Importance Industrial Revolution - PaveShareImportance Cultural Every culture throughout history has...

OutlineComponents– Concrete– Interlocking Pavement

Importance– Cultural

Ancient– Use– Scale– Construction– Materials– Interlocking pavement

Medieval– Use– Scale– Construction– Materials– Interlocking pavement

Industrial Revolution– Use– Scale– Construction– Materials– Interlocking pavement

Pre WWII– Use– Scale– Construction– Materials– Interlocking pavement

Post WWII– Use– Scale– Construction– Materials– Interlocking pavement

1

Thursday, August 19, 2010

Interlocking Concrete PavementComponentsConcrete is a combination of Cement and aggregates such as gravel, sand, and crushed stone– Cement is …

2


ComponentsInterlocking Pavement is differ from other pavers in that no single paver can move without moving adjacent pavers

A non interlocking pavement can move independently of surrounding pavers

The advantage to interlocking pavement is that pavements are less likely to warp in odd ways.

3Interlocking Not Interlocking

Interlocking Concrete Pavement


CulturalImportanceEvery culture throughout history has had a need for pavement.

Sometimes pavement was required for vital trading routes

other times pavement was used to signify the importance of a space

4


EconomicImportanceInterlocking Pavements can make a project more sustainable both economically and environmentally

Interlocking Pavements can often meet historic preservation guidelines while keeping costs down

5


UseAncientPavement was used for roads, markets, sidewalks, and important pedestrian areas such as outdoor temples

6


ScaleAncientpaving a road or market in ancient times required a large amount of time and resources.

As a result pavement was typically used for very important projects or spaces

Looking at Egypt, roads were constructed to help build the pyramids

The roads had to match the scale of the blocks being used for the pyramids, which resulted in much of the ancient world having relatively large paving materials

7


ConstructionAncientIt was pretty incredible how much ancient people were able to construct

Many of the tools used to cut the stone used for pavers remained the same even into modern times

Hoists and pulleys were used to help move large loads.

The pavements that lasted to modern day were constructed in much the same way as modern pavements

8


ConstructionAncientTypical construction consisted of…– Coarse rubble stones as a base– Oolite was used above the rubble

• oolite is natural oval shaped stone– a finer section of lime was used– larger slabs with a lime grout were used to

pave the surface

Pavement was often a locally sourced stone

9


MaterialsAncientStone is the most common pavement that is found today

The oldest known paved road was recently discovered in Egypt– The road was constructed with limestone,

sandstone, and wood.

One of the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia used paving materials on their temples to the gods

10


Interlocking PavementAncientThe Romans used an early form of a interlocking paver at Pompei

11


UseMedievalMedieval pavement was focussed more on interior areas close to castles than they were between towns.

Unless they were a major trading route.

However there were fewer major trading routes that were maintained. Many of the routes were based on the roads of the romans

12


ScaleMedievalThe scale of the medieval block shrank from the previously grand scale of the ancient world

the pavement had to respond of the mode of transportation fo the day which was mostly wooden wheeled carts

the smaller carts were required a much less strucural sound road.

13


ConstructionMedievalIf anything less attention to detail was paid then had been at the height of Rome

Below is an image of a road constructed in the middle ages

14


ConstructionMedievalThe chinese in order to rely more on dirt roads and less on the costly ordeal of paving great distances standardized axel widths.

The result was that ruts were uniform in width allowing for easier travel over dirt roads

15


MaterialsMedievalAfter the fall of the Roman Empire much of the Western world condensed into small fiefdoms

much of the materials stayed the same – stone– crushed stone– wood

– shells– dirt

16


Interlocking PavementMedievalCobble stones start as a waste product of shipping balast

Soon balast stones are bing installed in streets as a low cost material

the advantage of the cobble stones is that they do not wear down easily

one problem is that the strength of the pavement make the pavements louder making dense cities noisy as well as crowded

because the stones are uneven they start to act like modern day interlocking pavements

17


UseRailroads and steamships become the dominant forms of transportation. Wood, Coal, and Metal are the key players.

wood pavement is used to help absorb the violent movement of the steam engine

18

Industrial Revolution


Text

Scale

Even though buildings, trains, and ships are becoming quite large, wooden pavement keeps paving materials at a smaller scale.

19



ConstructionNot much change

20



MaterialsIron becomes a widely available material. Wood and Brick are the most commonly used paving materials

Machines are able to cut wood into uniform pieces. Wood also provides grip and cushioning to horses feet.

a problem with wood was that it wore out faster than stones

21


Text


Text

InterlockingIndustrial RevolutionWood pavement is small enough that the pavement starts to turn and rotate in all sorts of directions

interlocking pavement starts to become one of the more prevalent

22


UsePre WWIIThe automobile starts to radical shift in the built environment

concrete starts to be utilized to build dams, bridges, houses, and streets.

The first American concrete street was built as an experiment 1891.

For the most part pavers became standardized in their brick and wooden form. THough Cobble stones were likely to still be used

23


Text

ScalePre WWIIThe scale of the projects during this era were larger than had previously been seen.

Paving material remained at a small scale while the need and demand for paving areas starts to increase.

24


ConstructionPre WWIIindustrialized

pouring of roads and streets

need to be made to withstand the mass and speed of motor vehicles

Road construction remained as it had been for centuries.

25


MaterialsPre WWIIConcrete which had been utilized by the Romans but the forgotten to history was rediscovered by a couple of british guys

Portland Cement invented and distributed around the globe

Cement is mostly used for engineering projects such as bridges, walls, and dams

brick, wood, and stone remain the dominant paving materials

26


Text

Interlocking PavementPre WWIIAlmost all pavement of this era is interlocking

poured concrete roads

in the Netherlands concrete blocks are beginning to be produced. Though they are not typically used for pavement

27


UsePost WWIIThe world has just gone through the shock of the Second World War. As Europe starts to rebuild their demolished cities materials are increasingly in short supply.

For the first time interlocking concrete blocks are used as pavement.

The Netherlands was the first to use interlocking concrete pavement. Largely due to a lack of other available materials.

28Ro;erdam Before WWII Ro;erdam ACer WWII


Text

ScalePost WWIIInterlocking Concrete pavement attempted to mimic the scale of brick. The size of bricks though not uniform had largely stayed the same since medieval times.

29


ConstructionPost WWIIAfter the war, materials were in short supply but there was a ready supply of labor.

Interlocking concrete blocks at this point had to be installed by hand which required lots of labor. The extra cost of labor is generally balanced by the longevity of the material as well as with the low long term The large labor supply costs.

The extra labor costs which can sometimes be seen as a negative point today, were at the time a huge advantage due to the amount of workers without jobs.

30


MaterialsPost WWIIPortland cement is the cheapest and most readily available material for large projects.

31


Interlocking PavementPost WWII

After the initial development of interlocking concrete pavement in the Netherlands, other parts of the world start to follow suit.

The Netherlands continued to extensively use interlocking concrete pavement because of their particular soil issues.

The Netherlands is built on sinking soil. As a result it can be very difficult to keep pavement from forming sags. Interlocking pavers have the unique ability to adjust to the movements of the soil.

32


Importance Industrial Revolution - PaveShareImportance Cultural Every culture throughout history has...

Documents

Transcript of Importance Industrial Revolution - PaveShareImportance Cultural Every culture throughout history has...