornl-

kgo, fuekdkntkgo ar accjgskvj jgvkragejgt.

Ng nmt ac lksmrkekgntkag eny hj maeekttjl kgtjgtkag-

nddy ar ugkgtjgtkagnddy.=

\fks ljkgktkag tnijs n hranl vkjw rjonrlkgo tfj dkst ac pratjmtjl mfnrnmtjr-

kstkms. Kt magtnkgs hatf n dkst ac jxpdkmktdy prafkhktjl oraugls ac lksmrkekgntkagngl n tjst car tfj kgmduskag ac curtfjr oraugls, nmmarlkgo ta wfkmf mnglk-

= Khkl.,Rrkgmkpdj :, pp. 3?.


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Kgtralumtkag

?

Ndd tfrjj magmjpts rjdjmt murrjgt jxpjrt apkgkag ag tfj ljkgktkags ac tfj lkc-cjrjgt cares ac lksmrkekgntkag kg kgtjrgntkagnd fueng rkofts ngl jqundkty dnw.:\fjy nrj usjl tfrauofaut Rnrt 8 ta nssjss tfj pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag kljg-tkkjl hy tfj rjsjnrmf nonkgst tfj stntjs ahdkontkag ta rjspjmt tfj rkoft ta gag-

lksmrkekgntkag, ngl kg Rnrt = ns n hnsks nonkgst wfkmf ta nssjss tfj nljqunmy acdjond pravkskags kgtjgljl ta pratjmt pjapdj crae lksmrkekgntkag.

\fj rjpart ndsa rjdkjs ag n guehjr ac atfjr kepartngt magmjpts ngl ljkgk-tkags magtnkgjl kg tfj Ljmdnrntkag ac Rrkgmkpdjs ag Jqundkty. \fus, tfj rjpartjepdays tfj ljkgktkag ac rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag pravkljl kg Rrkgmkpdj>= ac tfj Ljmdnrntkag0

\a nmfkjvj cudd ngl jccjmtkvj jqundkty kt eny hj gjmjssnry

ta rjqukrj puhdkm ngl prkvntj sjmtar arongksntkags ta pra-vklj rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag car lkccjrjgt mnpnhkdktkjs

ac kglkvklunds rjdntjl ta agj ar earj prafkhktjl oraugls.

Nmmaeealntkag ejngs tfj gjmjssnry ngl nppraprkntj

ealkkmntkags ngl nl`ustejgts, kgmdulkgo ngtkmkpntary

ejnsurjs, ta cnmkdktntj tfj nhkdkty ac jvjry kglkvklund ta

pnrtkmkpntj kg ngy nrjn ac jmagaekm, samknd, padktkmnd, mud-

turnd ar mkvkd dkcj ag ng jqund hnsks wktf atfjrs. Kt sfaudl

gat hj ng ahdkontkag ta nmmaeealntj lkccjrjgmj wfjrjtfks waudl kepasj n lksprapartkagntj ar ugluj hurljg

ag tfj pravkljr.3

Kg dkgj wktf kgtjrgntkagnd dnw kg tfks nrjn, tfj nppranmf tnijg kg tfj rjpartks tfnt n ljgknd ac rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag magstktutjs lksmrkekgntkag.?

: ]jj, car jxnepdj, Zgktjl Gntkags Maeekttjj ag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd Xkofts, OjgjrndMaeejgt Ga. 820 Gag-lksmrkekgntkag kg jmagaekm, samknd ngl mudturnd rkofts (nrt. 8, Rnrn 8, ac tfj

Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngt ag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd Xkofts), ZG Lam. J/M.>8/OM/82, 822;,Rnrn >2.

3 ]jj nhavj, gatj >, Rrkgmkpdj >=, pp. >2>>.

? ]jj, car jxnepdj, Magvjgtkag ag tfj Xkofts ac Rjrsags wktf Lksnhkdktkjs, O.N. Xjs. N/XJ]/3>/>23, 8223, Nrtkmdj 89 Zgktjl Gntkags Maeekttjj ag Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl MudturndXkofts, Ojgjrnd Maeejgt Ga. :0 Rjrsags wktf Lksnhkdktkjs, ZG Lam. J/>;;:/88, >;;:, Rnrn >:0lksnhkdkty-hnsjl lksmrkekgntkag kgmduljs tfj ljgknd ac rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag hnsjl aglksnhkdkty wfkmf fns tfj jccjmt ac guddkcykgo ar kepnkrkgo tfj rjmaogktkag, jg`ayejgt ar jxjrmksjac jmagaekm, samknd ar mudturnd rkofts.


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6


Xjdjmtkgo ng jejrokgo kgtjrgntkagnd magsjgsus ag tfks kssuj, tfj magmjpt ac

rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag ks jxtrnpadntjl ta mavjr atfjr cares ac lksnl-vngtnoj hjyagl lksnhkdkty, ns wjdd ns, earj ojgjrnddy, lkccjrjgmjs wfkmf fne-pjr tfj nhkdkty ac kglkvklunds ta pnrtkmkpntj kg ngy nrjn ac jmagaekm, samknd,

padktkmnd, mudturnd ar mkvkd dkcj.6

\fus, kg tfj magtjxt ac tfks rjpart, kt ks nmmjptjltfnt tfj luty ac rjnsagnhdj nmmaeealntkag mng nrksj kg rjspjmt ac orauglsatfjr tfng lksnhkdkty.

]kekdnrdy, tfj rjpart jepdays tfj ugljrstnglkgo ac pasktkvj nmtkag pravkljlkg Rrkgmkpdj = ac tfj Ljmdnrntkag. Ns wktf atfjr prkgmkpdjs kg tfj Ljmdnrntkag,tfks prkgmkpdj lrnws upag jejrokgo nppranmfjs kg kgtjrgntkagnd ngl rjokagndfueng rkofts dnw, kg tfks mnsj wktf rjonrl ta tfj magmjpts ac spjmknd ejnsurjskg tfj vnrkaus kgstruejgts,;wfjrjhy kt sfaudl hj gatjl tfnt tfj Ljmdnrntkag

mnpturjs tfj orawkgo tjgljgmy ac kgtjrprjtkgo spjmknd ejnsurjs ns pnrt ac,rntfjr tfng ng jxmjptkag ta, jqund trjntejgt.>2Rrkgmkpdj = stntjs0

\a hj jccjmtkvj, tfj rkoft ta jqundkty rjqukrjs pasktkvj

nmtkag.

Rasktkvj nmtkag, wfkmf kgmduljs n rngoj ac djoksdntkvj, nl-

ekgkstrntkvj ngl padkmy ejnsurjs ta avjrmaej pnst lks-

nlvngtnoj ngl ta nmmjdjrntj praorjss tawnrls jqundkty

ac pnrtkmudnr oraups, ks n gjmjssnry jdjejgt wktfkg tfjrkoft ta jqundkty.>>

\fj gatkag ac pasktkvj nmtkag pdnys ng kepartngt radj kg tfj ugkkjl pjrspjm-tkvj ag jqundkty, ngl, tfjrjcarj, kg tfj nppranmf ac tfks rjpart. Ns prjvkausdylksmussjl, tfj rkoft ta jqundkty jxtjgls hjyagl n rkoft ta hj crjj crae lks-mrkekgntkag ngl magtnkgs ng jdjejgt ac pnrtkmkpntkag ag ng jqund hnsks wktfatfjrs kg ndd nrjns ac dkcj rjoudntjl hy dnw. Rasktkvj nmtkag ks ijy ta nllrjsskgo

6 ]jj nhavj, gatj 23 (VV), >;3:, Nrtkmdj >(;?;, Nrtkmdj )9 ngl Arongksntkag ac NcrkmngZgkty, Rratamad ta tfj Ncrkmng Mfnrtjr ag Fueng ngl Rjapdjs Xkofts ag tfj Xkofts ac _aejg kgNcrkmn, ANZ Lam. MNH/DJO/33.3, 8222, Nrtkmdj 8(>)(l).

>2 ]jj nhavj, gatj > ]jj nhavj, gatj >, Rrkgmkpdj =, p. :.


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;

tfasj kgjqundktkjs wfkmf nrj gat nttrkhutnhdj sadjdy ta lksmrkekgntkag. Fnvkgokljgtkkjl pnttjrgs ac suhstngtkvj kgjqundkty kg Rnrt 8, Rnrt = ac tfks rjpart

ngndysjs tfj nljqunmy ac pasktkvj nmtkag ejnsurjs ta nllrjss tfjsj.

\fj rjvkjw ac dnws ngl padkmkjs kg Rnrt = ac tfks rjpart ks hnsjl ag ng nssjss-ejgt nonkgst tfasj pnrts ac tfj Ljmdnrntkag wfkmf sjt aut tfj ahdkontkags actfj stntj wktf rjonrl ta tfj rkofts ta jqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag, kg-mdulkgo kg pnrtkmudnr Rrkgmkpdj >>. Kg tfks rjonrl, tfj Ljmdnrntkag nppdkjs tfjugljrstnglkgo ac stntj ahdkontkags kg tfj Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngt ag Mkvkd nglRadktkmnd Xkofts (KMMRX) ngl tfj Kgtjrgntkagnd Mavjgngt ag Jmagaekm, ]amkndngl Mudturnd Xkofts, ns jxpdnkgjl, kgtjr ndkn,kg Ojgjrnd Maeejgt = ac tfj MJ-]MX ngl Ojgjrnd Maeejgt => ac tfj ZG Fueng Xkofts Maeekttjj. Ns stntjlkg tfj maeejgtnry ag tfj Ljmdnrntkag0

Hy ngndaoy wktf tfj kgtjrprjtntkag ac ]tntjs ahdkontkags

sjt aut kg Ojgjrnd Maeejgt = ac tfj ZG Maeekttjj ag

Jmagaekm, ]amknd ngl Mudturnd Xkofts, ]tntjs nrj rjqukrjl

ta tnij ndd gjmjssnry stjps, kgmdulkgo djoksdntkag, ta okvj

jccjmt ta tfj rkoft ta jqundkty kg tfj laejstkm arljr ngl

kg tfjkr kgtjrgntkagnd maapjrntkag praorneejs. \fj rkoft

ta cudd ngl jccjmtkvj jqundkty eny hj lkckmudt ta cudkd9 faw-

jvjr, tfj ]tntj lajs gat fnvj ng jxmusj car cnkdkgo ta tnij

magmrjtj stjps kg tfks lkrjmtkag. \fj rjqukrjejgt ta tnijsumf stjps ks ugqundkkjl ngl ac keejlkntj jccjmt. N cnkd-

urj ta maepdy wktf tfks ahdkontkag mnggat hj `ustkkjl hy

rjcjrjgmj ta mudturnd, jmagaekm, padktkmnd, sjmurkty, samknd

ar atfjr cnmtars.>8

Nppdkmntkag ac tfj Zgkkjl Fueng Xkofts Crnejwari ag Jqundkty

Nppdykgo tfj ugkkjl fueng rkofts crnejwari ag jqundkty fns n guehjr

ac kepdkmntkags car tfj magtjgt, strumturj ngl ejtfaladaoy ac tfks rjpart.\fj krst kepdkmntkag ks rjdjmtjl kg tfj suh`jmt ngl smapj ac tfj rjpart tfj prjsjgtntkag ac kgjqundkty ag n guehjr ac lkccjrjgt oraugls kg tfjsnej stuly. _fkdj kt ks mdjnrdy hjyagl tfj smapj ac tfj rjpart ta pravklj nljtnkdjl ngndysks ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty nrkskgo ag jvjry oraugl,

>8 ]jj nhavj, gatj


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tfj nke fns hjjg ta prjsjgt wfnt nppjnr ta hj tfj east skogkkmngt pnttjrgs

ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty caugl kg tfj ]ulngjsj magtjxt. Kg rjspjmtac mjrtnkg oraugls, kt fns gat hjjg passkhdj ta kgmdulj jvjry oraup wfkmf ksvudgjrnhdj ta lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ag tfnt oraugl0 tfj jxnekgn-

tkag ac rnmknd ngl jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag, car jxnepdj, lajs gat daai nt tfjpasktkag ac ndd ac ]ulngs jtfgkm oraups, hut kgstjnl enijs usj ac mnsj stul-kjs kgvadvkgo spjmkkm maeeugktkjs ta kddustrntj kepartngt pnttjrgs ac rnmknd

ngl jtfgkm lksmrkekgntkag.

Rrjsjgtkgo pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ndagosklj jnmf atfjrndsa rjqukrjs n spjmkkm wjkofkgo ac tfj saurmjs ac jvkljgmj. \a saej jxtjgt,

Rnrt 8 ac tfj rjpart rjdkjs ag prj-jxkstkgo rjsjnrmf kgta kgjqundktkjs nccjmtkgopnrtkmudnr oraups, ngl lksnoorjontjl lntn ag tfj pasktkag ac lkccjrjgt oraups

kg pnrtkmudnr nrjns ac dkcj, wfkmf wns nvnkdnhdj kg saej nrjns, hut dkektjl kgatfjrs. Car jxnepdj, tfjrj ks n dnmi ac mrjlkhdj ngl rjmjgt stntkstkmnd lntn agtfj djvjds ac pnrtkmkpntkag ac lkccjrjgt jtfgkm oraups kg jepdayejgt, eni-kgo kt lkckmudt ta jstnhdksf tfj djvjds ac suhstngtkvj kgjqundkty kg tfks nrjn. Kg

tfks ngl atfjr nrjns wfjrj prj-jxkstkgo rjsjnrmf wns ugnvnkdnhdj, tfj JqundXkofts \rust fns rjdkjl earj fjnvkdy ag lkrjmt tjstkeagy crae kglkvklund vkm-tkes, ar kgtjrvkjws wktf pracjsskagnds warikgo ag hjfndc ac pnrtkmudnr oraups.\fj jvkljgmj ahtnkgjl tfrauof kjdl rjsjnrmf ngl ljsi rjsjnrmf fns hjjg ns-sjssjl ngl magtjxtundksjl, wktf n vkjw ta prjsjgtkgo pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgn-

tkag ngl lksnlvngtnoj kg n wny wfkmf ks ns rjprjsjgtntkvj ac ]ulngjsj rjndktyns passkhdj. Kg sa lakgo, kt ks fapjl tfnt tfj rjpart ndsa kdduekgntjs tfj dkgishjtwjjg kgjqundktkjs ag lkccjrjgt oraugls, tfrauof kljgtkcykgo avjrnrmfkgokssujs, kgstngmjs ac eudtkpdj lksmrkekgntkag ngl maeeag jxpjrkjgmjs.

\fjsjmagl kepdkmntkag ac nppdykgo tfj ugkkjl fueng rkofts crnejwari rj-dntjs ta tfj entjrknd smapj ac nppdkmntkag ac tfj rkoft ta jqundkty, wfkmf jgmae-pnssjs ndd nrjns ac dkcj rjoudntjl hy dnw. \fj rjpart sjjis ta mavjr, kg rjspjmtta tfj sjdjmtjl oraups ngl mntjoarkjs ac pjapdj, tfjkr jxpjrkjgmj ac kgjqundkty

nmrass n rngoj ac nrjns ac dkcj, sumf ns kgtjrnmtkags wktf tfj stntj, pjrsagndsncjty, jepdayejgt, jlumntkag ngl fjndtfmnrj. Hut kg tfks rjspjmt, taa, tfjjvkljgmj ks ugjvjg0 tfjrj ks dkttdj jvkljgmj ac lksmrkekgntkag ar kgjqundkty kgpnrtkmudnr nrjns ac dkcj car mjrtnkg lksnlvngtnojl oraups, jktfjr hjmnusj pjr-sags wktfkg tfjsj oraups la gat jxpjrkjgmj lksnlvngtnoj kg n pnrtkmudnr nrjnac dkcj, ar hjmnusj jvkljgmj ac sumf lksnlvngtnoj wns gat cartfmaekgo kg tfjmaursj ac tfj rjsjnrmf. Car jxnepdj, tfj rjpart magtnkgs agdy dkektjl jvkljgmj


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ac lksmrkekgntkag ag oraugls ac sjxund arkjgtntkag kg nrjns atfjr tfng tfj nl-ekgkstrntkag ac ùstkmj ngl jxpasurj ta lksmrkekgntary vkadjgmj. Ns snej-sjxsjxund nmtkvkty ks prafkhktjl kg ]ulng, ngl stkoen nonkgst sjxund ekgarktkjs ksvjry fkof, tfjrj nrj cjw apjgdy ony, djshkng ngl hksjxund pjapdj, ngl tfus ga

ngndysks ac sjxund ekgarktkjs jxpjrkjgmj kg jlumntkag ar jepdayejgt maudlhj ugljrtnijg.

\fj tfkrl kepdkmntkag ac nppdykgo tfj ugkkjl crnejwari ks ta rjqukrj ngngndysks ac hatf vkadntkags ac tfj rkoft ta gag-lksmrkekgntkag ngl tfj rkoft tajqundkty. \fj rjpart tnijs tfj rkoft ta jqundkty, ns ljkgjl kg tfj Ljmdnrntkag

ac Rrkgmkpdjs ag Jqundkty, ns tfj stnglnrl nonkgst wfkmf kt nssjssjs tfj ljorjjac kgjqundkty. \fus, tfj rjpart kgvjstkontjs fkstarkmnddy-ojgjrntjl pnttjrgs acsuhstngtkvj kgjqundkty hy daaikgo nt tfj jdjejgt ac pnrtkmkpntkag ag ng jqund

hnsks wktf atfjrs kg jmagaekm, samknd, padktkmnd, mudturnd ar mkvkd dkcj, tfjrjhyjxtjglkgo hjyagl jxpjrkjgmjs ac lksmrkekgntkag.

\fjcaurtf kepdkmntkagac tfks nppranmf ks tfj prjsjgtntkag ac cnmtund pnt-tjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ndagosklj ng ngndysks ac tfj djond nglpadkmy crnejwari rjdntjl ta jqundkty, wfkmf rjsudts kg tfj rjparts hnskmdaokmnd strumturj. \fj jxkstjgmj ngl jgcarmjejgt ac dnws ngl padkmkjs pra-fkhktkgo lksmrkekgntkag ngl praeatkgo jqundkty ks n mrktkmnd cnmtar tfauofhy ga ejngs tfj agdy agj kg jgsurkgo jgàyejgt ac tfjsj rkofts. Ns pra-

tjmtkgo pjapdj crae lksmrkekgntkag hy jgnmtkgo sumf dnws ks n ijy stntj ah-dkontkag kg rjspjmt ac tfjsj rkofts, wj sjji ta entmf ng nssjssejgt ac tfjdkvjl jxpjrkjgmj ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty wktf n rjvkjw ac ]ulngsdjond ngl padkmy crnejwari, kg arljr ta jstnhdksf faw wjdd tfj stntj fns ejtkts ahdkontkag.

\fj ngndysks ac pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag kg Rnrt 8 ac tfj rjpart okvjs rksjta skogkkmngt magmjrgs nhaut tfj nljqunmy ac dnws ngl padkmkjs ljskogjl ta

nllrjss lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty kg ]ulng. Rnrt = ac tfks rjpart nssjssjs

tfj djond ngl padkmy crnejwari kg tfj dkoft ac tfj Ljmdnrntkags prkgmkpdjs rj-dntkgo ta nmmjss ta ùstkmj car lksmrkekgntkag vkmtkes, jvkljgmj ngl praac kglksmrkekgntkag pramjjlkgos, ngl atfjr jdjejgts ac jgcarmjejgt ac jqundktyrkofts.>=_fkdj tfj gjmjsskty ac jccjmtkvj jgcarmjejgt ac tfj rkofts ta gag-lks-mrkekgntkag ngl jqundkty ks kddustrntjl hy tfj kglkgos kg Rnrt 8 ac tfks rjpart,

>= ]jj nhavj, gatj >.


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tfjsj kssujs nrj lksmussjl kg earj ljtnkd kg Rnrt =, ngl Rnrt < careudntjs rjm-aeejglntkags nhaut djond ngl padkmy rjcare, kepdjejgtntkag ngl jgcarmj-ejgt. \fus, kt ks fapjl tfnt tfj kgcarentkag magtnkgjl kg Rnrt 8 pravkljs nstrago jvkljgmj hnsj car ngndyskgo tfj jccjmtkvjgjss ac tfj dnws ngl padkmkjs

lksmussjl kg Rnrt =, ngl tfjrjcarj jgsurkgo tfnt tfj magmduskags ngl rjmae-ejglntkags kg Rnrt < nrj rjdjvngt ngl rahust.

Xjsjnrmf Ejtfaladaoy

\fks rjpart ks tfj autmaej ac n dago jgonojejgt hy tfj Jqund Xkofts \rustkg ]ulng. Hjtwjjg 82>2 ngl 82>>, wj maeeksskagjl rjsjnrmfjrs ta ugljrtnijkg-ljptf kjdl rjsjnrmf kg kvj ac ]ulngs stntjs0 Inssndn, Ifnrtaue, Xkvjr Gkdj,

]autf Lnrcur ngl _fktj Gkdj. Kg Inssndn, kgtjrvkjws wjrj maglumtjl kg GjwFndcn ngl Inssndn mkty, kgvadvkgo n tatnd ac :8 pjrsags. Kg Ifnrtaue, n tatnd ac


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>=

3= pjrsags pnrtkmkpntjl kg camus oraups ngl kgtjrvkjws kg Aelureng, ]ahnngl tfj sautf ac tfj mkty. Kg Xkvjr Gkdj stntj, 3; pjrsags pnrtkmkpntjl kg ca-mus oraups ar kglkvklund kgtjrvkjws, kg ]fnglk, Ndentnen ngl Ndtnrnoen. Kg]autf Lnrcur, >; pjrsags wjrj kgtjrvkjwjl kg Xkfnkl Ndhkrly ngl Gyndn. Kg

_fktj Gkdj, rjsjnrmf kgvadvkgo :? pjrsags wns ugljrtnijg kg tfrjj damndktkjs0Iastk, Xnhni ngl Nzkdnkt. Kg tatnd, 832 pjrsags sfnrjl tfjkr jxpjrkjgmj lurkgoaur kjdl rjsjnrmf kg tfj kvj stntjs, wktf n sdkoft ojgljr kehndngmj cnvaurkgo

waejg (>>: ejg).

Caddawkgo tfks pfnsj ac kjdl rjsjnrmf, tfj Jqund Xkofts \rust ugljrtaai kgtjr-vkjws ngl magsudtntkags nt vnrkaus pakgts tfrauofaut 82>8 ngl 82>=, ejjt-kgo wktf fueng rkofts ljcjgljrs, GOAs, nmnljekms ngl `aurgndksts warikgoag fueng rkofts kssujs, nt jvjgts fjdl hatf kgsklj ngl autsklj ]ulng. N cur-

tfjr 82+ kgtjrvkjws ngl twa camus oraups wjrj maglumtjl lurkgo n vndklntkagvkskt hy Jqund Xkofts \rust stncc ta Ifnrtaue kg jnrdy 82>>, 82>8ngl 82>=. \fks kgvadvjl n rjvkjw ac rjdjvngt dktjrnturj ag lksmrkekgntkag nglkgjqundkty kg ]ulng, kgmdulkgo rjparts hy hatf tfj oavjrgejgt ngl GOAs taZG trjnty halkjs ngl tfj Zgkvjrsnd Rjrkalkm Xjvkjw pramjss9 oavjrgejgt nglkgtjroavjrgejgtnd lntn ngl rjparts9 ngl rjsjnrmf puhdksfjl hy kgtjrgntkagndngl gntkagnd GOAs, nmnljekms ngl ejlkn arongksntkags. \fj dktjrnturj rjvkjwmavjrjl rjdjvngt nspjmts ac fueng rkofts ngl jqundkty, ns wjdd ns n guehjr acrjdntjl kssujs kg kjdls sumf ns ljvjdapejgt stulkjs, jmagaekms ngl magdkmt

stulkjs. Okvjg tfj gjjl ta daai hjyagl lksmrkekgntkag ngl nssjss jqundkty

ac pnrtkmkpntkag, trnlktkagnd ejtfals ac fueng rkofts lamuejgtntkag wjrjmaepdjejgtjl hy samkadaokmnd rjsjnrmf, kg pnrtkmudnr rjdntjl ta jepdayejgt,jlumntkag ngl fjndtfmnrj.

_fjrjvjr passkhdj, stntkstkmnd lntn wns rjdkjl ag ta kepravj ugljrstnglkgo ackgjqundktkjs. Kt sfaudl hj strjssjl fawjvjr tfnt nmmurntj ngl up-ta-lntj stn-tkstkmnd lntn ag ]ulng ks jxtrjejdy dkektjl, okvjg tfnt ga gntkagnd mjgsus fns


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>>. \fj rjsudtks tfnt engy ac tfj kourjs ag ]ulng wfkmf nrj nvnkdnhdj, wfjtfjr pralumjl

hy tfj stntj ar hy kgtjroavjrgejgtnd arongksntkags, rjdntj ta tfj prj-sjmjs-skag sktuntkag, ngl tfus ta n maugtry wktf n dnrojr ngl earj lkvjrsj papudn-

tkag tfng ]ulng talny. _fjrj nvnkdnhdj, stntkstkms maddjmtjl past-82>> fnvjhjjg usjl9 wfjrj sumf lntn wns gat nvnkdnhdj, tfj nutfars fnvj nttjeptjlta ljrkvj kourjs nppdkmnhdj ta ]ulng tfrauof tfj usj ac rjokagnd ngl stntj-

djvjd hrjnilawgs. Kg engy mnsjs fawjvjr, kt fns gat hjjg passkhdj ta kgl ar

ljrkvj nmmurntj ngl up-ta-lntj kourjs. _fjrj stntkstkmnd lntn fns hjjg usjl,

kt fns maej crae rjparts ngl puhdkmntkags pralumjl hy tfj oavjrgejgt, mae-pdjejgtjl hy ngl maepnrjl ta lntn crae tfj _ardl Hngi, tfj _ardl FjndtfArongksntkag, tfj Zgktjl Gntkags Ljvjdapejgt Rraorneej, tfj Zgktjl Gn-tkags Jlumntkagnd, ]mkjgtkkm ngl Mudturnd Arongksntkag ngl atfjr saurmjs. \fj

smnrmkty ac rjdjvngt stntkstkmnd lntn kg pnrtkmudnr lntn lksnoorjontjl hy pra-tjmtjl mfnrnmtjrkstkms sumf ns ojgljr, jtfgkmkty, noj ar rjdkokag prjsjgtjl nmfnddjgoj ta jccjmtkvj qungtktntkvj rjsjnrmf ag lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty.\fks kg ktsjdc ks n mnusj car magmjrg, ns tfj oavjrgejgt sfaudl jgsurj tfj mad-djmtkag ac lksnoorjontjl lntn ta nddaw kt ta nssjss ngl nllrjss kgjqundktkjs.>: ngl tfj wjhsktj ac tfj Ackmj ac tfj Fkof Maeeksskagjr car Fueng

>< ]tntjs fnvj ng ahdkontkag ta maddjmt lntn ag lkccjrjgt oraups kg mjrtnkg nrjns ac dkcj ugljr tfjKgtjrgntkagnd Magvjgtkag ag tfj Jdkekgntkag ac Ndd Cares ac Xnmknd Lksmrkekgntkag, tfj Magvjg-tkag ag tfj Jdkekgntkag ac Lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst _aejg ngl tfj Magvjgtkag ag tfj Xkoftsac Rjrsags wktf Lksnhkdktkjs, ng ahdkontkag wfkmf ks crjqujgtdy kgvaijl hy trjnty halkjs wfjgrjvkjwkgo stntj maepdkngmj. ]jj, car jxnepdj, tfj Zgktjl Gntkags Maeekttjj ag tfj Jdkekgn-tkag ac Xnmknd Lksmrkekgntkag, Ojgjrnd Xjmaeejglntkag 8), ZG Lam. N/:6, nggjxS, >;;;, Rnrn >, kg wfkmf tfj Maeekttjj stntjs0 YKUt ks jssjgtknd tfnt ]tntjs pnrtkjs pravklj ns

cnr ns passkhdj tfj Maeekttjj wktf kgcarentkag ag tfj prjsjgmj wktfkg tfjkr tjrrktary ac Yrnmjs,gntkagnd ar jtfgkm oraups ar kglkojgaus pjapdjsU. Zgljr tfj Ljmdnrntkag ac Rrkgmkpdjs ac Jqund-kty, tfj ahdkontkag ta maddjmt lksnoorjontjl lntn mavjrs ndd mfnrnmtjrkstkms rjdjvngt ta kljgtkcykgostrumturnd lksnlvngtnoj. Rrkgmkpdj 8< stntjs0 \a okvj cudd jccjmt ta tfj rkoft ta jqundkty ]tntjseust maddjmt ngl puhdkmksj kgcarentkag, kgmdulkgo rjdjvngt stntkstkmnd lntn, kg arljr ta kljgtkcykgjqundktkjs, lksmrkekgntary prnmtkmjs ngl pnttjrgs ac lksnlvngtnoj, ngl ta ngndysj tfj jccjmtkvj-gjss ac ejnsurjs ta praeatj jqundkty. (]jj Ljmdnrntkag ac Rrkgmkpdjs ag Jqundkty, \fj JqundXkofts \rust, Daglag, 8226, Rrkgmkpdj 8: Zgktjl Gntkags, Zgktjl Gntkags \rjnty ]jrkjs Agdkgj Maddjmtkag, nvnkdnhdj nt0fttp0//trjntkjs.ug.aro/pnojs/ZG\]Agdkgj.nspx1kl5>.
http://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1http://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1http://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1http://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1


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]mapj ngl Dkektntkags ac tfj Xjpart

Kt ks gat passkhdj car ngy rjpart ta pravklj ng jxfnustkvj nmmaugt ac lksmrkek-gntkag ngl kgjqundkty kg n okvjg maugtry, ngl tfks rjpart ks ga jxmjptkag. \fj

rjndkty ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty ks sumf tfnt jxpjrkjgmjs nrj ns engyngl vnrkjl ns tfj papudntkag ac ]ulng ktsjdc. Jnmf pjrsag wkdd fnvj tfjkr awgjxpjrkjgmjs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty, nrkskgo kg lkccjrjgt nrjns ac dkcj,kg lkccjrjgt mkrmuestngmjs, kg kgtjrnmtkag wktf lkccjrjgt pjrsags, kgstktutkags ararongksntkags ngl ns n rjsudt ac ngy nspjmt ac tfjkr kljgtkty, ar ngy maehkgntkagac tfjsj nspjmts. Car tfjsj rjnsags, tfj nke ac Rnrt 8 ac tfks rjpart ks ta pravkljn hranl avjrvkjw ac tfj prkgmkpnd pnttjrgs ac lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundktycjdt ta hj east skogkkmngt kg tfj ]ulngjsj magtjxt. Ngndysks ac mjrtnkg typjs ac

lksmrkekgntkag, gatnhdy tfasj succjrjl hy mfkdlrjg, gag-mktkzjgs ngl KLRs, ks

kgtjrwavjg kg tfj rjpart, rntfjr tfng prjsjgtjl sjpnrntjdy. \fj ljmkskag ta gatljvatj sjpnrntj sjmtkags ta tfjsj oraups ks eatkvntjl gat hy tfjkr djssjr skogkk-mngmj kg tfj maugtry magtjxt, hut hy aur apkgkag tfnt, crae tfj pakgt ac vkjw acjqundkty ngl gag-lksmrkekgntkag dnw, lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst tfjsj oraups np-pjnrs ta hj stragody ljkgjl hy agj ar earj ac tfj en`ar pratjmtjl mfnrnmtjr-kstkms mavjrjl kg tfj rjpart, pnrtkmudnrdy ojgljr, jtfgkmkty ngl rjdkokag. Carjxnepdj, tfj lksmrkekgntkag nonkgst jtfgkm ekgarkty okrds crae tfj pjrkpfjry kshjttjr ugljrstaal tfrauof tfj prkse ac jtfgkmkty ngl ojgljr, rntfjr tfng noj.

Ns gatjl nhavj, tfj rjsjnrmf car tfks rjpart wns sjvjrjdy magstrnkgjl hy ndnmi ac lksnoorjontjl stntkstkmnd lntn pjrtnkgkgo ta tfj sktuntkag ac mjrtnkgoraups, ngl mjrtnkg nrjns ac dkcj. Magsjqujgtdy, mjrtnkg kssujs, wfkmf waudlusunddy cndd wktfkg tfj smapj ac n rjpart nllrjsskgo jqundkty ngl lksmrkekgn-tkag, la gat cjnturj kg tfj rjpart nt ndd. Curtfjr, tfj nhsjgmj ac lksnoorjontjllntn kg rjdntkag ta mjrtnkg nrjns ac dkcj, sumf ns fauskgo, jlumntkag, jepday-ejgt, mrkekgnd `ustkmj, jtm., fns dkektjl tfj jxtjgt ta wfkmf tfj nutfars fnvjhjjg nhdj ta lksmuss kgjqundktkjs kg ndd nrjns ac dkcj car jvjry oraup wj fnvjmavjrjl kg tfj rjpart. Car jxnepdj, wfkdj tfj rjpart lksmussjs tfj jxpjrkjgm-

js ac saej oraups kg tfj jlumntkag systje, ar jepdayejgt, kt fns gat hjjgpasskhdj ta jxnekgj ndd oraups jxpjrkjgmjs kg tfjsj nrjns ac dkcj.

\fjsj aeksskags sfaudl gat hj kgtjrprjtjl ns ng kglkmntkag tfnt tfjrj ks galksnlvngtnoj kg tfj aekttjl nrjns, ar kg rjspjmt ta tfj aekttjl oraups. Xntfjr,tfj ljmkskag gat ta kgmdulj ng nssjssejgt ac lksmrkekgntkag ar kgjqundkty kgn pnrtkmudnr nrjn ar car n pnrtkmudnr oraup wns eatkvntjl skepdy hy n dnmi ac


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>?

jvkljgmj lurkgo tfj ljsi ngl kjdl rjsjnrmf stnojs ac pralumkgo tfks rjpart.

Kgljjl, n dnmi ac jvkljgmj kg rjspjmt ac n pnrtkmudnr oraup maudl kg ktsjdc kg-lkmntj n onp kg pratjmtkag ngl/ar eksskgo nrtkmudntkag ac jxpjrkjgmj kg tfjtjres ac ugcnkr kgjqundkty.

Ckgnddy, wfkdj tfj ljsi rjsjnrmf car tfks rjpart kgvadvjl ng jxtjgskvj rjvkjw acrjdjvngt dktjrnturj kg hatf Nrnhkm ngl Jgodksf, tfj en`arkty ac saurmjs wfkmfnrj lkrjmtdy quatjl ar rjcjrjgmjl nrj Jgodksf-dngounoj puhdkmntkags. \fks ksn rjsudt ac tfj smnrmkty ac Nrnhkm dngounoj saurmjs ngl tfj prjvnkdkgo nvnkd-nhkdkty pnrtkmudnrdy agdkgj ac rjsjnrmf ag lksmrkekgntkag ngl kgjqundkty kg]ulng kg Jgodksf, ngl sfaudl gat hj kgtjrprjtjl atfjrwksj.

>.= Maugtry Magtjxt

\fj Xjpuhdkm ac tfj ]ulng (]ulng) ks n dnroj maugtry damntjl kg Gartfjnst Nc-rkmn. Lkvkljl kgta jnst ngl wjst hy tfj Xkvjr Gkdj, ]ulng maeprksjs >6 stntjsavjr n tatnd nrjn ac >,663,236 sq ie, enikgo kt tfj >3tf dnrojst maugtry kg tfjwardl. ]ulng ks harljrjl hy Joypt ta tfj gartf, Dkhyn ta tfj gartfwjst, Mfnlta tfj wjst, ]autf ]ulng ta tfj sautf, ngl Jrktrjn ngl Jtfkapkn ta tfj jnst. \atfj gartfjnst, ]ulng fns n manstdkgj ac 6:= ie ag tfj Xjl ]jn. \fj mnpktnd mktyks Ifnrtaue, faej ta avjr : ekddkag pjapdj.

Zgtkd 82>>, ]ulng mavjrjl tjrrktary wfkmf murrjgtdy enijs up hatf prjsjgt-lny ]ulng ngl tfj Xjpuhdkm ac ]autf ]ulng. Caddawkgo ljmnljs ac magdkmt hj-twjjg carmjs crae tfj gartf ngl sautf ac ]ulng, ng norjjejgt wns rjnmfjlhjtwjjg tfj twa skljs kg 822:. Agj ac tfj maglktkags ac tfks norjjejgt wnstfj fadlkgo ac n rjcjrjglue ag kgljpjgljgmj car ]autf ]ulng, wfkmf wnsjvjgtunddy fjdl kg @ngunry 82>>, ngl kg wfkmf ;6.6=% ac tfasj pnrtkmkpnt-kgo vatjl kg cnvaur ac kgljpjgljgmj.>?]autf ]ulng ackmknddy hjmnej ng kglj-pjgljgt stntj ag ; @udy 82>>, wktf >2 carejr ]ulngjsj stntjs carekgo pnrt actfj gjw gntkag.

\fjrj nrj ga nmmurntj kourjs ag tfj papudntkag ac ]ulng caddawkgo tfj sjmjs-skag ac ]autf ]ulng ngl jstkentjs lkccjr. \fj oavjrgejgt ac ]ulng fns stntjltfnt, prkar ta tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng, tfj papudntkag ac tfj tjrrktary wfkmf

>? HHM Gjws, ]autf ]ulng hnmis kgljpjgljgmj rjsudts, HHM Gjws, ? Cjhrunry 82>>.


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>6


magstktutjs prjsjgt-lny ]ulng wns =2,;22,222 pjapdj kg 8226.>6 Lntn car 82>=pralumjl hy tfj Rapudntkag Lkvkskag ac tfj ZG Ljpnrtejgt ac Jmagaekm ngl]amknd Nccnkrs jstkentjl tfnt nppraxkentjdy =?,;3; \fj Mjgtrnd Kgtjddkojgmj Nojgmy _ardl Cnmthaai, wfkmf jstkentjs

murrjgt papudntkag hnsjl ag mjgsus ngl atfjr survjy lntn ngl enijs pra`jm-tkags hnsjl ag nssueptkags nhaut cuturj trjgls pravkljl n @udy 82>< kourj

ac =:,< jstkentjac =6,>63,;28, hnsjl ag papudntkag orawtf trjgls kg tfj maugtry.8>

\frauofaut kts ngmkjgt ngl magtjeparnry fkstary, ]ulng fns hjjg mfnrnmtjr-ksjl hy kts keejgsj lkvjrskty. Ckourjs crae >;;; kglkmntj tfnt prj-sjmjsskag]ulng magskstjl ac ng jstkentjl 322 jtfgkm oraups spjnikgo nhaut =22 dng-ounojs ngl lkndjmts.88 Zgcartugntjdy, ga mrjlkhdj jstkentjs jxkst car tfj guehjr

ac jtfgkm oraups kg tfj Xjpuhdkm ac ]ulng talny, ns ga mjgsus fns hjjg mag-lumtjl skgmj hjcarj tfj sjmjsskag. Lr Eafneejl [auskc ac tfj Ljpnrtejgt ac]amknd Ngtfrapadaoy nt tfj Zgkvjrskty ac Ifnrtaue tadl tfj Jqund Xkofts \rusttfnt kt ks jxtrjejdy lkckmudt kc gat kepasskhdj ta kgl up-ta-lntj stntkstkms ag

tfj maugtrys jtfgkm enij-up, kg pnrt hjmnusj ngy nttjept nt mdnsskkmntkag wns

nmtkvjdy rjskstjl hy tfj nutfarktkjs nt tfj tkej ac tfj dnst mjgsus kg Nprkd 8226.8=

En`ar jtfgkm oraups, kg nllktkag ta tfasj wfa mdnke ta hj Nrnhs, kgmdulj tfj Gu-hkngs kg tfj cnr gartf, tfj Hj`n kg jnstjrg ]ulng, tfj Cur kg Lnrcur ngl wjstjrgstntjs, tfj Guhn kg ]autf Iarlacng stntj ngl tfj Kgojssngn kg sautfjrg Hduj

Gkdj.8< Atfjr dnroj jtfgkm oraups kgmdulj tfj Inhnhksf ac Gartfjrg Iarlacng9tfj @nndkg ngl ]fnkokyyn, wfkmf nrj sjttdjl trkhjs ndago tfj rkvjrs9 ngl tfj sjek-gaenlkm Hnoonrn ac ]autfjrg Iarlacng ngl Lnrcur.8:

>6 Zgktjl Gntkags Fueng Xkofts Maeekttjj, Magskljrntkag ac rjparts suhekttjl hy ]tntjs pnr-tkjs ugljr nrtkmdj 8, Rnrn =.

>; Zgktjl Gntkags, Lkvkskag ac Jmagaekm ngl ]amknd Nccnkrs, Rapudntkag Lkvkskag, Rapudntkag, Ljvjd-

apejgt ngl tfj Jgvkragejgt 82>=, 82>=.82 Mjgtrnd Kgtjddkojgmj Nojgmy, _ardl Cnmthaai0 ]ulng, 82> _ardl Rapudntkag Xjvkjw, ]ulng Rapudntkag 82>;;;, p. >68.

8= Jqund Xkofts \rust kgtjrvkjw wktf Rrac Eafneejl [auskc, >; @ngunry 82>;;;, p. >3;.
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/


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>;

N guehjr ac jtfgkm oraups fnvj succjrjl ngl kg saej mnsjs magtkguj ta succjr ns n rjsudt ac nrejl magdkmt kg tfjkr faejdngls. \fj Cur, Ensndkt ngl Pnofnwn

pjapdj fnvj fkstarkmnddy kgfnhktjl tfj wjstjrg rjokag ac Lnrcur. \fauof jnmfks n lkstkgmt oraup, tfjy nrj stragody maggjmtjl tfrauof sfnrjl ngmjstry ngl

maeeag mudturnd prnmtkmjs.83

\fj magdkmt kg tfj Lnrcur rjokag, wfkmf stnrtjl kg822= ngl magtkgujs talny, ljspktj n 82>> pjnmj norjjejgt, mnusjl fuoj dass acdkcj ngl rjsudtjl kg tfj hkoojst fuengktnrkng mrksks kg tfj maugtry skgmj tfj jglac tfj Gartf-]autf wnr kg 822:.8? ]aurmjs kglkmntj tfnt tfj Guhn, wfa arkokgntjkg tfj Guhn Eaugtnkgs kg ]autf Iarlacng stntj, wjrj pjrsjmutjl hy summjsskvjrjokejs, ngl tfnt tfjy magtkguj ta hj lksmrkekgntjl nonkgst ag oraugls ac rnmjngl madaur.86 \alny, tfj Guhn Eaugtnkgs nrj tfj camus ac n en`ar nrejl magdkmt,wktf ljvnstntkgo magsjqujgmjs car tfj Guhn pjapdj.

Rrjvkaus ngl ag-oakgo wnrs jspjmknddy kg tfj rjokags ac Lnrcur, ]autf Iar-lacng ngl Hduj Gkdj fnvj rjsudtjl kg kgmrjnsjl ekorntkag ngl kgtjrgnd lks-pdnmjejgt ta tfj nrjns kg ngl nraugl Ifnrtaue ngl atfjr rjokagnd mktkjs.Nmmarlkgo ta tfj Ackmj ac tfj Zgktjl Gntkags Fkof Maeeksskagjr car Xjcu-ojjs (ZGFMX), kg 82>< tfjrj nrj >.6 ekddkag kgtjrgnddy lkspdnmjl pjrsags kgtfj maugtry.8; \fj ZGFMX ndsa jstkentjs tfnt tfjrj nrj hjtwjjg =22,222 ngl=:2,222 pjapdj ac ]autf ]ulngjsj arkokg wfa nrj nt rksi ac stntjdjssgjss.=2

Kg nllktkag, ngl ljspktj hjkgo n rjcuojj-ojgjrntkgo maugtry, ]ulng ndsa fastsrjcuojjs crae gjkofhaurkgo maugtrkjs. Nmmarlkgo ta ZGFMX pdnggkgo kourjs,

n tatnd ac 8>:,6>2 rjcuojjs, pjapdj kg rjcuojj-dkij sktuntkags, nsydue sjjijrsngl atfjr pjrsags ac magmjrg rjsklj kg tfj maugtry.=>

Nmmarlkgo ta Zgktjl Gntkags Ljvjdapejgt Rraorneej (ZGLR) jstkentjs,Eusdkes maeprksj ;?% ac tfj papudntkag ac past-sjmjsskag ]ulng,=8 wfkdjRrjskljgt Aenr nd-Hnsfkr nggaugmjl kg Amtahjr 82>> tfnt ;6% ac tfj papu-

83 Mudturnd ]urvkvnd, \fj Rjapdjs ac Lnrcur, Mudturnd ]urvkvnd ^unrtjrdy, Saduej =.8.8? Khkl.

86 Khkl.

8; Zgktjl Gntkags Fkof Maeeksskagjr car Xjcuojjs,82>< ZGFXM maugtry apjrntkags prakdj ]ulng.

=2 Khkl.

=> Khkl.

=8 Zgktjl Gntkags Ljvjdapejgt Rraorneej,Nhaut ]ulng, nvnkdnhdj nt0fttp0//www.sl.uglp.aro/magtjgt/sulng/jg/faej/maugtrykgca/.
http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/


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82


dntkag wns Eusdke.== Ga mrjlkhdj lntn ks nvnkdnhdj ag tfj guehjrs ar ljgaek-gntkags ac gag-Eusdke ekgarktkjs kg past-sjmjsskag ]ulng. Fawjvjr, kg kts82>8 rjpart ta tfj ZG Fueng Xkofts Maeekttjj, tfj oavjrgejgt stntjl tfntMfrkstkngkty ngl trnlktkagnd hjdkjcs fnvj n suhstngtknd guehjr ac caddawjrs kg

tfj maugtry, ngl tfnt kgstktutkags hjdagokgo ta avjr >2 Mfrkstkng ljgaekgn-tkags nrj nmtkvj kg tfj maugtry.=< \fj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag nlaptjlhjcarj sjmjsskag, hut stkdd kg jccjmt kg ]ulng talny stntjs tfnt djoksdntkag fnv-kgo jccjmt agdy kg tfj gartf ac tfj maugtry sfndd fnvj ns kts saurmjs ac djoksdn-tkag Ksdnekm ]fnrkn ngl tfj magsjgsus ac tfj pjapdj.=:

]ulng fns twa ackmknd stntj dngounojs0 Nrnhkm ngl Jgodksf.=3 \fj Magstktutkagstntjs tfnt Nrnhkm ks n wkljdy spaijg gntkagnd dngounoj ngl tfj en`ar dng-ounoj nt tfj gntkagnd djvjd. Kg prnmtkmnd tjres, Nrnhkm ks tfj maeeag dngounoj

ac oavjrgejgt ngl huskgjss, ngl kg urhng dkcj tfrauofaut tfj maugtry. Snrk-aus jtfgkm oraups fnvj tfjkr awg dngounojs, ngl tfj Magstktutkag stntjs tfntYnUdd kglkojgaus dngounojs ac tfj ]ulng nrj gntkagnd dngounojs ngl sfndd hjrjspjmtjl, ljvjdapjl ngl praeatjl.=? Kt ks gatnhdj tfnt ndeast ndd gag-Nrnhkmspjnikgo oraups usj agj ar earj vjrskags ac Nrnhkm ta maglumt ackmknd husk-gjss ar car maeeugkmntkag wktf atfjr oraups.

\fj maugtrys jmagaey dnrojdy ljpjgls ag norkmudturj, wfkmf nmmaugtscar nraugl agj tfkrl ac Orass Laejstkm Rralumt. Akd pralumtkag stnrtjl

kg tfj dntj >;;2s ngl magtrkhutjl suhstngtknddy ta haastkgo tfj jmagaey.Fawjvjr, wktf tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng kg 82>>, ]ulng dast kts nm-mjss ta n guehjr ac akd ckjdls, ngl wktf tfje ng jstkentjl =3.:% ac kts akdrjvjguj.=6 _ardl Hngi jstkentjs ac ]ulngs OLR car 82>= staal nt $33.::hkddkag (kg murrjgt Z]$),=; wktf Orass Gntkagnd Kgmaej pjr mnpktn kg tfj

== Zgktjl Gntkags Fueng Xkofts Maugmkd, _rkttjg stntjejgt suhekttjl hy tfj @uhkdjj Mnepnkog,n gag-oavjrgejgtnd arongksntkag kg spjmknd magsudtntkvj stntus, => Nuoust 82>8, N/FXM/8>/

GOA/8:, p. 8.=< ]jj nhavj, gatj >6, Rnrn >.

=: Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag 822:, Nrtkmdj ? ngl Nrtkmdj :(>).

=3 Khkl., Nrtkmdj 6.

=? Khkl., Nrtkmdj 6(>).

=6 ]ulng \rkhugj, ]ulngs jmagaekm ugmjrtnkgty oraws nfjnl ac summjsskag, sulngtrkhugj.mae,>: @ugj 82>>.

=; _ardl Hngi, Lntn0 ]ulng, 82>


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8>

snej yjnr nt $>,>=2.22.=, tfj Fueng Ljvjdapejgt Kgljx vnduj car ]ulng wns 2.


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88


pravjejgt wfkmf ks skogkkmngt hut gjvjrtfjdjss cndds hjfkgl ]ulngs gjkof-haurs Joypt ngl Jtfkapkn.:2 Nmmarlkgo ta tfj ZGLR Fueng Ljvjdapejgt Xj-part 82>=, dkcj jxpjmtngmy nt hkrtf kg ]ulng rjnmfjl 38.> yjnrs.:>

Xjmjgt Fkstary

]ulng ljmdnrjl kts kgljpjgljgmj crae tfj Ngoda-Joyptkng maglaekgkue kgLjmjehjr >;::, ngl tfj Hrktksf ngl Joyptkng oavjrgejgts rjmaogksjl ]ulngns kgljpjgljgt sfartdy nctjrwnrls, ag > @ngunry >;:3. ]ulng hjmnej n eje-hjr ac tfj Zgktjl Gntkags kg >;:?. \fj krst past-kgljpjgljgmj pnrdknejgtnry

jdjmtkags taai pdnmj kg >;:6. Fawjvjr, n ekdktnry maup ag tfj lny hjcarj tfjgjw pnrdknejgt wns luj ta magvjgj djl tfj jdjmtjl Rrkej Ekgkstjr, NhlnddnfIfndkd, ta trngscjr pawjr ta tfj maup djnljr Ojgjrnd Khrnfke Nhhaul.

Kg Amtahjr >;3;3:. \fj Magstktutkag ac >;3< ounrngtjjl, kgtjr ndkn,crjjlae acjxprjsskag ngl hjdkjc ugljr Nrtkmdj :(8). Fawjvjr, ljspktj n magstktutkagndmaurt rudkgo ta tfj magtrnry, pnrdknejgt pnssjl ng nejglejgt ta Nrtkmdj :,sjvjrjdy dkektkgo crjjlae ac jxprjsskag ngl hjdkjc. Ejehjrs ac Rnrdknejgtrjprjsjgtkgo tfj ]ulngjsj Maeeugkst Rnrty wjrj tfjg lksekssjl crae pnr-dknejgt ag nmmaugt ac tfjkr nddjojl ntfjkse. \fks djl kg turg ta n maeeugkst-

hnmijl maup hy ejehjrs ac tfj nrejl carmjs ugljr tfj maeengl ac @nncnrGkejkry, wfa taai pawjr kg Eny >;3;. \fj Magstktutkag wns suspjgljlngl Gkejkry rudjl hy Rrjskljgtknd Arljr. Hy >;?>, ndd padktkmnd pnrtkjs wjrjhnggjl wktf tfj jxmjptkag ac tfj rudkgo pnrty. N gjw Rjrengjgt Magstktutkagwns kgtralumjl kg >;?=, wfkmf nmigawdjlojl hnskm fueng rkofts ngl jstnh-dksfjl tfj rudj ac dnw ns ng nhklkgo prkgmkpdj car oavjrgngmj.

Mkvkd magdkmt hjtwjjg gartfjrg ngl sautfjrg ]ulng fnl hjoug hjcarj kglj-pjgljgmj ngl magtkgujl tfrauofaut tfj >;:2s ngl >;32s. Kg >;?8, tfj oav-

jrgejgt ngl sautfjrg rjhjd oraups skogjl tfj Nllks Nhnhn pjnmj norjjejgt,jstnhdksfkgo tfj ]autfjrg ]ulng Nutagaeaus Xjokag. \fj rjdntkvj pjnmj usf-jrjl kg hy tfj Nllks Nhnhn norjjejgt lkl gat dnst dago fawjvjr, ngl hy tfjjnrdy >;62s, tfj rudkgo rjokej kg Ifnrtaue wns sfawkgo skogs ac tfj orawkgo

:2 Khkl., p. =6.

:> ]jj nhavj, gatj , p. >38.


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8=

kgdujgmj ac rjokagnd ngl gntkagnd Ksdnekst eavjejgts wfkmf nlvamntjl car

tfj kgtralumtkag ac ng Ksdnekm magstktutkag, ng nspkrntkag wfkmf lrjw npnrttfj gartfjrg ngl sautfjrg pnrts ac ]ulng.

Kg >;6=, Rrjskljgt Gkejkry ljmdnrjl ]ulng ng Ksdnekm stntj, tfus hrjnmfkgotfj Nllks Nhnhn norjjejgt. \fks wns n mrktkmnd `ugmturj kg ]ulngs padktk-mnd ngl magstktutkagnd ljvjdapejgt, ns tfj kljadaoy pravklkgo tfj hnsks caroavjrgngmj ngl djoksdntkag sfkctjl rnlkmnddy ta rjdjmt Ksdnekm prkgmkpdjs ngl

tfj prj-jekgjgmj ac sfnrkn dnw. N pnminoj ac gjw dnws, wkljdy igawg ns tfj]jptjehjr dnws ac >;6=, kgtralumjl prkgmkpdjs hnsjl ag sfnrkn dnw kgtatfj ]ulngjsj djond systje. \fjsj dnws lkl gat spnrj Eusdkes wfa nttjeptjlta appasj tfje hy pjnmjcud ejngs. Rnrtdy kg rjspagsj ta tfjsj mfngojs, kg]jptjehjr >;6=, tfj mkvkd wnr hjtwjjg Gartf ngl ]autf hjong agmj nonkg,

wktf tfj carentkag ac tfj ]ulng Rjapdjs Dkhjrntkag Nrey (]RDN) kg tfj ]autfwfkmf ljmdnrjl rjsadutj appasktkag ta tfj ]jptjehjr dnws. \fj rjokej kg tfjGartf rjspagljl hy ljmdnrkgo`kfnl(fady wnr) nonkgst tfj ]RDN.

Crae >;6= agwnrls, tfj maugtrys padktkmnd ngl fueng rkofts sktuntkag hj-mnej kgmrjnskgody mfnrnmtjrksjl hy magdkmt ngl vadntkdkty. Kg >;6;, ngatfjr

Ksdnekm Eavjejgt maup jstnhdksfjl tfj rjokej ac Aenr nd-Hnsfkr, n stragosuppartjr ac tfj nppdkmntkag ac sfnrkn dnws. \fj Gartf-]autf wnr magtkgujlugnhntjl ugtkd 822:, wfjg tfj nd-Hnsfkr rjokej wns pjrsunljl hy tfj kg-

tjrgntkagnd maeeugkty ngl tfj strjgotf ac tfj ]RDN ag tfj oraugl ta skog nMaeprjfjgskvj Rjnmj Norjjejgt (MRN), hrkgokgo ng jgl ta tfj wnr. \fj MRNorngtjl tfj pjapdj ac ]autf ]ulng tfj rkoft ta vatj car ar nonkgst kgljpjgl-jgmj crae ]ulng. N rjcjrjglue ag sjdc-ljtjrekgntkag wns fjdl kg @ngunry82>>, rjsudtkgo kg ng avjrwfjdekgo vatj kg cnvaur ac kgljpjgljgmj. \fj gjwgntkag ac ]autf ]ulng wns harg kg @udy 82>>, ngl ]ulngs ojaornpfy ngl lj-eaornpfy mfngojl.

\fj MRN ndsa jstnhdksfjl tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktutkag 822:, wfkmf rj-

enkgs kg carmj kg ]ulng talny, ljspktj tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng. Car tfjkrst tkej kg tfj maugtrys fkstary, tfj Magstktutkag magtnkgjl n maeprjfjgskvj

Hkdd ac Xkofts wfkmf kgmduljs ng jxtjgskvj sjt ac pravkskags ag n wklj rngoj ackgtjrgntkagnddy-rjmaogksjl fueng rkofts. \fj Hkdd ac Xkofts fns hjjg wkljdyprnksjl hy ]ulngjsj djond smfadnrs wfa sjj kts kgtralumtkag ns n skogkkmngt


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869 Negjsty Kgtjrgntkagnd, MaugtryXjpart0 ]ulng,822;9 Fueng Xkofts _ntmf, ]ulng0 Gjw Nttnmis ag Mkvkdkngs kg Lnrcur, 86 @ngunry 82>>.

:: ]jj, car jxnepdj0 Zgktjl Gntkags Mfkdlrjgs Cugl, Lnrcur avjrvkjw, 82269 MHM Gjws, Lnrcurljntf tadd maudl hj ns fkof ns =22,2220 ZG ackmknd, 88 Nprkd 8226.

:3 Zgktjl Gntkags Ackmj car tfj Maarlkgntkag ac Fuengktnrkng Nccnkrs, ]ulng0 Lnrcur prakdj,Eny 82>


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Kgtralumtkag

8:

hj kglkmtjl hy tfj KMM. Nt prjsjgt, ljspktj n guehjr ac pjnmj nmmarls, vka-djgmj magtkgujs kg Lnrcur, ngl tfj damnd papudntkag magtkgujs ta cnmj lksmrkek-gntkag ngl atfjr fueng rkofts nhusjs.:;

Nctjr tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng, atfjr magdkmts hraij aut hjtwjjg tfjoavjrgejgt ngl tfj ]ulng Rjapdjs Dkhjrntkag Eavjejgt Gartf (]RDE-G)kg lksputjl nrjns ndago tfj harljr wktf ]autf ]ulng, kg tfj ]autf Iarlacngngl Hduj Gkdj stntjs. Ns wktf tfj atfjr magdkmts, tfj fuengktnrkng ngl fueng

rkofts kepnmt ks vjry sjvjrj.

>.< Oavjrgejgt ngl Radktkms

]ulng ks n Rrjskljgtknd Xjpuhdkm, wfjrj tfj jxjmutkvj ks maepasjl ac tfj Rrjsk-

ljgmy (ktsjdc maepasjl ac tfj Rrjskljgt ngl twa Skmj-Rrjskljgts) ngl tfj Gn-tkagnd Maugmkd ac Ekgkstjrs.32Ns gatjl nhavj, tfj Kgtjrke Gntkagnd Magstktu-tkag wfkmf wns nlaptjl hjcarj tfj sjmjsskag ac ]autf ]ulng rjenkgs kg carmjtalny, ljspktj tfj cnmt tfnt tfj strumturj ac oavjrgejgt wfkmf kt jstnhdksfjsks gaw rjluglngt kg n guehjr ac wnys. Car jxnepdj, tfj Magstktutkag jstnh-dksfjs tfj twa Skmj Rrjskljgts ns Rrjskljgtknd nppakgtjjs, agj crae sautfjrgngl agj crae gartfjrg ]ulng9 Nrtkmdj 38 stntjs tfnt wfjrj tfj Rrjskljgt ksjdjmtjl crae gartfjrg ]ulng, tfj pasktkag ac Skmj Rrjskljgt sfndd hj kddjl hy

tfj pjrsag wfa fns hjjg jdjmtjl ta tfj past ac Rrjskljgt ac Oavjrgejgt ac

]autfjrg ]ulng, ns tfj Rrjskljgts nppakgtjj ta tfj snkl pasktkag.3>

\fj Magstktutkag rjmaogksjs tfj Rrjskljgt ns hatf Fjnl ac ]tntj ngl Fjnl acOavjrgejgt.38Kt ndsa sjts aut ng jxtjgskvj dkst ac cugmtkags ngl pawjrs vjstjlkg tfj Rrjskljgmy, kgmdulkgo tfj pawjrs ta nppakgt fadljrs ac magstktutkagndngl `ulkmknd pasts9 sueeag, nl`aurg ar praraouj tfj Gntkagnd Djoksdnturj9ljmdnrj wnr9 ljmdnrj ngl tjrekgntj stntjs ac jejrojgmkjs9 ngl fnvj kgktkn-tkvj car ngl okvj nssjgt ta magstktutkagnd nejglejgts ngl djoksdntkag.3=\fj

:; Zgktjl Gntkags Fueng Xkofts Maugmkd, Xjpart ac tfj Kgljpjgljgt Jxpjrt ag tfj sktuntkag ac fu-eng rkofts kg tfj ]ulng, Ensfaal N. Hnljrkg, ZG Lam. N/FXM/8, >6 ]jptjehjr 82>=, Rnrns=6=;.

32 ]jj nhavj, gatj =:, Nrtkmdjs .

3> Khkl., Nrtkmdj 38(>).

38 Khkl., Nrtkmdj :6(>).

3= Khkl., Nrtkmdj :6(>).


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83


Rrjskljgt nppakgts tfj Gntkagnd Maugmkd ac Ekgkstjrs ngl skts ns n ejehjr actfj Maugmkd, taojtfjr wktf tfj twa Skmj Rrjskljgts.3\fj Maugmkd ac ]tntjs ks dnrojdy rjstrkmtjl ta ent-tjrs magmjrgkgo tfj ljmjgtrndksjl systje ac oavjrgejgt ngl tfj pratjmtkagac tfj kgtjrjsts ac stntjs9?8kts cugmtkag kg rjspjmt ac djoksdntkag pnssjl hy tfjGntkagnd Nssjehdy ks rjstrkmtjl ta magskljrntkag ac wfjtfjr sumf djoksdntkagnccjmts tfj kgtjrjsts ac stntjs ngl ta kgtralumkgo nejglejgts nmmarlkgody.?=

Nrtkmdj 8< ac tfj Magstktutkag jstnhdksfjs tfj maugtry ns n ljmjgtrndksjlstntj wktf caur djvjds ac oavjrgejgt0 gntkagnd oavjrgejgt9 tfj oavjrgejgt

ac ]autf ]ulng9 stntj oavjrgejgt9 ngl damnd oavjrgejgt.?) ngl (8).

3: Khkl., Nrtkmdj ?2().

36 Kgtjr-Rnrdknejgtnry Zgkag, ]ulng0 En`dks _ntngk (Gntkagnd Nssjehdy)0 Dnst Jdjmtkags.

3; ]jj nhavj, gatj =:, Nrtkmdj 6).

?2 Khkl., Nrtkmdj 6:.

?> Kgtjr-Rnrdknejgtnry Zgkag, ]ulng0 En`dks _jdnynt (Maugmkd ac ]tntjs)0 Dnst Jdjmtkags.

?8 ]jj nhavj, gatj =:, Nrtkmdj ;>((:).

?< Khkl., Nrtkmdj 8


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Kgtralumtkag

8?

fnvj kts awg stntj oavjrgar, djoksdnturj,?: ngl twa rjprjsjgtntkvjs ag tfjMaugmkd ac ]tntjs.?3\fj stntj oavjrgar ks jepawjrjl ta nppakgt ac n Maugmkdac Ekgkstjrs ngl, wktf tfks Maugmkd, ta jxjrmksj jxjmutkvj pawjrs.??]tntj oav-jrgejgts fnvj pawjr kg ng jxtjgskvj dkst ac nrjns, kgmdulkgo kgtjr ndkn0 stntj

padkmj ngl prksags9 stntj ejlkn9 stntj dngl ngl gnturnd rjsaurmjs9 tfj pravk-skag ac fjndtfmnrj ngl prkenry ngl sjmaglnry jlumntkag9 trnlktkagnd ngl mus-taenry dnw9 ngl lkrjmt ngl kglkrjmt tnxntkag ta rnksj rjvjguj car tfj stntj.?6Caddawkgo tfj sjmjsskag ac tfj >2 stntjs wfkmf gaw maepasj ]autf ]ulng,tfjrj nrj >6 stntjs kg ]ulng, taojtfjr wktf tfj Nhyjk nrjn, wfkmf fns spjmkndnlekgkstrntkvj stntus.

Kg nllktkag ta jstnhdksfkgo tfjsj nrrngojejgts car stntjs, tfj Magstktutkagenijs spjmkkm pravkskag car ]autf Iarlacng ngl Hduj Gkdj stntjs ngl tfj

Nhyjk nrjn. Kg rjspjmt ac Nhyjk, tfj Magstktutkag pravkljl car n rjcjrjglueta tnij pdnmj ndagosklj tfj rjcjrjglue car ]autf ]ulng, kg wfkmf rjskljgtswaudl fnvj tfj mfakmj ta rjtnkg spjmknd nlekgkstrntkvj stntus wktfkg ]ulngar hjmaej pnrt ac ]ulng.?;Kg rjspjmt ac ]autf Iarlacng ngl Hduj Gkdj, tfjMagstktutkag pravkljl car papudnr magsudtntkag car tfj pjapdj ac tfjsjstntjs tfrauof tfjkr rjspjmtkvj ljeamrntkmnddy jdjmtjl djoksdnturjs agtfjkr rjspjmtkvj cuturj, kg nmmarlngmj wktf tfj Norj

In Search of Confluence: Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan

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