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BMTEBC@VBKIS KG MJFB@ VK JFZC@VBKI

JFZC@VBKI VK MJFB@ VKX@\FS

@I BIIKW@VBWJ X@R KG @CVBWJ EJ@\IBIH

Bi p`rtb`e guegbeemjit kg tnj rjqubrjmjit bi TNBE 04:3?

Bitrkfuctbki tk Tnbekskpny

Sulmbttjf ly? Myrki F`ibjeej E. Mkitjg`ecki

Sulmbttjf tk? Trkg. \bcn`rf X. F`c`eks, M.T.\.

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Bmpebc`tbki kg Mjfb` tk Jfuc`tbki Jfuc`tbki tk Mjfb` tkw`rfs `i Biikv`tbvj

X`y kg @ctbvj Ej`ribih

B.  Bitrkfuctbki

Gkr surj, jvjrykij n`s tnjbr ajji bitjrjst wnji bt ckmjs tk jfuc`tbki. Bt

w`s jvji s`bf tk lj tnj sjckif kefjst prkgjssbki, tnkuhn bi skmj pe`cjs,

rjskurcjs sucn `s lkkas, p`pjrs `if pjis, tj`cnjrs `if scnkke lubefbihs `rj

bisuggbcbjit lut tnjbr p`ssbki gkr ej`ribih c`i‛t lj mj`surjf ki wn`t tnjy n`vj

bi n`if, bt‛s mkrj ki ej`ribih `if fbsckvjrbih ijw tnbihs.  Oust ebaj `i j`hejt

wnk fkjsi‛t aikw nkw tk sk`r, njr mktnjr `s `i `bf wkuef tj`cn njr nkw tk

w`ea `if tnji gey. Xbtnbi ` gjw yj`rs, tn`t j`hejt ckuef ej`ri nkw tk sk`r `s

nbhn `s nbs gekca fkjs.

@s gkr Okni Fjwjy, jfuc`tbki bs tnj mj`is kg tnj ―skcb`e ckitbiubty kg

ebgj”. Nj pkbitjf kut tn`t tnj jfuc`tbki btsjeg must lj ` ijcjssbty, m`abih bt `

l`sbc ijjf gkr jvjrykij. Vnkuhn gkr skmj rj`skis, jfuc`tbki n`s ljji

uifjrsckrjf, uifjrsckrjf bi ` sjisj tn`t pjkpej tkf`y wjrj t`abih bt gkr

hr`itjf. (Tnbebps & Sjbhje, <44>) Xj snkuef jxpekrj tnj aikwejfhj wj ckuef

h`bi grkm bt, tnj ruejs tn`t hkvjri tnj w`y wj jxprjssjf `if jxpjrbjicjf bt.

@if sk, ejt us n`vj ` qubca ekka ki tnj jfuc`tbki`e systjm wj n`vj njrj bi tnj

Tnbebppbijs.

Nbstkrbc`eey spj`abih, bt w`s tnj @mjrbc`is wnk lrkuhnt jfuc`tbki njrj

bi kur ckuitry. Oust ebaj tnj Sp`ib`rfs wnk usjf rjebhbki `s ` tkke tk ckiqujr,

@mjrbc`is usjf prbm`rbey jfuc`tbki `if Cnrbstb`i-l`sjf mkr`es bi ckiqujrbih

tnj Tnbebppbijs gkr fjc`fjs. L`sjf ki `i `rtbcej, bt w`s cej`r tn`t jfuc`tbki

n`si‛t ljji usjf gkr ebljr`tbih us grkm uickiscbkusijss1 r`tnjr bt w`s usjf `s

` lrbfhj gkr ckekibz`tbki. Lut wj c`i‛t le`mj @mjrbc`is gkr fkbih bt. Bi g`ct, bt

n`s njepjf us bi sk m`iy w`ys sbicj tnji. (Gekrjs, <406)

M`c@rtnur, M`ii `if \kss `ssumjf tn`t pulebc jfuc`tbki ckuef lrj`a

fkwi tnj w`ees ljtwjji tnj beeustr`fks   `if tnj bifbks , tn`t bt ckuef lj tnj

mj`is gkr skcb`e ckitrke `if jif ckigebcts. Lut tnji `h`bi, bistj`f kg uibtbih

tnj Gbebpbik pjkpej, bt crj`tjf `iktnjr lkuif`ry gkr tnj jebtjs, mbffej ce`ss `if

ekwjr ce`ss – sucn mkfbgbc`tbkis st`rtjf wnji tnj ckmpueskry us`hj kg Jihebsn

e`ihu`hj w`s bmpejmjitjf `s ` mkfj gkr tj`cnbih, bistj`f kg usbih kur kwi

i`tbvj fb`ejcts. (blbf)

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Tnbebppbijs n`f `esk uifjrhkij tnbs ckmmjrcb`ebz`tbki kg jfuc`tbki.

Vn`t‛s wny p`rjits wkuef sjif tnjbr cnbefrji tk ’prjstbhbkus‛ scnkkes tn`t `rj

s`bf tk prkvbfj ` qu`ebty jfuc`tbki jvji bg bt bs ckstey. Scnkkes tnji turijf kut

bitk ` lusbijss, ` g`ctkry kg mkijy bi jxcn`ihj gkr ` qu`ebty kg jfuc`tbki,bistj`f kg ej`fbih pjkpej tk jckikmbc ebljr`tbki.

Sk mucn gkr tn`t, ejt‛s tnji n`vj ` qubca ekka ki tnj mjfb`.

@emkst jvjrykij tkf`y n`s tnjbr kwi skcb`e mjfb` `cckuit, jvji tnj

lusbijss `if ikt-gkr-prkgbt bistbtutbkis, hkvjrimjit, cjejlrbtbjs `if jvji tnjbr

pjt, bm`hbij; Tjkpej tnjrj pkstjf tnjbr pbcturjs, st`tus –  wn`t tnjy‛rj fkbih

`if wnjrj tnjy `rj, `if hjt ckiijctjf wbtn ktnjr pjkpej ebaj grbjifs `if

rje`tbvjs wnk ebvj bi tnj rjmktj `rj`s. Bt w`s jvji usjf bi sprj`fbih tnj ijws.Ijws wbee lj pkstjf `if wbee tnji sprj`f bi oust ` m`ttjr kg sjckifs. Bt w`s

sbicj tnj <0st Cjitury wnji skcb`e mjfb` ebaj RkuVulj, G`cjlkka `if Vwbttjr

ljh`i tk tr`isgkrm tnj num`ibty `crkss tnj heklj.

Bt‛s mkrj ki wn`t wj w`tcn, wn`t wj rj`f ki tnj mjfb` tn`i kur kwi

pjrski`e jxpjrbjicjs. Hkkf beeustr`tbki bs `i bitjrvbjw wbtn Ks`m` lbi E`fji bi

Kctkljr <440, wnji nj w`s `sajf ’Xny bs Xjstjri Mjfb` Jst`lebsnmjit sk

`itb-num`ij;‛ nj tnji `iswjrjf ’QLjc`usj] bt bmpe`its gj`r `if njepejssijss bi

tnj psycnj kg tnj pjkpej kg Jurkpj `if Zibtjf St`tjs‛. Bistj`f kg prkp`h`tbihrbsa fbsckursj, bt tnji turijf kut bitk skmjtnbih tn`t c`usjs gj`r. (Gurjfb,

<448)

Xn`t pjkpej fbfi‛t klsjrvjf bs tn`t bt bs ckitbiukusey ―rjsn`pbih nkw

num`i ljbihs bibtb`tj `if/kr m`bit`bi vbrtu`eey jvjry typj kg jtnbc`eey

sbhibgbc`it skcb`e lkif kr rkej.”   (W`eekr, <40<)

Vnbs p`pjr `bms tk prjsjit tnj bmpebc`tbkis kg mjfb` tk jfuc`tbki, `if kg

jfuc`tbki tk mjfb`, fbssjctbih `if `ppeybih tnjkrbjs `if pnbekskpnbjs grkm

fbggjrjit pnbekskpnjrs sk tn`t `rhumjits wbee lj oustbgbjf, `if crj`tj ` prkfuct

tn`t ckuef lj kg ` cn`ihj tkw`rf `i biikv`tbvj `if tr`isgkrm`tbvj w`y kg `ctbvj

ej`ribih.

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BB.  Vnjkrjtbc`e Gr`mjwkra

Sbicj tnbs p`pjr t`eas `lkut tnj mjtnkfs ki nkw wj c`i `cnbjvj `i

biikv`tbvj `if tr`isgkrm`tbvj w`y kg `ctbvj ej`ribih, bt‛ee lj bmpkrt`it bg wj wbee

stjp l`caw`rfs ebttej ly ebttej `if sjj tnj rjejv`icj kg tnbs stufy.

Ejt‛s st`rt wbtn Gr`iagurt Scnkke `if tnj Crbtbc`e Vnjkry.

Bt w`s st`rtjf ly Gjebx Xjbe wnji nj `sajf nbs g`tnjr tk gbi`icj `i

bistbtutbki fjfbc`tjf ki tnj stufy kg skcbjty bi tnj ebhnt kg M`rxbst Vr`fbtbki. Bts

vbsbki bs tk prkvbfj stufbjs ki tnj e`lkr mkvjmjit `if tnj krbhbis kg `itb-

Sjmbtbsm. Bt w`s tnji rjckhibzjf ly Mbibstry kg Jfuc`tbki tk Gr`iagurt Scnkke

`s Bistbtutj gkr Skcb`e \jsj`rcn. Bts gbrst fbrjctkr bs C`re Hrõiljrh –  ` M`rxbst

ejh`e `if pkebtbc`e prkgjsskr `t tnj Zibvjrsbty kg Wbjii`. (Ckrr`fjttb, i.f.)

Vnrkuhn Gr`iagurt Scnkke, bts mjmljrs wjrj `lej tk `ffrjss ` wbfj

v`rbjty kg jckikmbc, skcb`e, pkebtbc`e `if `jstnjtbc tkpbcs, r`ihbih grkm

jmpbrbc`e `i`eysbs tk pnbekskpnbc`e tnjkrbz`tbki. Vnjbr psycnk`i`eysbs w`s

ckicjbvjf tnrkuhn rjbitjrprjtbih Grjuf‛s `if M`rx‛s tnjkrbjs `if prbicbpejs.

(blbf)

Vnj Crbtbc`e Vnjkry rjojcts tnj pbcturj tnjkry (kg Vr`fbtbki`e Vnjkry) kg

e`ihu`hj `if aikwejfhj, prjsjitjf ki Xbtthjbistjbi‛s Vr`ct`tus. Lut ki tnje`ttjr p`rt, Xbtthjbistjbi nbmsjeg `l`ifkijf sucn ekhbc`e gkrms ckisbsts bi

―snkwbih” ` pkssblej g`ct `if bi  ―s`ybih” wnjtnjr tnbs bs truj kr g`esj. Gkr

bist`icj, tnj scnjmj ―TZT prkvbfjs qu`ebty jfuc`tbki jvji bg yku kiey n`vj tk

p`y T0</uibt”, ` grbjif kg ykurs wnbcn w`s tnji ` TZT stufjit tkef yku tn`t bt

rj`eey bs, lut bi krfjr tk cnjca bg bt bs gkr rj`e kr ikt, yku n`vj tk sjj bt gkr

ykursjeg. Vnbs bmpebjs tn`t tnj ckifbtbki kg trutn `if g`esjnkkf prjsuppksjs `i

klojctbvj structurj kg tnj wkref. (Tnbebps F.C. jt `e, <403)

Vk sum up jvjrytnbih `lkut Crbtbc`e Vnjkry grkm rjsj`rcn stufbjs `if

`rtbcejs, bt spj`as kg tnbihs tn`t ckuef njep ` ckuitry jxpjrbjicj ` skcb`e cn`ihj

– aikwbih tnj scji`rbk, bfjitbgybih tnj `ctkrs ljnbif bt, prkvbfj `rhumjits `if

 oustbgbc`tbkis, `if hk`es tk wnbcn tnj skcbjty c`i `cnbjvj.

Sjckif w`s wbtn Okni Fjwjy‛s vbjw ki Vr`fbtbki`e `if tnj Trkhrjssbvj

Jfuc`tbki. Trkhrjssbvj mkvjmjit ki Fjwjy bs fjgbibtjey `i `fv`icj `pprk`cn

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ikt ` typbc`e ce`ssrkkm typj. Nj pkbits kut ki `ctbvj ej`ribih r`tnjr tn`i

p`ssbvj bi wnbcn ` tj`cnjr fkjs tnj t`eabih mkst kg tnj tbmj `if tnj stufjit

wkuef sbmpey ebstji `if m`y skmjtbmjs t`aj fkwi iktjs. Gkr Fjwjy stufjits

must lj `i `ctbvj biqubrjrs r`tnjr tn`i `itb-spjct`tkr. Ej`ribih bs ikt biceusbvj

bisbfj tnj ce`ssrkkm. Ljc`usj j`cn ej`rijr bs uibquj tnjy fbggjr wbtn tnj w`ytnjy ej`ri sk tn`t tj`cnjr snkuef lj gejxblej wbtn njr `pprk`cn wbtn njr

stufjits.

Vnbrf w`s wbtn tnj Ckhibtbvbsm. Ckhibtbvbsm n`s ljji ckmp`rjf tk `

ckmputjr wnbcn w`s mj`it gkr prkcjssbih bigkrm`tbki, tk wnbcn tnj ―le`ca lkx” 

kg kur mbifs n`s tk lj kpjijf `if uifjrstkkf. Bt bmpebjs tn`t wj snkuef

jxpekrj tnj mj`ibih `tt`cnjf tk tnbihs, sucn ruejs tn`t hkvjri tnj w`y wj‛rj

jxpjrbjicbih `if jxprjssbih bt tnrkuhn biijr mjit`e `ctbvbtbjs ebaj rj`fbih,

mjmkrbzbih `if crbtbc`e tnbiabih tn`t ckuef ej`f us bitk `i `ctbvj w`y kgej`ribih `if fbsckvjrbih ijw tnbihs. Vnbs tnjkry `esk jit`bes tn`t jrrkrs c`i

m`aj ` m`i ej`ri skmjtnbih. (Ckhibtbvbsm, i.f.)

@if e`st w`s wbtn N`isji‛s Ijw Tnbekskpny gkr Ijw Mjfb` 

Gkr Cr`ry, Wbrhbek, Mbtcnjee, n`s m`fj tnjbr st`if tn`t tnj ijw ckmputjr

tjcnikekhy bs m`ibpue`tbih tnj num`is turibih tnjm tk lj fjt`cnjf grkm `i

jmlkfbjf, n`ptbc sjisj kg pnysbc`e ekc`tbki. Wbrtu`e rj`ebty systjms –  bts

rjprjsjit`tbki ki ebtjr`turj `if gbem, pjrcjbvjs tn`t ijw mjfb` `s `lstr`ct,

fbsjmlkfbjf `if fjckitjxtu`ebzjf bigkrm`tbki. (N`isji, <446)

Tjkpej v`ry hrj`tey ki tnj crbtbc`e jih`hjmjit wbtn tnj ckmputjr

tjcnikekhy `s bt w`s gj`rjf ly m`iy pjkpej, s`ybih tn`t bt w`s tnj fjvbcj usjf

tk jif tnj r`cj kg num`ibty. Syikiymkus tk wn`t Lbee Oky kg Sui Mbcrksystjms

wnk tbtejf nbs @prbe <444 Xbrjf M`h`zbij `s ―Xny tnj guturj fkjsi‛t ijjf us?

kur mkst pkwjrgue <0st Cjitury tjcnikekhy – rklktbcs, hjijtbc jihbijjrbih `if

i`iktjcnikekhy –  `rj tnrj`tjibih tk m`aj num`is `i jif`ihjrjf spjcbjs.” 

(blbf)

Ki tnj ktnjr n`if, A`tnjrbij N`yejs n`s prkvbfjf ` lrbjg summ`ry kg

pkst num`i vbjws m`fj ly skmj tnjkrbsts. Snj ckigbhurjs kut tn`t pkst num`i

c`i lj sj`mejssey `rtbcue`tjf wbtn bitjeebhjit m`cnbijs. Snj rjbtjr`tjf tn`t

tnjrj `rj ik jssjitb`e fbggjrjicjs kr `lskeutj fjm`rc`tbki ljtwjji lkfbey

jxbstjicj `if ckmputjr stbmue`tbki, gujejf ly tnj iktbki kg bigkrm`tbki `s

fbsjmlkfbjf. Snj m`ajs njr st`if tn`t bistj`f kg `cqubjscbih tnj pkst num`i

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vbjws `s `i `pkc`eyptbc jr`surj kg num`i sulojctbvbty jxbstjicj, wj ckuef m`aj

` ljttjr p`rtijrsnbp ljtwjji num`is –  lkfbey jxbstjicj `if bitjeebhjit

m`cnbijs – ckmputjr stbmue`tbki. (blbf)

Bi N`isji‛s Ijw Tnbekskpny gkr Ijw Mjfb`, nj spj`as kg tnj bssujs Bprjsjitjf j`rebjr ki pkst num`ibsm. Ejt mj quktj wn`t n`s ljji mjitbkijf ly

Grbjfrbcn Abttejr bi nbs lkka, Hr`mkpnkij, Gbem, Vypjwrbtjr ?

―Ljgkrj tnj jif, skmjtnbih bs ckmbih tk `i jif. Vnj hjijr`e fbhbtbz` tbki kg cn`iijes

`if bigkrm`tbki jr`sjs tnj fbggjrjicjs `mkih tnj bifbvbfu`e mjfb`. Skuif `if bm`hj,

vkbcj `if tjxt `rj rjfucjf tk surg`cj jggjcts, aikwi tk ckisumjrs `s bitjrg`cj. Sjisj

`if tnj sjisjs turi bitk jyjw`sn. Vnjbr mjfb`-prkfucjf he`mkur wbee survbvj gkr `i

bitjrbm `s ` lyprkfuct kg str`tjhbc prkhr`ms. Bisbfj tnj ckmputjrs tnjmsjevjs

jvjrytnbih ljckmjs ` iumljr? qu`itbty wbtnkut bm`hj, skuif kr vkbcj. @if kicj kptbc`e

gbljr ijtwkras turi gkrmjrey fbstbict f`t` gekws bitk ` st`if`rfbzjf sjrbjs kg fbhbtbzjf

iumljrs, `iy mjfbum c`i lj tr`ise`tjf bitk `iy ktnjr. Xbtn iumljrs, jvjrytnbih hkjs,

mkfue`tbki, tr`isgkrm`tbki, syicnrkibz`tbki1 fje`y, stkr`hj, tr`ispksbtbki1 scr`mlebih,

sc`iibih, m`ppbih – ` tkt`e mjfb` ebia ki ` fbhbt`e l`sj wbee jr`sj tnj vjry ckicjpt kg

mjfbum. Bistj`f kg wbrbih pjkpej `if tjcnikekhbjs, `lskeutj aikwejfhj wbee rui `s `i

jifejss ekkp.” (N`isji, <446)

Abttejr bs eksbih tnj pkbit –  nj rj`skis tn`t `s num`i pjrcjbvjs wbtn

fbhbt`e ckivjrhjicj, pjkpej wbee ljckmj klskejtj. Bi ckitr`ry, N`isji ce`rbgbjs

tn`t tnj purj gekw bs ik ekihjr `lkut `fkptbih kijsjeg tk num`i pjrcjptu`e

r`tbks. Nj kggjrs ` pksbtbvj prkhr`m wnjrjbi num`i wbee jmlr`cj tnj rbcnm`tjrb`ebty kg tjcnikekhy –  ebljr`tbih bt grkm fjl`tjs `if fbggjrjit

rjprjsjit`tbkis.

BBB.  Syitnjsbs

Vnjsbs St`tjmjit? Vr`fbtbki`e Jfuc`tbki`e Systjm vs. Vr`fbtbki`e-Mjfb`

Jfuc`tbki`e Systjm

Bi tnbs ckiijctbki, B bitjifjf tk fbvbfj tnj `rhumjits bitk tnrjj ce`ssjs?

tnj bmpebc`tbkis kg mjfb` tk jfuc`tbki1 kg jfuc`tbki tk mjfb`1 `if tnj

fbggjrjicj ljtwjji tnj Vr`fbtbki`e Jfuc`tbki`e Systjm `if tnj Vr`fbtbki`e-

Mjfb` Jfuc`tbki`e Systjm, tk prkvbfj oustbgbc`tbkis `if `ppey pnbekskpnbc`e

prbicbpejs e`tjr ki.

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@.  BMTEBC@VBKI KG MJFB@ VK JFZC@VBKI

b.  @fkptjf Mjit`ebty Grkm Mjfb`

Mjfb` bs vjry mucn ` p`rt kg kur f`bey ebvjs. Lj btjitjrt`bimjit kr mjrjey ckmmjrcb`e. Ijw prkfucts `rj prkmktjf

vb` mjfb` `if tnjy usj `i jifkrsjr wnk bs pkpue`r `if mkst kgtji

tnjy jx`hhjr`tj tnj usjgueijss kg tnj prkfucts sk tn`t tnj vbjwjrs

wbee surjey luy `if try tnjm.

Ki tnj ktnjr n`if, mkvbjs kr tjejikvje`s `rj vjry mucn

gkeekwjf ly vbjwjrs `if bi g`ct tnjy bmbt`tj tnj `ctbih kg tnjbr

g`vkrbtj `ctrjss‛s kr `ctkr‛s ebijs. Vjji`hjrs kg tkf`y w`tcn ekvj

tj`ms `if skmjtbmjs wj ckuef le`mj mjfb` kg j`rey prjhi`icyljc`usj tnjy `ctu`eey fk tnj s`mj. Vnjy bfkebzj tnj ekvj tj`m tk

tnj pkbit kg ljbih vjry mucn ebaj tnjm wbtn tnj w`y tnjy `ct, tnj

w`y tnjy frjssjf up `if jvji n`vbih ` lkygrbjif wbee lj ` ijjf gkr

tnjm tk lj ―bi”. Jvji bg bt bs vjry jxpjisbvj tk `fvjrtbsj ki

tjejvbsbki tnjy wbee usj bt ljc`usj bt bs jggjctbvj. Mbeebkis kg pjkpej

`rj w`tcnbih tjejvbsbki sk tn`t tnjy hjt tnj rjturi kg tnjbr

bivjstmjit.

Hkkf beeustr`tbki bs tnj jxpjrbmjit m`fj ly @eljrt L`ifur`,`i @mjrbc`i psycnkekhbst, bi 0270 ki nkw g`r fkjs w`tcnbih ktnjr

pjkpej `ggjcts kur ljn`vbkr. Bi tnbs jxpjrbmjit, nj usjs abfs wnbcn

`hj r`ihjs grkm tnrjj tk gbvj yj`rs kef. Nj put `i `fuet tkhjtnjr

wbtn ` abf, ki ` rkkm wbtn m`iy ckeejctbkis kg tkys `if ` Lklk fkee.

Suffjiey, tnj `fuet lj`ts, abcajf, snkutjf `if scrj`mjf ki tnj

Lklk Fkee gkr tji mbiutjs. Vnji nj ej`vjf tnj rkkm wbtn tnj abf.

Zijxpjctjfey, jvjry abf wnk w`tcnjf wn`t tnj `fuet fbf, fk `s tn`t

abf wnk w`tcnjf wn`t tnj `fuet fbf, fk `s jx`ctey wn`t tnj `fuet

fbf. (Fjl`tjGbems, <400)

bb.  Jfuc`tbki = prkfuct kg skcb`e ckistructbki (Ljn`vbkrbsm)

Bi ckitr`ry tk Ckhibtbvbsm, ljn`vbkrbsm t`caejs tn`t ej`ribih

bs `cqubrjf grkm skcb`e ckistructbki. Bts gkcus bs ki tnj cn`ihj kg

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ljn`vbkr l`sjf ki wn`t tnj skcbjty fbct`tjs tk tnjm –  m`abih

num`is prkhr`mmjf. Bt `ssumjs tn`t ` ej`rijr bs jssjitb`eey

p`ssbvj. Vnbs tnjkry ljebjvjs tn`t num`is snkuef ikt m`aj

mbst`ajs, uiebaj ckhibtbvbsm tn`t fjiktjf tn`t wbtn jrrkrs `i

bifbvbfu`e c`i ej`ri grkm bt. \jmbifs mj kg ` s`ybih tn`t ―pr`ctbcjm`ajs pjrgjct” – sjjms syikiymkus tk tnj ljn`vbkrbsm prbicbpej

tn`t ’ckist`it‛ rjpjtbtbki bs ijcjss`ry. (Ljn`vbkrbsm, i.f.) 

L.  BMTEBC@VBKI KG JFZC@VBKI VK MJFB@

b.  @ c`ee gkr ` rjvbv`e `if mkfjribz`tbki kg tnj Gr`iagurt Scnkke

& \bz`e‛s \jgkrm Mkvjmjit 

@s st`tjf j`rebjr, Gr`iagurt Scnkke bs `i bistbtutbki st`rtjf ly

Gjebx Xjbe `if ktnjr skcbkekhbsts bi ebhnt kg M`rxbst Vr`fbtbki `ifejt ` ckuitry jxpjrbjicj ` skcb`e cn`ihj tnrkuhn crbtbc`e tnbiabih – 

bfjitbgybih `i `rhumjit, aikwbih wnk tnj `ctkrs `rj, prkvbfbih

 oustbgbc`tbkis `if hk`es wnbcn `rj `cnbjv`lej gkr tnj skcbjty.

(Ckrr`fjttb, i.f.)

\bz`e‛s \jgkrm Mkvjmjit furbih tnj 02tn  Cjitury c`i lj

ckmp`rjf tk tnj Gr`iagurt Scnkke, sbicj tnjy rjsjmlej wbtn tnj

s`mj bfjkekhbjs. @s g`r `s B c`i rjmjmljr ki kur Nbstkry Ce`ss

\bz`e turijf kut ljbih ` r`fbc`e bi ` w`y tn`t nbs bfj`s grkm ljbih`i `ssbmbe`tbkibst turijf kut bitk ljbih ` sjp`r`tbst. Nj tkhjtnjr

wbtn nbs gkeekwjrs usjs tnjbr t`ejits bi wrbtbih `if t`eabih ki

fbscussbih m`ttjrs tn`t ckuef crj`tj ` cn`ihj gkr tnj Tnbebppbijs.

Vk tr`ispksj tnjsj sbtu`tbkis ki tkf`y‛s hjijr`tbki, bt ckuef

lj ebaj ` rjsj`rcn gkrum, sjmbi`rs wnjrjbi pjkpej wbee lj `lej tk

pkur kut tnjbr kwi bfj`s, tnji ` cjrt`bi kppksbtbki wbee lj tnjrj – 

bi sbmpej w`ys ebaj tnbs pjkpej c`i `cnbjvj `i `ctbvj ej`ribih.

C.  V\@FBVBKI@E WS. V\@FBVBKI@E-MJFB@

Grkm tnj wkrf tr`fbtbki`e btsjeg, ` tj`cnjr gjjfs ki tnj

ej`rijr wn`tjvjr bs ki njr ejsski pe`i. Snj fkjs `ee tnj jggkrt bisbfj

tnj ce`ssrkkm. Bt bs tnj p`ssbvj abif kg ej`ribih, ` rkutbijey abif kg

ej`ribih prkcjss, r`tnjr tn`i `ctbvj ej`ribih.

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Ki tnj ktnjr n`if, njrj‛s ` ckmlbi`tbki kg tr`fbtbki`e

jfuc`tbki`e systjm wbtn tnj `bf kg mjfb`. Vnbs tbmj, stufjits `rj

`ctbvj ej`rijrs. Vnjy fk ikt kiey ebstji tk wn`t tnjbr tj`cnjr bs

fbscussbih lut tnjbr bfj`s `rj wjeckmj tk sn`rj tk tnj ce`ss. Vnjbrcurbksbty turis bitk ` qujstbki, ` qujstbki turis bitk crbtbc`e

tnbiabih, crbtbc`e tnbiabih turis bitk bfj`s, bfj`s wbee lj pe`cjf bi `

 o`r, bfj`s turi bitk ej`ribih, ej`ribih bitk `ctbki, `if gbi`eey, `ctbki

bitk ` prkfuct.

BW.  Ckiceusbki

Vnjrj `rj ekts kg w`ys tk ej`ri. Bt `ee fjpjifs ki tnj

bifbvbfu`e. Cnbefrji ej`ri ly bmbt`tbih `fuets. Vnjy ckuef `ctu`eey

fk jx`ctey `s wn`t `fuets fk. Bt bs wn`t mjfb` jfuc`tbki fkjs tk

tnjbr vbjwjrs. Sk, ej`ribih bs ikt hu`r`itjjf. Cnbefrji `rj tk lj

hubfjf tn`t bs wny tnjrj `rj ce`ssbgbc`tbki wnjtnjr kr ikt tnj gbem bsgkr abfs kr ikt. Vnjrj w`s `i bist`icj tn`t ` abf bmbt`tjs `

supjrnjrk nj gejw `if fbjf. Bi tnbs c`sj, mjfb` bs ikt ` hkkf

tj`cnjr.

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Bivjstmjit bi jfuc`tbki bs tnj wbsjst bivjstmjit kij ckuef

jvjr n`vj. Gkr kij, bt wbee ikt lj t`aji `w`y grkm yku `if tnkuhn

yku m`y ikt n`vj mkijy ykur c`pbt`e ckuef lj wn`t yku n`vj bi

ykur lr`bi. @ppebc`tbki tk wn`t yku n`vj ej`rijf bs wbsfkm.

Cnbiajj V`i‛s lkka ―Gkr \bcnjr `if Tkkrjr” s`ys?

―\bcn pjkpej jfuc`tj tnjmsjevjs mkrj tn`i tnjy jitjrt`bi tnjmsjevjs.

Tkkr pjkpej jitjrt`bi tnjmsjevjs mkrj tn`i tnjy jfuc`tj tnjmsjevjs.”

(\kljrtk, <404)

Bt bs ` hkkf cnkbcj tk rj`f hkkf jfuc`tbki`e m`tjrb`es tk ej`ri

mkrj. Ekka gkr scnke`rsnbps `if jfuc`tbki`e jxcn`ihj prkhr`ms

`if ckisbfjr stufy tkurs `t ebttej kr ik ckst. Bivjstbih bi jfuc`tbkibs tnj wbsjst tnbih `i bifbvbfu`e must t`aj bitk ckisbfjr`tbki.

Xn`tjvjr kij ej`ris, bt bs skmjtnbih tn`t c`iikt lj t`aji `w`y

grkm nbm `if bt bs prkgbt`lej wnji bt bs `ppebjf.

Vnjrj `rj ekts kg w`ys tk ej`ri. Tjkpej fbggjr ` ekt. Vnjrj `rj

tnksj wnk ej`ri ly fkbih. Skmj ktnjrs `rj oust ebstjibih yjt `rj

ej`ribih. Vnjrj `rj vbsu`e abifs kg ej`rijrs. Ej`ribih ly jxpjrbjicj

`s tnjy s`y, ―Jxpjrbjicj bs tnj ljst tj`cnjr.” Vnj pkbit bs ej`ribih

ijvjr jifs `s ekih `s yku ebvj. Vnj uibqujijss kg jvjry bifbvbfu`e

wnji sn`rjf tk ktnjrs wbee m`aj ` hkkf rjsuet. Xn`t bs ijjfjf bs tk

aikw ykursjeg ebaj wn`t `rj skmj w`ys gkr yku tk ej`ri, wn`t

m`ajs yku ej`ri j`sbey sk tn`t bt bs ` hu`r`itjjf succjss.

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\JGJ\JICJS?

  Ljn`vbkrbsm, (i.f.) Bi Ej`ribih Vnjkrbjs, \jtrbjvjf Ouey 34, <406, grkm

nttp?//www.ej`ribih-tnjkrbjs.ckm/ljn`vbkrbsm.ntme

 

Ckhibtbvbsm, (i.f.) Bi Ej`ribih Vnjkrbjs, \jtrbjvjf Ouey 34, <406, grkmnttp?//www.ej`ribih-tnjkrbjs.ckm/ckhibtbvbsm.ntme

  Ckrr`fjttb, C. (i.f.). Vnj Gr`iagurt Scnkke `if Crbtbc`e Vnjkry. \jtrbjvjf

@uhust 6, <406, grkm nttp?//www.bjp.utm.jfu/gr`iagur/

  Fjl`tjGbems. (<400, M`y 08). Vnj Lr`bi? @ Sjcrjt Nbstkry - Jmktbkis1

L`ifur` Lklk Fkee Jxpjrbmjit (Wbfjk Gbej). \jtrbjvjf grkm

nttps?//www.ykutulj.ckm/w`tcn;v=zjrCA4e\op>

  Gekrjs, I. G. (<406, Gjlru`ry 40), Vnj Tnbebppbij Jfuc`tbki Systjm Vkf`y ,

M`ibe` St`if`rf, \jtrbjvjf @uhust <, <406 grkm

nttp?//m`ibe`st`if`rftkf`y.ckm/<406/4</40/tnj-pnbebppbij-jfuc`tbki-

systjm-tkf`y/

  Gurjfb, G. (<448). Vnj kiey tnbih wj n`vj tk gj`r bs tnj 'cueturj kg gj`r'

btsjeg. Spbajf. \jtrbjvjf @uhust 0, <406, grkm nttp?//www.spbajf-

kiebij.ckm/ijwsbtj/`rtbcej/34:3#.Z-MBK[mSzak

  N`isji, M. L. I. (<446), Gkrjwkrf, Bi V. Ejikbr (p. ), Ijw Tnbekskpny gkr

Ijw Mjfb` , C`mlrbfhj, M`ss`cnusjtts? M`ss`cnusjtts Bistbtutj kg

Vjcnikekhy

  I`lkr-Ijry, M. (<442). Tnbekskpny kg M`i? Xjstjri Vr`fbtbki. Bi

Tnbekskpny kg M`i (\jprbit jf., pp. 033 - 036). M`if`euykih Cbty?

I`tbki`e Lkka Stkrj.

  Kppkrtuibty Ckst (Fjg. 0), (i.f.), Bi Bivjstkpjfb`, \jtrbjvjf @uhust :,

<406 grkm nttp?//www.bivjstkpjfb`.ckm/tjrms/k/kppkrtuibtyckst.`sp

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  Tnbebps, F., & Sjbhje, N. (<44>). Tnbekskpny kg Jfuc`tbki. \jtrbjvjf @uhust

6, <406, grkm

nttp?//pe`tk.st`igkrf.jfu/`rcnbvjs/wbi<403/jitrbjs/jfuc`tbki-

pnbekskpny

  \kljrtk, J. (<404), @ih Tjr` I` Nbifb Lbtbi , M`if`euykih Cbty? KMG

Ebtjr`turj Bic.

  Stumpg, S. J., & Gbjsjr, O. (<44>). Tr`hm`tbsm `if Trkcjss Tnbekskpny. Bi

Skcr`tjs tk S`rtrj `if Ljykif? @ Nbstkry kg Tnbekskpny (Ik jf., Wke.

Jbhntn Jfbtbki, pp. 3>4 - 3>3). Ijw Rkra? McHr`w-Nbee.

  W`eekr, S. (<40<). Skcb`e Ijtwkrabih `if Jtnbcs. \jtrbjvjf @uhust 6, <406,

grkm nttp?//pe`tk.st`igkrf.jfu/`rcnbvjs/wbi<40</jitrbjs/jtnbcs-skcb̀ e-

ijtwkrabih