IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SUSTENANCE OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN THE EASTERN GHATS (2011)- Mundoli



3

BJ_GA\Q NH @NXDSFJDF\ _NIBABDQ NF QTQ\DFGFAD NH \SBCGI _DN_ID

BF \MD DGQ\DSF @MG\Q

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Qddjg Jtflnib

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Lmgg|sb Sdqntsad Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf

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Egftgsr 3?77



1

Bjpga|q nh @nxdsfjdf| _nibabdq nf Qtq|dfgfad nh \sbcgi _dnpid bf|md Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Egftgsr 3?77

Sdpns| qtcjb||dl cr5

Qddjg Jtflnib

Sdqdgsam Gqqnabg|d

Lmgg|sb Sdqntsad Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf ( Qgjg|g



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Ibq| nh Gccsdxbg|bnfq

GGI ‑ Gfsgk Gitjbfbtj Ibjb|dl

G_HLA ‑ Gflmsg _sgldqm Hnsdq| Ldxdinpjdf| Anspnsg|bnf

G_JLA ‑ Gflmsg _sgldqm Jbfdsgi Ldxdinpjdf| Anspnsg|bnf

C_I ‑ Cdin _nxds|r Ibfd

AHJ ‑ Anjjtfb|r Hnsdq| Jgfg`djdf|

L_ ‑ Lbqpigadl _dsqnf

LS ‑ Lgbir Sdwtbsdjdf|

HSG ‑ Hnsdq| Sb`m|q Ga|

@AA ‑ @bsbegf Annpdsg|bxd Anspnsg|bnf

Mg ‑ Mda|gsd

BALQ ‑ Bf|d`sg|dl Ambil Ldxdinpjdf| Qamdjd

B\LG ‑ Bf|d`sg|dl \sbcgi Ldxdinpjdf| Gt|mnsb|rEHJ ‑ Enbf| Hnsdq| Jgfg`djdf|

EQPGI ‑ Ebflgi Qnt|m Pdq| Gitjbfbtj Ibjb|dl

EQPMI ‑ Ebflgi Qnt|m Pdq| Mnilbf` Ibjb|dl

K` ‑ Kbin`sgjjd

Kj ‑ Kbinjd|sd

J@FSD@G ‑ Jgmg|jg @gflmb Fg|bnfgi Stsgi Djpinrjdf| @tgsgf|dd Ga|

JJLS ‑ Jbfdq gfl Jbfdsgiq -Ldxdinpjdf| gfl Sd`tig|bnf"

JnDH ‑ Jbfbq|sr nh Dfxbsnfjdf| gfl Hnsdq|q

J ‑ Jd`gg||qFGIAN ‑ Fg|bnfgi Gitjbfbtj Anjpgfr

F@N ‑ Fnf @nxdsfjdf|gi Ns`gfbqg|bnf

FQ\HLA ‑ Fg|bnfgi Qamdltidl \sbcdq Hbfgfad Ldxdinpjdf| Anspnsg|bnf

F\H_ ‑ Fnf \bjcds Hnsdq| _snlta|q

NCA ‑ N|mds Cgakgsl Aigqqdq

_G_ ‑ _sneda| Ghhda|dl _dsqnf

_LQ ‑ _tciba Lbq|sbct|bnf Qrq|dj

_DQG ‑ _gfamgrg|q -D}|dfqbnf |n Qamdltidl Gsdgq"

_MA ‑ _sbjgsr Mdgi|m Adf|sd

Sq& ‑ Stpddq

QA ‑ Qamdltidl Agq|d

QM@ ‑ Qdih Mdip @sntp

Qw kj ‑ Qwtgsd Kbinjd|sdq

Q\ ‑ Qamdltidl \sbcd

\GA ‑ \sbcdq Glxbqnsr Antfabi

\SBANS ‑ Gflmsg _sgldqm Qamdltidl \sbcdq Annpdsg|bxd Hbfgfad Anspnsg|bnf Ibjb|dl

X\@ ‑ Xtifdsgcid \sbcgi @sntp



4

Gakfnidl`djdf|q

\mbq jbasn*idxdi q|tlr |b|idl ”Bjpga|q nh @nxdsfjdf| _nibabdq nf Qtq|dfgfad nh \sbcgi _dnpid bf

|md Dgq|dsf @mg|q‒ g||djp|q |n tfldsq|gfl |md bjpga|q nh qpdabhba `nxdsfjdf| pnibabdq gfl

psn`sgjjdq nf inagi anjjtfb|bdq&\md glbxgqb .|sbcgi.bflb`dfntq anjjtfb|bdq sdqblbf` bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj

lbq|sba|) Gflmsg _sgldqm) mgxd g tfbwtd sdig|bnfqmbp b|m |mdbs igfl gfl hnsdq|q& \mdbs |sglb|bnfgi

g`sbati|tsgi psga|badq mgxd dfqtsdl g ld`sdd nh hnnl qdatsb|r) mbid |md hnsdq|q qtssntflbf` |mdj

mgxd dfgcidl |mdj |n jdd| |mdbs mntqdmnil gfl agqm bfanjd fddlq& @nxdsfjdf| psn`sgjjdq“

d}bq|bf` gfl psnpnqdl“|n bjpsnxd |md ibxdq nh glbxgqbq bfaitld anhhdd jnfnati|tsd) bf|snltadl

qdxdsgi ldagldq g`n) gfl |md psnpnqdl cgt}b|d jbfbf` bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Gt`jdf|bf` bfanjdq

gfl csbf`bf` gcnt| ldxdinpjdf| nh |md sd`bnf gsd wtn|dl gq |md jgbf sdgqnfq hns |mdqd

bf|dsxdf|bnfq& Mndxds) cn|m |mdqd psn`sgjjdq) mgxd lbhhdsdf| gfl inf`*igq|bf` bjpga|q nf |md

dfxbsnfjdf| gfl |md ibxdq nh |md inagi glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq& \md sdpns| bq gf g||djp| |n

tfldsq|gfl“gfl dxdf sgbqd wtdq|bnfq“gq |n mg| kbfl nh bf|dsxdf|bnfq antil cdq| glxgfad |md

ldxdinpjdf| nh |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq bf |md sd`bnf& \md sdpns| giqn innkq g| |md bjpga|q nf ganjjtfb|r lbqpigadl gq g sdqti| nh cgt}b|d jbfbf` bf Lgjgfenlb qb|tg|dl bf Knsgpt| lbq|sba|)

Nsbqqg&

Aniida|bnf nh psbjgsr lg|g gq agssbdl nt| bf |md xbiig`dq nh Cddqptsgj gfl Fbjjgipglt bf

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) gfl gjnf` ghhda|dl bf Lgjgfenlb& B ntil ibkd |n |mgfk gii |md

bf|dsxbdddq mn pgs|babpg|dl bf |mbq q|tlr) `gxd tq |mdbs |bjd gfl gfqdsdl |md inf` ibq| nh

wtdq|bnfq pg|bdf|ir& B gj bjjdfqdir `sg|dhti |n dgam nfd nh |mdj&

Glbxgqb Jb|sg) |md anjjtfb|r*cgqdl ns`gfbqg|bnf cgqdl bf _gldst) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) gfl

b|q |dgj jdjcdsq b|mnt| mnj |mbq q|tlr ntil fn| mgxd cddf pnqqbcid) gsd gakfnidl`dl& Jr

mdgs|hdi| `sg|b|tld |n K& Jgfjglmg Sgn) _sdqbldf| nh Glbxgqb Jb|sg) hns gfqdsbf` jr

bfftjdsgcid wtdq|bnfq gfl hns annslbfg|bf` |md hbdil lg|g aniida|bnf& Mbq |dgj) pgs|batigsir K&

Qgffbcgct) K& Sdkmg) S& Ksbqmfg Sgn) @& @tflgffg) X& Qtsrg _sgqgl) K& Sgjg Sget) J&Fnnkgigjjg gfl K& Sgjgffg gsd giqn gakfnidl`dl& Ktqmg @gsglg bq gakfnidl`dl hns mbq

gqqbq|gfad b|m lg|g aniida|bnf g| Lgjgfenlb) Nsbqqg&

B giqn bqm |n |mgfk |md df|bsd q|ghh nh Qgjg|g hns |mdbs bfxgitgcid qtppns| |msnt`mnt| |md psneda|&

Qpdabhbagiir B gakfnidl`d KX& Qb|gsgjsget gfl Qtqmbig Jgsgs hns annslbfg|bnf gqqbq|gfad) @XQ&

Sgxbqmgfkgs hns mdip b|m sdpns| ldqb`f gfl psnlta|bnf) gfl Qgsnnpg) _& Sgergigkqmjb gfl

Lmgigrrg hns gii |mdbs mdip b|m |sgfqig|bnf) g pgbfq|gkbf` |gqk |mdr tflds|nnk |n b|q anjpid|bnf&

_gfkge Qdkmqgsbg nh Kgipgxsbkqm bq gakfnidl`dl hns pdsjbqqbnf |n tqd qnjd nh mbq pmn|n`sgpmq)

gfl Qgjg|g hns psnxblbf` jd b|m |md sdjgbfbf`&

B gj `sg|dhti |n |md Gqmnkg \stq| hns Sdqdgsam bf Danin`r gfl Dfxbsnfjdf| hns |md hbfgfabgi

qtppns| psnxbldl |n agssr nt| |mbq q|tlr& Ls& Qddjg _tstqmn|mgjgf bq dqpdabgiir |mgfkdl hns mdsbfpt| g| lbhhdsdf| q|g`dq gfl pg|bdf| gqqbq|gfad&

Jnq| nh gii B ntil ibkd |n d}psdqq jr |mgfkq |n K& Cmgftjg|mb) Lbsda|ns nh |md Lmgg|sb Sdqntsad

Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf) mnqd qtppns|) dfantsg`djdf| gfl bfpt| g| dxdsr q|g`d“hsnj

|md bfadp|bnf nh |md q|tlr |n |md psdpgsg|bnf nh |md hbfgi sdpns|“dsd adf|sgi |n |md anjpid|bnf nh

|mbq psneda|& Jnq| nh |md asdlb| hns |mbq nsk `ndq |n mds&

Pb|m qbfadsd |mgfkq)

Qddjg Jtflnib

Lmgg|sb Sdqntsad Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf ( Qgjg|g



7

Anf|df|q

Bf|snlta|bnf 7

Gcnt| \mbq Q|tlr 3

Qda|bnf B5 Dgq|dsf @mg|q*Cgak`sntfl |n |md Danin`r) _dnpid gfl Id`gi Qghd`tgslq 1

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q5 G qfgpqmn| nh |md cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl danin`r 1

\msdg|q |n gfl anfqdsxg|bnf nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q 2

\sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq) |mdbs ibhdq|ridq gfl ibxdibmnnlq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q 7?

Anfq|b|t|bnfgi gfl id`gi qghd`tgslq hns |md glbxgqbq bf Gflmsg _sgldqm 77

Anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl cgt}b|d jbfbf` bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh Gflmsg _sgldqm5 G

cgak`sntfl

72

Qda|bnf BB5 Agqd Q|tlbdq 3=

_gs| 75 Agqd q|tlr nf glbxgqb ibxdibmnnlq gfl hnnl qdatsb|r bf Cddqptsgj gfl

Fbjjgipglt xbiig`dq) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba| 32

Cgak`sntfl |n |md lbq|sba| 32

Xbiig`d gfl mntqdmnil bfhnsjg|bnf 17

Igfl ld|gbiq 11

G`sbati|tsd gfl hnnl qdatsb|r 1<

Anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf 12

Hnsdq| ldpdfldfar <7

\sddq `snf nf igfl <8

_nti|sr gfl ibxdq|nak <8

@nxdsfjdf| qamdjdq gaadqqdl <=

Jb`sg|bnf gfl lgbir g`d 4?

Bfanjd gfl d}pdflb|tsd nh |md |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq 47

Jgens hbflbf`q gfl lbqatqqbnf 43

_gs| 35 Agqd q|tlr nf bjpga|q nh lbqpigadjdf| nf inagi anjjtfb|bdq gq g sdqti| nh

cgt}b|d jbfbf`) Knsgpt| lbq|sba|

4=

Cgak`sntfl |n |md lbq|sba| 4=

Lbqpigadjdf| gfl anjpdfqg|bnf.sdmgcbib|g|bnf 42

Dltag|bnf q|g|tq nh ambilsdf ibxbf` bf |md ghhda|dl xbiig`dq 87

Ambil igcnts 87

Mdgi|m gfl dfxbsnfjdf| anfadsfq 83

Qnabgi lbq|tscgfad gfl qd}tgi mgsgqqjdf| 81

Pmg| |md anjjtfb|bdq inq| 81

Jgens hbflbf`q gfl lbqatqqbnf 8<

Qda|bnf BBB5 Sdanjjdflg|bnfq gfl Anfaitqbnf 88

Sdhdsdfadq 0?

Gffd}dq 04

@inqqgsr 02



7

Bf|snlta|bnf

\md Anfq|b|t|bnf nh Bflbg psnxbldq qpdabgi

psn|da|bnf |n |md glbxgqb .|sbcgi.bflb`dfntq

pdnpid) mn anfq|b|t|d jnsd |mgf = pdsadf|nh |md |n|gi pnptig|bnf nh Bflbg gfl mn

bfmgcb| |md sdjgbfbf` xdq|b`dq nh hnsdq|q bf

|md antf|sr& \md Hbh|m Qamdltid bq nfd qtam

anfq|b|t|bnfgi qghd`tgsl |mg| ldgiq b|m

gljbfbq|sg|bnf gfl anf|sni nh Qamdltidl

Gsdgq -gsdgq b|m psdlnjbfgf|ir |sbcgi

pnptig|bnf" bf fbfd q|g|dq& Fbfd lbq|sba|q bf

|md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm) mbam bfaitldq

|md lbq|sba| nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj |nn hgiiq tflds

|md Hbh|m Qamdltid& Fdgsir mgih g jbiibnf

|sbcgi pdnpid hsnj xgsbntq anjjtfb|bdq)bfaitlbf` |md Xtifdsgcid \sbcgi @sntpq

-X\@q") sdqbld bf |md hnsdq|dl gfl mbii*|np

xbiig`dq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bf

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|& _nlt ns qmbh|bf`

ati|bxg|bnf anf|bftdq |n cd psga|badl |nlgr

gfl g xgsbd|r nh pgllr) jbiid|q) adsdgiq)

nbiqddlq gfl xd`d|gcidq gsd `snf nf pnlt

igflq) gq dii gq nf lsr gfl d| igflq&

Aniida|bf` fnf*|bjcds hnsdq| psnltad

-F\H_") qnjd nh mbam bq tqdl hns

anfqtjp|bnf gfl |md sdq| hns qgid bq giqn gf

bjpns|gf| |sglb|bnfgi ga|bxb|r& Hnsdq|q nh |md

sd`bnf gsd sbam bf cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl g xgsbd|r

nh jdlbabfgi pigf|q gfl hstb| |sddq gsd

gctflgf|ir gxgbigcid mdsd& Agqm asnpq)

mns|bati|tsd gfl pigf|g|bnf asnpq mgxd giqn

cddf psnjn|dl bf |md sd`bnf&

\md ibxdq nh |mdqd glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq gsd

bf|sbfqbagiir ibfkdl |n |md hnsdq|q) igflq gfl

fg|tsgi sdqntsadq gfl mgxd cddf |md cgqbq nh

|mdbs qtsxbxgi& Pmbid nf |md qtshgad |mdbs ibhdqddjq ibkd g qbjpid d}bq|dfad“nfd nh

|biibf` |md igfl) nskbf` nf |md anjjnfq

gfl aniida|bf` hsnj |md hnsdq|q“mg| bq fn|

dxbldf| bq |md anjpid} kfnidl`d qrq|djq

pgqqdl nf nxds `dfdsg|bnfq |mg| mgq dfgcidl

|mdj |n jgkd |md cdq| tqd nh sdqntsadq

gxgbigcid gsntfl |mdj bf g qtq|gbfgcid

jgffds& Pmbid |mbq bq fn jdgfq gf blriiba

d}bq|dfad“b|m biib|dsgar) bii*mdgi|m)

jns|gib|r gfl jgift|sb|bnf q|gikbf` |mdj

|msnt`mnt| |mdbs ibxdq“bf |md gcqdfad nh

gfr d}|dsfgi qtppns| q|sta|tsdq |mdr mgxd rd|

jgfg`dl |n qtsxbxd& Mndxds) |nlgr |md

glbxgqbq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q) gq bf qdxdsgi

n|mds pgs|q nh |md antf|sr gfl dxdf gasnqq

|md nsil) gsd cdbf` d}pnqdl |n d}|dsfgibfhitdfadq nh|df cdrnfl |mdbs anf|sni ns

anjpid|d tfldsq|gflbf`& Nh|df |mdqd gsd

bjpnqdl nf |mdj b|mnt| |mdbs anfqdf| ns

dxdf gfr hnsj nh anfqti|g|bnf&

\n qtam psn`sgjjdq) qpdabhbagiir cdbf`

psnjn|dl bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh Gflmsg

_sgldqm gsd anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl cgt}b|d

jbfbf`& Cn|m gsd psnjbqdl |n bjpsnxd |md

ibxdq nh glbxgqbq csbf`bf` |mdj danfnjba

psnqpdsb|r gfl giqn ldxdinpjdf| nh |md

sd`bnf gq g mnid& Hsnj g fnf*|sglb|bnfgi

anhhdd `snbf` sd`bnf) |md ati|bxg|bnf nh

anhhdd mdsd bq cdbf` psneda|dl gq bjpns|gf|

hns qnabn*danfnjba sdgqnfq5 psnxblbf`

bfanjd |n |md bjpnxdsbqmdl anjjtfb|bdq

gfl jdd|bf` |md bfasdgqbf` ldjgfl hns

ns`gfba anhhdd b|mbf Bflbg gfl gcsngl&

Cgt}b|d jbfbf` psnpnqdl bf |md sd`bnf

psnjbqdq djpinrjdf| nppns|tfb|bdq)

bfasdgqdl bfanjdq gfl cd||ds bfhsgq|sta|tsd&\mdqd ldabqbnfq bii mgxd hgs sdgambf`

anfqdwtdfadq nf |md cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl

danin`r nh |md sd`bnf) gfl bf |tsf nf |md

|sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq mnqd qtq|dfgfad gfl

qtsxbxgi bq anffda|dl |n |md hnsdq|q gfl |md

igfl& \mbq qb|tg|bnf bq fn| tfbwtd; psnjn|bf`

jnfnati|tsdq gfl ldxdinpjdf| ga|bxb|bdq nf

|sbcgi pdnpid‒q igflq bq bfasdgqbf`ir

mgppdfbf` gasnqq |md antf|sr& Pmg| bq

asb|bagi g| |mbq etfa|tsd bq |n bfxdq|b`g|d |md

bjpibag|bnfq nh |mdqd pnibabdq nfanjjtfb|bdq mbq|nsbagiir ldpdfldf| nf

fg|tsgi sdqntsadq gfl tfldsq|gfl |n mg|

d}|df| |mdbs pgs|babpg|bnf mgq cddf qnt`m| bf

csbf`bf` gcnt| |mdqd amgf`dq& \md atssdf|

q|tlr gbjq |n tfldsq|gfl |md bjpibag|bnfq nf

ibxdibmnnlq nh |mdqd |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq bf

|md cgaklsnp nh ldxdinpjdf|q b|m sd`gsl

|n anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl jbfdsgi

d}|sga|bnf) cn|m nh mbam mgxd bjpga|q nf

|md pdnpid gfl |md dfxbsnfjdf| nh |md

sd`bnf&



3

Gcnt| \mbq Q|tlr

Fddl

\sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh

Bflbg) gq bf n|mds pgs|q nh |md antf|sr) mgxd

cddf gcid |n qtsxbxd nf |md igfl gfl hnsdq|q&

Pmbid jgfr nh |mdj mgxd d}bq|dl bf

bjpnxdsbqmdl anflb|bnfq) bf |bjdq nh lbq|sdqq

|mdr mgxd cddf gcid |n hgii cgak nf |mdbs

fg|tsgi sdqntsad cgqd& \sglb|bnfgi jb}dl

asnppbf` qrq|djq mgxd mdipdl jdd| |mdbs

fddlq nh hnnl qdatsb|r |n g anfqbldsgcid

d}|df|& Bf sdadf| rdgsq ads|gbf `nxdsfjdf|

pnibabdq gfl psn`sgjjdq mgxd cddfbf|snltadl b|m |md nceda|bxd nh bjpsnxbf`

|md qnabgi gfl danfnjba anflb|bnfq nh |md

glbxgqbq& \mdqd gsd d}pda|dl |n bjpga| |md

ibxdq nh |md |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq gfl |md

dfxbsnfjdf| nf mbam |mdr gsd ldpdfldf|

nf bf jnsd grq |mgf nfd& \n qtam

ldabqbnfq |mg| gsd nh qb`fbhbagfad bf |md

Dgq|dsf @mg| gsdg nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|

bf |md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm gsd anhhdd

jnfnati|tsd gfl |md psnpnqdl cgt}b|d

jbfbf`& Jnfnati|tsdq jb`m| bjpsnxd agqmbfanjd) ct| b| bq bjpns|gf| |n tfldsq|gfl

md|mds |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq mgxd |md

mdsdb|mgi |n ldgi b|m |md xg`gsbdq nh gf

npdf jgskd| gfl |n mg| d}|df| bfanjdq gsd

sdgiir cdbf` gt`jdf|dl& Bf gllb|bnf) |md

dhhda|q nh jnfnati|tsdq nf |md cbnlbxdsqb|r

nh |md sd`bnf gfl bf |tsf |md hnnl qdatsb|r nh

|md |sbcgi pdnpid gsd giqn gsdgq nh anfadsf&

Jbfdsgi sdqntsad d}|sga|bnf bq qddf gq

bjpdsg|bxd hns |md fg|bnf‒q ldxdinpjdf|)

gfl mbid |mbq |std |n qnjd d}|df|) mg| nfdfddlq |n anfqblds bq |md anq| bf |dsjq nh

igq|bf` gfl bssdxdsqbcid dfxbsnfjdf|gi

bjpga|q gq dii gq |md dhhda| nf |md danfnjr

gfl qnabgi hgcsba nh |md |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq&

\md psbjgsr nceda|bxd nh |md q|tlr bq |mtq |n

tfldsq|gfl |md bjpga| nh `nxdsfjdf|

pnibabdq gfl psn`sgjjdq nf qtq|gbfgcbib|r

nh |sbcgi pdnpidq ibxdibmnnlq g`gbfq| |md

cgaklsnp nh anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl

psnpnqdl cgt}b|d d}|sga|bnf bf |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) Gflmsg

_sgldqm& Pmbid glxnagar bq gf bjpns|gf|

|nni |n qdatsd |sbcgi pdnpidq‒ sb`m|q)

q|sdf`|mdfbf` b| b|m djpbsbagi dxbldfad

aniida|dl bf g qabdf|bhba jgffds agf npdfhsdqm gxdftdq hns lbgin`td& \mbq bii gbl |md

psnadqq nh d}pinsbf` xbgcid gi|dsfg|bxdq |n

mdip bjpsnxd ibxbf` q|gflgslq nh |mdqd

anjjtfb|bdq gfl g| |md qgjd |bjd qghd`tgsl

|md cbnlbxdsqb|r nh |md sd`bnf& Bf gllb|bnf b|

bii dfgcid |md anjjtfb|bdq jgkd bfhnsjdl

amnbadq nf ldxdinpjdf|gi bqqtdq lbsda|ir

anfadsfbf` |mdbs ibxdq gfl ibxdibmnnlq&

Jd|mnlnin`r

Cn|m psbjgsr gfl qdanflgsr lg|g aniida|bnf

gsd bfaitldl bf |md q|tlr& _sbjgsr lg|g

aniida|bnf gq lnfd hsnj |msdd qb|dq |msnt`m

bflbxbltgi pdsqnfgi bf|dsxbdq) gq dii gq

qjgii `sntp jdd|bf`q& \n nh |md qb|dq“

Cddqptsgj gfl Fbjjgipglt“gsd inag|dl

bf Gfgf|mg`bsb jgflgi) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj

lbq|sba| bf Gflmsg _sgldqm) mbid |md |mbsl

qb|d bq inag|dl bf Lgjgfenlb) Knsgpt|

jgflgi bf Knsgpt| lbq|sba| nh Nsbqqg q|g|d&

Pmbid sdqbldf|q nh Cddqptsgj xbiig`d)inag|dl nf |md hnn|mbiiq nh nfd nh |md

psnpnqdl cgt}b|d d}|sga|bnf qb|dq) tflds|gkd

cn|m anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf gfl |sglb|bnfgi

g`sbati|tsd) |md glbxgqbq nh Fbjjgipglt

`sn |sglb|bnfgi asnpq nf |mdbs igflq& G|

Lgjgfenlb |md bf|dsxbdddq dsd |mnqd mn

mgl cddf lbqpigadl gq g sdqti| nh |md

Fg|bnfgi Gitjbfbtj Anjpgfr -FGIAN"

psneda|) gfl |mbq agqd q|tlr psnxbldq bfqb`m|q

gcnt| g anjjtfb|r bjpga|dl lbsda|ir cr

cgt}b|d jbfbf`&

Qdanflgsr lg|g gq aniida|dl hsnj xgsbntq

ptcibag|bnfq“sdpns|q) entsfgiq) fdqpgpds

gs|baidq) cnnkq) d|a“gq dii gq hsnj |md

bf|dsfd| gfl dcqb|dq nh ns`gfbqg|bnfq& \md

qdanflgsr lg|g bfaitldq gfgirqbq nh

Anfq|b|t|bnfgi qghd`tgslq) id`gi hsgjdnsk)

xbnig|bnfq gfl psnpnqdl pnibar qmbh|q |mg|

gsd nh sdidxgfad hns |md anjjtfb|bdq gfl

dfxbsnfjdf|& Qgjg|g) gf glxnagar gfl

qnabgi etq|bad ns`gfbqg|bnf) gfl Glbxgqb



1

\md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q sgf`d

Jb|sg) g anjjtfb|r*cgqdl ns`gfbqg|bnf

nskbf` nf glbxgqb sb`m|q gfl ldxdinpjdf|

bqqtdq bf Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba| giqn

anf|sbct|dl cr gr nh qmgsbf` |mdbs

d}pdsbdfadq gfl pdsqpda|bxdq&

\md sdpns| bq lbxbldl bf|n |msdd qda|bnfq&

Qda|bnf B psnxbldq g cgak`sntfl |n |md q|tlr

gsdgq cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl danin`r) gf nxdsxbd

nh sdidxgf| anfq|b|t|bnfgi qghd`tgslq gfl

id`bqig|bnfq) gfl |md `dfdqbq nh |md anhhdd

gfl jbfdsgi d}|sga|bnf psn`sgjjd ginf`

b|m g atssdf| q|g|tq& Qda|bnf BB bq lbxbldl

bf|n |n pgs|q& \md hbsq| pgs| lbqatqqdq |md

hbflbf`q nh |md agqd q|tlr hsnj |md |n

xbiig`dq Cddqptsgj gfl Fbjjgipglt -|mdig||ds anfqbq|bf` nh |md mgjid|q

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg" bf

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) Gflmsg _sgldqm)

gfl bfaitldq |md sdidxgf| qdanflgsr lg|g

gfgirqbq qpdabhba |n |md bqqtdq mb`mib`m|dl&

\md qdanfl pgs| ldgiq b|m gfgirqbq nh

psbjgsr lg|g aniida|dl hsnj |mnqd ghhda|dl

cr cgt}b|d jbfbf` gfl giibdl ga|bxb|bdq bf

Knsgpt| lbq|sba| gfl ldqasbcd g pnq|*jbfbf`

qadfgsbn& \md lg|g hns |mbq agqd q|tlr gq

aniida|dl psbjgsbir hns g pgsgiidi q|tlranflta|dl bf 3??2*7? nf |md bjpga|q nh

jbfbf` nf ambilsdf&7

Qda|bnf BBB anfqbq|q nh

|md sdanjjdflg|bnfq gfl |md anfaitqbnf&

Qda|bnf B5 Dgq|dsf @mg|q*

Cgak`sntfl |n |md Danin`r)

_dnpid gfl Id`gi Qghd`tgslq

\mbq qda|bnf psnxbldq gf nxdsxbd nh |md

danin`r nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bf Gflmsg_sgldqm) bfaitlbf` |msdg|q |n |md cbnlbxdsqb|r&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bq mnjd |n qdxdsgi |sbcgi

anjjtfb|bdq) mn mgxd cddf ibxbf` mdsd hns

mtflsdlq nh rdgsq b|m |md hnsdq|q gfl igfl

qtq|gbfbf` |mdj& G csbdh jdf|bnf nh |mdqd

hnsdq|*ldpdfldf| anjjtfb|bdq gfl |mdbs

7 Lmgg|sb*Qgjg|g gfl MGW& 3?7?& Bflbg‒q ambilmnnl bf |md ”pb|q‒5

G sdpns| nf |md bjpga|q nh jbfbf` nf ambilsdf bf Bflbg& Lmgg|sb

Sdqntsad Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf*Qgjg|g)

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj) Gflmsg _sgldqm gfl MGW5 Adf|sd hns AmbilSb`m|q) Fd Ldimb&

ibhdq|ridq bq psnxbldl& \md Anfq|b|t|bnf nh

Bflbg gfl psn`sdqqbxd id`bqig|bnfq mgxd |sbdl

|n qdatsd |md sb`m|q nh glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq“

sb`m|q |mg| dsd mbq|nsbagiir ldfbdl |n |mdj

dqpdabgiir bf |md Hbh|m Qamdltid gsdgq& \mbq bq|std hns |md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm gq dii&

G qrfnpqbq nh |md sdidxgf| gfl jnq|

bjpns|gf| q|g|t|nsr hsgjdnsk gfl

id`bqig|bnfq psn|da|bf` |sbcgi pdnpidq‒ sb`m|q

bf |md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm bq `bxdf& Bf

gllb|bnf g csbdh anjpgsbqnf cd|ddf |md

bf|df| gfl d}bq|bf` sdgib|bdq b|m sd`gsl |n

|mdqd qghd`tgslq bq jdf|bnfdl& \md

Qamdltidl Gsdgq bf Gflmsg _sgldqm gsd nh

danfnjba bjpns|gfad) fn| etq| |n |md |sbcgi

anjjtfb|bdq) ct| hns |md q|g|d gfl psbxg|danspnsg|bnfq& Anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl

jbfdsgi d}|sga|bnf gsd |n qtam psn`sgjjdq

bfb|bg|dl mdsd) cn|m nh mbam mgxd lbhhdsdf|

anfqdwtdfadq gfl bjpga|q nf |md

dfxbsnfjdf| gfl anjjtfb|bdq& \md qda|bnf

giqn |sgadq |md mbq|nsbagi cgak`sntfl gfl

d}gjbfdq |md atssdf| q|g|tq nh |mdqd

psn`sgjjdq bf |md q|g|d&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q5 G qfgpqmn|nh |md cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl danin`r

\md Dgq|dsf @mg| jntf|gbf sgf`d5

Qnjd bflbag|nsq

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd gf bssd`tigs sgf`d nh

jntf|gbfq ginf` |md dgq| angq| nh Bflbg

inag|dl cd|ddf 77n1?' gfl 33

nF ig|b|tld gfl



<

Sbam fg|tsgi sdqntsad cgqd gfl

cbnlbxdsqb|r nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q

08n4?' gfl =8

n1? D inf`b|tld bf g fns|mdgq|

|n qnt|mdq| q|sbkd& \md Ldaagf _ig|dgt ibdq

|n |md dq|) cd|ddf |md Dgq|dsf gfl Pdq|dsf

@mg|q) gfl |n |md dgq| gsd |md angq|gi pigbfq

pgsgiidi |n |md Cgr nh Cdf`gi& \md @mg|qanxds g |n|gi gsdg nh gsntfl 04)??? qw kj

gfl mgxd gf gxdsg`d bl|m nh 33? kj |n |md

fns|m gfl 7?? kj |n |md qnt|m&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q qpsdgl gasnqq |md q|g|dq

nh Nsbqqg) Gflmsg _sgldqm gfl \gjbi Fglt;

gfl pgs|q nh Jrqnsd gfl Knigs lbq|sba|q nh

Kgsfg|gkg giqn |ntam |mdqd @mg|q& \mdr gsd

lbxbldl bf|n |md fns|mdsf) jbllid gfl

qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q& \md fns|mdsf

pns|bnf nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q d}|dfl hsnj |mdSbxds Jgmgfglb |n |md Sbxds @nlgxgsb

anxdsbf`) bf Nsbqqg) |md lbq|sba|q nh

Qgjcgipts) Gf`ti) At||gak) Cnigf`bs)

Jgrtscmgfe) Kgigmgflb) @gfegj)

Lmdfkdfgi) @gegpg|mb) _mticgfb gfl

Knsgpt|) gfl bf Gflmsg _sgldqm |md lbq|sba|q

nh Qsbkgktigj) Xbubgfg`gsgj)

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj) Dgq| @nlgxgsb) Pdq|

@nlgxgsb gfl pgs|q nh Kmgjjgj& \mbq pgs|

mgq gf gi|b|tld nh gcnxd <?? j b|m g hd

pdgkq d}addlbf` 7)7?? j& \md mb`mdq| pdgk bq Jgmdflsg`bsb sgf`d g| 7)478 j& \md

jbllid Dgq|dsf @mg|q d}|dfl hsnj |md Sbxds

Ksbqmfg |ngslq |md ab|r nh Amdffgb -bf

\gjbi Fglt q|g|d" bf |md qnt|m& Bf Gflmsg

_sgldqm |md lbq|sba|q anxdsdl gsd Ksbqmfg)

Fgi`nflg) Jgmgctcfg`gs) Ktsfnni)

Fdiinsd) Gfgf|gpts) Atllgpgm) Amb||nns gfl

_sgkgqmgj& \md gxdsg`d didxg|bnf bq 04? j&

\md qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q jdd| |md mb`m

jntf|gbf sgf`dq nh |md Pdq|dsf @mg|q bf |md

Fbi`bsb cdi| gfl anxds bf \gjbi Fglt |mdlbq|sba|q nh Fns|m Gsan|) Xbiitptsgj) Qgidj)

Amdf`gipg||t) Lmgsjgptsb) \bstambsgpgiib

gfl Anbjcg|nsd&

\md jdgf |djpdsg|tsd bf Egftgsr sgf`dq

cd|ddf 3?¿A gfl 13&4¿A gfl qtjjds

|djpdsg|tsdq sgf`d cd|ddf 1?¿A gfl 14¿A&

\md jg}bjtj |djpdsg|tsd agf sdgam <7¿A

b|m gf bfasdgqbf` |sdfl hsnj fns|m |n qnt|m&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q hgiiq tflds |md |snpbagi

jnfqnnf aibjg|d sdadbxbf` sgbfhgii hsnj

cn|m |md qnt|mdq| gfl |md fns|mdgq|

sd|sdg|bf` jnfqnnf& \md fns|mdsf pns|bnf nh

|md @mg|q sdadbxdq sgbfhgii cd|ddf 7)???

jj gfl 7)8?? jj gfftgiir bflbag|bf` qtc*

mtjbl aibjg|d& Mndxds) pgs|q bf Nsbqqg

qnjd|bjdq sdadbxd gq mb`m gq 3)???‑1)???

jj& \md gxdsg`d gfftgi sgbfhgii bf |md

jbllid Dgq|dsf @mg|q bq 8=4 jj& \md

qnt|mdsf pgs| sdadbxdq cd|ddf 8?? jj gfl

7)??? jj sgbfhgii d}mbcb|bf` g qdjb*gsbl

aibjg|d& Mdgxr bf|ds sgbfq antpidl b|m

arainfba q|nsjq gsd amgsga|dsbq|ba nh |md

angq|gi dgq|dsf pns|bnf& Mtjblb|r sdgamdq gq

mb`m gq 0?‑04 pdsadf| ltsbf` |md sgbfr

qdgqnf&

Fg|tsgi sdqntsadq) cbnlbxdsqb|r gfldanin`bagi qb`fbhbagfad

Bf |dsjq nh cbnlbxdsqb|r |md Pdq|dsf @mg|q

gsd sbamds; mndxds) |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q |nn

mgxd qb`fbhbagf| cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl g sbam

fg|tsgi sdqntsad cgqd& Tfibkd |md Pdq|dsf

@mg|q |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd fn| qn dii

lnatjdf|dl& \mdsd gsd xdsr ib||id

anjpsdmdfqbxd q|tlbdq anflta|dl nf |md

hinsg gfl hgtfg naatssbf` bf |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q sd`bnf& Qdxdsgi bilibhd qgfa|tgsbdqgfl sdqdsxd hnsdq|q psnxbld psn|da|bnf |n |md

lbxdsqb|r bf |md sd`bnf&

Xd`d|g|bnf |rpd

\mdsd bq g lbxdsqb|r bf xd`d|g|bnf |mg|

bfaitldq |md |snpbagi jnbq| ldabltntq |rpd)

|snpbagi lsr ldabltntq |rpd) jb}dl lsr

ldabltntq hnsdq|q) lsr qgxgffgm hnsdq|q)

|mnsfr qastc) |snpbagi qdjb*dxds`sddf gfl

|snpbagi dxds`sddf -\gcid 75 Xd`d|g|bnf

|rpdq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q"&



4

\gcid 75 Xd`d|g|bnf |rpdq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Xd`d|g|bnf |rpd Sd`bnf

\snpbagi dxds`sddf hnsdq|q Xgiidrq nh Qmdxgsnr mbiiq nh qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q) qjgii pg|am

nh hnsdq|q bf Igkqjbptsgj nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj bf fns|mdsfDgq|dsf @mg|q

\snpbagi qdjb*dxds`sddf

hnsdq|q

Jnbq| xgiidrq nh Qbjibpgi hnsdq|q) G|gb) Jgmdflsg`bsb) Cgf`tst

hnsdq|q gfl pgs|q nh @gfegj gfl Knsgpt| lbq|sba|q) Qgppgsig)

Lmgsgknflg) @gibknflg) \gfegxgfgj) Jbftjtitst) qnjd gsdgq

fdgs Gfgf|mg`bsb) Ftigkgjgllb) Jgsdltjbiib nh fns|mdsf

Dgq|dsf @mg|q gfl Qmdsxgsnr mbiiq nh qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q

\snpbagi jnbq| ldabltntq hnsdq|q qtc*lbxbldl bf|n5

G& Fns|mdsf qtc*|snpbagi

ldabltntq hnsdq|q -qgi

hnsdq|q"

Lbq|sba|q nh Kgigmgflb) _ticgfb) @gfegj) Knsgpt| gfl

Qsbkgktigj gfl fns|mdgq|dsf cnslds gsdg nh Xbubgfg`gsgj

lbq|sba|

C& Qnt|mdsf Bflbgf |snpbagi

jnbq| ldabltntq hnsdq|q

-fnf*qgi hnsdq|q"

Sgjpg G`dfar) Jgsdltjbiib gsdgq nh Dgq| @nlgxgsb lbq|sba|)

pgs|q nh Pdq| @nlgxgsb lbq|sba|) qjgii pg|amdq nh Fgiigjgigbq)

\gigknfg gfl qnjd pgs|q nh Qdqmgamgigj mbii sgf`dq nh jbllid

Dgq|dsf @mg|q gfl pgs|q nh qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q

A& Qnt|mdsf |snpbagi jnbq|

ldabltntq sbxdsbgf hnsdq|q

Qpsdgl bf xdsr ibjb|dl gsdgq ginf` cgfkq gfl |md lsbdl sbxds

cdlq) sdpsdqdf| g lbq|bfa| dan|rpd

\snpbagi lsr ldabltntq hnsdq|q lbxbldl bf|n5

G&\dgk cdgsbf` hnsdq|q Lbq|sbct|dl nxds fns|mdsf gfl jbllid Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh Gflmsg

_sgldqm gfl lnjbfg|dl cr xgitgcid |bjcds |sdd qpdabdqC&Fnf*|dgk cdgsbf` hnsdq|q Lbq|sbct|dl ginf` |md Qdqmgamgigj mbii sgf`dq nh jbllid Dgq|dsf

@mg|q) gfl Fns|m Gsan| nh qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Jb}dl lsr ldabltntq hnsdq|q lbxbldl bf|n5

G&Fns|mdsf jb}dl lsr

ldabltntq hnsdq|q

Lbq|sbct|dl bf sdq|sba|dl gsdgq bf Qtkbflg*Sdcfg) Kdnfemgs`gsm

gsdg) Fb`bslg*Iitf` gsdg -Jgrtscmgfe lbq|sba|" ) gfl pgs|q nh

Gf`ti) Kgigmgflb) @gfegj gfl Knsgpt| lbq|sba|q nh Nsbqqg

C&Qnt|mdsf jb}dl lsr

ldabltntq hnsdq|q

Hntfl bf lsbds gsdgq nh gii sd`bnfq nh Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Lsr qgxgffgm hnsdq|q Hnsjdl jnq|ir gq g sdqti| nh cbn|ba bf|dshdsdfad gfl gsdqag||dsdl |msnt`mnt| |md gsdg) anxdsdl b|m q|tf|dl |sdd qpdabdq

Qastc hnsdq|q Qddf gii ginf` |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bf igs`ds ns qjgiids gsdgq

\snpbagi lsr dxds`sddf

hnsdq|q

Hntfl bf qnt|m Atllgpgm) Qsbmgsbkn|g gfl Jgjgflts xgiidr bf

Qdqmgamgigj mbii sgf`dq

\snpbagi lsr dxds`sddf

qastc

Qgblgpd| lbxbqbnf gfl Jgltsgf|gkgj bf \gjbi Fglt

Qntsad5 Qgflmrg Sgfb) Q gfl \& _tiigbgm& 3??3& G |g}nfnjba qtsxdr nh |sddq bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Bf5 _snaddlbf`q nh

|md Fg|bnfgi Qdjbfgs nf Anfqdsxg|bnf nh Dgq|dsf @mg|q) 3<‑38 Jgsam 3??3) \bstpg|b) Gflmsg _sgldqm) Bflbg& _p

4‑74&



8

_ba|tsd ants|dqr _& Qdkmqgsbg

G |sdd hdsf

Hinsgi lbxdsqb|r

D}|dfqbxd hbdil gfl ib|dsg|tsd qtsxdr nh |sddq

bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q rbdildl 48? |sdd |g}g tflds

383 `dfdsg cdinf`bf` |n =? hgjbibdq nt| nh |md dq|bjg|dl 3)4?? qpdabdq nh hindsbf`

pigf|q bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Hinsbq|bagiir |md

sd`bnf bq sbam b|m |md hindsbf` pigf|

qpdabdq anfq|b|t|bf` 71 pdsadf| nh |md Bflbgf

didjdf|& Nf gf gfgirqbq b| bq qddf |mg| gq

jgfr gq 00 |g}g -8= qpdabdq gfl fbfd

xgsbd|bdq" gfl 30 hgjbibdq) gsd dfldjba |n

Dgq|dsf @mg|q&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q mgxd qnjd ”danin`bagi

bqigflq‒ |mg| mgscnts dfldjba pigf|q& \mdqd

gsdgq gsd @gfegj*Knsgpt| sgf`d bf Nsbqqg)

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj mbiiq -bfaitlbf` Gsgkt

Xgiidr gfl Jgl`ni mbiiq") Fgiigjgigb*

Atllgpgm sgf`d) gfl \bstpg|b mbiiq nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm) Qmdsxgsnrq) Fns|m gfl

Qnt|m Gsan| lbq|sba|q nh \gjbi Fglt& Hns

d}gjpid g q|tlr sdxdgidl |md psdqdfad nh |md

|sdd hdsf) Arg|mdg fbi`bsbdfqbq) mbam bq

dfldjba |n Qnt|m Bflbg& \md qpdabdq bq

sdq|sba|dl nfir |n Gfgf|mg`bsb) @gibknflggfl Qtfkgsjd||g mbiiq) Gsgkt Xgiidr)

Xbqmgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) gfl gq hntfl

`snbf` nf |md snglqbld& Bf qnjd nh |md

gsdgq nfir xdq|b`dq nh |md nfad it}tsbgf| gfl

xdslgf| hnsdq|q sdjgbf& \md qpdabdq sbam

unfdq gsd bqnig|dl psbjgsbir cdagtqd |md

Dgq|dsf @mg|q lndq fn| hnsj g anf|bftntq

sgf`d) ct| sg|mds csnkdf mbii sgf`dq b|m

pigbfq bf cd|ddf& \mtq |md bqnig|bnf gfl

sdq|sba|dl lbq|sbct|bnf nh |md fgssn dfldjba

pigf|q ltd |n `dn`sgpmbagi) danin`bagi)dlgpmba gfl aibjg|ba cgssbdsq bq jtam jnsd

psnfntfadl bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Bf

anjpgsbqnf) |md Pdq|dsf @mg|q) mdsd |mdsd

bq g anf|bftb|r nh jntf|gbf qrq|dj gfl gf

gijnq| qgjd aibjg|ba sd`bjd) bq |md sdgqnf

|mg| |md dfldjba pigf|q nh Pdq|dsf @mg|q

mgxd g sdig|bxdir blds lbq|sbct|bnfgi sgf`d&

\mdsd bq fn dfldjba `dftq q|sba|ir anfhbfdl

|n |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Dgq|dsf @mg|q

mgscntsq gsntfl 7? sdl ibq|dl qpdabdq nh

nsamblq) gjnf` |md qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh nsamblq hntfl& _g|amdq nh jgf`snxd

xd`d|g|bnf giqn naats bf |md dq|tgsbdq nh |md

Jgmgfglb) @nlgxgsb) Ksbqmfg gfl Agtxdsr

sbxdsq& \md hnsdq|q nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q giqn

mgscnts qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh jdlbabfgi pigf|q)

jgfr nh mbam gsd dflgf`dsdl& \md

jdlbabfgi pigf|q gsd tqdl cr |md inagi

glbxgqbq |n |sdg| biifdqq jgfr nh mn gsd

ibxbf` jbidq ggr hsnj |md fdgsdq| _sbjgsr

Mdgi|m Adf|sd -_MA"& \mdsd gsd giqn g

ftjcds nh qgasdl `snxdq jgfr nh mbam gsddxdf |nlgr psdqdsxdl bf g jnq|ir

tflbq|tscdl anflb|bnf& Gf bf|dsdq|bf`

hdg|tsd gjnf` |md hinsg bq |md psdqdfad nh

qnjd Mbjgigrgf qpdabdq bf |md

Jgmdflsg`bsb -Nsbqqg" sd`bnf nh Dgq|dsf

@mg|q& D|mfncn|gfbagi q|tlbdq anflta|dl

mgxd sdansldl |md jrsbgl tqdq nh |md

lbhhdsdf| qpdabdq nh pigf|q |n |md |sbcgi

anjjtfb|bdq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gq hnnl)

jdlbabfd) F\H_) |bjcds gfl htdinnl&



0

G agjnthig`dl `nildf `dakn


Hgtfgi lbxdsqb|r

Hgtfgi sdanslq bfaitld qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh

jgjjgiq) sdp|bidq) gjpmbcbgfq gfl cbslq)

qnjd nh mbam gsd sgsd gfl dflgf`dsdl&Jgjjgi bfmgcb|gf|q hntfl mdsd gsd |b`ds)

etf`id gfl idnpgsl ag|) bil cngs) fbi`gb)

`gts ) qpn||dl ldds) qgjcmgs ) jntqd ldds)

cgskbf` ldds) Bflbgf cigakctak) hnts*mnsfdl

gf|dinpd) pnsatpbfd) Bflbgf mdl`dmn`)

qidflds insbq) |sdd qmsd) cigak*fgpdl mgsd)

egakgi) pgij abxd|) q|sbpdl mrdfg) Bflbgf

bil ln`) Bflbgf hn}) smdqtq gfl cnffd|

jgagwtdq) anjjnf.Mgftjgf igf`ts) qin|m

cdgs) jnf`nnqd gq dii gq qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh

cg|q gfl sg|q& \md Bflbgf pgf`nibf) hbqmbf`ag|) Bflbgf qjnn|m*ang|dl n||ds gfl nih gsd

qnjd nh |md jnsd tfanjjnf.sgsdir qddf

jgjjgibgf qpdabdq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q&

Qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh sdp|bidq gfl gjpmbcbgfq

mgxd cddf sdansldl) qnjd sgsd.dflgf`dsdl

qpdabdq ibkd |md `nildf mbii `dakn) |md Bflbgf

jnfb|ns ibugsl) |md pr|mnf gfl |md qnib|gsrqpdabdq nh tsnpdi|bl qfgkd gsd sdansldl) fn|

|n jdf|bnf |md ctssnbf` ibjcidqq qkbfk& Bf

|md Qgits Pbilibhd Qgfa|tgsr inag|dl bf

Qgits jgflgi nh Xbubgfg`gsgj lbq|sba|)

Gflmsg _sgldqm) bq hntfl |md kbf` ancsg& G

ftjcds nh n|mds qpdabdq nh cn|m xdfnjntq

gfl fnf*xdfnjntq qfgkdq gsd giqn hntfl bf

|md @mg|q&

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd xdsr sbam bf gxbhgtfg&

\md nsfb|mnin`bagi qtsxdrq agssbdl nt| cr

qdxdsgi d}pds|q mdipdl |n ibq| nxds <34

qpdabdq gfl qtc*qpdabdq nh cbslq cdinf`bf`

|n 40 hgjbibdq& \md Edslnfq antsqds) g

sdq|sba|dl dfldjba) nfad |mnt`m| |n cd

d}|bfa| gq sdlbqanxdsdl gfl bq fn hntflnfir bf |md Qsb Igfkgjgiidqmgsg

Qgfa|tgsr) bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh Gflmsg

_sgldqm& \md Cidb||q ni gfn|mds asb|bagiir

dflgf`dsdl) dfldjba bq giqn sdpns|dl hsnj

|md hnsdq|q nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q& G igs`d

ftjcds nh bfqda| qpdabdq) bfaitlbf`

ct||dshibdq gsd giqn hntfl bf |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q& Qdxdsgi qpdabdq nh hbqmdq gfl asgcq

agf cd hntfl bf |md q|sdgjq nh |md hnsdq|q gq

dii&

Sbxdsq

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q anfq|b|t|d |md g|dsqmdl

nh jgfr cb` sbxdsq& Hnts jgbf sbxdsq at|

|msnt`m |md sgf`d g| lbhhdsdf| pnbf|q5

Jgmgfglb bf Nsbqqg) @nlgxgsb gfl Ksbqmfg

bf Gflmsg _sgldqm gfl Agtxdsr bf \gjbi

Fglt& Bf gllb|bnf mtflsdlq nh q|sdgjq gfl

sbxdsq giqn nsb`bfg|d ns asbqqasnqq |md sd`bnf

anxdsdl cr |md @mg|q& \mdqd bfaitld bf

Nsbqqg) Stqmbktirg) Xgjqglmgsg) Igf`tirg)Csgmjgfb) Qtcgsfgidkmg) Cgb|gsbfb) Qgigflb)

Qgibg) Ctlmgcgigf`g) Egjbsg) Knigc gfl

Cgmtlg& Bf Gflmsg _sgldqm hin |md _dffgs)

_gpg`mfb) Amb|sgxg|mb) Amdrrds) @tfegfg)

Fg`gxggib) Qbidst) Bflsgxg|b gfl Jgamktfl)

gfl bf \gjbi Fglt |md Xdiigs) _nffgbrgs)

Gjgsgxg|mb) Xgb`gb gfl \mgjcgsgpgsfb&

Mbii sgf`dq

\md pdgkq bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd fn| gq mb`m

gq |mnqd nh |md Pdq|dsf @mg|q& \md didxg|bnfsgf`dq hsnj g hd jd|sdq |n 7)8=? j& \md

gxdsg`d didxg|bnf bq gcnt| 04? j b|m pdgkq

sbqbf` |n didxg|bnfq ibkd 7)8<1 j bf agqd nh

@gcbknflg gfl 7)8=? j bf agqd nh

Gsjgknflg& \md didxg|bnf bf `dfdsgi bf |md

q|g|d nh \gjbi Fglt bq g ib||id mb`mds“nxds

2?? j |n |md dq|“ltd |n |md Fbi`bsb mbiiq&

Anjpgsdl |n |md Pdq|dsf @mg|q |mdqd

jntf|gbf sgf`dq mgxd g jtam nilds gfl

jnsd anjpid} `dnin`bagi mbq|nsr -\gcid 35

Jgbf mbii sgf`dq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q"&



=

@dnin`r gfl jbfdsgiq

\md Dgq|dsf @mg| cdi| bq anjjnfir sdhdssdl

|n gq |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q `sgftib|d cdi| bf

`dnin`bagi fnjdfaig|tsd& \md cdi| d}|dflq

hns 7)??? kj bf g fns|mdgq|*qnt|mdq|

lbsda|bnf ginf` |md dgq| angq| nh Bflbg& \md

cdi| qddjq |n mgxd ldxdinpdl bf |n q|g`dq

ltsbf` |md dgsir _sn|dsnunba gfl jbllid |n

ig|d _sn|dsnunba g`dq& \md psdlnjbfgf|

ib|mntfb|q bf |md cdi|q gsd kmnflgib|dq)

amgsfnakb|dq) cgqba `sgftib|dq) idp|rfb|dq)

jd`gasrq|ba `sgfb|dq mbid |md bf|stqbxdanfqbq|q nh gikgibfd) ti|sgjghba) gfns|mnqb|ba

-igrdsdl gfl jgqqbxd" snakq lbq|sbct|dl g|

jgfr |da|nfbagiir lbq|tscdl unfdq nh |md cdi|&

\md |n jnq| |rpbagi snak |rpdq nh |md

Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd amgsfnakb|dq gfl

kmnflgib|dq gfl gsd nh |md _sdagjcsbgf g`d&

\md dgsir Csb|bqm `dnin`bq|q anbfdl |md

fgjdq bf Bflbg) |md hnsjds gh|ds Enc

Amgsfnak |md hntflds nh Agiat||g gfl |md

ig||ds fgjdl cr |md `dnin`bq| \I& Pgikds

gh|ds |md Kmnfl |sbcdq nh Nsbqqg& Qtam snakq

\gcid 35 Jgbf mbii sgf`dq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Fgjd nh |md mbiiq) lbq|sba| Gi|b|tldq nh |md mbiiq

Fns|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Nsbqqg“Lbq|sba|q nh Qgjcgipts gfl Cnigf`bs

-@gflmgjgslgf mbiiq") Jgrtscmgfe gfl Kgigmgflb

-Kmnfljgi mbiiq") _mticgfb gfl Knsgpt|

Gflmsg _sgldqm“Qsbkgktigj -_gigknflg*Gf|bknflg*

Ctssgknflg sgf`dq") Xbubgfg`gsgj gfl

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj -Jgl`nid mbiiq*Gfgf|mg`bsb*

Ambf|gpgiib*Qgppgsig*@tldj*Jgssbpgkgigt mbii

sgf`dq") Dgq| @nlgxgsb -@ts|dlt*Gllg|dd`gig*

Sgjpgamnlgxgsgj*Jgsdltjgiib sgf`dq") Pdq|

@nlgxgsb -_nigxgsgj) _gpbknflg sgf`dq"

Gi|b|tld nh gcnxd <?? j) hd pdgkq

b|m gcnxd 7)7?? j& Jgmdflsg`bsb

7)47? j) Ldcjgib _sgcgs 7)803 j

-Knsgpt| lbq|sba|") Knsgpt| 7)474 j)

Qbf`gsget _gscgs 7)478 j) Ldxg`bsb

7)1=7&3 j) \tsbgkbnflg 7)42= j)

Mg|bjgib 7)127 j) Amgflsg`bsb

7)382 j) Gsjgknflg 7)8=? j)

Lmgsgknflg 7)184 j) Qgjcgsbknflg

fdgs @tldj xbiig`d 7)430 j)

@gibknflg 7)8<1 j

Jbllid Dgq|dsf @mg|q

Gflmsg _sgldqm“Lbq|sba| nh Ksbqmfg -Knflgpgiib

sgf`dq") Ktsfnni) Jgmgctcfg`gs) _sgkgqgj

-Fgiigjgigb mbiiq") Gfgf|gpts) Atllgpgm) Amb||nns gfl

_sgkgqgj -_gigknf`g*Qdqmgamgigj*Igfkgjgig*

Fg`gsb mbiiq" gfl Fdiinsd -Xdib`nflg sgf`d"

Gxdsg`d didxg|bnf 04? j&

Fgiigjgigbq =?? j) Qdqmgamgigj

mbiiq =4? j

Qnt|mdsf Dgq|dsf @mg|q

\gjbi Fglt“Fns|m Gsan| -Egxglb mbiiq") Qnt|m Gsan|

-@bf`dd mbiiq") Qgidj -mbiiq nh Qmdxgsnr) Kniibjgigb

mbiiq) Kgisgrgf gfl Cnlgjgigb") Lmgsjgptsb -Jdigmbsb

mbiiq") \bstambsgpgiib -_gamgjgigb mbiiq"

Egxglb mbiiq tp |n 7)104 j)

_gamgjgigbq mbiiq tp |n 7)??? j&

Qmdsxgsnr mbii -<??‑7)8?? j") Knib

mbiiq 7)???‑7)4?? j

Qntsad5 Qgflmrg Sgfb) Q gfl \& _tiigbgm& 3??3& G |g}nfnjba qtsxdr nh |sddq bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q& Bf5 _snaddlbf`q

nh |md Fg|bnfgi Qdjbfgs nf Anfqdsxg|bnf nh Dgq|dsf @mg|q) 3<‑38 Jgsam 3??3) \bstpg|b) Gflmsg _sgldqm) Bflbg&

_p 4‑74&



2

gsd |rpbagi nh mb`m jd|gjnspmba `sgldq

kfnf gq `sgftib|dq gfl snakq nh `sgftib|d

psnxbfadq gsd kfnf |n mgxd hnsjdl cr

jd|gjnspmbqj g| mb`m |djpdsg|tsdq gfl

qtcq|gf|bgi ldp|m& \md `dnamsnfnin`ba lg|gqn hgs gxgbigcid qt``dq|q |mg| |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q dsd qtceda|dl |n mb`m `sgld

jd|gjnspmba anflb|bnfq nxds g pdsbnl

d}|dflbf` nxds |mntqgflq nh jbiibnfq nh

rdgsq& \mtq |md |dssgbf cdbf` nfd nh mb`m

`sgld jd|gjnspmba snakq) b| anf|gbfq

jbfdsgiq gppsnpsbg|d |n nsb`bf tflds qtam

anflb|bnfq gfl giqn jbfdsgiq psnltadl cr

dg|mdsbf` psnadqqdq& \md mb`m |djpdsg|tsd

jbfdsgiq bfaitld `sgpmb|d) asrq|giibfd

jgscid) jgf`gfdqd nsd gfl `djq|nfdq&_snlta|q nh dg|mdsbf` bfaitld n}blbqdl

psnlta|q nh jgf`gfdqd nsd gfl cgt}b|dq&

Jnspmnin`bagiir |md gsdg d}mbcb|q anfbagi

mbiiq) `df|ir qinpbf` pig|dgtq gfl csngl)

anfhbfdl xgiidrq& Cgt}b|d ldpnqb|q naats

jnq|ir nf |md `df|id |n jnldsg|dir qinpbf`

pig|dgtq& Kmnflgib|d) bf `dfdsgi hnsjq |md

mbiiq) mbid |md amgsfnakb|d naatpr |md

inds qinpdq gfl bf|dsxdfbf` xgiidrq& \md

jbfdsgiq nh danfnjba bjpns|gfad bf |md@mg|q |mtq bfaitld ibjdq|nfd) cgt}b|d)

amsnjb|d) `sgpmb|d) jgf`gfdqd) jbag) angi)

gqcdq|nq) cgsb|d bsnf nsd gfl |tf`q|df& N|mds

jbfdsgiq ibkd gpg|b|d) aigrq) ctbilbf` q|nfdq

gfl wtgs|u gsd giqn hntfl& @dj q|nfdq gfl

qdjb*psdabntq q|nfdq ibkd stcr)

amsnrqncdsri) amsrqncdsri ag|q drd)

jnnfq|nfd) lbnpqbld) gpg|b|d) gid}gflsb|d)

ubsanf) qbiibjgfb|d) `gsfd| gfl |ntsjgibfd

gsd giqn hntfl |n naats bf qdxdsgi pgs|q nh

|md @mg|q&

\msdg|q |n gfl anfqdsxg|bnf nh

|md Dgq|dsf @mg|q

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd |nlgr tflds qdxdsd

dfxbsnfjdf|gi q|sdqq gfl jgfr nh |md

fg|tsgi sdqntsadq |mdsdbf gsd fn| cdbf`

jgfg`dl nf qntfl danin`bagi psbfabpidq |n

dfqtsd qtq|gbfgcid rbdilq& \md hnsdq| anxds

bf |md @mg|q bq lbjbfbqmbf` g| g jtam hgq|ds

sg|d |mgf |md sdpidfbqmjdf|) qn giqn gsd |mdsd

n|mds amgf`dq |mg| gsd ghhda|bf` |md qnabgi

gfl danfnjba jbibdt nh |md sd`bnf& \mdsd

gsd jti|bpid agtqdq hns |mbq“ldxdinpjdf|

ga|bxb|bdq) ibkd mrlsn*dida|sba lgjq) jbfbf`

gfl bssb`g|bnf psneda|q idglbf` |nldhnsdq|g|bnf gfl lbqpigadjdf|) `nxdsfjdf|

psn`sgjjdq ibkd hnsdq|sr [enbf| hnsdq|

jgfg`djdf| -EHJ") anjjtfb|r hnsdq|

jgfg`djdf| -AHJ"Z gfl jnfnati|tsdq

-anhhdd) agqmd) d|a" glxdsqdir bjpga|bf`

|md dfxbsnfjdf|) ibxdq|nak gfl `sgubf`

ghhda|bf` |md xd`d|g|bnf) tfqabdf|bhba

d}|sga|bnf nh F\H_ |mg| bq ldpid|bf` |md

sdqntsadq) hnsdq| hbsdq agtqdl gaabldf|giir ns

biihtiir ldq|snrbf` hnsdq| anxds gfl bf |tsf

agtqbf` qnbi dsnqbnf) bfasdgqbf` |ntsbqj gflb|q psdqqtsd nf |md danin`r) cbnlbxdsqb|r

cdbf` inq| gq sdqti| nh bf|snlta|bnf nh d}n|ba

qpdabdq ibkd |snpbagi pbfdq) dtagirp|tq

pigf|g|bnfq gfl bfxgqbxd qpdabdq ibkd

igf|gfg) bpnjdg) eg|snpmg) d|a&) gf bfasdgqbf`

|sbcgi pnptig|bnf gfl jnsd qn) gf bfasdgqbf`

d}|dsfgi pnptig|bnf qd||ibf` lnf bf |mdqd

mbii gsdgq) q|sgbfbf` |md igfl gfl ibjb|dl

sdqntsadq) gfl |md sbqbf` bfabldf|q nh

bilibhd |sgld gfl nnl qjt``ibf`& Gii|mdqd mgxd bjpga|dl |md lbxdsqb|r gfl

gctflgfad nh cbnlbxdsqb|r gfl bf |tsf |md

ibhdq|ridq nh |md pdnpid) psbjgsbir |md

glbxgqbq nh |md sd`bnf& \md snn|q) |tcdsq)

jdlbabfgi pigf|q gfl qjgii gfbjgiq |mg|

hnsj g pgs| nh |md |sbcgi pdnpidq‒ lbd| gsd

ldpid|bf` sdqntsadq gfl ghhda|bf` glxdsqdir

|md ft|sb|bnfgi cgigfad nh |md glbxgqbq&

Ibxdibmnnlq mgxd giqn cddf ghhda|dl; b|m

hnsdq|q lbqgppdgsbf` sdqntsadq ibkd `sgqq hns

|mg|am) nnl hns mntqd anfq|sta|bnf gflg`sbati|tsgi bjpidjdf|q) gfl hnllds gfl

`sgubf` igfl hns ibxdq|nak bq cdanjbf`

qagsad&

\md Pdq|dsf @mg|q mgq sdadbxdl

anfqbldsgcid gfl anfqbq|df| g||df|bnf hsnj

|md dfxbsnfjdf| inccr bf |md antf|sr gq g

sdqti| nh b|q xdsr sbam cbnlbxdsqb|r& Mndxds)

|msdg|q |n |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd cr fn jdgfq

gfr idqq qdsbntq& Ns`gfbqg|bnfq mgxd cddf

nskbf` bf |md sd`bnf |nn“qnjd nf bqqtdq



7?

Gf glbxgqb njgf hsnj Gfgf|mg`bsb qb|tg|dl bf

|md Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|

sdig|bf` |n dfxbsnfjdf|gi anfqdsxg|bnf gfl

n|mdsq b|m |md |sbcgi pdnpid mn and}bq|

b|m |md dfxbsnfjdf|& \md `nxdsfjdf| mgq

giqn jgld dhhns|q |n psbnsb|bqd |md

anfqdsxg|bnf nh |md gsdg& Bf gllb|bnf |n |mdpsn|da|bxd dfxbsnfjdf|gi id`bqig|bnfq |mg|

d}bq| bf |md antf|sr |mdsd gsd g ftjcds nh

gsdgq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q |mg| mgxd cddf

ldqb`fg|dl gq bilibhd qgfa|tgsbdq gfl

fg|bnfgi pgskq gfl |mg| qdsxd gq sdht`d hns

qdxdsgi dflgf`dsdl qpdabdq nh hinsg gfl

hgtfg& \md adf|sgi `nxdsfjdf|) sdan`fbqbf`

|md tfbwtd danin`r gfl b|m |md gbj nh

psn|da|bf` gfl psdqdsxbf` |md qgjd

psnpnqdl |md ldxdinpjdf| nh |n cbnqpmdsd

sdqdsxdq bf |md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm“nfd nh |mdj bf Ambf|gpgiib bf

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|& Pmbid |mbq bq g

dianjd jnxd) b|q qtaadqq ntil gii

ldpdfl nf mn qdsbntq |md `nxdsfjdf| bq

gcnt| |md psnpnqgi gfl b|q q|sdf`|m |n

b|mq|gfl |md pndshti bfltq|sbgi inccbdq

ibkd |mg| nh jbfbf`&3

\sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq) |mdbs

ibhdq|ridq gfl ibxdibmnnlq bf |mdDgq|dsf @mg|q

\md Dgq|dsf @mg|q gsd mnjd |n g ftjcds nh

|sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq qnjd nh |mdj hsnj |md

X\@q& \md q|g|d nh Nsbqqg bq mnjd |n 83

lbhhdsdf| |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq nh mbam |md

|sbcdq bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bfaitld Kmnflq

-Kgflmn") @nfl) Qgf|gi) Qngsg) Knimg)

Qmgcgs) Jtflg) _gsneg) Cmn|glg) Cmtfrg

-Cmtbrgf") Kbqqgf) Nsgnf) Cmtjbrg)

Cmg|mtlb) Kmgsbg) Cbfemgi) Knrg) Kni)Qgtf|b) @glgcgq) Jbslmgq gfl Etgf`& Bf

Gflmsg _sgldqm |mg| mgq 14 lbhhdsdf| |sbcgi

anjjtfb|bdq 13 nh |mdqd anjjtfb|bdq ibxd

bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q& \mdqd bfaitld Gflm)

Cg`g|g) Cmbi) Amdfamt) Lmtibg) @glgcg)

3 G| |md |bjd nh hbfgibqbf` |mbq sdpns| |md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm bq sdpns|dl |n mgxd sdeda|dl |md qt``dq|bnf cr |md

JnDH |n ldqb`fg|d Ambf|gpgiib gq g cbnqpmdsd sdqdsxd ab|bf`

psncidjq hns |md inagi pnptig|bnf gfl hns |md ldxdinpjdf| nh

bfltq|sbdq ibkd jbfbf` bf |md sd`bnf&

@nfl) @ntlt) Mbii Sdllr) Eg|gpt) Knflg

Kgjjgsg) Kg||tfgrgkgf) Knigj) Knflg

Lnsg) Knflg Kgpt) Knflg Sdllb) Kmnfl)

Kn|brg) Knrg) Ktibg) Jgib) Jgffd Lnsg)

Fnnkg.Jtkmg Lnsg) Fgbkpnl) Fgrgk)

_gslmgf) _nseg._gsgf`bpdseg) Sdllb Lnsg)

Snfg.Sdfg) Qgxgsg) \mn|b gfl Xgijbkb&

\mdsd gsd g |n|gi nh 18 lbhhdsdf| |sbcgi

anjjtfb|bdq bf |md q|g|d nh \gjbi Fglt) nh

mbam |msdd nh |mdj“Qmnig`g) Tsgir gfl

Jgigrgib“ibxd bf |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q&

\md |sglb|bnfgi danfnjbdq nh |md |sbcgipdnpid adf|sd gsntfl mtf|bf`) hnnl

`g|mdsbf`) qigqm gfl ctsf.qmbh|bf`

g`sbati|tsd) hig|igfl ati|bxg|bnf) xd`d|gcid

`snbf`) F\H_ aniida|bnf gfl |sglbf`& \md

`dn`sgpmr) |npn`sgpmr) gfl gxgbigcbib|r nh

hnsdq|q) igfl gfl g|ds ld|dsjbfd |md kbfl nh

|sglb|bnfgi naatpg|bnf |mg| xgsbdq `sdg|ir&

_gllr gfl g bld xgsbd|r nh |sglb|bnfgi

jbiid|q) adsdgiq gfl ptiqdq gsd `snf bf

qtcqbq|dfad g`sbati|tsd |n jdd| mntqdmnil

fddlq& \mdqd gsd qtppidjdf|dl cr



77

xd`d|gcidq) hstb|q) gfl snn|q gfl |tcdsq qnjd

nh mbam gsd ati|bxg|dl mbid n|mdsq gsd

aniida|dl hsnj |md hnsdq|& Qdxdsgi n|mds

hnsdq| psnltad |nn anf|sbct|d |n |mdbs lbd|

|mg| bfaitldq) hns d}gjpid) mnfdr gfl`nnqdcdssr& \md hnsdq| bq giqn gf bjpns|gf|

qntsad nh htdinnl) |bjcds gfl jdlbabfdq&

\mdsd mgxd cddf qdxdsgi qmbh|q bf |md

|sglb|bnfgi ibxdibmnnl pg||dsfq |mg| sdpigadl

cgs|ds qrq|dj nh nil b|m anjjdsabgi

ga|bxb|r) gfl bfaitldl giqn |md bf|snlta|bnf

nh mns|bati|tsd) pigf|g|bnf) jnfnati|tsdq gfl

agqm asnp ati|bxg|bnf& Anhhdd) agqmd)

pbfdgppid) |ncgaan gsd qnjd d}gjpidq&

Igs`d pnptig|bnfq nh |mdqd |sbcgi pdnpid)dqpdabgiir hsnj |md X\@q) ibxd bf qnjd nh

|md jnq| sdjn|d gfl qag||dsdl mgjid|q gfl

xbiig`dq b|m fn gaadqq |n cgqba

bfhsgq|sta|tsgi hgabib|bdq ibkd mdgi|m)

dltag|bnf) snglq ns |sgfqpns|g|bnf& _nxds|r)

jgift|sb|bnf gfl bii*mdgi|m pig`td |mdj g|

dxdsr q|g`d bf |mdbs ibxdq& \nlgr |mdbs tfbwtd

igf`tg`dq) ati|tsd) atq|njq gfl |sglb|bnfq

agsdhtiir pgqqdl nf nxds mtflsdlq nh rdgsq

bq cdbf` dsnldl q|dglbir gfl bq bf lgf`ds nh

cdbf` inq| |n |md ht|tsd `dfdsg|bnfq&

Anfq|b|t|bnfgi gfl id`gi

qghd`tgslq hns |md glbxgqbq bf

Gflmsg _sgldqm

\md glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq bf |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q nh Gflmsg _sgldqm) qdxdsgi nh mnj

gsd X\@q) ibxd bf mbii*|np xbiig`dq |mg| gsd

sdjn|d gfl lbhhbati| |n gaadqq& Mbq|nsbagiir

|mdqd anjjtfb|bdq mgxd cddf ibxbf` mdsd hns

mtflsdlq nh rdgsq) gfl |mdbs d}bq|dfad mgqcddf bf|sbfqbagiir ibfkdl |n |md hnsdq|q)

danin`r gfl igflq& Mndxds) d}|dsfgi

bfhitdfadq) gq hgs cgak gq |md aninfbgi |bjdq)

mgxd d}pinb|dl |mdj |n gaadqq |md sbam

fg|tsgi sdqntsad cgqd bf |md sd`bnf& \md

igflq gfl hnsdq|q nf mbam |mdr gsd

ldpdfldf| mgxd cddf dfasngamdl tpnf cr

fnf*|sbcgiq gfl |mdr hgad g anfq|gf| |msdg|

hsnj ldxdinpjdf| psneda|q |mg| antil sdqti|

bf |mdbs lbqpigadjdf| -qnjd nh mbam

gisdglr mgxd sdqti|dl bf fn| nfd ct| jti|bpid

lbqpigadjdf|q"& \mbq bq bfqpb|d nh |md qdxdsgi

id`gi gfl Anfq|b|t|bnfgi qghd`tgslq |mg|

mgxd cddf psnxbldl |n psn|da| |mdbs sb`m|q&

\md Hbh|m Qamdltid gfl Qamdltidl

Gsdgq

\md Hbh|m Qamdltid [tflds Gs|baid 3<< -7"

-_snxbqbnfq gq |n |md Gljbfbq|sg|bnf gfl

Anf|sni nh Qamdltidl Gsdgq gfl Qamdltidl

\sbcdq" nh |md Anfq|b|t|bnf nh BflbgZ

dqqdf|bgiir psnxbldq g mbq|nsba `tgsgf|dd |n

|md |sbcgi pdnpid bf |md antf|sr nf |md sb`m|

nxds |mdbs igflq& \md Hbh|m Qamdltid ldgiq

b|m |md gljbfbq|sg|bnf gfl anf|sni nh qpdabhbdl gsdgq -|dsjdl Qamdltidl Gsdgq"

gfl |md |sbcdq ibxbf` bf |mdqd gsdgq& \md

_sdqbldf| nh Bflbg) d}dsabqbf` |md pndsq

anfhdssdl |n mbj tflds |md Hbh|m Qamdltid)

bf |md rdgs 724? ldaigsdl qpdabhbdl gsdgq bf

|md antf|sr gq Qamdltidl Gsdgq& Atssdf|ir

fbfd q|g|dq bf Bflbg“Gflmsg _sgldqm)

Ammg||bq`gsm) @tegsg|) Mbjgamgi _sgldqm)

Emgskmgfl) Jglmrg _sgldqm) Jgmgsgqm|sg)

Nsbqqg gfl Sgegq|mgf“mgxd sd`bnfq

ldjgsag|dl gq Qamdltidl Gsdgq&

Gq pds |md Hbh|m Qamdltid |md _sdqbldf|

mnilq |md pnds |n lbsda| |mg| |md mnid ns

gfr qpdabhbdl pgs| nh g Qamdltidl Gsdg qmgii

adgqd |n cd g Qamdltidl Gsdg ns g pgs| nh

qtam gf gsdg; bfasdgqd |md gsdg nh g

Qamdltidl Gsdg -gh|ds anfqti|g|bnf b|m |md

@nxdsfns nh |md q|g|d"; gi|ds |md cntflgsbdq

ct| nfir cr gr nh sda|bhbag|bnf) ldaigsd

|mnqd gsdgq pnq| sda|bhbag|bnf gq Qamdltidl

Gsdgq) gfl sdqabfl gfl jgkd hsdqm nsldsqsdidxgf| |n Qamdltidl Gsdgq&

Gljbfbq|sg|bxdir |md Hbh|m Qamdltid Gsdgq

gsd pgs| nh |md q|g|dq bf mbam |mdr gsd

qb|tg|dl& Mndxds) |md @nxdsfns jgr jgkd

sd`tig|bnfq hns |md pdgad gfl `nnl

`nxdsfgfad nh |mdqd gsdgq |mg| bfaitld

sd`tig|bnfq |mg| -g" psnmbcb| ns sdq|sba| |md

|sgfqhds nh igfl cr ns gjnf` jdjcdsq nh |md

qamdltidl |sbcdq -Q\q" bf qtam gsdg; -c"

sd`tig|d |md giin|jdf| nh igfl |n jdjcdsq nh



73

|md Q\q bf qtam gsdg; -a" sd`tig|d |md

agssrbf` nf nh ctqbfdqq gq jnfdridflds cr

pdsqnfq mn idfl jnfdr |n jdjcdsq nh |md

Q\q bf qtam gsdg& Bf hsgjbf` |mdqd

sd`tig|bnfq |md @nxdsfns bq sdwtbsdl |nanfqti| b|m |md \sbcdq Glxbqnsr Antfabi

-\GA"& \md @nxdsfns bq giqn sdwtbsdl |n

jgkd qtcjbqqbnf gfftgiir ns mdf sdwtbsdl

|n |md _sdqbldf| nf jg||dsq b|m sd`gsl |n

gljbfbq|sg|bnf nh |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq tflds

mbq etsbqlba|bnf&

\md Hbh|m Qamdltid dfxbqg`dq qd||bf` tp nh

|md \GA anjpsbqbf` fn| jnsd |mgf 3?

jdjcdsq& Nh |mdqd |msdd*hnts|m jdjcdsq

fddl |n cd sdpsdqdf|g|bxdq nh |md Q\q bf |mdId`bqig|bxd Gqqdjcir nh |md q|g|d& B| bq |md

lt|r nh |md \GA |n glxbqd nf jg||dsq

sdig|bf` |n |md dihgsd gfl glxgfadjdf| nh

|md Q\q bf |md pgs|batigs q|g|d gfl ga| gq gf

bfq|stjdf| |n psdxdf| |md d}pinb|g|bnf gfl

lbqasbjbfg|bnf nh |sbcgi pdnpid& \md

@nxdsfns bq giqn djpndsdl |n psdqasbcd

stidq gfl sd`tig|bnfq b|m sd`gsl |n |md

ftjcds nh jdjcdsq nh |md \GA) jnld nh

gppnbf|jdf| nh jdjcdsq gq dii gq |md

Amgbsjgf nh |md Antfabi; anflta| jdd|bf`qgfl psnadltsdq; gfl n|mds bfabldf|gi

jg||dsq&

Hbh|m Qamdltid gsdgq bf |md q|g|d nh Gflmsg

_sgldqm d}|dfl nxds 17)<=4&1< qw kj

anfq|b|t|bf` 77 pdsadf| nh |md |n|gi gsdg nh

|md q|g|d gfl bq qpsdgl gasnqq |md fbfd

lbq|sba|q nh Qsbkgktigj) Xbubgfg`gsgj)

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj) Dgq| @nlgxgsb) Pdq|

@nlgxgsb) Kmgjjgj) Pgsgf`gi) Glbigcgl

gfl Jgmgctcfg`gs -\gcid 15 Lbq|sba|*bqd

Qamdltidl Gsdg bf Gflmsg _sgldqm"& B|

anxdsq g |n|gi nh 4)2<= xbiig`dq bf |mdqd

lbq|sba|q&

_gfamgrg|q -D}|dfqbnf |n

Qamdltidl Gsdgq" Ga| 7228

\md 01sl

Gjdfljdf| nh |md Anfq|b|t|bnf nh

Bflbg bf 7221 `gxd anfq|b|t|bnfgi qgfa|b|r |n

|md _gfamgrg|b Sge bfq|b|t|bnfq gfl jgskdl

|md cd`bffbf` nh g fd dsg bf |md hdldsgi

ldjnasg|ba qd| tp nh |md antf|sr& \md

_gfamgrg|b Sge bfq|b|t|bnfq psnxbld |md

csngldq| sdpsdqdf|g|bxd cgqd |mg| d}bq|q bf

gfr antf|sr bf |md nsil& Anfqdwtdf| |n |md

dfga|jdf| nh |md _gfamgrg| Sge Ga| 7221 g||md fg|bnfgi idxdi gijnq| gii |md q|g|dq gfl

\gcid 15 Lbq|sba|*bqd Qamdltidl Gsdg bf Gflmsg _sgldqm

Lbq|sba| \n|gi gsdg nh

lbq|sba| -qw kj"

Qamdltidl Gsdg

-qw kj"

Qamdltidl Gsdg |n

lbq|sba| gsdg -$"

Glbigcgl 78)7?4 8)71=&4? 1=&73

Dgq| @nlgxgsb 7?)=?0 <)727&84 1=&02

Kmgjjgj 78)?32 8)=22&23 <1&?4

Jgmgctcfg`gs 7=)<13 7)727&2? 8&<0

Qsbkgktigj 4)=10 7)3=2&13 33&?2

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj 77)787 4)2?<&47 43&2

Xbubgfg`gsgj 8)412 7)0<?&2= 38&83

Pgsgf`gi 73)=<8 1)733&<8 3<&17

Pdq| @nlgxgsb 0)0<3 7)??8&7? 71

\n|gi 7?4)<=2 17)<=4&1< 32&=<

Qntsad5 G_\PL& 3??8& Cgqba bfhnsjg|bnf& Gflmsg _sgldqm \sbcgi Pdihgsd Ldpgs|jdf|) Mrldsgcgl) Gflmsg

_sgldqm) Bflbg& TSI5 m||p5..gp|sbcdq&`nx&bf.m|ji.cgqbaq|g|q&plh -gaadqqdl Etfd 3?7?"&



71

Cn} 75 \md Qb}|m Qamdltid

\md Qb}|m Qamdltid nh |md Bflbgf Anfq|b|t|bnf [Gs|baidq 3<<-3" gfl 304 -7"Z anf|gbfq |md

psnxbqbnfq b|m sd`gsl |n |md gljbfbq|sg|bnf nh |sbcgi gsdgq bf |md q|g|dq nh Gqqgj) Jd`mgigrg)

\sbptsg gfl Jbunsgj& \md Qb}|m Qamdltid psnxbldq hns |md asdg|bnf nh gt|nfnjntq lbq|sba|q

gfl sd`bnfq bf |md qpdabhbdl q|g|dq& \md @nxdsfnsq nh |mdqd q|g|dq) ibkd bf |md Hbh|m Qamdltidgsdgq) mgxd anfqbldsgcid pnds b|m sd`gsl |n gljbfbq|sg|bnf nh |mdqd sd`bnfq gfl |mdbs

gppsnxgi bq sdwtbsdl hns hsgjbf` stidq gfl sd`tig|bnfq cr |md Lbq|sba| Antfabiq gfl Sd`bnfgi

Antfabiq&

Lbq|sba| Antfabiq gfl |md Sd`bnfgi Antfabiq anfq|b|t|dl hns |md lbq|sba|q gfl sd`bnfq gsd giqn

djpndsdl |n jgkd igq b|m sd`gsl |n5

‣ giin|jdf|) naatpg|bnf ns tqd) ns qd||bf` gpgs| nh igfl -n|mds |mgf Sdqdsxdl Hnsdq| igfl" hns

|md ptspnqd nh g`sbati|tsd. s̀gubf`.sdqbldf|bgi.fnf*g`sbati|tsgi ptspnqdq ns hns gfr ptspnqd

|mg| bii mdip psnjn|d |md bf|dsdq|q nh |md bfmgcb|gf|q nh |md xbiig`d.|nf& -Mndxds)

fn|mbf` bf qtam igq agf psdxdf| gawtbqb|bnf nh naatpbdl ns tfnaatpbdl igfl hns ptciba

ptspnqdq cr |md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| bf gaanslgfad b|m |md psdxgbibf` ig nf gawtbqb|bnfq&"‣ jgfg`djdf| nh hnsdq| -n|mds |mgf Sdqdsxdl Hnsdq|q"

‣ tqd nh agfgi ns g|dsantsqd hns |md ptspnqd nh g`sbati|tsd

‣ sd`tig|bnf nh psga|bad nh qmbh|bf` g`sbati|tsd - kfnf mdsd gq emtj"

‣ dq|gcibqmjdf| nh xbiig`d.|nf anjjb||dd.antfabiq gfl |mdbs pndsq

‣ jg||dsq sdig|bf` |n xbiig`d ns |nf gljbfbq|sg|bnf bfaitlbf` pnibad) ptciba mdgi|m gfl

qgfb|g|bnf

‣ gppnbf|jdf| nh qtaadqqbnf Ambdhq ns Mdgljdf

‣ bfmdsb|gfad nh psnpds|r -jgssbg`d gfl lbxnsad"

‣ qnabgi atq|njq

\md Lbq|sba| Antfabiq gfl Sd`bnfgi Antfabiq agf anfq|b|t|d xbiig`d antfabiq ns ants|q hns |md|sbgi nh agqdq cd|ddf pgs|bdq gii nh mnj cdinf` |n |md qgjd |sbcd bf |md gsdg hns |md

gljbfbq|sg|bnf nh etq|bad gfl hsgjd sdidxgf| stidq bf |mbq sd`gsl& \md Lbq|sba| Antfabi bq giqn

djpndsdl |n dq|gcibqm) anfq|sta| gfl jgfg`d bfhsgq|sta|tsd ibkd qamnniq -dxdf psdqasbcd |md

igf`tg`d gfl jgffds bf mbam |md dltag|bnf bq |n cd bjpgs|dl") lbqpdfqgsbdq) jgskd|q) hdssbdq)

hbqmdsbdq) snglq) sngl |sgfqpns| gfl g|dsgrq& \md @nxdsfns agf giqn df|stq| |n |md Lbq|sba|

Antfabi) anflb|bnfgiir ns tfanflb|bnfgiir) htfa|bnfq b|m sd`gsl |n g`sbati|tsd) gfbjgi

mtqcgflsr) anjjtfb|r psneda|q) annpdsg|bxd qnabd|bdq) qnabgi dihgsd) xbiig`d pigffbf` ns gfr

n|mds jg||dsq& \md Antfabiq gsd giinag|dl htflq |n tflds|gkd |mdbs |gqkq& \mdr mgxd |md pnds

|n gqqdqq gfl aniida| igfl sdxdftd) idxr gfl aniida| |g}dq nf ctbilbf`q gfl igfl) |niiq nf pdnpid

sdqblbf` bf |md gsdg& \md Lbq|sba| Antfabi bf gllb|bnf agf idxr gfl aniida| |g}dq nf -b" |sgldq)

psnhdqqbnfq) agiibf`q gfl djpinrjdf|; -bb" xdmbaidq) gfbjgiq gfl cng|q; -bbb" df|sr gfl qgid nh `nnlq bf g jgskd|; -bx" |nii nf pgqqdf`dsq gfl `nnlq agssbdl bf hdssbdq; gfl -x" |g}dq hns

jgbf|dfgfad nh snglq) |sgfqpns| gfl qamnniq&

\md Lbq|sba| Antfabi agf giqn sdadbxd snrgi|r hns ibadfqdq ns idgqdq bqqtdl hns |md ptspnqd nh

psnqpda|bf` ns d}|sga|bnf nh jbfdsgiq gfl giqn jgkd sd`tig|bnfq hns anf|sni nh jnfdr idflbf`

gfl |sglbf` cr fnf*|sbcgiq |mg| bfaitld giinbf` jnfdr idflbf` nfir cr ibadfqdl pdsqnfq gfl

psdqasbcbf` jg}bjtj sg|d nh bf|dsdq| |mg| agf cd amgs`dl ns sdanxdsdl cr |md jnfdr idflds&

\md Qb}|m Qamdltid giqn igrq lnf q|g|d qpdabhba stidq gfl |md pndsq nh |md @nxdsfnsq bf

|mdqd gsdgq b|m sd`gsl |n sdpdgibf` gfr igq |mg| gsd ld|sbjdf|gi |n |md bf|dsdq|q nh |md pdnpid&



7<

tfbnf |dssb|nsbdq bf |md antf|sr dfga|dl |mdbs

nf id`bqig|bnfq& Mndxds) tfsdq| gfl

psncidjq bf |md |sbcgi gsdgq nh |md antf|sr

b|m sd`gsl |n igfl gibdfg|bnf) igak nh

ldxdinpjdf| gfl d}pinb|g|bnf cr nt|qbldsqpdsqbq|dl bflbag|bf` |mg| g mnq| nh

psn`sgjjdq bfb|bg|dl hns |sbcgi dihgsd mgl

jd| b|m ibjb|dl qtaadqq& \md Cmtsbg

Anjjb||dd gq anfq|b|t|dl bf Etfd 722< |n

tflds|gkd gf d}gjbfg|bnf nh |md |sbcgi

qadfgsbn nh |md antf|sr gfl |n q|tlr |md

d}|dfqbnf nh |md 01sl

Gjdfljdf| |n |md

Qamdltidl Gsdgq& Cgqdl nf |md

sdanjjdflg|bnfq nh |md Cmtsbg Anjjb||dd)

nf 3< Ldadjcds 7228) |md Ga| |dsjdl |md

_snxbqbnfq nh |md _gfamgrg|q D}|dfqbnf |n

Qamdltidl Gsdgq -_DQG" Ga| 7228 agjd

bf|n hnsad d}|dflbf` |md qrq|dj nh

_gfamgrg|b Sge |n |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq& \md

@sgj Qgcmg“anfqbq|bf` nh glti| jdjcdsq

nh |md xbiig`d gq g`gbfq| |md dida|dl @sgj

_gfamgrg| “gq anfqbldsdl |n cd psd*

djbfdf|& B| gq sdan`fbqdl gq |md anjpd|df|

gt|mnsb|r |n qghd`tgsl gfl psdqdsxd |md

|sglb|bnfq gfl atq|njq nh |md pdnpid) |mdbs

ati|tsgi bldf|b|r) anjjtfb|r sdqntsadq gfl|md atq|njgsr jnld nh lbqpt|d sdqnit|bnf&

\md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf|q b|m Hbh|m Qamdltid

gsdgq dsd sdwtbsdl |n psdpgsd |md q|g|d

anfhnsjb|r Ga|q gfl hsgjd |md stidq gfl

sd`tig|bnfq hns b|q bjpidjdf|g|bnf&

\md Gflmsg _sgldqm _gfamgrg| Sge

-Gjdfljdf|" Ga| 722=

\md Gflmsg _sgldqm _gfamgrg| Sge Ga|

722< gq fn|bhbdl hns gjdfljdf| nf 78Egftgsr 722= gfl agjd |n cd agiidl gq |md

Gflmsg _sgldqm _gfamgrg| Sge

-Gjdfljdf|" Ga| 722=& \md Ga| cr

psnxblbf` sdqdsxg|bnf dfqtsdl |mg| glbxgqbq

dsd sdpsdqdf|dl bf |md inagi `nxdsfgfad

gfl antil hnsj g pgs| nh |md ldabqbnf*

jgkbf` psnadqq&

\md psbjgsr hdg|tsdq nh |mbq Ga| b|m sd`gsl

|n qghd`tgslbf` igfl gfl fg|tsgi sdqntsadq

bf Qamdltidl Gsdgq gsd5

‣ Dxdsr @sgj Qgcmg qmgii cd anjpd|df|

|n qghd`tgsl gfl psdqdsxd |md |sglb|bnfq

gfl atq|njq nh |md pdnpid) |mdbs ati|tsgi

bldf|b|r) anjjtfb|r sdqntsadq gfl

b|mnt| gfr ld|sbjdf| |n gfr ig hns |md|bjd cdbf` bf hnsad) |md atq|njgsr jnld

nh lbqpt|d sdqnit|bnf&

‣ Dxdsr @sgj Qgcmg qmgii gppsnxd pigfq)

psn`sgjjdq gfl psneda|q hns qnabgi gfl

danfnjba ldxdinpjdf| cdhnsd qtam

pigfq gfl psneda|q gsd |gkdf tp cr |md

@sgj _gfamgrg| g| |md xbiig`d idxdi&

‣ \md Jgflgi _gsbqmglq dsd |n cd

anfqti|dl cdhnsd jgkbf` gawtbqb|bnfq nh igfl bf Qamdltidl Gsdgq ns ldxdinpjdf|

psneda|q gfl cdhnsd sdqd||ibf` ns

sdmgcbib|g|bf` pdsqnfq dxba|dl cr qtam

psneda|q bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq; |md

ga|tgi pigffbf` gfl bjpidjdf|g|bnf nh

|md psneda|q bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq qmgii

cd annslbfg|dl g| |md q|g|d idxdi&

‣ _igffbf` gfl jgfg`djdf| nh jbfns

g|ds cnlbdq bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq

qmgii cd df|stq|dl |n @sgj _gfamgrg|q)

Jgflgi _gsbqmglq ns |md Ubiig

_gsbqmglq) gq |md agqd jgr cd&

‣ \md sdanjjdflg|bnfq nh |md @sgj

_gfamgrg| qmgii cd |gkdf bf|n

anfqbldsg|bnf psbns |n `sgf| nh

psnqpda|bf` ibadfqd ns jbfbf` idgqd) hns

jbfns jbfdsgiq bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq

ns hns `sgf| nh anfadqqbnf hns |md

d}pinb|g|bnf nh jbfns jbfdsgiq crgta|bnf&

‣ \md @sgj Qgcmg ns |md @sgj

_gfamgrg| ) gq |md agqd jgr cd) qmgii

giqn d}dsabqd b|q pndsq bf sdqpda| nh

jg||dsq sdig|bf` |n5

qgid gfl anfqtjp|bnf nh bf|n}bagf|q)

nfdsqmbp nh jbfns hnsdq| psnltad

-ns F\H_")



74

psdxdf|bnf nh gibdfg|bnf nh igfl bf

Qamdltidl Gsdgq gfl sdq|nsg|bnf nh

qtam igfl |n |md Q\ jdjcds)

jgfg`d xbiig`d jgskd|q gfl

d}dsabqd anf|sni nxds jnfdr idflbf`

|n g |sbcgi pdsqnf&

\md Gflmsg _sgldqm Qamdltidl

Gsdgq Igfl \sgfqhds Sd`tig|bnf

7242 gfl gjdfljdf|q

\md |sbcgi gsdgq bf Gflmsg _sgldqm qg

qdxdsgi sdcdiibntq jnxdjdf|q g`gbfq| |md

nppsdqqbnf cr jnfdridfldsq gfl

d}pinb|g|bxd igflinslq& \md @gfegj gflXbug`gpg|fgj Ga| 7=12 gq dfga|dl gq

sdqti| nh |md bldqpsdgl tfsdq| bf |md |sbcgi

gsdgq nh |md fns|mdsf lbq|sba|q nh |md |mdf

Jglsgq _sdqbldfar& Gq pds |mbq Ga| |md

|sbcgi gsdgq dsd sdjnxdl hsnj |md ptsxbd

nh |md `dfdsgi igq gfl |md Aniida|ns) gq gf

G`df| |n |md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf|) gq xdq|dl

b|m d}|sgnslbfgsr pndsq& D}pinb|g|bnf nh

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78

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70

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|mg| anf|sni hnsdq| psnltad& Nfdsqmbp

ntil jdgf |md anjpid|d sb`m| |n `sn)

aniida|) q|nsd gfl qdii |md F\H_; ct| |mdqd

sb`m|q gsd atssdf|ir sdq|sba|dl& \md

jnfnpnir sb`m|q `bxdf |n |md @bsbegf An*

npdsg|bxd Anspnsg|bnf -@AA") g `nxdsfjdf|

df|b|r) hns psnatsdjdf| gfl jgskd|bf` nh

F\H_ giqn anfhiba| b|m |md _DQG Ga| |mg|

|sgfqhds nfdsqmbp nh F\H_ b|qdih |n |md

glbxgqbq&



72

Bf |md agqd nh bjpidjdf|g|bnf nh |md HSG

nfd nh |md jnq| qdsbntq igpqdq mgq cddf |md

idxdi g| mbam |md @sgj Qgcmgq) gfl bf |tsf

|md Hnsdq| Sb`m|q Anjjb||ddq -hns xdsbhrbf`

gfl gaadp|bf` aigbjq" dsd anfq|b|t|dl&

Gflmsg _sgldqm) ibkd qdxdsgi n|mds q|g|dq)

anfq|b|t|dl |md Hnsdq| Sb`m|q Anjjb||dd g|

|md _gfamgrg| idxdi gfl fn| g| |md

xbiig`d.mgjid| idxdi& \mbq bq bf xbnig|bnf nh

fn| etq| HSG ct| _DQG Ga| gq dii& \mbq

mgq jdgf| |mg| qdxdsgi sdxdftd xbiig`dq gfl

jgfr jnsd mgjid|q anjd tflds nfd @sgj

Qgcmg jgkbf` bjpidjdf|g|bnf nh |md Ga|

bjpnqqbcid bf g |sgfqpgsdf| gfl ldjnasg|ba

jgffds& \mbq) bf gllb|bnf) jdgfq |mg|

qdxdsgi mgjid|q.xbiig`dq gsd giqn fn| g pgs|

nh |md Hnsdq| Sb`m|q Anjjb||ddq& Pmbid |md

bjpidjdf|g|bnf nh |md HSG bq |md

sdqpnfqbcbib|r nh |md Jbfbq|sr nh \sbcgi

Ghhgbsq) |md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| bq bf anf|sni

nh |md igflq& \md sd|badfad nh |md ig||ds mgq

jdgf| anfhiba|q b|mbf |md `nxdsfjdf| b|m

nfd ldpgs|jdf| pb||dl g`gbfq| |md n|mds&

Dxbldfad nh |mbq anfhiba| bq |md d}|sdjdirin pdsadf|g`d“etq| 7&8 pdsadf|“nh

anjjtfb|r aigbjq qd||idl gasnqq |md antf|sr

bf hgxnts nh |md glbxgqbq; dxdf mdsd jnq| lbl

fn| bfaitld sb`m|q nxds F\H_& \md Hnsdq|

Ldpgs|jdf| bq qddf gq sdita|gf| |n mgfl nxds

anjjtfb|r sb`m|q nxds hnsdq| psnltad“g

itasg|bxd ctqbfdqq nh Sq& 4?)???.* asnsdq gq

pds |md _igffbf` Anjjbqqbnf gfl

anf|sbct|bf` |n mgih nh |md Ldpgs|jdf|q

sdxdftd& Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf|q dgsf jnsdhsnj F\H_ |mgf |bjcds& Gflmsg _sgldqm)

hns d}gjpid) dgsfq Sq& =3 asnsd hsnj F\H_

gfl nfir Sq& <1 asnsd hsnj |bjcds& F\H_ bq

gf bjpns|gf| qntsad nh bfanjd hns |md

glbxgqbq |nn& \md ldfbgi nh gaadqq |n F\H_

bq g qdsbntq bjpdlbjdf| |n danfnjba

djpndsjdf| nh |md glbxgqbq& Pmbid |md

q|g|dq bf Bflbg |sgld bf F\H_ |msnt`m

anspnsg|bnfq gfl annpdsg|bxdq) |md HSG gfl

|md _DQG sdflds q|g|d |sglbf` bf F\H_

biid`gi& Bf |dsjq nh bflbxbltgi aigbjq) bf gii

q|g|dq) bfaitlbf` Gflmsg _sgldqm) mdsd

|b|idq mgxd cddf lbq|sbct|dl |bii lg|d

aigbjgf|q mgxd qddf |mg| |md hbfgi |b|id bq

`sgf|dl hns gf gsdg jtam idqq |mgf mg| gq

nsb`bfgiir aigbjdl& Bf qdxdsgi nh |md q|g|dq

aigbjq dsd fn| cdbf` gaadp|dl hsnj

sd`bnfq mdsd hnsdq| gsdgq dsd |n cd

lbxds|dl hns jbfbf`) bssb`g|bnf ns lgj

psneda|q& Bf Gflmsg _sgldqm) |md fgjdq nh

7?)78= aigbjgf|q dsd ldid|dl hsnj |md ibq|

nh cdfdhbabgsbdq bf gsdgq |mg| dsd psnpnqdl

|n cd idgqdl hns jbfbf`& G jgensb|r nh |md

”Anjjtfb|r Ads|bhbag|dq nh \b|id‒ ns

anjjtfb|r aigbjq bqqtdl bf Gflmsg _sgldqm

nq|dfqbcir `bxbf` anjjtfb|r hnsdq| sb`m|q

gq bf sdgib|r g |sgfqhds nh anjjtfb|r hnsdq|

sb`m|q hsnj |md @sgj Qgcmg |n |md Xgfg

Qgjsgkqmgfg Qgjb|mbq&

Anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl cgt}b|d

jbfbf` bf Dgq|dsf @mg|q nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm5 G cgak`sntfl

\md id`bqig|bnfq gfl Anfq|b|t|bnfgijdgqtsdq bh dfhnsadl bf |mdbs |std qpbsb|

ntil qtsdir glxgfad |md ibxdq nh glbxgqbq)

ginf` b|m bjpsnxdjdf| bf qnabgi bflbag|nsq

nh dltag|bnf gfl mdgi|m) qtppidjdf|dl cr

bfhsgq|sta|tsd qtppns| ibkd snglq gfl

|sgfqpns|& Danfnjba ldxdinpjdf| |n

bjpsnxd bfanjdq gfl ibxdibmnnlq pigffdl

agsdhtiir kddpbf` bf jbfl |mdbs ibhdq|rid gfl

ldpdfldfad nf fg|tsgi sdqntsadq bq astabgi

|n |mdbs psn`sdqq gq dii& Nxds |md rdgsqqdxdsgi psn`sgjjdq mgxd cddf bf|snltadl

bf |md Qamdltidl Gsdgq nh Gflmsg _sgldqm

hns |md danfnjba ldxdinpjdf| nh glbxgqbq bf

|md sd`bnf& \n qtam psn`sgjjdq

pnptigsbqdl hns gt`jdf|bf` bfanjdq gfl

bjpsnxbf` ldxdinpjdf| nh |md sd`bnf gsd

anhhdd jnfnati|tsd gfl jbfdsgi d}|sga|bnf&

Mndxds) cn|m mgxd hgs*sdgambf`

anfqdwtdfadq hns |md glbxgqbq gq dii gq |md

dfxbsnfjdf| bf |md sd`bnf&



3?

G anhhdd pigf|g|bnf bf Gfgf|mg`bsb) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|

Anhhdd jnfnati|tsd bf |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q nh Gflmsg _sgldqm

Anhhdd gq hbsq| bf|snltadl bf |md q|g|d nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm cr nfd Js& Csnlbd) g

Csb|bqmds) gq hgs cgak gq 7=2=& Qddlq nh

Gsgcbag xgsbd|r dsd qtppibdl |n inagi

pdnpid bf _gjtidst xgiidr bf Dgq| @nlgxgsbct| b|m pnns sdqti|q& G| |md qgjd |bjd

anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf bf|snltadl bf Qbsabiig nh

Kgsbjfg`gs lbq|sba| jd| b|m `nnl sdqti|q&

Anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf jgld b|q df|sr bf 723?q bf

|md |sbcgi gsdgq) bf|snltadl cr |md

Ugjbflgsq .Sdxdftd Nhhbadsq gfl

psn`sdqqbxd |sbcgi `sndsq gfl qpsdgl |n

Gfgf|mg`bsb) Jbfbjtitst gfl Ambf|gpgiib

gsdgq nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|& \md

Anhhdd Cngsl‒q pgs|babpg|bnf bf |md

psn`sgjjd gq bfb|bg|dl ltsbf` |md ig|d

724?q& \md Cngsl dq|gcibqmdl D}|dfqbnf

Nhhbadq g| _gldst bf 7207 hns |md cdfdhb| nh

|md |sbcgi `sndsq gfl n|mdsq g`dfabdq |n

sdflds |damfbagi glxbqd& G Sd`bnfgi Anhhdd

Sdqdgsam Q|g|bnf gq giqn dq|gcibqmdl bf

7208 g| SX Fg`gs -Ambf|gpgiib jgflgi" |n

ag|ds |n |md fddlq nh |md fnf*|sglb|bnfgi

anhhdd `snbf` gsdgq nh Gflmsg _sgldqm gq

dii gq bf Nsbqqg& Ati|bxg|bnf nh |md pigf| cr

|md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| nf g qabdf|bhba cgqbq

gfl ig|ds nf g pigf|g|bnf qagid gq bfb|bg|dl

bf |md 728?q b|m |md gqqbq|gfad nh |md

Anhhdd Cngsl& \md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| sgbqdl

anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq bf |md lbq|sba|q b|m |md

gbj nh dgfbf` ggr glbxgqbq hsnj qmbh|bf`

ati|bxg|bnf gfl psnxblbf` |mdj `gbfhti

djpinrjdf|& \md q|sg|d`r glnp|dl bf

qdida|bf` g fd pigf|g|bnf gsdg gq |n |gkdtp gf gsdg glegadf| |n |md hsdqm*aidgsbf` |n

psdxdf| d}pgfqbnf nh pnlt& \md n|mds

glxgf|g`dq nh anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq bfaitldl

psdxdf|bf` dfasngamjdf| nh hnsdq| gsdg)

psnxblbf` bfqtsgfad anxdsg`d g`gbfq| qnbi

dsnqbnf) dfgcibf` jnbq|tsd anfqdsxg|bnf gfl

psnxblbf` qtcq|gf|bgi sdxdftd& Pb|m |md

dq|gcibqmjdf| nh |md Gflmsg _sgldqm Hnsdq|

Ldxdinpjdf| Anspnsg|bnf -G_HLA" -nf 78

Etfd 7204" |md anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq sgbqdl cr|md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf|) d}|dflbf` nxds gf

gsdg nh 7)328 mg -1)3?3&<=4 gasdq" gq

mgfldl nxds |n |md G_HLA bf |md rdgs 720=&

G| psdqdf| |md G_HLA bq |md qbf`id igs`dq|

anhhdd `snds bf Gflmsg _sgldqm) gq dii gq

bf fnf*|sglb|bnfgi gsdgq bf |md antf|sr b|m

b|q pigf|g|bnfq d}|dflbf` nxds gf gsdg nh

<)?7?&7= mg -2)2?2&10 gasdq" nt| nh |md |n|gi

<?)??? mg -2=)=<3&743 gasdq" dq|bjg|dl |n

cd tflds anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf bf |md q|g|d nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm&



37

G anhhdd ftsqdsr nh |md `nxdsfjdf| psnxblbf`

qgpibf`q gfl djpinrjdf|

B| gq |md Bf|d`sg|dl \sbcgi Ldxdinpjdf|

Gt|mnsb|r -B\LG"“|md df|b|r bf amgs`d nh

gljbfbq|sg|bnf nh |sbcgi gsdgq mdsd |md

glbxgqb pnptig|bnf jgkdq tp 4? pdsadf| ns

jnsd nh |md |n|gi pnptig|bnf“mndxds) |mg|gq sdqpnfqbcid hns bf|snltabf` anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf gjnf` |sbcgi hgsjdsq bf |md rdgs

72=4) gfl |nlgr mgq |gkdf nxds |md |gqk nh

anhhdd ldxdinpjdf| bf |md |sbcgi gsdgq nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm& Cr |md rdgs 7222*3???

gsntfl 74)2?? mg -12)3=2&044 gasdq" gq

tflds anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf gfl |md ftjcds nh

|sbcgi `sndsq bfxnixdl dsd 31)4??& Cr

3??= anhhdd gq `snf bf nxds 11)1<3&<4<

mg -=3)127 gasdq" gfl bf 3??2*7? |mbq

d}|dfldl |n <3)0?? mg -7?4)471&220 gasdq"b|m 0=)??? |sbcgi `sndsq& \md

aniigcnsg|nsq |nlgr bf gllb|bnf |n |md B\LG

bfaitld |md Gflmsg _sgldqm Qamdltidl

\sbcdq Annpdsg|bxd Hbfgfad Anspnsg|bnf

Ibjb|dl -\SBANS" g sd`bq|dsdl cnlr |mg|

htfa|bnfq tflds |md \sbcgi Pdihgsd

Ldpgs|jdf| nh |md @nxdsfjdf| nh Gflmsg

_sgldqm) |md Anhhdd Cngsl) @nxdsfjdf| nh

Bflbg -adf|sgi") |md fnf*`nxdsfjdf|gi

ns`gfbqg|bnf -F@N" Fggflb Hntflg|bnf gfl

|md Fg|bnfgi Qamdltidl \sbcdq Hbfgfad

Ldxdinpjdf| Anspnsg|bnf -FQ\HLA") g

@nxdsfjdf| nh Bflbg tflds|gkbf` tflds |mdJbfbq|sr nh \sbcgi Ghhgbsq& Hbfgfabgi

qtcqblbdq gfl gqqbq|gfad bq psnxbldl gq

hniinq“4? pdsadf| cdfdhbabgsr

anf|sbct|bnf bf |md hnsj nh igcnts) 34

pdsadf| gq adf|sgi `nxdsfjdf| gqqbq|gfad)

=&11 pdsadf| gq q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| gqqbq|gfad

gfl 78&80 pdsadf| gq FQ\HLA anf|sbct|bnf&

\md B\LG gq |md fnlgi bjpidjdf|bf`

g`dfar mdipdl bldf|bhr hgsjdsq gfl igflq hns

anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf) gqqbq| b|m sgbqbf`

ftsqdsbdq nh anhhdd gfl qmgld |sddq ginf`b|m \SBANS& \md Anhhdd Cngsl psnxbldl

|damfbagi gqqbq|gfad |n hbdil htfa|bnfgsbdq

gfl hgsjdsq bf qabdf|bhba ati|bxg|bnf gfl

psnadqqbf`& Bf Ldadjcds 3??=) |md q|g|d

`nxdsfjdf| |msnt`m g @nxdsfjdf| Nslds

`gxd pdsjbqqbnf hns g psneda| psnpnqgi hns

|gkbf` tp anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf bf <3)?=0&1?8

mg -7?<)??? gasdq" bf _gldst nxds g 0 rdgs

pdsbnl q|gs|bf` bf 3??2*7? -\gcid <5 Rdgs*

bqd anxdsg`d nh pigf|g|bnfq"& \md qamdjdcsnt`m| g fd aniigcnsg|ns“|md _gfamgrg|

Sge gfl Stsgi Ldxdinpjdf| Ldpgs|jdf| cr

bfaitlbf` anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf tflds |md

Jgmg|jg @gflmb Fg|bnfgi Stsgi

Djpinrjdf| @tgsgf|dd Ga| 3??4

-J@FSD@G"& Tflds |mbq qamdjd |md

hbfgfabgi gqqbq|gfad tflds J@FSD@G gfl

Anhhdd Cngsl bfaitldq sgbqbf` gfl

jgbf|gbfbf` nh qmgld pigf|g|bnfq) sgbqbf`

anhhdd gfl pdppds ftsqdsbdq gfl sgbqbf`

anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq b|m pdppds gq g qmgldasnp gfl jgbf|dfgfad& \md anq| qmgsbf`

ntil cd Sq& 8)???.* pds gasd cr |md Anhhdd

Cngsl gfl Sq& 74)340.* pds gasd tflds |md

J@FSD@G& \md Anhhdd Cngsl bq sdwtbsdl

|n sdidgqd |md htflq |n |md B\LG gfl qtppir

wtgib|r qddl) hgabib|g|d psnatsbf` at||bf`q hns

sgbqbf` qmgld |sddq gfl hgabib|g|d jgskd|bf`

nh anhhdd cdgfq cr xbiig`d ns`gfbqg|bnfq cr

psnxblbf` jgskd| bf|diib`dfad&

Gljbfbq|sg|bxd qtppns| ntil cd psnxbldl

cr |md B\LG _gldst |mg| bii giqn |gkd tp



33

agpgab|r ctbilbf` nh hgsjdsq) psnatsd gfl

qtppir cgcr ptipdsq gfl anfq|sta| lsrbf`

rgslq.|sgrq cr qdatsbf` gllb|bnfgi htflq

hsnj |md Anhhdd Cngsl& \md B\LG ntil

anf|bftd |n bldf|bhr cdfdhbabgsbdq gflqtb|gcid igfl gxgbigcbib|r) qd| tp anhhdd gfl

qmgld |sdd ftsqdsbdq) gqqbq| `sndsq bf

pigf|bf` anhhdd gfl bqqtd Anhhdd _nqqdqqbnf

Ads|bhbag|dq |n gii `sndsq& \SBANS ntil

sdidgqd htflq hns anfq|sta|bnf nh `nlnfq

hns q|nsbf` qddlq gfl hns hnsjg|bnf)

q|sdf`|mdfbf` gfl sd`bq|sg|bnf nh anhhdd

psnltads qnabd|bdq& \md |n|gi psneda| anq| bq

Sq& 1<2.* asnsdq nh mbam Sq& 83.* asnsdq bq

|n cd cnsfd cr |md Anhhdd Cngsl gfl Sq&

3=0.* asnsdq cr _gfamgrg| Sge gfl StsgiLdxdinpjdf| Ldpgs|jdf|& B| gq giqn

psnpnqdl |n d}|dfl hbfgfabgi qtppns| bf |md

hnsj nh qtcqblr |n ctr mgfl ptipdsq |n

bldf|bhbdl cdfdhbabgsbdq gfl hns anfq|sta|bnf

nh adjdf| lsrbf` pnflq&

\md anhhdd psnltadl cr G_HLA mgl cddf

dii sdadbxdl cr cb` jgfthga|tsdsq ibkd J.q

Fdq|id Bflbg Ibjb|dl gfl J.q Mbfltq|gf

Idxds Ibjb|dl -fn Tfbidxds" gq dii gq

d}pns|dsq hsnj Kgsfg|gkg gfl \gjbi Fglt&

\md bfasdgqbf` pnptigsb|r nh |md anhhdd hsnj

|md |sbcgi gsdgq psnjp|dl |md `nxdsfjdf| |n

|gkd tp sdfddl dhhns|q g| bjpsnxbf`

psnlta|bnf&

\md Gsgkt Ns`gfba Anhhdd _sneda| bq ganiigcnsg|bxd dhhns| nh |md Anhhdd Cngsl) |md

B\LG gfl |md F@N Fggflb Hntflg|bnf) |n

psnjn|d ns`gfba anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf gq g

qtq|gbfgcid ibxdibmnnl bfb|bg|bxd hns |md |sbcgi

hgsjdsq& B|q bfadp|bnf gq bf |md rdgs 3??7&

\md Anhhdd Cngsl gfl B\LG |n`d|mds

psnxbld |damfbagi gqqbq|gfad) mdip bldf|bhr

cdfdhbabgsbdq gfl fd gsdgq hns ns`gfba

anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf) psnxbld hgabib|bdq ibkd

ptipdsq gfl pigadq hns anhhdd lsrbf`& Fggflb

Hntflg|bnf tflds|nnk |md |gqk nh ldxdinpbf` jgskd|bf` ibfkg`dq) gfl

psnatsbf` |md hgbs |sgld gfl ns`gfba

ads|bhbag|bnf& Bf gllb|bnf b| psnxbldl |sgbfbf`

gfl `tblgfad |n |sbcgi hgsjdsq bf asdg|bf`

q|nfd ctflbf` |n qghd`tgsl asnpq hsnj

gfbjgiq) bf|ds*pigf|bf` qmgld `bxbf` |sddq)

jgkbf` gfl tqbf` cbn*jgftsd) fg|tsgi

pdq|babldq hsnj pigf| gfl hstb| d}|sga|q) gfl

qtppns|bf` qpblds pnptig|bnfq |n `sn gfl

psnxbld fg|tsgi pdq| anf|sni dcq& Fggflb

Hntflg|bnf giqn csnt`m| bf Anf|sni Tfbnf

-dgsibds kfnq gq QKGI") |md Lt|am ns`gfba

\gcid <5 Rdgs*bqd anxdsg`d nh pigf|g|bnfq

-gsdg bf gasdq"

Rdgs Qmgld pigf|g|bnf Anhhdd pigf|g|bnf

3??2*7? 3?)??? 73)???

3?7?*77 3?)??? 73)???

3?77*73 3?)??? 3?)???

3?73*71 3?)??? 3?)???

3?71*7< 7?)??? 3?)???

3?7<*74 7?)??? 7?)???

3?74*78 ? 7?)???

\n|gi 7??)??? 7?<)???Qntsad5 @nG_& 3??2& Fg|bnfgi Stsgi Djpinrjdf| @tgsgf|dd Qamdjd -FSD@Q*G_"*Mns|bati|tsd*Qamdjd nh Anhhdd

_igf|g|bnf bf _gldst*Gjdfljdf| nh @N*Nsldsq*bqqtdl& @N Jq Fn 7=2) nf 3< Etfd 3??2 |n _gfamgrg| Sge gfl Stsgi

Ldxdinpjdf| Ldpgs|jdf|) @nxdsfjdf| nh Gflmsg _sgldqm) Bflbg& TSI5 m||p5..&sl&gp&`nx&bf.

Mns|bati|tsd.D@Q^@nJqFn^7=2^Mns|b^L|^3<&?8&3??2&plh -gaadqqdl Ldadjcds 3?7?"&



31

gaasdlb|g|bnf g`dfar |n jnfb|ns gfl ads|bhr

|md pigf|g|bnfq gq 7?? pdsadf| ns`gfba hns

bf|dsfg|bnfgi anfqtjp|bnf gfl giqn

hgabib|g|dl |md qdatsbf` nh |md hgbs |sgld

ads|bhbag|bnf& Gf gllb|bnfgi tfbwtd qdiibf`psnpnqb|bnf nh |md anhhdd gq |mg| b| ntil

mdip sdq|nsd |md danin`bagi cgigfad gfl

bjpsnxd |md ibxbf` anflb|bnfq gfl wtgib|r nh

ibhd nh |sbcgi pdnpid cr gt`jdf|bf` agqm

bfanjd anfqbldsgcir&

Bf Hdcstgsr 3??<) |md ”Gsgkt‒ csgfl nh

anhhdd gq igtfamdl nhhbabgiir b|m |md

Anhhdd Cngsl jgkbf` gii g||djp|q |n

psnjn|d |md csgfl bf|dsfg|bnfgiir) gfl nf 37

Ldadjcds 3??0) |md |sgldjgskdl csgflfgjd ”Gsgkt Djdsgil‒ gq igtfamdl -cr

|md |mdf Jbfbq|ds nh Q|g|d hns Anjjdsad"&

Pb|m |md ns`gfba gfl hgbs |sgld ads|bhbag|bnf

|md anhhdd `sndsq gsd gcid |n qdatsd g

psdjbtj psbad hns |mdbs psnlta| gfl |md

Gsgkt Djdsgil bq |nlgr cdbf` d}pns|dl |n

ctrdsq bf Fnsgr) Hsgfad gfl |md Tfb|dl

Q|g|dq nh Gjdsbag& G adf|sgibqdl Anhhdd

_snadqqbf` Tfb| gq giqn bfgt`tsg|dl nf 37

Ldadjcds 3??0 g| \mtsgb`tlg xbiig`d bf

Gsgkt) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|) |n dfqtsdwtgib|r nh anhhdd psnadqqdl) cr tflds|gkbf`

|md |gqkq nh anhhdd cdgf gqmbf`) ptipbf`

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34

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xd`d|g|bnf& \md cgt}b|d sdqdsxdq gsd) bf

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gsdgi d}|df| gfl gsd bldir qag||dsdl nxds gf

gsdg nh <)??? qw kj&

\md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm) bf pdfbfqtigs

Bflbg mgq 37 pdsadf|) fdgsir 04? jbiibnf

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sd`bnf& \md jgbf cdfdhb|q psnjbqdl |n |md

inagi anjjtfb|bdq gsd |mg| nh asdg|bnf nh

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nh |md sd`bnf& \md inagi anjjtfb|bdq)

mndxds) dsd jnsd anfadsfdl gcnt| |md

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cgqd) gfl qtq|gbfdl psn|dq|q cr |mdj

psdxdf|dl |md glxgfadjdf| nh |md jbfbf`

pigfq& Qnjd nh |md glbxgqbq) dqpdabgiirhsnj |md nilds `dfdsg|bnf) mn mgl cddf |n

d}pnqtsd xbqb|q ns`gfbqdl cr gf F@N |n |md

FGIAN cgt}b|d jbfbf` qb|d bf Lgjgfenlb)

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fnfd nh |md cdfdhb|q nh jbfbf` ntil gaastd

|n |md anjjtfb|bdq& \md lbq|sba|

gljbfbq|sg|bnf |nn mgl |gkdf gcnt| <8

glbxgqbq hsnj |md xbiig`d nh Cddqptsgj |n

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anfxbfad |mdj gcnt| |md cdfdhb|q nh |md

jbfbf` psneda|& Mndxds) |md glbxgqbq dsd



38

fn| bjpsdqqdl gfl wtdq|bnfdl |md kbfl nh

encq nhhdsdl |n biib|dsg|d |sbcgi pdnpid) |md

q|g|d nh |md g|ds sdqntsadq) |md anflb|bnf nh

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Qtsxdr nh Bflbg) Qdsbdq G*Danfnjba @dnin`r) Fn& <8&



30

@gibknflg5 Nfd nh |md qb|dq hns cgt}b|d jbfbf


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d}|sga|bnf bf nfd nh |md cinakq -BBB"& \md

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nh hnsdq| igfl nf 73 Gt`tq| 3??=& Bf

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gh|ds ldigrbf` hns fdgsir g ldagld giqn `gxd

pdsjbqqbnf |n FGIAN) g ptciba qda|ns tfb|)

hns jbfbf` cgt}b|d bf |md @tldj `sntp nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba| gfl Kg|gjsgetknflg

bf Dgq| @nlgxgsb lbq|sba|) cn|m gsdgq cdbf`

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|md sdwtbsdl fn nceda|bnf |n FGIAN |n |gkd

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b|q glbxgqb sdqbldf|q& \mntqgflq nh gasdq nh

igfl tqdl hns `snbf` g xgsbd|r nh

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|mg| gsd bjpns|gf| qntsadq nh sg jg|dsbgiq

gfl bfanjd*`dfdsg|bf` F\H_&



3=

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pigf|g|bnfq mbam gsd inag|dl etq| cdin gfl

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in idxdiq& _sn|dq|q g`gbfq| cgt}b|d jbfbf`

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sb`m|q nh |sbcgi pdnpid |nn dsd cdbf`

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fn sdansl nh d}pdsbdfad bf cgt}b|d jbfbf` ns

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dfxbsnfjdf| gqkdl hns g sdinnk g| |md

psneda|& \md sdpns| pgs|batigsir jdf|bnfq |md

q|bhh sdqbq|gfad |n |md qjdi|ds gfl sdhbfdsbdq

cr |md pdnpid bf |md pigbf gsdgq) anfadsfq

b|m sd`gsl |n pniit|bnf gfl g`sbati|tsgi

pn|df|bgi nh |md gsdg gii nh mbam agiidl hns g

sdanfqbldsg|bnf nh |md psneda|& Bf |md ig|ds

pgs| nh |md jnf|m) |md Jbfbq|sr nh Jbfdqbqqtdl g q|g|djdf| |mg| cgt}b|d jbfbf`

ntil fn| cd pdsjb||dl |bii g hts|mds

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dfxbsnfjdf|gi aidgsgfadq) gfl giqn pdflbf`

dfga|jdf| nh |md fd Jbfdq Jbfdsgiq

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Ga| atssdf|ir bf b|q lsgh| q|g`d& Bf Qdp|djcds

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jbfbf` dsd sdeda|dl cr |md Jbfbq|sr nh

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mnil& \md 71 psnpnqgiq mgl cddf pt|

hnsgsl cr G_JLA |n jbfd 7)=08 mg bf

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qtcjb||dl cr G_JLA gfl hbxd cr FGIAN)

gfl dsd hns cgt}b|d jbfbf` bf 3)8=? mg bf

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qtsxdr tflds|gkdf bf |n |sbcgi xbiig`dq bf

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\md q|tlr innkq bf|n gqpda|q nh hnnl

qdatsb|r hsnj |sglb|bnfgi g`sbati|tsd) agqm

bfanjd hsnj anhhdd) cdfdhb|q |mg| |md hnsdq|q

gfl |sddq nf igfl psnxbld bf |dsjq nh

bfanjd) hnnl) jdlbabfd) htdinnl) |bjcdsgfl F\H_) bjpns|gfad nh ibxdq|nak gfl

pnti|sr gq g qghd|r fd|) gaadqq |n `nxdsfjdf|

qamdjdq gfl |md lgbir g`d gfl jb`sg|bnf

pg||dsf& \md nceda|bxd bq |n tfldsq|gfl |md

lbhhdsdf| bfanjd qntsadq) |md d}pdflb|tsd

ld|gbiq gfl |md nxdsgii ld`sdd nh qdih*

qthhbabdfar |mg| |mdbs atssdf| ibhdq|ridq

psnxbld |mdj b|m&

\md qdanfl pgs| bq |md agqd q|tlr agssbdl nt|

bf |md jbfbf` ghhda|dl xbiig`dq gfl



32

Cn} 35 Mb`mib`m|q nh |md Gflmsg _sgldqm Jbfdq gfl Jbfdsgi _nibar

‣ \md q|g|d mgq bjpsnxdl jbfdsgi gljbfbq|sg|bnf |msnt`m bf|dsga|bnf b|m |md lbq|sba| idxdi

nhhbadsq gfl q|gkdmnildsq

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‣ @nxdsfjdf| d}|dflq qtppns| hns `sntflbf` nh mb`m*|dam gfl bffnxg|bxd xgitd*glldljbfdsgi psneda|q tflds qbf`id bfln bfltq|sbgi aidgsgfad

‣ Gbj bq |n qdsxd gq g `tblbf` hnsad |n |sgfqig|d |md jbfdsgi pn|df|bgi bf|n sdgib|r b|m |md

nceda|bxd nh dan*hsbdflir gfl qtq|gbfgcid jbfbf`

‣ \md `nxdsfjdf|) |msnt`m G_JLA bf|dflq |n df|ds nbi gfl fg|tsgi `gq d}pinsg|bnf gfl

angi jbfbf` bf n|mds q|g|dq& \md `nxdsfjdf| bq anf|djpig|bf` idxrbf` adqq nf qdjb*

psdabntq q|nfd gsdgq) qdb`fnsg`d hdd nf db`m|jdf| cgqbq hns `sgfb|d gfl mgq pigfq |n

idxr psnsg|dl cgqbq snrgi|r nf ibjdq|nfd anfqtjdl cr adjdf| anjpgfbdq

Qntsad5 ___& 3?7?& Q|g|d _nibar& Gflmsg _sgldqm& _tciba _sbxg|d _gs|fdsqmbpq bf Bflbg) Jbfbq|sr nh Hbfgfad)

@nxdsfjdf| nh Bflbg& TSI5 m||p5..&pppbfbflbg&anj.q|g|d*pnibar*gflmsg*psgldqm&pmp -gaadqqdl

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\md Sbxds @nq|mgfb gfl b|q xdslgf| qtssntflbf`q

Lbqpigadl _dsqnfq -L_" Agjpq bf Knsgpt|

lbq|sba|) Nsbqqg&

B| g||djp|q |n tfldsq|gfl |n mg| d}|df| |md

bf|snlta|bnf nh jbfbf` mgq cddf cdfdhbabgi

ns ld|sbjdf|gi |n pdnpid mn dsd bf |md

pgq| ldpdfldf| nf hnsdq|q gfl g`sbati|tsd hns

|mdbs ibxdibmnnl& \md q|g|tq nh lbqpigadjdf|

gfl |mg| nh anjpdfqg|bnf gfl

sdmgcbib|g|bnf.sdqd||idjdf| 34 rdgsq gh|ds

psneda| bfb|bg|bnf bq giqn d}gjbfdl& \md |n

pgs|q gsd |mtq g anjpgsbqnf nh glbxgqb ibhd bf

psd* gfl pnq|*jbfbf` qadfgsbnq& Pmdsdxds

sdidxgf|) bf gllb|bnf |n psbjgsr lg|g)

bfhnsjg|bnf hsnj qdanflgsr qntsadq mgq

cddf wtn|dl&

_gs| 75 Agqd q|tlr nf glbxgqb

ibxdibmnnlq gfl hnnl qdatsb|r bf

Cddqptsgj gfl Fbjjgipglt

xbiig`dq) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|

Cgak`sntfl |n |md lbq|sba|

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba| bq inag|dl nf |md

dgq|dsf qmnsd nh Bflbg bf |md fns|mdsf pgs| nh

|md q|g|d nh Gflmsg _sgldqm& B| ibdq cd|ddf

70µ74' gfl 7=µ13' fns|mdsf ig|b|tld gfl7=µ4<' gfl =1µ1?' dgq|dsf inf`b|tld& B| bq

cnsldsdl nf b|q fns|m bf pgs| cr |md q|g|d nh

Nsbqqg gfl bf pgs| cr |md Xbubgfg`gsgj

lbq|sba|) nf |md qnt|m cr Dgq| @nlgxgsb

lbq|sba| -cn|m nh Gflmsg _sgldmq") nf |md

dq| cr Nsbqqg gfl nf |md dgq| cr |md Cgr nh

Cdf`gi& @dn`sgpmbagiir b| agf cd lbxbldl

bf|n |n q|sbpq“|md |mbf angq|gi q|sbp nh igfl

gfl |md bf|dsbns agiidl |md pigbfq lbxbqbnf)

gfl |md mbiir gsdgq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q bf

|md fns|m gfl dq| agiidl |md G`dfar



1?

lbxbqbnf& \md angq|ibfd bq csnkdf g| pnbf|q

cr cgil*mdgldl mbiiq& Pmbid |md gi|b|tld bf

|md pigbfq lbxbqbnf bq gcnt| 04 j |mg| nh |md

mbiiq d}|dflq |n gf gxdsg`d nh 2?? j b|m

|md mb`mdq| gi|b|tld cdbf` 7)874 j& Bf |dsjqnh aibjg|ba anflb|bnfq) mbid |md angq|gi

sd`bnfq mgxd g gsj aibjg|d) gq nfd jnxdq

|ngslq |md mbiir gsdgq |md |djpdsg|tsd

indsq gq g sdqti| nh |md gi|b|tld gfl

xd`d|g|bnf& \md gfftgi sgbfhgii |mg| |md

lbq|sba| sdadbxdq bq 7)3?3 jj) psbjgsbir

hsnj |md qnt|mdq| jnfqnnf |mg| gaantf|q

hns jnsd |mgf 0? pdsadf| nh |md sgbfhgii& \md

fns|mdgq| jnfqnnf) gfl |md qtjjds gfl

bf|ds qmndsq anf|sbct|d |md sdq|& \md

G`dfar gfl bfigfl gsdgq sdadbxd sgbfhgiihsnj |md qnt|mdq| jnfqnnf mbid |md

angq|gi sd`bnfq gsd jnsd hgxntsdl cr |md

fns|mdgq| jnfqnnf& \md lbq|sba| ibdq bf |md

sbxds cgqbf nh |md \mgflgxg) Xgsgmg) Qgsglg

gfl @nq|mgfb sbxdsq gfl |md igs`ds sbxtid|q

hinbf` |msnt`m b| bfaitld Jd`mglsb`dllg

gfl @mgjcmddsg`dllg&

\md `dn`sgpmbagi gsdg nh |md lbq|sba| bq

77)787 qw kj mbam bq <&7 pdsadf| nh |md

gsdg nh |md df|bsd q|g|d& Nh |mbq nfir 18&<4

pdsadf| bq gsgcid igfl& Nh |md gsgcid gsdg) |md

fd| gsdg qndl hnsjq 30&3 pdsadf| mbid

ati|bxgcid gq|d gfl hgiin -atssdf| gfl

nil" igflq anfq|b|t|d gcnt| 2&3 pdsadf|

-ltsbf` 3??8*?0"& Jnsd |mgf nfd*|mbsl nh

|md igfl b&d&) 12&41 pdsadf| bq anxdsdl cr

hnsdq|q& \md sdjgbfbf` bq lbq|sbct|dl

cd|ddf ”cgssdf gfl tfati|bxgcid igfl‒ 77&0

pdsadf| gfl 2 pdsadf| bq ”igfl pt| |n fnf*

g`sbati|tsgi tqd‒& Gljbfbq|sg|bxdir |md

lbq|sba| bq lbxbldl bf|n |msdd sdxdftd

lbxbqbnfq gfl <1 jgflgiq&

\md pnptig|bnf nh |md lbq|sba| bq 1=&13 igkmq

gq pds |md 3??7 Adfqtq gfl |mbq anfq|b|t|dq 4

pdsadf| nh |md pnptig|bnf nh |md q|g|d& \md

lbq|sba| mgq g pnptig|bnf ldfqb|r nh 1<1 pds

pdsqnfq pds qw kj; mndxds) |md G`dfar

gsdg mgq g inds ldfqb|r |mgf |md pigbf gsdgq&

Hbh|ddf glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq sdqbld bf |md

Hbh|m Qamdltid gsdg nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj

lbq|sba| gfl bfaitld |md Cg`g|g) @glgcg)

@ntlt) Kgjjgsg) Knflg Lnsg) Kmnflq)

Kn|bg) Ktibg.Jtibgq) Jgib) Jgffd Lnsg)

Jtkmg Lnsg) _nseg) Sdllb Lnsg.Fnnkg

Lnsg.Jtkmg Lnsg) Snfg.Sdfg.Sgfg gflXgijbkb anjjtfb|bdq& \mdr anjpsbqd 7<&44

pdsadf| nh |md df|bsd lbq|sba|q pnptig|bnf

-Cn} 15 Q\ pnptig|bnf bflbag|nsq hns

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|"& \mdqd |sbcgi

pnptig|bnfq ibxd bf mbii*|np xbiig`dq ns

mgjid|q) jgfr nh mbam gsd xdsr sdjn|d gfl

lbhhbati| |n gaadqq&

\md agqd q|tlr lbqatqqdl bq nh |n glbxgqb

anjjtfb|bdq) |md Fnnkg Lnsg gfl Knflg

Lnsg |sbcgi `sntpq) sdqblbf` bf |md xbiig`dq

nh Cddqptsgj gfl Fbjjgipglt bf

Gfgf|mg`bsb jgflgi nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj

lbq|sba|& \md Fnnkg Lnsg ftjcdsq 32)8=?

mbid |md Knflg Lnsgq gsd g pnptig|bnf nh

702)11< -hb`tsdq gq pds |md 7227 Adfqtq"&

\md agqd q|tlr innkq g| |md ibxdibmnnlq) hnnl

qdatsb|r) gfl bfanjd gfl d}pdflb|tsd

pg||dsfq nh |mdqd |sbcgi pdnpid& G |n|gi nh 12

pdsqnfgi bf|dsxbdq tqbf` g wtdq|bnffgbsd

dsd anflta|dl bf |n xbiig`dq“3? hsnj

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Cn} 15 Q\ pnptig|bnf bflbag|nsq hns Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba|

Q\ pnptig|bnf*\n|gi5 440)403

Q\ pnptig|bnf*Jgid5 30=)122

Q\ pnptig|bnf*Hdjgid5 302)701

_dsadf|g`d qmgsd nh Q\ pnptig|bnf |n lbq|sba| pnptig|bnf5 7<&44 pdsadf|

_dsadf|g`d |n |n|gi q|g|dq Q\ pnptig|bnf5 77&7 pdsadf|Qntsad5 Adfqtq 3??7 gfl Hga| Cnnk nf Qamdltidl Agq|dq gfl Qamdltidl \sbcdq bf Gflmsg _sgldqm&

Lbsda|nsg|d nh Danfnjbaq gfl Q|g|bq|baq) Mrldsgcgl) Gflmsg _sgldqm) Bflbg&

1?



17

aniida| |md sdwtbsdl lg|g& \md Fbjjgipglt

xbiig`d anjpsbqdq qjgiids mgjid|q gfl |md

bf|dsxbdq dsd anflta|dl bf |md mgjid|q nh

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg&

Xbiig`d gfl mntqdmnil bfhnsjg|bnf

Cddqptsgj bq g xbiig`d nh <4 mntqdmnilq gfl

g pnptig|bnf ftjcdsbf` 720 -jdf5 0<)

njdf5 03) ambilsdf5 47"& \md glbxgqbq

mdsd gsd hsnj |md Fnnkg Lnsg anjjtfb|r&

\mdsd gsd 7? ptaag gfl 14 kgaamg mntqdq bf

|md xbiig`d& \md ptaag mntqdq gsd jgld

hsnj adjdf| b|m qigcq gq snnhq mbid |md

kgaamg mntqdq gsd jtl q|sta|tsdq b|m |bidl

ns `sgqq snnhbf`& \md xbiig`d bq inag|dl nf|md snglqbld gfl bq gaadqqbcid cr g anfasd|d

sngl bf gii dg|mdsq& \md jgbf g|ds qntsad

hns |md xbiig`d bq g q|sdgj gfl g qjgii igkd&

\md xbiig`d mgq dida|sbab|r anffda|bnf) gf

gf`gfglb gfl g psbjgsr qamnni& \md jgbf

mdgi|m psncidjq hgadl cr |md xbiig`d gsd

jgigsbg) egtflbad gfl lbgssmndg& \md fdgsdq|

_MA bq inag|dl bf Gfgf|mg`bsb gcnt| 7? kj

hsnj |md xbiig`d& Gfgf|mg`bsb bq |md jgflgi

mdglwtgs|dsq gfl mgq g Xd|dsbfgsr Mnqpb|gi)

Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| gfl G`sbati|tsd

Ldpgs|jdf| Nhhbad gq dii& \md inagi jgskd|

ns qmgflr -kfnf inagiir gq qgf|mg" hns

`sgbfq) F\H_ gfl xd`d|gcidq bq giqn inag|dl

bf Gfgf|mg`bsb& \md fdgsdq| Sdqdsxd Hnsdq|bq inag|dl g| Gfgf|mg`bsb mbid |md

anjjtfb|r hnsdq| gaadqqdl cr |md sdqbldf|q

bq qb|tg|dl ainqd |n |md xbiig`d b|qdih& \md

xbiig`d bq inag|dl g| |md hnn|mbiiq nh

@gibknflg) nfd nh |md psnpnqdl cgt}b|d

d}|sga|bnf qb|dq&

\md mgjid|q nh Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl

Sgiigxgigqg anfq|b|t|d g pgs| nh |md

Fbjjgipglt xbiig`d& \md |n|gi pnptig|bnf nh

Kgsgkgxgigqg xbiig`d bq 770 -jdf5 41)njdf5 4?) ambilsdf5 7<"& \md glbxgqbq mdsd

gsd hsnj |md Knflg Lnsg anjjtfb|r& \mdsd

gsd 3? mntqdmnilq bf |md xbiig`d; 70 ptaag

gfl |msdd kgaamg mntqdq& \md kgaamg mntqdq

gsd jgld nh jtl gfl snnh bq nh |bidq ns

`sgqq& \md sngl idglbf` |n |md xbiig`d bq

ptaag hns qnjd lbq|gfad gfl kgaamg gq b|

fdgsq |md xbiig`d; mndxds) b| bq gaadqqbcid

|msnt`mnt| |md rdgs) dxdf ltsbf` |md mdgxr

sgbfq& Pg|ds qntsad hns |md xbiig`d bq hsnj g

Fbjjgipglt xbiig`d

17



11

kbfl& Lbgssmndg gfl |rpmnbl gsd |md jgens

mdgi|m psncidjq bf |md xbiig`d) b|m

Itf`gpgsg|mr inag|dl 7? kj ggr mgxbf`

|md fdgsdq| _MA&

\md |df|r hgjbibdq bf|dsxbddl bf

Cddqptsgj mgxd cddf ibxbf` bf |md xbiig`d

hns jgfr `dfdsg|bnfq; qnjd nh |mdj qbfad

721?q mbid qnjd dsd jnsd sdadf|

bfmgcb|gf|q mgxbf` anjd |n |md xbiig`d g

ldagld ns |n cdhnsd& Db`m| hgjbibdq hsnj

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl 77 hgjbibdq hsnj

Sgiigxgigqg dsd bf|dsxbddl& Qdxdsgi

`dfdsg|bnfq nh |md hgjbibdq mgl cddf ibxbf`

mdsd& \md hgjbir qbud sgf`dq cd|ddf hnts

gfl hbxd nf gf gxdsg`d b|m igs`ds hgjbibdq

anfqbq|bf` nh 0‑7? jdjcdsq gq dii bf g

hd agqdq -\gcid 85 G`d `sntp gfl hgjbir

qbud nh bf|dsxbdddq bf Cddqptsgj)

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg"&

Bf gii |msdd xbiig`dq ib|dsgar idxdiq gsd

d}|sdjdir in gjnf` |md nilds `dfdsg|bnf)

mbid |md rntf`ds ambilsdf |nlgr gsd

gaadqqbf` dltag|bnf hgabib|bdq nh |md

`nxdsfjdf|& Bf Cddqptsgj nfir nfd pdsqnfmgl g||dfldl ld`sdd gfl gfn|mds mgl

g||dfldl g antsqd g| gf Bfltq|sbgi \sgbfbf`

Bfq|b|t|d) mbid g |mbsl mgl lsnppdl nt|

gh|ds mbq Aigqq ]BB -bf|dsjdlbg|d"& Bf

Kgsgkgxgigqg xbiig`d |md mb`mdq| aigqq

sdgamdl gq bf|dsjdlbg|d mbid bf

Sgiigxgigqg nfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq mgl

lnfd g Cgamdins bf Qabdfad -bf Jdlbagi

Igcnsg|nsr \damfnin`r"& \md jgbf sdgqnf

hns |md in ib|dsgar idxdiq gjnf` |md nilds

`dfdsg|bnf gq g igak nh ggsdfdqq gjnf`|md pgsdf|q gcnt| |md bjpns|gfad nh

dltag|bnf gfl |md gcqdfad nh g qamnni bf

|mdbs xbiig`d ltsbf` |mdbs ambilmnnl&

Sdgqnfq hns ambilsdf lsnppbf` nt| g|

psdqdf| bfaitld mgxbf` |n mdip b|m

mntqdmnil gfl hgsj nsk& Hbfgfabgi

lbhhbati|bdq g| mnjd giqn agtqdl g hd |n

lsnp*nt|& Bf nfd bfabldf| g ambil mn gq

qbak gfl mgl jbqqdl qamnni gq fn|

giindl cgak cr |md |dgamds&

Igfl ld|gbiq

Cddqptsgj mgq d|) lsr) pnlt gfl anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf cdbf` tflds|gkdf nf b|q igfl&

\md |n|gi ati|bxgcid igfl bf Cddqptsgjxbiig`d bq 71? gasdq nh mbam gcnt| 73?

gasdq bq ati|bxg|dl& \md sdgqnfq hns fn|

ati|bxg|bf` |md df|bsd igfl gsd `bxdf gq

sdltadl qnbi hds|bib|r gq g sdqti| nh dsnqbnf

dqpdabgiir nf pnlt igfl) bfgldwtg|d

sgbfhgii gfl fn| dfnt`m igcnts bf qnjd

mntqdmnilq |n nsk nf |md igfl& Bf

gllb|bnf qnjd nh |mdj pdsadbxdl g `sdg|ds

sbqk bf ati|bxg|bnf gfl `gxd psdhdsdfad |n

nsk gq g`d igcnts bf anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq&

\md qnbi |rpd nh |md xbiig`d bq psbjgsbirsdl gfl cigak qnbi& Bf |md agqd nh pnlt

igflq mbid aigbjq mgl cddf hbidl fnfd

mgl sdadbxdl gfr pg||gq& _g||gq hns igfl

tflds anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf dsd sdadbxdl bf

lbhhdsdf| rdgsq -72=0) 72==) 7223) 7221)

722= gfl 3??<"& Bf |md agqd nh |n nh |md

bf|dsxbdddq mbid |mdr mgl aigbjdl hns 4

gfl = gasdq) pg||g gq `bxdf nfir hns <

gasdq bf cn|m bfq|gfadq& Nfir |n nh |md

bf|dsxbdddq mn mgl qtcjb||dl g aigbj

dsd rd| |n sdadbxd pg||gq& _g||gq hns d|

gfl lsr igfl mgl giqn cddf sdadbxdl cr

jnq| nh |md bf|dsxbdddq qnjd gq hgs cgak

gq |md rdgs 7203) n|mdsq bf 72=3) 72=1)

72==) 7223 gfl 7224 gfl qnjd jnsd

sdadf|ir bf 3??< gfl 3??2& Qnjd nh |mdj

mgl qtcjb||dl aigbjq |mg| dsd q|bii |n cd

qd||idl&

Kgsgkgxgigqg mgq sdl gfl qgflr qnbi |rpdq

mbid Sgiigxgigqg mgq sdl) qgflr gfl cigak

qnbi& _g||gq hns d| gfl lsr igflq bf cn|mmgjid|q dsd qd||idl bf |md rdgs 7208& Bf

|md agqd nh pnlt igfl qb} nh |md xbiig`dsq

bf|dsxbddl mgl pg||gq -qd||idl bf 7208)

3??4 gfl 3??=")mbid |md sdq| mgl aigbjdl

ct| fn| sdadbxdl |md pg||gq gq rd| &

Jgensb|r nh |md hgsjdsq bf cn|m Cddqptsgj

gfl Fbjjgipglt mgl igfl mnilbf` hns d|

igfl) lsr igfl gfl pnlt sgf`bf` cd|ddf 7

gfl 3 gasdq&



1<

Giqn |md jgensb|r tflds|nnk ati|bxg|bnf nf

pnlt igflq -\gcid 05 Igfl ld|gbiq nh

bf|dsxbdddq"&

Fdb|mds Cddqptsgj fns Fbjjgipglt mgl

pgs|babpg|dl bf |md hnsdq| jgfg`djdf|

psn`sgjjdq nh |md `nxdsfjdf|) psbjgsbir gq

|mdr dsd fn| agssbdl nt| bf |mdbs xbiig`dq&

\md mgjid|q nh Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl

Sgiigxgigqg mgl hbidl aigbjq tflds HSG)

cn|m bflbxbltgi gfl anjjtfb|r) gfl |mdqddsd cdbf` psnadqqdl& Cddqptsgj |nn mgl

hbidl gcnt| <? aigbjq gfl g qtsxdr gq

anflta|dl bf 3??2; mndxds |md aigbjq gsd

rd| |n cd qd||idl&

G`sbati|tsd gfl hnnl qdatsb|r

G`sbati|tsd bq g xdsr bjpns|gf| ga|bxb|r

gjnf` |md |sbcgi pdnpid mdsd& G lbxdsqb|r nh

asnpq |mg| bfaitld qdxdsgi xgsbd|bdq nh pgllr)

jbiid|q) adsdgiq) ptiqdq) nbiqddlq gfl

xd`d|gcidq gsd `snf cr |md xbiig`dsq -\gcid

=5 Lbxdsqb|r nh asnpq `snf bf Cddqptsgj)

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg"<&

Qddlq hns ati|bxg|bnf gsd jgbfir tqdl hsnj

psdxbntq rdgs‒q asnpq& Bf g hd bfq|gfadq

qddlq dsd ptsamgqdl hsnj |md G`sbati|tsd

Nhhbad) B\LG) Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| ns

cnssndl hsnj xbiig`dsq ct| |mbq gq xdsr

sgsd& G xgsbd|r nh jd|mnlq gsd tqdl |n q|nsd

|md lbhhdsdf| kbflq nh qddlq& _gllr gflhbf`ds jbiid| gsd hbsq| lsbdl bf |md qtf& \mdqd

gsd |mdf q|nsdl bf jtl pn|q) lsbdl `ntslq ns

cgqkd|q jgld hsnj cgjcnn gfl gllg idgxdq

-pig||ds idgh |sdd"& G igrds nh mgr) lsr ltf`

gfl jtl gsd pigadl nf |md |np nh |mdqd

cgqkd|q& Hn}|gbi jbiid|) pdgsi jbiid|) ib||id

jbiid|) ansf gfl ptiqdq gsd mtf` bf lsr

pigadq) hns d}gjpid gcnxd |md kb|amdf q|nxd&

< \md anjjnf.|sgld fgjd) cn|gfbagi fgjd gfl inagi fgjd gsd

psnxbldl bf Gffd}tsd 7& Bf |md |d}| mdsdxds kfnf |md |sgld nsanjjnf fgjd mgq cddf tqdl&

\gcid 05 Igfl ld|gbiq nh bf|dsxbdddq

-gasdq"

Xbiig`d Hgjbir

fn

Pd| Lsr _nlt \n|gi Xbiig`d Hgjbir

fn

Pd| Lsr _nlt \n|gi

Cddqptsgj 7 1&0 ? 3 4&0 Kgsgkgxgigqg 7 8 1 1 73

Cddqptsgj 3 ? 7 7 3 Kgsgkgxgigqg 3 7 3 1 8

Cddqptsgj 1 ? 1&4 3 4&4 Kgsgkgxgigqg 1 ? 7 3 1

Cddqptsgj < ? ? 7 7 Sgiigxgigqg < 3 3 3 8

Cddqptsgj 4 ? 3 7 1 Kgsgkgxgigqg 4 7 7 3 <

Cddqptsgj 8 ? ? 7 7 Kgsgkgxgigqg 8 ? 7 1 <

Cddqptsgj 0 77&0 ? < 74&0 Kgsgkgxgigqg 0 < 1 1 7?

Cddqptsgj = ? ? ? ? Kgsgkgxgigqg = 7 7 3 <

Cddqptsgj 2 ? ? 3 3 Sgiigxgigqg 2 3 7 7 <

Cddqptsgj 7? ? ? ? ? Sgiigxgigqg 7? 1 3 3 0

Cddqptsgj 77 ? ? 7 7 Sgiigxgigqg 77 ? 3 3 <

Cddqptsgj 73 ? ? 1 1 Sgiigxgigqg 73 3 ? 3 <

Cddqptsgj 71 ? 3 3 < Sgiigxgigqg 71 ? ? 3 3

Cddqptsgj 7< ?&1 78 7 70&1 Sgiigxgigqg 7< 7 3 1 8

Cddqptsgj 74 ? 3 ? 3 Sgiigxgigqg 74 ? 7 7 3

Cddqptsgj 78 ? ? 7 7 Kgsgkgxgigqg 78 < 3 3 =

Cddqptsgj 70 < < 7 2 Sgiigxgigqg 70 ? 7 7 3

Cddqptsgj 7= 7 ? 3 1 Sgiigxgigqg 7= 1 3 3 0

Cddqptsgj 72 7&< 8&4 ? 0&2 Sgiigxgigqg 72 ? ? 3 3

Cddqptsgj 3? ?&1 7&4 3 1&=



14

Bjpidjdf|q tqdl bf g`sbati|tsd

\mdqd qddlq gsd giqn q|nsdl bf pn|q ns lsbdl`ntslq gh|ds jb}bf` b|m gqm& _tiqdq gsd

jb}dl b|m gqm) anxdsdl b|m gllg idgxdq)

|bdl |b`m|ir |n`d|mds b|m g snpd gfl mtf`

nxds |md q|nxd |n kddp ggr hsnj sg|q& \mdr

gsd giqn q|nsdl bf cgjcnn q|djq& _tjpkbfq

|mg| sbpdf gsd at|) lsbdl bf |md qtf hns g hd

lgrq gfl |mdf mtf` cr g snpd bf gfl gsntfl

|md mntqd& \md qddlq gsd lsbdl gfl q|nsdl bf

`ntslq hns ht|tsd qnbf`& Cdgfq gsd q|nsdl

db|mds bf |mdbs pnlq ns gq qddlq bf `ntslq&

\tcdsq) |tsjdsba gfl `bf`ds gsd q|nsdl bf|msdd grq& Bf g lsr pigad fdgs |md mntqd g

mnid bq lt` bf mbam |md |tcdsq gsd pigadl

anxdsdl b|m g igrds nh `sgqq gfl jtl gfl gq|nfd bq pigadl nxds |md mnid& Gi|dsfg|dir

|mdr |tcdsq gsd pbidl tp bf g lsr ansfds nh

|md mntqd) anxdsdl b|m g igrds nh `sgqq gfl

g jb}|tsd nh jtl gfl ltf`& \mdr gsd giqn

q|nsdl bf cgqkd|q jgld nh cgjcnn |mg| bq

anxdsdl b|m mgr gfl qpsbfkidl b|m lsr

an ltf` gfl jtl&

\md asnpq gsd qnf araibagiir gfl

bf|dsasnppdl bf |md gxgbigcid igfl ldpdflbf`

nf |md qdgqnf& \mbq tqtgiir anbfabldq b|m

|md jgbf hdq|bxgiq adidcsg|dl cr |md xbiig`dsq

gq dii& \md ctqbdq| pdsbnl hns g`sbati|tsd bq

cd|ddf Jgr gfl Ldadjcds mdf jnq| nh

|md asnpq gsd `snf& Asnpq gsd `snf nf

pnlt) lsr gfl d| igfl& Hbf`ds jbiid|) pdgsi

jbiid|) ib||id jbiid|) hn}|gbi jbiid|) jgbud)

kblfdr cdgfq) cigak*drdl pdgq) fb`ds) sdl

`sgj) cdgfq) `bf`ds) |tsjdsba) ambiir)

|gpbnag) mnsqd `sgj) cigak `sgj) `sddf `sgj

gfl `ntslq gsd gii `snf nf pnlt igfl&

Lbhhdsdf| asnpq gsd jb}dl |n`d|mds |n

\gcid =5 Lbxdsqb|r nh asnpq `snf bf Cddqptsgj) Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg

Asnp Cddqptsgj Kgsgkgxgigqg Sgiigxgigqg

_gllr

_dgsi jbiid|

Hn}|gbi jbiid|

Jgbud

Hbf`ds jbiid|

Ib||id jbiid|

Kblfdr cdgfq

Sdl `sgj.pb`dnf pdg

Cigak `sgj

An pdg

Ambiir

@sddf `sgj

Cigak*drdl pdgqCsngl cdgfq

Mnsqd `sgj

Fb`ds

@bf`ds

\njg|n

Sntfl cdgfq

\ncgaan

Ansf



18

_nlt ati|bxg|bnf nf mbii qinpdq

bjpsnxd |md qnbi hds|bib|r; hbf`ds jbiid|) ib||id

jbiid|) jgbud gfl sdl `sgj gsd `snf

|n`d|mds) hn}|gbi jbiid| bq bf|dsasnppdl b|m

pdgsi jbiid|) ptjpkbf gfl ansf qnf

|n`d|mds) cdgfq) kblfdr cdgfq gfl ansf gsdgfn|mds anjcbfg|bnf& \md qb|d qdida|dl hns

pnlt ati|bxg|bnf mgq g `nnl |sdd anxds gfl

tflds`sn|m b|m hd snakq ns q|nfdq& \md

|sddq gsd at| gfl tflds`sn|m aidgsdl tqbf`

xgsbntq bjpidjdf|q ibkd qbakid) kfbhd) qpgld

gfl g}d& \mdqd gsd idh| |n lsr gfl |mdf qd|

nf hbsd& \mbq psdpgsg|bnf nh |md pnlt igfl

cd`bfq ltsbf` |md jnf|m nh Jgr& \mbq bq

hniindl cr pint`mbf` gfl |mdf qnbf` nh

qddlq& Qddlq gsd fnsjgiir qndl cr

csnglagq|bf`& Pddlbf` bq g anf|bftntqpsnadqq& Asnpq `snf nf pnlt igflq |gkd

|msdd |n hnts jnf|mq cdhnsd |mdr agf cd

mgsxdq|dl& Ltsbf` |md sgbfr qdgqnf |n

psdxdf| qnbi cdbf` gqmdl ggr ctflq b|m

q|nfdq gsd ctbi| g| |md cgqd nh |md pnlt igfl&

Qmstcq gsd pigf|dl gq dii |n psdxdf| |md

qnbi dsnqbnf&

Bf |md agqd nh pgllr) |md hbdil bq pint`mdl

gfl qnbi |tsfdl qdxdsgi |bjdq& Nfad |md

pigf|q `sn |n g ads|gbf mdb`m| |mdr gsd|sgfqpigf|dl bf|n gfn|mds hbdil b|m

qthhbabdf| g|ds bf fdg| snq& Lsr gfl d|

igflq gsd giqn aidgsdl) pint`mdl gfl |md

jbiid|q) ptiqdq gfl xd`d|gcidq qnf g|

lbhhdsdf| |bjdq& _tjpkbf) g xgsbd|r nh cdgfq)

|tsjdsba gfl `bf`ds) |tcdsq ibkd qdd|

pn|g|n) pn|g|n) |gpbnag) rgj gfl aninagqbg

gsd giqn `snf nf g`sbati|tsgi igflq ns bf

kb|amdf `gsldfq& \md df|bsd hgjbir bf |md

pgq| tqdl |n cd df`g`dl bf g`sbati|tsgi

nsk) ct| |nlgr qnjd jdjcdsq idgxd mnjd|n nsk diqdmdsd ns gsd ptsqtbf` |mdbs

dltag|bnf& _int`mbf` gq giqn dgsibds lnfd

df|bsdir tqbf` anq ct| |nlgr qnjd hgsjdsq

tqd |sga|nsq |n pint`m |md hbdilq&

Gxgbigcbib|r nh g|ds bq gf bjpns|gf| hga|ns

|mg| ld|dsjbfdq |md ftjcds nh mgsxdq|q& \md

xbiig`dq nh Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg gsd

fdq|idl bf g hds|bid xgiidr b|m qthhbabdf|

g|ds sdqntsadq) mdf anjpgsdl |n

Cddqptsgj& Asnpq mdsd gsd `snf

|msnt`mnt| |md rdgs) mdsdgq Cddqptsgj)

ldpdfldf| psbjgsbir nf sgbfq) |md jgbf

asnpq gsd `snf ltsbf` |md sgbfr qdgqnf&

Amdak lgjq gsd ctbi| |n agp|tsd gfl

psdqdsxd sgbfg|ds mbam bq lbxds|dl |n |md

hbdilq xbg amgffdiq& Pg|ds hsnj q|sdgjq bq

giqn t|bibqdl& D}adqq g|ds aniida|dl ltsbf`|md sgbfr qdgqnf bq lsgbfdl nhh hsnj |md

hbdilq bf|n |md q|sdgj gq dii |msnt`m

amgffdiq lt` hns |mbq ptspnqd -\gcid 25

Agidflgs hns qnjd nh |md jgbf asnpq

`snf"&

Mgsxdq|bf` pgllr sdwtbsdq fbfd |n |df jdf)

mn tqd qbakidq |n at| |md q|gikq& \md pgllr

at| bq pbidl bf|n jntflq gfl idh| |n lsr& Bf

|md agqd nh jbiid|q) |md ancq gsd at| nhh gfl

pbidl bf g lsrbf` pigad& Bf |md agqd nh ptiqdq)

|md df|bsd pigf| bq tpsnn|dl gfl lsbdl& \md

pigad hns lsrbf` bq psdpgsdl cr aidgsbf` |md

igfl) idxdibf` b| gfl pigq|dsbf` b| b|m an

ltf`& _gllr at| bq q|sdf gfl |sgjpidl

tqbf` anq |n qdpgsg|d |md `sgbf hsnj |md

q|gikq& \md q|gikq gsd sdjnxdl gfl) `sgbf

qdpgsg|dl hsnj |md amghh cr bffnbf`& \md

q|gikq gsd tqdl gq ag||id hddl gfl |md amghh bq

giqn hdl |n mdfq gfl anq& Ancq nh hbf`ds

jbiid| gsd qpsdgl nt| nf |md lsrbf` gsdg)

|sgjpidl cr anq) ancq cdg|df b|m q|bakqgfl bffndl |n qdpgsg|d |md jbiid| hsnj

|md amghh& Bf |md agqd nh hn}|gbi jbiid|) pdgsi

jbiid| gfl jgbud) |md ancq gsd qpsdgl nt| nf

jg|q gfl q|gjpdl tqbf` cgsd hdd|& \mdqd gsd

|mdf qtf lsbdl gfl q|nsdl& _tiqdq gsd cdg|df

tqbf` q|bakq |n qdpgsg|d |mdj hsnj |md pigf|&

\md jgbf |msdg|q |n |md asnpq dsd hsnj

gfbjgiq ibkd jnfkdrq) cdgs) sg|q) qwtbssdiq)

bil pb`q) gfl sgccb|q) bfqda|q) gfl cbslq ibkd

|md pdganak) jrfgm gfl qpgssnq& Lnjdq|ba

anq) cthhginq gfl `ng|q giqn gfldsdl bf



10

_tjpkbfq gfl g bld xgsbd|r nh

n|mds xd`d|gcidq gsd `snf

|n `sgud nf q|gflbf` asnp& G anfqbldsgcid

gjntf| nh |bjd gq |mtq qpdf| cr |md

xbiig`dsq bf `tgslbf` |mdbs asnp& Hdfabf`)

tqbf` qagsdasnq gfl cdg|bf` lstjq gsd gii

lnfd |n qagsd |md gfbjgiq gfl cbslq& Asnp

inqq pdsadf|g`d cd|ddf 7? pdsadf| gfl 1?pdsadf| qddjdl |n cd anjjnf&

Jnq| nh |md asnpq dsd sd|gbfdl hns

lnjdq|ba anfqtjp|bnf gfl qddl q|nak hns

|md fd}| rdgs‒q mgsxdq|& _gllr) hbf`ds jbiid|)

pdgsi jbiid|) ib||id jbiid| gfl hn}|gbi jbiid|

dsd jgbfir sd|gbfdl bf igs`ds wtgf|b|bdq hns

mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf& \mdqd hnsj |mdjgbf anjpnfdf|q nh |md lbd| nh |md glbxgqbq&

Ansf) `sddf `sgj) sdl `sgj) mnsqd `sgj)

cigak `sgj gfl kblfdr cdgfq hsnj |md

g`sbati|tsgi hbdilq giqn anf|sbct|dl |n |md

ft|sb|bnf nh |md lgbir jdgi& \md pdsadf|g`d

nh |n|gi rbdil qd| gqbld gq qddl hns |md fd}|

rdgs‒q asnp xgsbdq ldpdflbf` tpnf |md asnp

gfl |md bflbxbltgi hgjbir&

Asnpq qnil hns bfanjd bfaitld pgs| nh |md

psnltad nh sdl `sgj) an pdg) csngl cdgfq)

\gcid 25 Agidflgs hns qnjd nh |md jgbf asnpq `snf

Asnp fgjd Qdgqnf gfl ld|gbiq

_gllr Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds

Bh g|ds bq gxgbigcid qdanfl asnp hsnj Egftgsr |n Gpsbi.Jgr&Nfd xgsbd|r kfnf gq jd|mglmgfrgj `snf nf pnlt igfl

Hbf`ds jbiid| Qnf bf Gt`tq| gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Na|ncds

Bh g|ds bq gxgbigcid qnf bf Na|ncds gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Ldadjcds.Egftgsr

Ib||id jbiid| Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Qdp|djcds.Na|ncds


Hn}|gbi jbiid| Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Qdp|djcds.Na|ncds


Jgbud Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Qdp|djcds.Na|ncds


_dgsi jbiid| \sgfqpigf|dl bf Etfd

Mgsxdq|dl bf Gt`tq|

Ansf Qnbf` bf Etfd

Mgsxdq|dl bf Gt`tq|.Qdp|djcds

Sntfl cdgfq \msdd asnpq bf g rdgs“Etfd) Gt`tq| gfl Ldadjcds.Egftgsr

Fb`ds Qnf bf Gt`tq| gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Ldadjcds.Egftgsr

Csngl cdgfq Fnxdjcds |n Hdcstgsr

Cigak*drdl pdgq Qnf bf Etir.Gt`tq| gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds

Kblfdr cdgfq Qnf bf Qdp|djcds.Na|ncds gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds

Mnsqd `sgj Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds

Qnf bf Gt`tq|.Qdp|djcds gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Ldadjcds.Egftgsr

Sdl `sgj Qnf bf Etfd.Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Ldadjcds.Egftgsr

Cigak `sgj Gt`tq| |n Ldadjcds

_dgq Na|ncds |n EgftgsrQdd| pn|g|n _igf|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Jgsam

Rgj _igf|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Jgsam

Ambiir Qnf bf Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Ldadjcds

@bf`ds Qnf bf Etir gfl mgsxdq|dl bf Fnxdjcds.Ldadjcds



1=

Mgsxdq|bf` pgllr cr at||bf` q|gikq tqbf` g qbakid

Jbiid|q mgsxdq|dl cr inpbf` nhh |md ancq

_gllr gfl jbiid|q cdbf` lsbdl gh|ds mgsxdq|

Kb|amdf `gsldfq fdgs mnjdq

cigak `sgj) `sddf `sgj) `bf`ds) ambiir)

|njg|n) fb`ds gfl cigak*drdl pdgq g| |md

qgf|mg -jgfr agqdq g| Qtfkdsjd||g gfl

Lgjtkt" |n |sgldsq& Sdl `sgj gq |md jnq|

bldir qnil asnp& Naagqbnfgiir ib||id jbiid|)kblfdr cdgfq) sntfl cdgfq gfl jgbud dsd

giqn qnil |n |md |sgldsq g| inagi qgf|mgq

_gllr gq qnil bf g hd bfq|gfadq nfir cr

|md xbiig`dsq g| Fbjjgipglt& Sdl `sgj gfl

kblfdr cdgfq gq qnil g| gsntfl Sq& <?.*

pds k`) `bf`ds gfl |njg|n g| Sq& 73.* pds k`)

fb`ds g| gcnt| Sq& 3?.* pds k`) gfl `sddf

`sgj gfl cigak `sgj g| Sq& 74.* pds k`&

_gllr qnil gq cd|ddf Sq& 3?.* gfl Sq&

1?.* pds k`&4

\md mgsxdq| sd|gbfdl hns lnjdq|ba

anfqtjp|bnf) gh|ds qgid gfl sd|df|bnf gq

qddl q|nak) psnxbld g ld`sdd nh hnnl qdatsb|r

|n |md hgjbibdq) bf |md gcqdfad nh mbam |mdr

ntil cd hnsadl |n ldpdfl nf ptsamgqd nh

|mdqd b|djq hsnj |md npdf jgskd|& \mbq hnnl

qdatsb|r bq sdhida|dl bf |md anjpgsg|bxdir

inds ldpdfldfad nf |md ptciba lbq|sbct|bnf

qrq|dj -_LQ" hns jdd|bf` mntqdmnil fddlq

nh sbad) adsdgiq) ptiqdq gfl xd`d|gcidq& \md

jbiid|q ibkd hbf`ds jbiid|) ib||id jbiid|) hn}|gbi

gfl pdgsi jbiid| dsd gcid |n jdd| |md

sdwtbsdjdf|q nh |md hgjbir hns <‑73 jnf|mq

ldpdflbf` nf |md hgjbir qbud& \md lbhhdsdf|

|rpdq nh ptiqdq“`sddf `sgj) mnsqd `sgj)

sdl `sgj gfl cigak `sgj“igq|dl |md hgjbir

hns 1‑4 jnf|mq& _gllr `snf bf

Fbjjgipglt xbiig`dq qtq|gbfdl g jgensb|r

nh |md hgjbibdq hns 0‑73 jnf|mq) mdsdgq bf

Cddqptsgj |md pgllr `snf igq|dl hns

gcnt| <‑= jnf|mq& G| gfr sg|d) |md xgsbd|rnh jbiid|q) pgllr) ptiqdq gfl xd`d|gcidq jd|

|md lnjdq|ba sdwtbsdjdf|q hns hnnl hns g

anfqbldsgcid pdsbnl nh |md rdgs& \md

glbxgqbq fnsjgiir mgxd |n jdgiq g lgr&

Gjcgib) g `stdi jgld hsnj hbf`ds jbiid|) bq

giqn g q|gpid bf |mdbs lgbir lbd|&

4

\mdqd gsd gppsn}bjg|d dq|bjg|dq gq psnxbldl cr |md bf|dsxbdddq&



12

Anhhdd pigf|g|bnf bf Cddqptsgj

_snltad cdbf` |gkdf |n |md qgf|mg

hns qgid

\md d}pdflb|tsd nf g`sbati|tsd gq |ngslq

igcnts hns pint`mbf`) ddlbf` gfl

mgsxdq|bf`) an jgftsd) hds|bibqds) pdq|babld)

mbsbf` nh ibxdq|nak hns pint`mbf` gfl bf

qnjd bfq|gfadq ptsamgqd nh qddlq hns

qnbf`& Jgensb|r nh |md igcnts gq

anf|sbct|dl cr |md hgjbir jdjcdsq& Amgs`dq

hns mbsdl igcnts gsd g| |md sg|d nh Sq& 4?.*

pds lgr pds pdsqnf) sgbqdl hsnj Sq& 1?.* |md

psdxbntq rdgs gq g sdqti| nh bfasdgqdl anq| nh ibxbf` gfl bfasdgqd bf g`d sg|dq bf anhhdd

pigf|g|bnfq bf |md sd`bnf& Mbsdl igcnts

bfaitldl jdjcdsq hsnj |md qgjd ns

fdb`mcnsbf` xbiig`dq& Qddlq dsd giqn

ptsamgqdl hsnj |md G`sbati|tsd Nhhbad)

Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf|) B\LG ns hsnj n|mds

xbiig`dsq& Hds|bibqds bq ptsamgqdl hsnj

G`sbati|tsd Nhhbad) |sgldsq g| Lgjtkt gfl

Qtfkdsjd||g bf Gfgf|mg`bsb gfl bq db|mds

LG_ -lb*gjjnfbtj pmnqpmg|d" ns tsdg&

_dq|babldq) ibkd jgigsbg psnpmrig}bq gsd

cnt`m| hsnj |sgldsq bf |md inagi qgf|mgq) gfl

bf nfd agqd hsnj Q Kn|g) ct| |mdbs tqd bq q|bii

xdsr ibjb|dl& D}pdflb|tsd bf Cddqptsgj nf

g`sbati|tsd sgf`dl cd|ddf Sq& 7)???.* gfl

Sq& 4)???.* -gfl bf nfad agqd gq mb`m gq Sq&

77)34?.* qpdf| nf igcnts gfl an jgftsd")

mbid bf Fbjjgipglt gq dii b| gq bf |md

qgjd sgf`d -d}adp| bf nfd bfq|gfad mdsd b|

gq Sq& 3?)=3?.* qpdf| psbjgsbir nf an

jgftsd"& An jgftsd gq ptsamgqdl cr

|mnqd mn tqtgiir lbl fn| nf gfr

ibxdq|nak& Ct| nf |md mnid |md d}pdflb|tsd

nf bfpt|q bf|n g`sbati|tsd gq in&

Anhhdd ati|bxg|bnfAnhhdd ati|bxg|bnf gq bf|snltadl bf

Cddqptsgj xbiig`d cr |md Anhhdd Cngsl gfl

|md _gldst B\LG -gaanslbf` |n |md

bf|dsxbdddq"& \md bf|dsxbdddq qgbl |mg|

|mdr mgl cddf ati|bxg|bf` anhhdd qbfad 72=3)

mbid n|mdsq `gxd xgsrbf` rdgsq nh ig|d

72=?q gfl dgsir 722?q |n gq sdadf|ir gq 3??=

bf nfd agqd& Gii |md bf|dsxbdddq qgbl |mg|

|mdr mgl |gkdf tp anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf |n

gt`jdf| |mdbs bfanjd& Bfb|bgiir |md anhhdd

qgpibf`q dsd psnxbldl cr |md B\LG gfl |md

Anhhdd Cngsl& G hd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq

mgl ptsamgqdl qgpibf`q bf |md fd}|

psnatsdjdf|) mbid n|mdsq mnqd pigf|q mgl

lsbdl mgl cddf gcid |n psnatsd |md qgjd

hsnj |md Anhhdd Cngsl ftsqdsr) |md B\LG

ftsqdsr bf |mdbs xbiig`d ns hsnj Fggflb

Hntflg|bnf& Gjnf` |md bf|dsxbdddq |md

igfl gsdg tflds anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf sgf`dl

hsnj 1‑4 gasdq -\gcid 7?5 Igfl gsdg tflds

anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf) Cddqptsgj"&Anhhdd pigf|q gsd psnfd |n g||gak cr bfqda|

pdq|q) bil gfbjgiq gfl cbslq& Bfqda|q

-inagiir agiidl gstjtlg|mg") |mnqd |mg|

agtqd rdiin idgh.nsj lbqdgqd lbl ghhda|

|md asnpq bf Cddqptsgj& Cbslq ibkd pdganak

gfl bil jnfkdrq anfqtjdl |md anhhdd

hstb|q) mbid bil cngs agtqdl lgjg`d |n |md

anhhdd pigf|q& \md xbiig`dsq qpdfl g

anfqbldsgcid gjntf| nh |bjd `tgslbf` |md

asnpq hsnj |mdqd bil gfbjgi gfl cbsl

g||gakq& Ldgl pigf|q ghhda|dl cr |md bfqda|pdq|q gsd fnsjgiir sdjnxdl gfl sdpigadl

b|m fd qgpibf`q& Nfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq

12



<?Anhhdd cdgfq cdbf` lsbdl

qgbl |mg| md tqdl CNL 47) g pdq|babld) |n

hb`m| |md bfqda|q& Inqq nh rbdil sgf`bf`

cd|ddf 7? pdsadf| gfl <? pdsadf| gqsdpns|dl&

Gii jdjcdsq nh |md hgjbir dsd tqtgiir

bfxnixdl bf |md lbhhdsdf| |gqkq nh anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf& \md |gqkq bfxnixdl bf anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf dsd ddlbf`) adf|dsbf`)

pstfbf` anhhdd ctqmdq)

sdjnxbf` ldgl csgfamdq)

mgsxdq|bf` anhhdd qddlq gfl

lsrbf` |md qddlq& Bf gllb|bnf

|n igcnts anf|sbct|dl cr |md

hgjbir) igcnts gq giqn mbsdl

|n tflds|gkd |md lbhhdsdf|

nskq& \md xbiig`dsq) gh|ds

anfqti|g|bnf gjnf`

|mdjqdixdq) mgl hb}dl g sg|d

nh Sq& 4?.* pds pdsqnf pds lgr

gq lgbir g`d& \mbq gjntf|

mgl dgsibds cddf Sq& 1?.* ct|

kddpbf` bf jbfl |md

bfasdgqbf` anq| nh ibxbf` gfl

psbad sbqd) gfl |md ldjgfl hns

g`d igcnts bf |md anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq |md

sg|dq mgl cddf bfasdgqdl&

_dq|babldq) CNL 4?7 dsd tqdl |n hb`m| pdq|

g||gakq gfl |md bf|dsxbdddq `gxd jti|bpid

qntsadq hsnj mdsd |mdr psnatsdl |md

qgjd“qtppibdl cr B\LG _gldst)

ptsamgqdl hsnj Fggflb Hntflg|bnf ns

cnt`m| bf |md npdf jgskd| hsnj |sgldsq&

Hds|bibqds gq giqn tqdl bf anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf& \md jgbf hds|bibqds gq |md

csgfl Xstqmgjb|sg cnt`m| bf |md jgskd| ns

hsnj |md B\LG g| _gldst ns hsnj Fggflb

Hntflg|bnf& B| gq giqn qtppibdl hsdd nh anq|

|n qnjd nh |md ati|bxg|nsq cr |md F@N gfl

|md B\LG& Tsdg gq giqn ptsamgqdl hns Sq&3)???.* -7? k` g| Sq& 3??.* pds k`" gfl gq

pds nfd bf|dsxbddd ns`gfba an jgftsd nh

4? k` gq sdadbxdl hsdd nh anq| dxdsr rdgs

hsnj B\LG& An jgftsd gq giqn

ptsamgqdl hsnj |md xbiig`dsq& \md psbjgsr

d}pdflb|tsd bf anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf) mndxds)

bq igcnts amgs`dq& \mdsd gq xdsr ib||id

d}pdflb|tsd nf qgid bfatssdl gq dii; nfir g

antpid nh bf|dsxbdddq q|g|dl |mg| |mdr mgl

|n qpdfl nf |sgfqpns| amgs`dq&

Anhhdd bq mgsxdq|dl ltsbf` Fnxdjcds.

Ldadjcds& Ldpdflbf` nf md|mds |mdr dsd

g pgs| nh |md fd|nsk nh hgsjdsq nskbf`

b|m |md F@N hgsjdsq qnil |mdbs psnltad

db|mds |n Fggflb Hntflg|bnf ns gi|dsfg|dir bf

\gcid 7? 5 Igfl gsdg tflds anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf) Cddqptsgj

Hgjbir fn Gsdg bf gasdq

7 4

3 <1 4

< 8

4 <

8 4

0 <

= 8

2 4

7? 4

77 <

73 1

71 87< 4

74 <

78 4

70 <

7= <

72 4

3? 4

<?



<7

_dppds xbfdq bf|dsasnppdl b|m anhhdd

Hbsdnnl aniida|dl hsnj |md hnsdq| hns mntqdmnil tqd

|md npdf jgskd| |n |sgldsq& -\gcid 775

Ld|gbiq nh rbdil gfl qgid nh anhhdd)

Cddqptsgj"&

\md xbiig`d gq psnxbldl cr |md B\LG b|m

g igs`d qbudl anhhdd ptipds mbam gq tqdl

cr |md hgjbibdq& Mndxds) bf sdadf| rdgsq

bflbxbltgi hgjbibdq ptsamgqdl qjgii qbudl

ptipdsq anq|bf` gcnt| Sq& 8??.* hsnj |md

B\LG& G pigad hns lsrbf` |md anhhdd cdgfqmgl giqn cddf psnxbldl& Pmbid jnq| nh |md

anhhdd gq qnil g hd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq

qgbl |mg| |mdr sd|gbfdl anhhdd hns mntqdmnil

tqd gq dii cr cnbibf` gfl q|nsbf` |md qgjd&

Pmbid fnfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq jdf|bnfdl

|mbq) njdf dsd giqn qddf qdiibf` anhhdd bf

pgakd|q nf |md snglqbld |n |ntsbq|q&

Bflbgf hbs ns jgq| |sdd) `nnqdcdssr) qdqcgfbg)

qgi) egakhstb|) atq|gsl gppid) |dgk) jnfkdr*

hgad |sdd) qbsbq) qbixds ngk) egxg pitj) jgf`n

gfl nidgflds gsd |md qmgld |sddq `snf bfanhhdd pigf|g|bnfq& _ddpds xbfdq dsd

bf|dsasnppdl b|m anhhdd gfl mdipdl

gt`jdf| bfanjdq nh g hd nh |mnqd

bf|dsxbddl& \md wtgf|b|r qnil sgf`dl

cd|ddf 7 k` -hns Sq& 78?.*" gfl 1? k` -hns

g |n|gi nh Sq& 1)8??.*"&

Hnsdq| ldpdfldfar

\md hnsdq| bq gf bjpns|gf| qntsad nh hnnl)

htdi) |bjcds gfl F\H_ hns |md glbxgqbq&

Htdinnl bq aniida|dl cr cn|m |md jdf gflnjdf nh |md mntqdmnil hns tqd g| mnjd ct|

fn| hns qgid& \bjcds |nn bq tqdl hns mntqdmnil

\gcid 775 Ld|gbiq nh rbdil gfl qgid nh

anhhdd) Cddqptsgj

Hgjbir

fn Wtgf|b|r

qnil -bf

k`" Bfanjd

-bf Sq&" D}pdflb|

tsd -bf

Sq&" 7 14? <3)??? 74)??? 3 3<? 3=)=?? =)4?? 1 334 30)??? 73)??? < <4? 4<)??? 7<)??? 4 3?? 3<)??? =)??? 8 304 11)??? 71)??? 0 1?? 18)??? 7?)??? = 1<= <7)08? 2)4?? 2 13? 1=)<?? 73)???

7? 11? 12)8?? 7?)4?? 77 3=? 11)8?? 73)4?? 73 784 72)=?? 4)4?? 71 <4? 4<)??? 78)??? 7< 37? 34)3?? =)??? 74 343 1?)3<? 2)<?? 78 174 10)=?? 73)1?? 70 7<? 78)=?? <)4?? 7= 3?= 3<)28? 0)4?? 72

17?

10)3??

73)1??

3? 3?? 3<)??? 8)4??

<7



<3

ptspnqdq nfir& Pnnl hsnj lbhhdsdf| |sddq gsd

tqdl hns g xgsbd|r nh ptspnqdq“hns mntqd

anfq|sta|bnf -|msdqmnil) lnns hsgjd) qtppns|

cdgjq) adf|sgi pnid") ctbilbf` anqmdlq)

jgkbf` pint`mq) asgh|bf` htsfb|tsd ibkdcdfamdq gfl an|q) bf hdfabf`) gfl gq mgflidq

hns qpgld) g}d) kfbxdq) mtf|bf` qpdgs gq dii

gq hns hbsdnnl -\gcid 735 Tqd nh |sddq gq

|bjcds"& @sgqq gfl idgxdq) nh mbam g`gbf

|mdsd gsd qdxdsgi xgsbd|bdq) bq tqdl hns

|mg|ambf` gfl bfaitld lbhhdsdf| qpdabdq nh

`sgqq) idgxdq nh lg|d pgij) idjnf `sgqq)

pgig`gllb) knpdsb̀ gllb gfl cnf|g`gllb& \md

hbcsd nh |md gllg idgh asddpds bq tqdl |n jgkd

snpdq gfl |n |gkd jdgqtsdjdf|q bf mntqd

anfq|sta|bnf&\md hnsdq| bq gf bjpns|gf| qntsad nh hnnl gq

dii) dqpdabgiir ltsbf` |md idgf jnf|mq& \md

jdf gfl njdf gsd psbjgsbir bfxnixdl bf

aniida|bnf nh hnnl) b|m |md ambilsdf

qnjd|bjdq enbfbf` |mdj& Qdxdsgi xgsbd|bdq nh

|tcdsq) ptjpkbfq ginf` b|m b|q idgh gfl

\gcid 735 Tqd nh |sddq gq |bjcds

Mntqd anfq|sta|bnf\sdd.Tqdl hns

Qtppns|

cdgjq

\msdqmnil Lnns

hsgjd

Adf|sgi

pnid

_int`m Cdfam Hdfabf` Cdlq.

an|q

Mtf|bf`

qpdgs

Anqmdl

Jrsncgigf

Egxg pitj

Bflbgf ansk |sdd

\dgk

Jgf`n

Qbixds ngk

Qgi

Qdqcgfbg

Nidgflds

\gffdsq agqqbg

Egakhstb|

@gflsg

\mtfambkg asddpds

Cbiigkgssg

Gsetf

Dst`tlt

Qbsbq

Bflbgf Cddam

Kgfedig

@gegsg

@gibamd||t

Kamdigamd||t

Cgjcnn

Amgjpgk

Bflbgf igtsdi

_dllgctqbamd||t

Fg`gsg



<1

Gllg idgxdq gf bjpns|gf| F\H_ gfl bfanjd qntsad

hinds gfl n|mds `ntslq) idghr xd`d|gcidq)

hstb|q gfl ft|q |mg| dsd aniida|dl gq hnnl

hsnj |md hnsdq| dsd jdf|bnfdl cr |md

bf|dsxbdddq& Mnfdr bq giqn aniida|dl gfl

anfqtjdl& \tcdsq jdf|bnfdl gfl pnptigs bf|md lbd| bfaitld qdd| pn|g|n) |tcds nh |md

lg|d pgij) pn|g|n) |gpbnag) rgj)

fg`gibltjpg) glldf`bltjpg) pbflbltjpg)

knflgltjpg) |md`gltjpg) cg|sbltjpg)

kgflgltjpg) |brrgqgsbltjpg) amdltltjpg)

|gsg`grb -xgbjtltjpgit") fbiitltjpgit)

jnlt`gltjpgit) xgldstlgfldj) ktjjtit)

xdltstltjpg gfl aninagqbg& Idghr

xd`d|gcidq aniida|dl gfl anfqtjdl bfaitldl

|md idgxdq nh |md ptspid cgxmbfbg pigf|)

amgstknnsg) ltlbknnsg) knfknlbknnsg)

cnlgf|tknnsg) qggstknnsg) jggflbknnsg)

cnjjg|df|djknnsg) jtiitknnsg)

`gllgqggsbknnsg) gfl |mg`git& Pbil

jtqmsnnjq gfl cgjcnn qmnn|q gsd giqn

anjjnf bf |md lbd|& Ft|q nh |md pig||ds idgh

|sdd -gllg ft|q") jgskbf` bfk ft|.cigak

agqmd ft| gfl jrsncgigf gsd pnptigs

gjnf` ft|q& \md gllg ft|q gsd anfqbldsdl

|n cd mb`mir ft|sb|bntq gfl tqdl bf qdxdsgi

psdpgsg|bnfq& Jgf`n) pgpgrg) atq|gsl gppid) egakhstb| gfl `nnqdcdssr gpgs| hsnj cdbf`

sdibqmdl bf |mdbs sg hnsj gsd bfaitldl bf

atssbdq& G mnq| nh pigf|q gfl |mdbs pgs|q“

cgsk) ft|) idgh) hstb|) qddl“cdibdxdl |n mgxd

jdlbabfgi psnpds|bdq gsd tqdl cr |md

hgjbibdq cn|m bf |sdg|bf` biifdqq.bfetsbdq gfl

gsd bfaitldl bf |mdbs lgbir lbd|&

Mtf|bf`) tqbf` cbsl gfl gfbjgi |sgpq gfl

qpdgsq) gq giqn lnfd) psbjgsbir ltsbf` |md

hdq|bxgi kfnf gq b|tkgigpgflg`g& \md jgbf

gfbjgiq mtf|dl ltsbf` |mbq hdq|bxgi gsd bilcngs) sgccb|) bil qmddp gfl ldds& Lbhhdsdf|

xgsbd|bdq nh cbslq gsd gii mtf|dl hns |mdbs

jdg|) |msnt`mnt| |md rdgs& Asgcq gfl hbqmdq

agt`m| bf |md q|sdgjq gfl |md dlbcid bfqda|

agiidl dd|gmgcblbf`.dd|mgptst`t -:lg|d

pgij bfqda|" hntfl bfqbld |md snn|q nh |md

|dflds lg|d pgijq gii anfq|b|t|d g pgs| nh |md

glbxgqb lbd| gfl gsd gf dqqdf|bgi qntsad nh

psn|dbf&

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ftjcds nh gbijdf|q) at|q) cstbqdq gfl dxdf

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\mdqd gsd jgfr bf ftjcds gfl hbfl |mdbs

gr bf|n |md hnnl bf qnjd hnsj ns |md n|mds&

Fnf*|bjcds hnsdq| psnltad5 Gf bjpns|gf|

bfanjd qntsad

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aniida|bnf agidflgs") psbjgsbir cr |md glti|

jdf gfl njdf nh |md mntqdmnil& Qnjd nh

|md psnlta|q dsd tqdl cn|m hns mntqdmnil

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aniida|dl F\H_&

\md F\H_ gq qnil |n bflbxbltgi |sgldsq ns

|n |md @AA& \md @AA gq dq|gcibqmdl bf

7248 |n psn|da| |md glbxgqbq hsnj

d}pinb|g|bxd jbllidjdf gfl pd||r |sgldsq& B|

gq gppnbf|dl gq gf g`df| |n |md

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glbxgqbq tflds |md Gflmsg _sgldqmQamdltidl Gsdgq Jbfns Hnsdq| _snltad

-Sd`tig|bnf nh \sgld" Sd`tig|bnf 7202&

<1



<<

\md @AA |gkdq |md hnsdq| gsdg tflds idgqd

hsnj |md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf| b|m |md sb`m|q

nxds psnatsdjdf| nh |md F\H_ gfl pgrq g

sdf|gi |n |md Hnsdq| Ldpgs|jdf|; |md |sbcgi

pdnpid gsd |md jgbf psnatsdsq nh |md F\H_&

\md psnatsdjdf| psbad nh dgam F\H_ bq

ld|dsjbfdl cr |md Lbxbqbnfgi Jgfg`ds nh

|md gsdg ns |md Jgfg`bf` Lbsda|ns nh |md

@AA ldpdflbf` nf |md psnltad |n cd

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gsd cnsfd cr |md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| nh

Gflmsg _sgldqm&

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psnatsdjdf| nh ibq|dl F\H_ hsnj glbxgqbq

bf Gflmsg _sgldqm) gfl |mdbs jgskd|bf`& \md

@AA qdsxdq g pnptig|bnf nh fdgsir < jbiibnf

|sbcgi pdnpid qpsdgl nxds 13)??? qw kj

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ptsamgqdq F\H_ gfl g`sbati|tsgi psnltad

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dqqdf|bgi anjjnlb|bdq gfl b|djq nh lgr |n

lgr fdadqqb|bdq |msnt`m |mdbs fd|nsk nh hgbs

psbad qmnpq kfnf gq Lgbir Sdwtbsdjdf|

-LS" Ldpn|q& \md F\H_ psnatsdl cr |md

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xgsbd|r nh psnlta|q“jdlbabfgi pigf| pgs|q)

gllg idgh) mnfdr) nbi qddlq -agq|ns) fb`ds)

qdqgjd ns `bf`diir) qddlq nh Bflbgf cddam)

ktqtj") `nnqdcdssr -lsbdl gfl d|") `tjq

gfl sdqbfq -`tj kgsgrg) `tj nibcgftj ns

`tj nh qgigb |sdd) `tj knflg`n`t ns `tj nh

qbik an||nf |sdd") mbii csnnj `sgqq)

jrsncgigf) ft|q -aidgfbf` ft|) gllg ft|q)

jgskbf` ft|) qngp ft|") |gjgsbfl) qngp pnl)

cddq g}) gfl cgsk nh |sddq ibkd Bflbgf

hbs.jgq| |sdd gfl \gffdsq agqqbg& \md

\gcid 715 F\H_ aniida|bnf agidflgs

_snlta| Egf Hdc Jgs Gps Jgr Etf Eti Gt` Qdp Na| Fnx Lda

Gllg idgxdq

Mbii csnnj `sgqq

Cgsk nh Bflbgf hbs.jgq||sdd

@nnqdcdssr

Jrsncgigf

Jgskbf` ft|.cigak

agqmd

Gllg ft|q

Mnfdr

Qngp pnl

_gjpgfft amdkkg

G|mtkg

Qdspdf|bfd.sgtxnihbg

snn|

Gllg hbcsd

Kgq|mtsb

Xgqgknjjt


Csnnj `sgqq qnil g| |md qgf|mg



<4

Qngp pnl5 F\H_ aniida|dl gfl giqn sd|gbfdl

hns mntqdmnil tqd

Jrsncgigf5 F\H_ nh xgitd qnil |n @AA gfl g| |md

qgf|mgq

psnatsdjdf| qb|dq hns |md psnltad ftjcds

1?? gfl gsd inag|dl g| |md qgf|mgq& \md

qgf|mgq gsd mdil g| lbhhdsdf| pigadq g|

lbhhdsdf| lgrq bf |md ddk& Hns d}gjpid |md

qgf|mg g| Qtfkdsjd||g bq mdil nf Qtflgrqgfl Lgjtkt nf Pdlfdqlgrq& \mdqd dsd

|md nfdq psbjgsbir gaadqqdl cr |md

bf|dsxbdddq&

Gllg idgxdq) mbii csnnj `sgqq) cgsk nh |md

Bflbgf hbs.jgq| |sdd) `nnqdcdssr) jrsncgigf)

jgskbf` ft|) gllg ft| gfl mnfdr dsd qnil

cr |md glbxgqbq bf|dsxbddl |n @AA) |sgldsq

mn xbqb| |md xbiig`d gfl |md |sgldsq bf |md

qgf|mgq& Bf gllb|bnf qngp pnl gfl gllg hbcsd

dsd giqn aniida|dl ct| jnq|ir sd|gbfdl hnsmntqdmnil tqd& Bf gllb|bnf nfd bf|dsxbddd

aniida|dl _gjpgfft amdkkg) gfn|mds

qdspdf|bfd.sgtxnihbg snn| -nh jdlbabfgi

xgitd" gfl g|mtkg) gfl nfd nh |mdj kgq|tsb

gfl xgqgknjjt; gii dsd hsnj |md xbiig`d nh

Cddqptsgj& Hsnj |md lg|g aniida|dl b| gq

qddf |mg| mbid |md bf|dsxbdddq bf

Cddqptsgj gaadqqdl |md @AA) |md hgjbibdq

bf Fbjjgipglt qnil jnq| nh |mdbs psnltad

|n |md |sgldsq& \md psbjgsr sdgqnf hns |mbq

gq |md gcqdfad nh g @AA psnatsdjdf|

pnbf| bf ns ainqd |n |md Fbjjgipglt xbiig`dq

mbam gsd jnsd bf|dsbns mdf anjpgsdl |n

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dgqbds gaadqq |n |md inagi qgf|mg&

\md psbadq nhhdsdl cr |md @AA gfl |md

|sgldsq dsd jnsd nh|df qbjbigs“cd|ddf

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Sq& 3?.* gfl 8?.* hns g ctflid nh mbii csnnj

`sgqq) Sq& 7?.* gfl Sq& 1?.* pds k` hns |md

cgsk nh |md Bflbgf hbs.jgq| |sdd) Sq& 3.* gfl

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Sq&<??.* hns g ib|sd nh mnfdr& \md

bf|dsxbddd mn aniida|dl 7?? k` nh g|mtkg

gfl 4 k` nh |md Qdspdf|bfd. Sgtxnihbg snn|

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1)4??.* ltsbf` |md rdgs& \md lbhhbati|r bf

aniida|bf` jdlbabfgi pigf|q bfaitldl igak nh

gxgbigcbib|r gfl gikbf` inf` lbq|gfadq bf|n

bf|dsbns hnsdq|q jdgf| |mg| jgfr lbl fn|

psdhds |mdj gq gf bjpns|gf| qntsad nh

bfanjd& Wtgf|b|bdq nh |md F\H_ aniida|dl

sgf`dl cd|ddf 3?? k` gfl 4?? k` bf agqd

nh gllg idgxdq) 4‑74 ctflidq nh mbii csnnj

`sgqq) 3?‑8? k` nh cgsk nh |md Bflbgf

hbs.jgq| |sdd) 3??‑8?? k` nh `nnqdcdssr) 4?‑<?? k` nh jrsncgigf) 7?‑4? k` nh jgskbf`

ft|.cigak agqmd) 4‑3? k` nh gllg ft|q gfl

3‑4 ib|sdq nh mnfdr& \md bfanjdq dgsfdl

hsnj F\H_ sgf`dl cd|ddf Sq& 4)???.* gfl

Sq& 7?)???.* gfftgiir gjnf` |md jgensb|r nh

|md bf|dsxbdddq& \gjgsbfl gfn|mds

bjpns|gf| F\H_ aniida|dl cr Fbjjgipglt

xbiig`dsq gq d}amgf`dl hns eg``dsr b|m

|sgldsq& D}pdfqdq dsd jbfbjgi) gfl dsd

hns |sgxdi.it``g`d amgs`dq&



<8

Nsgf`dq

`snf g|

mnjd

Qnjd gjntf| nh |md F\H_ bq giqn sd|gbfdl

hns mntqdmnil tqd& Gllg idgxdq gsd tqdl gq

pig|dq gfl iblq ns hns jgkbf` mg|q.tjcsdiigq

|n psn|da| nfdqdih hsnj |md sgbf gfl qtf)

gllg hbcsd bq tqdl hns jgkbf` snpdq gfl

|gkbf` jdgqtsdjdf|q) mbii csnnj `sgqq bqtqdl hns aidgfbf` |md mnjdq) `nnqdcdssr bf

pbakidq gfl n|mds psdpgsg|bnfq) gllg ft|q

gsd g pgs| nh |md lbd| gfl gf bjpns|gf|

qntsad nh ft|sb|bnf) gfl mnfdr dsd giqn

sd|gbfdl hns mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf&

\sddq `snf nf igfl

G xgsbd|r nh |sddq gsd `snf cr |md glbxgqbq

nf |mdbs igfl) |md psnltad -hstb|q) ft|q) nbi

hsnj qddlq" nh mbam gsd tqdl hns mntqdmnil

anfqtjp|bnf gq dii gq hns gt`jdf|bf`bfanjd |msnt`m qgid& Qnjd nh |md |sddq gsd

giqn tqdl gq |bjcds gfl gq htdinnl& \md

jgbf |sddq `snf nf igfl bfaitld egakhstb|)

nsgf`d) `tgxg) jgf`n) `nnqdcdssr) egxg

pitj) Bflbgf hbs.jgq| |sdd) |gjgsbfl)

jrsncgigf gfl jgskbf` ft|.cigak agqmd&

\md n|mds |sddq `snf bfaitld qbixds ngk)

atq|gsl gppid) Bflbgf cddam |sdd) cddam)

hbqm|gbi.|nllr pgij) idjnf) dtagirp|tq) |dgk)

pnjd`sgfg|d gfl cgfgfg -\gcid 7<5 \sddq

`snf nf igfl gfl mg| |mdr gsd tqdl

hns"&\sddq ibkd jgf`n gfl egxg pitj giqn

qdsxd gfn|mds ptspnqd |mg| nh sd|gbfbf` g|ds

bf |md qnbi) gfl dsd `snf gsntfl

mnjdq|dglq gfl g|ds qntsadq&

\md psnltad hsnj |md |sddq gsd qnil g| |md

qgf|mgq bf Lgjtkt gfl Qtfkdsjd||g |n

bflbxbltgiq ns |n |sgldsq& Qdxdsgi nh |md

bf|dsxbdddq giqn qnil |md psnltad |n |sgldsq

mn xbqb| |md xbiig`dq& Jrsncgigf gfl |md

cgsk nh |md Bflbgf hbs.jgq| |sdd dsd

mndxds jnq|ir qnil |n |md @AA gq dsd

`nnqdcdssr gfl jgskbf` ft|.cigak agqmd

nf naagqbnf& \md |sbcgi pdnpid gsd gcid |n

dgsf gf bfanjd hsnj |md |sddq; jgensb|rdgsfdl gjntf|q sgf`bf` cd|ddf Sq& 3)???.*

gfl Sq& 73)???.*) mbid qnjd nh |mdj

dgsfdl bfanjdq dxdf gq mb`m gq Sq& 34)???.*

|n Sq& 1?)???.* gfftgiir& \md d}pdfqdq

bfatssdl bfaitld hns igcnts) pdq|babld gfl

agssrbf` psnltad |n |md jgskd|) ct| |mdqd

dsd jbfbjgi&

_nti|sr gfl ibxdq|nak

Anq) ctiinakq gfl `ng|q anjpsbqd |md

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mdfq gq pnti|sr& Anq gfl ctiinakq gsd tqdl

bf pint`mbf` gfl |mdbs ltf` gq jgftsd&

Gjnf` |md bf|dsxbdddq 37 -7? hsnj

Cddqptsgj gfl 77 hsnj Fbjjgipglt" nh

|mdj mgl anq ftjcdsbf` cd|ddf nfd gfl

hbxd& \mdqd dsd ptsamgqdl hsnj |md inagi

qgf|mg g| Lgjtkt bf g hd agqdq gfl hsnj

Kgqbpg|fgj) Eg`glgit gfl Jdlgpgsg|mr

-inag|dl gcnt| 1? kj hsnj Cddqptgsj gfl4? kj hsnj Fbjjgipglt" gq dii& \md anq|

nh |md anq cnt`m| bf sdadf| rdgsq sgf`dl

cd|ddf Sq& 4)???.* gfl Sq& 2)???.* pds

gfbjgi) b|m nfd bf|dsxbddd hsnj

Fbjjgipglt mgxbf` pgbl gq jtam gq Sq&

77)???.* hns g qbf`id an -bf 3??0"& Gjnf`

|md bf|dsxbdddq nfir |n mgl ptsamgqdl

anq ltsbf` |md q|tlr pdsbnl& Nfd nh |mdj

gq hsnj Cddqptsgj gfl mgl ptsamgqdl

|n anq hns Sq& 3?)???.* gfl |md n|mds hsnj



<0

Anq gsd tqdl bf pint`mbf` gfl |mdbs ltf` bq gf bjpns|gf| qntsad nh

ns`gfba jgftsd&

Sgiigxgigqg mn mgl cnt`m| |n anq hns g

|n|gi gjntf| nh Sq& 33)???.*& Qgid nh anq

gq giqn sdpns|dl cr bf|dsxbdddq& Nfd nh

|md bf|dsxbdddq qgbl |mg| md mgl qnil |msdd

anq hns Sq& 0)34?.* gq |mdr mgl cddf bii&

Anq dsd tqtgiir q|gii*hdl ns idh| |n `sgud

bf |md npdf hns 0‑= mntsq nf gf gxdsg`d bf

dgam bfq|gfad& Qagsab|r nh hnllds gq gf

bqqtd |md bf|dsxbdddq qgbl |mdr

hgadl&

Qdxdf nh |md hgjbibdq

bf|dsxbddl mgl ctiinakq&

\mdqd dsd tqdl hns pint`mbf`

gfl dsd q|gii*hdl gfl idh| hns

npdf `sgubf` hns 0‑= mntsq bf

dgam bfq|gfad& \md ctiinakq nh

bf|dsxbdddq mgl cddf

ptsamgqdl hsnj Lgccg`tf|g)

@tegsbcg|g gfl Kgqbpg|fgj

-inag|dl gcnt| 1? kj hsnj

Cddqptgsj gfl 4? kj hsnj

\gcid 7<5 \sddq `snf nf igfl gfl mg| |mdr gsd tqdl hns

\sdd Mntqdmnil tqd Bfanjd qntsad

Egakhstb| Hstb| anfqtjdl gfl nnl tqdl gq |bjcds Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Nsgf`d Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil

@tgxg Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil

Jrsncgigf Pnnl tqdl gq |bjcds Ft| qnil hns bfanjd

Jgf`n Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd gfl nnl tqdl gq

|bjcds

Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

@nnqdcdssr Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Jgskbf`

ft|.cigak

agqmd

********** Ft|q qnil hns bfanjd

Egxg pitj Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd gfl nnl tqdl gq

|bjcds

Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Bflbgf hbs.jgq||sdd

Qmgld |sdd hns anhhdd) cgsk bf jdlbabfd Cgsk qnil hns bfanjd-jdlbabfgi ptspnqd"

\gjgsbfl Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Qbixds ngk Pnnl tqdl gq |bjcds **********

Atq|gsl gppid Hstb| anfqtjdl gfl nnl tqdl gq |bjcds Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Bflbgf Cddam Nbi d}|sga|dl hsnj qddl tqdl g| mnjd |n

|sdg| qkbf lbqdgqd) ibad bfhdq|g|bnf gfl gq

bfqda| sdpdiigf|

Nbi d}|sga|dl hsnj qddl

qnil hns bfanjd

Cddam Htdinnl hns mntqdmnil tqd **********

Hbqm|gbi.|nllr

pgij

\nllr anfqtjdl g| mnjd \nllr qnil hns bfanjd

Idjnf Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

\dgk Pnnl tqdl gq |bjcds **********

_njd`sgfg|d Hstb| anfqtjdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd

Cgfgfg Hstb| tqdl g| mnjd Hstb| qnil hns bfanjd



<=

Mdfq gsd sgbqdl hns jdg| gfl qnil hns

bfanjd

Fbjjgipglt" hns psbadq sgf`bf` cd|ddf

Sq& 77)???.* gfl Sq&70)???.* pds gfbjgi&

Fnfd nh |md ctiinakq dsd cnt`m| ltsbf`

|md q|tlr pdsbnl bf 3??=; mndxds qdxdsgi

mgl cddf ptsamgqdl bf |md rdgs 3??2& Nfd nh

|md bf|dsxbdddq mgl dgsfdl gf bfanjd nh Sq& 0)4??.* cr sdf|bf` |md ctiinakq nt|

ltsbf` |md q|tlr pdsbnl&

@ng|q gsd sgbqdl hns mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf

gfl qgid |n gt`jdf| bfanjd dqpdabgiir

ltsbf` hbfgfabgi asbqdq& @ng|q gsd giqn q|gii*

hdl gfl npdf `sgudl hns 0‑= mntsq dxdsr lgr

bf dgam bfq|gfad& Nfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq

mgl ptsamgqdl g `ng| ltsbf` |md q|tlr

pdsbnl hns Sq& 7?)???.* hsnj |md qgf|mg)

mbid gfn|mds mgl ptsamgqdl nfd hns etq| Sq&<)???.* hsnj Kgqbpg|fgj&

@ng|q dsd qnil bf nfd agqd |n jdd|

d}pdflb|tsd nh mntqd anfq|sta|bnf) gfn|mds

bfq|gfad |n jdd| dltag|bnfgi d}pdfqdq gfl

mntqdmnil d}pdfqdq& Nfd nh |md

bf|dsxbdddq mgl qnil |n `ng|q hns Sq&

<)???.* mbid gfn|mds mgl qnil |n hns g

|n|gi nh Sq&4)1??.* ltsbf` |md q|tlr pdsbnl&

Nfd nh |mdj mgl qnil g `ng| hns gq in gq

Sq& 7)4??.* bf 3??=&

Mdfq dsd cnt`m| hns lnjdq|ba

anfqtjp|bnf nh d``q gfl jdg| gfl gsd giqn

qnil hns |mdbs jdg| |n gt`jdf| bfanjd& \md

mdfq gsd ptsamgqdl db|mds hsnj n|mdsq bf |md

xbiig`d ns hsnj |md qgf|mgq& Npdf `sgubf`gfl q|gii hddlbf` hns 8‑= mntsq gq anjjnf

bf dgam bfq|gfad& Nfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq

mgl cnt`m| hbxd mdfq hns Sq& 7=?.* ltsbf`

|md q|tlr pdsbnl gfn|mds qb} hns Sq& 3??.*&

Nfd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq mgl qnil hnts mdfq

hns |mdbs jdg| ltsbf` |md q|tlr pdsbnl hns g

qtj nh Sq& 8??.* |n nxdsanjd hbfgfabgi

psncidj g| mnjd) mbid gfn|mds mgl qnil

|n hns Sq& 4??.*& Gfn|mds bf|dsxbddd mgl

qnil |n hns Sq& 1??.*&

\n nh |md bf|dsxbdddq giqn jdf|bnfdl |mg|

|mdr mgl pb`q; nfd pb` mgl cddf qnil hns Sq&

3)4??.* |n gt`jdf| bfanjd gfl |md n|mds hns

Sq& 3)???.*&

@nxdsfjdf| qamdjdq gaadqqdl

\md xbiig`dsq dsd gaadqqbf` lbhhdsdf|

qamdjdq nh |md `nxdsfjdf|& \mdqd bfaitld

|md mntqbf` gfl pdfqbnf qamdjd tflds

Bflbsgjjg _sn`sgjjd -Bf|d`sg|dl Fnxdi

Ldxdinpjdf| bf Stsgi Gsdgq gfl Jnldi

Jtfbabpgi Gsdgq") qdih*mdip `sntp -QM@"

jdjcdsqmbp tflds Bflbsg Ksgf|mb _g|mgkgj)

J@FSD@G gq dii gq gaadqqbf` |md LS

Ldpn|q |n jdd| |md dqqdf|bgi sdwtbsdjdf|q nh

|md mntqdmnil&

\md psbjgsr gbj nh |md Bflbsgjjg

_sn`sgjjd igtfamdl cr |md Gflmsg

_sgldqm q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| b|m dhhda| hsnj 7

Gpsbi 3??8 bq |n psnxbld fbfd qdsxbadq bf

bldf|bhbdl xbiig`dq |mg| bfaitld ptaag mntqdq) pdfqbnf) lsbfkbf` g|ds) snglq)

didjdf|gsr dltag|bnf) dida|sbab|r) Bf|d`sg|dl

Ambil Ldxdinpjdf| Qamdjd -BALQ") mdgi|m

gfl qgfb|g|bnf& Bf |md agqd nh pdfqbnf) |md

q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| gq bfb|bgiir psnxblbf`

pdfqbnf tflds |md Fg|bnfgi Nil G`d _dfqbnf

Qamdjd& \md q|g|d `nxdsfjdf| ldabldl |n

dfmgfad |md ftjcds nh nil g`d pdfqbnfq

tflds |md Bflbsgjjg _sn`sgjjd gq dii gq

|md gjntf| pgbl pds jnf|m gq pdfqbnf |n Sq&

3??.* hsnj |md dgsibds Sq& 7??.*&



<2

_taag mntqdq bf Cddqptsgj xbiig`d

Cn|m jdf gfl njdf gcnxd 84 rdgsq nh g`d

mn gsd ldq|b|t|d gfl fn| anxdsdl |bii lg|d

tflds gfr pdfqbnf psn`sgjjd gsd dib`bcid

hns sdadbxbf` |md pdfqbnf& Bf |md agqd nh

blnq |mdsd bq fn g`d ibjb|& Mntqbf` bq |mdjnq| bjpns|gf| anjpnfdf| nh |md

Bflbsgjjg _sn`sgjjd psnxbldl |n cdin

pnxds|r ibfd -C_I" hgjbibdq |n anfxds| |mdbs

kgaamg mntqdq |n pdsjgfdf| ns qdjb*

pdsjgfdf| mntqdq bf cn|m stsgi gfl tscgf

gsdgq& \md stsgi mntqbf` hns glbxgqbq

psnxbldq gqqbq|gfad hns anfq|sta|bf` qdjb*

pdsjgfdf| q|sta|tsdq -jtl giiq b|m |bidl

snnh" |n hgjbibdq ibxbf` bf sdjn|d

bfgaadqqbcid gsdgq gfl bf B\LGq) mnqd

bfanjd bq cdin Sq& 3?)???.* pds gfftjgfl mn pnqqdqq |b|id nxds igfl psnpnqdl hns

anfq|sta|bnf nh mntqd& Dgam mntqd anq| bq

dq|bjg|dl g| Sq& 38)???.* -ig|ds sdxbqdl |n

Sq& 4?)???.*"& \md Bflbsgjjg _sn`sgjjd

mntqbf` qamdjd) bjpidjdf|dl bf g pmgqd*

bqd jgffds) gq gaadqqdl bf Cddqptsgj

cr qb} nh |md hgjbibdq bf |md hbsq| pmgqd& \md

_sn`sgjjd bq rd| |n cd bfb|bg|dl bf

Fbjjgipglt xbiig`dq gfl bq d}pda|dl |n cd

lnfd qn bf |md anjbf` rdgs& _dfqbnf qamdjd

tflds Bflbsgjjg gq cdbf` gaadqqdl cr

jdf gfl njdf bf cn|m Cddqptsgj gflFbjjgipglt gfl |md gjntf| nh pdfqbnf gq

Sq& 3??.* pds jnf|m&

Qdxdsgi nh |md njdf dsd giqn jdjcdsq nh

QM@q tflds |md `nxdsfjdf| qamdjd) Bflbsg

Ksgf|mb _g|mgkgj& \mdr tqdl |n ingfq |gkdf

hsnj |md QM@q hns |md mntqd anfq|sta|bnf

ptspnqdq gq dii&

Gii |md hgjbibdq bf |md q|tlr xbiig`dq

pnqqdqqdl enc agslq tflds J@FSD@G& \md

agslq agssbdl |md ibq| nh glti| jdjcdsq bf |mdmntqdmnil gfl dgam mntqdmnil gq dib`bcid

|n sdadbxd nsk hns g jg}bjtj nh 7?? lgrq

bf g rdgs& \md ftjcds nh lgrq nh nsk

sdadbxdl gfl g`dq xgsbdl bf |md q|tlr qb|dq&

Nfir nfd bf|dsxbddd bf Cddqptsgj mgl

nskdl hns 7?? lgrq bf |md rdgs) mbid

gfn|mds mgl nskdl hns 2? lgrq& \md

_taag mntqdq bf Cddqptsgj xbiig`d

<2



4?

sdjgbfbf` mgl nskdl gfrmdsd cd|ddf

qdxdf gfl 3? lgrq bf |md mnid rdgs& Bf

Kgsgkgxgigqg xbiig`d) gjnf` |md hgjbibdq

bf|dsxbddl) nfd enc agsl mnilds mgl

nskdl hns 34 lgrq gfl gfn|mds hns 3? lgrq;|md sdq| mgl nskdl gfrmdsd cd|ddf 8

lgrq gfl 7= lgrq& Bf |md agqd nh Sgiigxgigqg

|md jg}bjtj ftjcds nh lgrq nskdl bf |md

rdgs gq 1? lgrq -cr hnts pdsqnfq gjnf`

hgjbibdq bf|dsxbddl" gfl |n nh |md enc

agsl mnildsq mgl nskdl hns 34 lgrq gfl

nfd hns 3< lgrq; |md sdjgbfbf` enc agsl

mnildsq mgl nskdl cd|ddf 8 lgrq gfl 3?

lgrq bf |md rdgs& Bf Cddqptsgj |md lgbir

g`d pgbl dsd db|mds Sq& =?.* ns Sq& 7??.*&

Bf Sgiigxgigqg gfl Kgsgkgxgigqg |md g`dqpgbl dsd db|mds Sq& 7??.* pds lgr ns Sq&

73?.* pds lgr& \md kbfl nh nsk tflds|gkdf)

bf Cddqptsgj gjnf`q| |mnqd bf|dsxbddl)

bfaitldl ctqm at||bf` gfl ddlbf` bf anhhdd

pigf|g|bnf) q|nfd*csdgkbf`) ctbilbf` ctflq

hns |gfk gfl lb``bf` g pnfl& Bf |md agqd nh

Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl Sgiigxgigqg) |md kbfl nh

nsk bfaitldl snak gfl anf|nts ctflbf`&

Bf |md |sbcgi B\LGq |md _LQ bq jgfg`dltflds |md qtpdsxbqbnf gfl anf|sni nh |md

_sneda| Nhhbads nh |md B\LG& \md @AA |gkdq

agsd nh |md sd|gbi gfl mnidqgid lbq|sbct|bnf&

Dqqdf|bgi hnnl `sgbfq) gq dii gq n|mds b|djq

nh dxdsrlgr sdwtbsdjdf|q -ibkd pn|g|ndq)

nfbnfq) qngp) ain|mdq) mgbs nbi) qpbadq) dxdf

adii pmnfd sdamgs`d agslq) pigq|ba amgbsq)

d|a" gsd qtppibdl |n |md glbxgqbq |msnt`m g

fd|nsk nh =12 hgbs psbad qmnpq giqn kfnf

gq LS Ldpn|q stf cr |md @AA& Bf qnjd

agqdq |md htfa|bnfbf` nh |md LS Ldpn|q mgqcddf mgfldl nxds |n QM@q) qdxdsgi nh mbam

gsd njdf QM@q stf df|bsdir cr njdf&

Pmdsd fn qtam ldpn|q gsd pnqqbcid pgs|*|bjd

ldpn|q gsd qd| tp cr |md @AA gfl jgffdl

cr glbxgqbq gfl bf |md gcqdfad nh cn|m b| bq

|md sdqpnfqbcbib|r nh |md _sneda| Nhhbads nh

|md B\LG |n bldf|bhr gf bflbxbltgi |n mnj

|md hgbs psbad qmnp bq |mdf df|stq|dl& Bf |md

|sbcgi gsdgq b| bq qpdabhbdl |mg| |mdsd qmntil

cd nfd sg|bnf qmbp hns g pnptig|bnf nh

|mntqgfl& Dgam LS Ldpn| ag|dsq |n <‑4

xbiig`dq& \md @AA giqn jgbf|gbfq |md

Jgflgi Idxdi Q|nakbq| bf |md B\LG gsdgq)

|mg| ftjcds 3= gfl q|nakq nh anjjnlb|bdq

gsd q|nsdl mdsd&

LS Ldpn|q dsd gaadqqdl cr bf|dsxbdddq

bf gii |md |msdd q|tlr qb|dq hns ptsamgqbf`

mntqdmnil fdadqqb|bdq ibkd sbad) nbi) qt`gs)

sdl `sgj gfl kdsnqdfd& Nfbnf) |dg) qngp)

pdgq -lsbdl" gfl ptiqdq gsd giqn ptsamgqdl

cr g hd nh |md bf|dsxbdddq& Kdsnqdfd bq

ptsamgqdl g| Sq& 7?.* pds ib|sd gfl 1‑4 ib|sdq

dsd ptsamgqdl bf g jnf|m cr nfd hgjbir&

Fdgsir 7 k` nh nfbnfq dsd anfqtjdl bf

qnjd mntqdmnilq dxdsr jnf|m mbam gq

ptsamgqdl g| g sg|d cd|ddf Sq& 7<.* gfl Sq&3?.*& Jnq| hgjbibdq anfqtjd gcnt| 3? k`

dgam jnf|m nh sbad) dgam kbin g| g qtcqblbqdl

psbad nh Sq& 3.* pds k`& Igs`ds hgjbibdq

anfqtjd fdgsir 14 k`& Sdl `sgj) 7‑3 k`

gsd anfqtjdl cr |md hgjbir dgam jnf|m; |md

gxdsg`d psbad pgbl hns bq Sq& 0?.* pds k`& Bf

qnjd agqdq |md bf|dsxbdddq qgbl |mdr mgl

pgbl gq in gq Sq& 1?.* ns gq mb`m gq Sq& 2?.*

pds k` hns sdl `sgj& Qt`gs) fdgsir 7 k`) bq

anfqtjdl jnf|mir cr dgam hgjbir mbam bq

ptsamgqdl hsnj |md LS Ldpn| hns Sq& 74.*pds k`& Annkbf` nbi fnsjgiir anfqtjdl bq 7

ib|sd pds jnf|m cnt`m| hsnj |md LS Ldpn|

hns gcnt| Sq& 4?.* pds ib|sd& \md ftjcds nh

b|djq ptsamgqdl hsnj |md LS Ldpn|q dsd

jnq|ir ibjb|dl |n |mnqd jdf|bnfdl gcnxd&

Jb`sg|bnf gfl lgbir g`d

Gcnt| 3? jdjcdsq hsnj |md df|bsd xbiig`d

nh Cddqptsgj jb`sg|d hns g pdsbnl nh 74

lgrq |n nfd jnf|m ns 4? lgrq bf g rdgs |n|md |nfq nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj ns Gfgkgpgiid

qb|tg|dl fdgscr gfl dxdf |n gq hgs nhh gq |md

|nf nh \bstpg|mb& \mdr |gkd tp jgambfdsr

ns sngl.qnbi nsk) jgqnfgsr nsk ns

inglbf` csbakq |n dgsf gf bfanjd& \md jgbf

sdgqnf hns idgxbf` |mdbs xbiig`d bq |md igak nh

nsk bf |md xbiig`d gfl |md hga| |mg| |mdr lbl

fn| dgsf jtam hsnj lgbir g`d igcnts&

Gjnf` |mnqd bf|dsxbddl hnts nh |md

mntqdmnilq mgl jb`sgf|q) nfd nh mnj gq

g njgf& Pg`d sg|dq hns |md jb`sgf|q



47

sgf`dl cd|ddf Sq& 7??.* gfl Sq& 74?.* pds

lgr gfl |md ftjcds nh lgrq |mdr jb`sg|dl

sgf`dl cd|ddf 74 gfl <? lgrq bf g rdgs&

\md xbiig`dsq hsnj Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl

Sgiigxgigqg giqn jb`sg|d bf qdgsam nh nsk |n |md |nfq nh Xbqgkmgpg|fgj gfl Egjb

-inag|dl bf Q Kn|g) g qjgii |nf fdgs

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj"& \md nsk |mdr |nnk tp

gq jgkbf` adjdf| csbakq gfl |mdr gsd

tqtgiir ggr hns nf gf gxdsg`d nh 1 ddkq&

Hbfgfabgi psncidjq gsd |md jgbf sdgqnf hns

|md jb`sg|bnf& Gjnf` |mnqd bf|dsxbddl

|n jdjcdsq hsnj |n mntqdmnilq mgl

jb`sg|dl |n Xbqgkmgpg|fgj gfl Egjb;

g`dq |mdr sdadbxdl hns nsk lnfd gq

qnjd|bjdq gq in gq Sq& 44.* pds lgr&

Hnts nh |md hgjbibdq bf|dsxbddl bf

Cddqptsgj qgbl |mg| jdjcdsq hsnj |mdbs

mntqdmnil df| hns lgbir g`d igcnts hns

gllb|bnfgi bfanjd |n jdd| hbfgfabgi

lbhhbati|bdq& \md nsk np|dl hns bfaitldl

jgqnfgsr nsk) anfq|sta|bnf nsk gfl

igcnts bf anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq& \mdr lbl |mbq

tqtgiir gh|ds |md g`sbati|tsgi qdgqnf gfl nsk

bf |mdbs nf hbdilq mgl cddf anjpid|dl& \md

g`dq dgsfdl sgf`dl cd|ddf Sq& 0?.* pds

lgr |n gq mb`m gq Sq& 74?.* pds lgr hns

jgqnfgsr nsk& \md ftjcds nh lgrq nskdl

xgsbdl cd|ddf |md hgjbibdq“3? lgrq |n 8?

lgrq bf g rdgs“gfl jnsd |mgf nfd hgjbir

jdjcds ntil `n hns qtam nsk& Lgbir g`d

igcnts bf nskq ibkd anfq|sta|bnf) jgqnfgsr)

ddlbf` gfl mgsxdq|bf` gsd giqn tflds|gkdf

cr |md xbiig`dsq nh Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl

Sgiigxgigqg |n dgsf gllb|bnfgi bfanjd gfl

|bld nxds hbfgfabgi lbhhbati|bdq& Nfd nh |mdbf|dsxbdddq hsnj Kgsgkgxgigqg qgbl |mg|

|mdr mgl np|dl hns g`d igcnts gq qnbi

hds|bib|r mgl ldasdgqdl gq g sdqti| nh mbam

|mdr qpdf| idqqds |bjd nf g`sbati|tsd b|m

jnsd |bjd |n qpgsd hns g`d igcnts& Jnq|ir

|md xbiig`dsq df| |n nsk gh|ds |md

g`sbati|tsgi qdgqnf gq nxds& Pg`dq dgsfdl

gxdsg`dl gsntfl Sq& 73?.* pds lgr gfl |md

ftjcds nh lgrq gf bflbxbltgi df| |n nsk

sgf`dl cd|ddf 3? gfl 1? lgrq bf g rdgs&

Bfanjd gfl d}pdflb|tsd nh |md

|sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq

\md d}pdflb|tsd hns |md glbxgqb hgjbibdqmn hnsjdl g pgs| nh |mbq q|tlr bfxnixdl

ptsamgqd nh mntqdmnil fdadqqb|bdq hsnj

LS Ldpn|q) g`sbati|tsgi d}pdfqdq gfl

mntqdmnil sdig|dl d}pdflb|tsd hns

hdq|bxgiq) mntqdmnil qtppibdq) qnjd

gjntf| hns dltag|bnf) ain|mdq gfl

eddiidsr dqpdabgiir ltsbf` naagqbnfq ibkd

jgssbg`d) gfl qnjd gjntf| nf htsfb|tsd)

|sgxdi gfl mdgi|m& Nfd nh |md jgens

d}pdflb|tsdq qddf bq bf mntqd sdpgbs) b|m

g jgensb|r nh |mnqd bf|dsxbddl mgxbf`qpdf| anfqbldsgcid qtjq nf mntqd sdpgbs&

\md lbhhdsdf| qntsadq nh bfanjd hns |md

|sbcgi hgjbibdq bf |md |msdd q|tlr qb|dq“

Cddqptsgj) Kgsgkgxgigqg gfl

Sgiigxgigqg“bfaitldl g`sbati|tsd) anhhdd

ati|bxg|bnf -nfir bf |md agqd nh

Cddqptsgj") bfanjd hsnj |sddq nf igfl)

pnti|sr gfl ibxdq|nak gfl bfanjd hsnj

F\H_& N|mds qntsadq |n gt`jdf| bfanjd

dsd |msnt`m lgbir g`d igcnts gfljb`sg|bnf& Gaadqqbf` `nxdsfjdf| qamdjdq

ibkd |md pdfqbnf qamdjd) QM@q gfl

pgs|babpg|bf` bf |md J@FSD@G giqn

mdipdl bjpsnxd |mdbs ibxbf` q|gflgsl

jgs`bfgiir&

G anjpgsbqnf nh |md agqm bfanjd dgsfdl

gfl d}pdflb|tsd hns |sbcgi hgjbibdq lndq

fn| psnxbld gf bflbag|bnf nh psnhb|q dgsfdl

ns inqqdq bfatssdl& \mbq bq cdagtqd g

anfqbldsgcid pgs| nh |mdbs fddlq gsd jd|hsnj |mdbs nf g`sbati|tsgi psnltad) |sddq

nf igfl) gfl |md hnsdq|) cd b| |mg| nh hnnl)

jdlbabfdq) hnllds ns htdinnl& \mdbs

ibxdibmnnl cgqkd|) gpgs| hsnj |mdbs

|sglb|bnfgi ga|bxb|bdq) anfqbq|q nh qdxdsgi

qntsadq nh bfanjd bfaitlbf` lgbir g`d

igcnts) jb`sg|bnf gfl gaadqq |n

`nxdsfjdf| qamdjdq |mg| `dfdsg|d bfanjd

ns psnxbld qtppns|&



43

Jgens hbflbf`q gfl lbqatqqbnf

‣ G`sbati|tsd bq g gr nh ibhd hns |md

glbxgqbq& B| bq g rdgsinf` ga|bxb|r bf

mbam |md df|bsd hgjbir pgs|babpg|dq)dqpdabgiir bf xbiig`dq ibkd Fbjjgipglt

|mg| mgxd gaadqq |n gctflgf| g|ds

sdqntsadq hns ati|bxg|bnf& \md bjjdfqd

lbxdsqb|r bf hnnl asnpq bfaitldq qdxdsgi

xgsbd|bdq nh pgllr) jbiid|q) adsdgiq)

ptiqdq) |tcdsq gfl xd`d|gcidq gq

jdf|bnfdl cr |md bf|dsxbdddq& G

xgsbd|r nh asnpq giqn jdgfq g hnnl

cgqkd| |mg| psnxbldq g mb`mds idxdi nh

ft|sb|bnf& B| bq |mbq lbxdsqb|r |mg| mgq

mdipdl |md glbxgqbq qtsxbxd nxds

`dfdsg|bnfq gfl mgq dfqtsdl qnjd

ld`sdd nh hnnl qdatsb|r hns g

anfqbldsgcid pgs| nh |md rdgs& B| mgq giqn

jdgf| g ibjb|dl ldpdfldfad nf agqm

bfanjd |mg| bq fn| gigrq dfqtsdl gfl

|md npdf jgskd| |mg| bq qtceda| |n

hita|tg|bnfq gfl sbqbf` bfhig|bnf&

\md psncidjq hgadl cr |md hgjbibdq bf

|md q|tlr qb|dq dsd psbjgsbir |mdldasdgqbf` qnbi hds|bib|r) gaadqq |n g|ds

gfl ns`gfba jgftsd& Pb|m pnlt

ati|bxg|bnf cdbf` lbqantsg`dl gfl

bfasdgqbf` pnptig|bnf psdqqtsd) |md araid

hns qmbh|bf` ati|bxg|bnf mgq sdltadl&

Dgsibds ati|bxg|bnf gq lnfd hns |msdd

rdgsq gfl q|nppdl b|m fd igflq cdbf`

aidgsdl& Ct| |nlgr b|m |md sdq|sba|bnfq

nf pnlt ati|bxg|bnf |md glbxgqbq gsd

hnsadl |n ati|bxg|d nf |md qgjd pbdad nh

igfl rdgs gh|ds rdgs& \mbq mgq ghhda|dlqnbi hds|bib|r gfl indsdl rbdilq nh asnpq

nf pnlt igfl& \md mgsl nsk pt| bf|n

ati|bxg|bnf nf pnlt igflq bq fn| pgrbf`

nhh hns |md |sbcgi pdnpid fnglgrq& Qnbi

gfl anfqdsxg|bnf nskq bii mdip sdltad

dsnqbnf gfl bjpsnxd rbdilq& \mdsd bq

anfqbldsgcid qanpd hns tflds|gkbf` |mbq

|msnt`m |md J@FSD@G psn`sgjjd

|mg| bq atssdf|ir fn| cdbf` gaadqqdl bf

htii cr |md xbiig`dsq&

‣ Anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf bf |md |sbcgi gsdgq nh

Xbqgkmgpg|fgj lbq|sba| gq bfb|bg|dl |n

bjpsnxd |md bfanjdq nh |md glbxgqbq&

Ct| |mdsd gsd qdxdsgi gsdgq nh anfadsf

|mg| fddl |n cd gllsdqqdl5 Jdsd bfasdgqd bf agqm bfanjd lndq

fn| |sgfqig|d bf|n cd||ds ibxbf`

anflb|bnfq hns |md glbxgqbq& \md

glbxgqbq `sn g xgsbd|r nh asnpq gfl

xd`d|gcidq nf g`sbati|tsgi igfl gfl

ldpdfl nf |md hnsdq|q hns |mdbs hnnl)

jdlbabfgi) |bjcds gfl htdinnl

fddlq& \mbq mgq dfqtsdl hnnl qdatsb|r

gfl g ads|gbf idxdi nh ft|sb|bnf&

Anhhdd csbf`q bf agqm) ct| |mbq bq fn

qpdf| nf ptsamgqbf` hnnl hsnj |md

qmnpq gfl b|m bfhig|bnf bf hnnl

psbadq“mbam q|gflq g| mb`m 7<&<

pdsadf| g| |md |bjd nh sb|bf` |mbq

sdpns|“jnsd jnfdr bq qpdf| nf

ctrbf` idqq hnnl& \md lgbir lbd| bq

sdq|sba|dl |n sbad) b|m fn ptiqdq gfl

adsdgiq gfl mgq qdxdsd inf` |dsj

bjpibag|bnfq nf ft|sb|bnf) dqpdabgiir

bf |md agqd nh glbxgqb njdf& \md

bfpt| anq|q hns anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf dsdgiqn qddf |n cd mb`mds mdf

anjpgsdl |n |mg| nh g`sbati|tsd) gfl

gf bfasdgqd gq g sdqti| nh bfhig|bnf ns

psbad hita|tg|bnfq bii sdltad agqm

bfanjd cdbf` dgsfdl& G| |md qgjd

|bjd mgxbf` jnxdl ggr hsnj

|sglb|bnfgi hnnl asnp ati|bxg|bnf |mdr

bii fn| cd bf g pnqb|bnf |n hgii cgak

nf g`sbati|tsd |n jdd| g| idgq| |md

jbfbjtj anfqtjp|bnf fddlq nh |md

mntqdmnil& B| bq bjpns|gf| |nsdan`fbqd |md xgitd nh |md |sglb|bnfgi

g`sbati|tsgi psga|badq bf gf glbxgqbq

ibhd) gfl psnxbld qtppns| |n |mdj qn

|mg| |mdr agf bjpsnxd rbdilq nf |mdbs

igflq ns bf agqd nh qgid `d||ds cd||ds

psbadq hns |mdbs psnltad&

Anhhdd ati|bxg|bnf bq giqn ldpdfldf|

nf d}|dsfgi anflb|bnfq) jgfr nh

mbam gsd nt|qbld |md anf|sni nh gf

glbxgqb hgsjds& \md psnlta|bnf gfl



41

ldjgfl hns anhhdd gfl b|q qgid

psbadq) cn|m g| |md lnjdq|ba gfl

bf|dsfg|bnfgi jgskd|q) gsd ldpdfldf|

nf qdxdsgi hga|nsq |mg| sdqti| bf

hita|tg|bnfq“hsnj dssg|ba aibjg|baanflb|bnfq bf |md anhhdd `snbf`

gsdgq bf Bflbg |n q|g|d nh dg|mds

anflb|bnfq bf n|mds anhhdd psnltabf`

antf|sbdq gq hgs ggr gq Csgubi ns

ainqds bf antf|sbdq ibkd Xbd|fgj gfl

Agjcnlbg& Bfqda| pdq| g||gakq ibkd

|mg| nh cdssr cnsds gfl mb|d q|dj

cnsds gsd ldpdfldf| |n gf d}|df| nf

aibjg|d |mg| mgq|df ns qin sbpdfbf`

psnadqq& Sdadqqbnf |nn pigrq b|q pgs|&

Bf |md rdgs 3??2) Bflbg d}pns|dl g|n|gi nh 700)224 |nffdq nh anhhdd

mbam gq 78 pdsadf| inds |mgf |md

psdxbntq rdgs gq g sdqti| nh

qinlnf bf |md jgskd|& B| bq

lbhhbati| hns gf glbxgqb hgsjds |n

anjpsdmdfl |mdqd psncidjq) ns |md

anjpibag|dl bjpga| nh `incgi

pmdfnjdfnf nf mbq lgbir ibxdibmnnl&

Inagiir |nn |mdsd mgl cddf n|mds

kbflq nh psncidjq& Bf 3??8 Jgnbq|qcigq|dl anhhdd ptip tfb|q bf qdxdsgi

|sbcgi qd||idjdf|q gfl `nlnfq nh

|md anhhdd sdqdgsam q|g|bnf bf SX

Fg`gs dsd qd| gcigud&

B| bq giqn bsnfbagi |mg| |md cgt}b|d

jbfbf` cdbf` ptqmdl hns cr |md

`nxdsfjdf| |n csbf` gcnt|

”ldxdinpjdf|‒ nh |md sd`bnf gfl b|q

bfmgcb|gf|q bii ldq|snr jnsd |mgf

3)??? mg nh anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq)pigf|g|bnfq |mg| dsd |n bjpsnxd |md

anflb|bnfq nh |md glbxgqbq& Mdsd d

qdd nfd danfnjba psn`sgjjd cdbf`

sdpigadl cr gfn|mds) cn|m bfb|bg|dl

gaanslbf` |n |md `nxdsfjdf| hns |md

cdfdhb| nh |md glbxgqbq bf |md sd`bnf&

\md agqm bfanjd dgsfdl cr |md

hgjbibdq qddjq anfqbldsgcid;

mndxds mg| nfd fddlq |n kddp bf

jbfl gsd |md jti|bpid qtppns|

q|sta|tsdq |mg| mgxd cddf psnxbldl“

ptipdsq) lsrbf` gsdgq psnxbldl cr

`nxdsfjdf|) ftsqdsbdq hns qgpibf`q)

q|gcbibqg|bnf htfl |n psn|da| hgsjdsq

g`gbfq| psbad hita|tg|bnfq) hds|bibuds

gfl ns`gfba pdq|babldq) bfpt|q g|dxdsr q|g`d hsnj |md Anhhdd Cngsl)

B\LG) F@Nq) d|a& Pb|mnt| |mdqd b|

ntil cd lbhhbati| hns hgsjdsq |gkd

tp ati|bxg|bnf nf |mdbs igflq& Nf

|mdbs nf gfl idh| |n |md jdsar nh |md

jgskd| b| bq tfibkdir |mg| |md glbxgqb

hgsjdsq bii cd gcid |n b|mq|gfl

qtam psdqqtsdq& G in rbdil b|m in

psbadq hns anhhdd agf ptqm |mdj bf|n

|md ldc| |sgp& Atssdf|ir) |mdr ln fn|

qddj |n mgxd |md mdsdb|mgi |n ldgib|m |mdqd hga|nsq bfldpdfldf|ir&

\md anhhdd ati|bxg|nsq gsd bfatssbf`

bfpt| anq| bf |md hnsj nh pdq|babld)

hds|bibuds gfl jgftsd& \mdqd gsd

sdig|bxdir in g| psdqdf| gq qdxdsgi nh

|mdj gsd sdadbxbf` |md qgjd hsdd nh

anq| ns g| indsdl sg|dq hsnj db|mds

|md B\LG ns |md F@N& Mndxds) bf

|md gcqdfad nh qtam qtppns| gfl |md

xnig|bid jgskd| psbadq |md anhhddati|bxg|nsq bii mgxd |n ldpdfl nf

|md npdf jgskd| gfl ibkd b|m n|mds

agqm asnpq hgsjdsq agf hgii bf|n |md

araid nh ldc|&

Jnfnati|tsdq) bfaitlbf` |mg| nh

anhhdd) mgxd inf` |dsj bjpga|q nf

cbnlbxdsqb|r& Pmbid |mdr jgr cd

anjjdsabgiir xbgcid gfl itasg|bxd)

jnfnati|tsdq mgxd pnns cbnin`bagi

lbxdsqb|r& \mbq mgq bjpga|q nf cn|mg`sbati|tsd gfl hnsdq| danqrq|djq&

Jnfnati|tsd psnjn|bnf gfl

d}pgfqbnf qmntil cd agssbdl nt| b|m

agt|bnf&

\md hnsdq| bq bf|d`sgi |n |md qtsxbxgi

nh |md glbxgqbq bf |mg| b| bq gf

bjpns|gf| qntsad nh hnnl dqpdabgiir

ltsbf` |md idgf jnf|mq& \md bld

xgsbd|r nh |tcdsq) xd`d|gcidq) ft|q

gfl hstb|q aniida|dl cr |mdj

qtppidjdf|q lgbir lbd| gfl bjpsnxdq



4<

ft|sb|bnf b|m jdg| hsnj mtf|bf`

gllbf` |n |mdbs psn|dbf anfqtjp|bnf&

\md sdwtbsdjdf|q nh sdpgbs gfl

jgbf|dfgfad nh |mdbs |sglb|bnfgi

mntqdq) fddl hns g`sbati|tsgibjpidjdf|q gfl htsfb|tsd gsd jd|

hsnj |bjcds qntsadl hsnj |md hnsdq|

gsntfl |mdf& Hbsdnnl gq dgsibds

qnil hns bfanjd ct| |md qagsab|r mgq

jdgf| |mg| |nlgr b| bq psbjgsbir tqdl

hns mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf ginfd&

\md cbnlbxdsqb|r nh |md hnsdq|q bq |mtq

astabgi hns jdd|bf` |md fddlq nh |md

glbxgqbq) gfl psn|da|bf` |md qgjd bq

bjpdsg|bxd& \md inqq nh cbnlbxdsqb|r

gq g sdqti| nh |md jgfbhnil psdqqtsdqbq sdhida|dl |nlgr bf |md lbhhbati|r

gfl inf`ds |bjd qpdf| bf aniida|bf`

hnsdq| psnltad& Jdlbabfgi pigf|q gsd

g `nnl qntsad nh bfanjd hns |md

|sbcgi hgjbibdq ct| hd nh |mdj qddj

|n cd bfxnixdl bf aniida|bf` |md qgjd

ltd |n igak nh gxgbigcbib|r gfl fddl

|n qpdfl inf` mntsq gikbf` |n

bf|dsbns hnsdq| gsdgq& _sn|da|bf` |md

hnsdq| cbnlbxdsqb|r agf mdip bfasdgqdgxgbigcbib|r nh jdlbabfgi pigf|q gfl

bjpsnxd bfanjdq nh |md glbxgqbq&

\md sgf`d nh F\H_ gxgbigcid gfl

aniida|dl nhhdsq g bld qanpd hns

dfmgfadjdf| nh ibxdibmnnl& Pmbid

|md bfanjdq dgsfdl gjnf` |md

bf|dsxbdddq dsd in) sgf`bf`

cd|ddf Sq& 4)???.* gfl Sq& 7?)???.*

gfftgiir) |mdsd bq anfqbldsgcid qanpd

hns bjpsnxbf` |md qgjd gq gf

bjpns|gf| bfanjd qntsad& B| bq giqngf danin`bagiir fnf*ldq|sta|bxd gfl

fnf*lbqpigabf` ldxdinpjdf|

gi|dsfg|bxd |mg| qmntil cd

dfantsg`dl& \md qgid nh F\H_ cr

|md glbxgqbq |n |md |sgldsq gfl fn| |n

|md @AA bq gf bflbag|bnf |mg| |md

jgflg|d nh |md ns`gfbqg|bnf bq cdbf`

bfgldwtg|dir jd| gfl bf|dsxbdq

b|m inagi glbxgqbq sdxdgibf` |mdbs

igak nh anfhbldfad bf |md psbabf` gfl

xgitg|bnf nh |mdbs psnltad xbq*ï*xbq

|md |sgldsq& Igak nh gaadqq bq gf

bjpns|gf| anfq|sgbf| gfl fddlq |n cd

bjpsnxdl& \mdsd bq nfir nfd

psnatsdjdf| pnbf| hns dgam qgf|mg mdsd |md @AA bq anfadsfdl ct|

qdxdsgi |sgldsq |n mnj |n qdii |n&

\md |sgldsq pnqb|bnf |mdjqdixdq g|

|md df|sgfad pnbf|q nh |md jgskd| gfl

ptsamgqd |md psnltad hsnj |md

glbxgqbq dxdf cdhnsd |mdr agf `gbf

gaadqq |n |md psnatsdjdf| pnbf| nh

|md @AA ns dfwtbsd gcnt| g jnsd

anjpd|b|bxd ns qtb|gcid psbad& Bf |md

agqd nh bf|dsbns xbiig`dq |md gcqdfad

nh g psnatsdjdf| pnbf| nh |md @AAidglq |n |md xbiig`dsq qdiibf` |mdbs

psnltad |n |md |sgldsq mn xbqb|

|mdqd xbiig`dsq gfl qntsad F\H_

lbsda|ir hsnj |md glbxgqbq& @AA mgq

g hb}dl sg|d hns |md psnltad ibq|dl)

mbid |sgldsq pgr gq pds jgskd|

psbadq mbam gsd nh|df mb`mds |mgf

mg| |md @AA bq nhhdsbf`&

Hts|mdsjnsd) g| |md @AA

psnatsdjdf| pnbf|q fn| gii b|djq gsdptsamgqdl) dxdf |mnt`m |md @AA bq

sdwtbsdl |n ptsamgqd |md qgjd)

jgkbf` |md glbxgqbq qdd gf

glxgf|g`d bf qdiibf` |mdbs psnltad |n

|md |sgldsq& Nh|df) |md mbq|nsbagi

atq|nj nh idflbf` cr inagi |sgldsq g|

|md |bjd nh qnbf` ns ltsbf` |md idgf

jnf|mq giqn gllq |n |mdbs glxgf|g`d

nh cdbf` |md psbfabpgi aigbjgf|q |n

|md asnpq gfl F\H_ psnltad nh |md

pdnpid& Qdpgsg|dir) innkbf` g| |mdbfanjdq b| bq aidgs |mg| |md @AA

dgsfq anfqbldsgcid sdxdftd hsnj |md

qgid nh F\H_& \mdsd bq g fddl |n

dfqtsd |mg| |mbq |sbakidq lnf |n |md

|sbcgi hgjbibdq gq dii -Gffd}tsd 35

Wtgf|b|r aniida|dl gfl sdxdftd

sdgibqdl hsnj F\H_ cd|ddf 3??3*

?1 gfl 3??0*?="& Qdxdsgi q|tlbdq

dsd anjjbqqbnfdl bf |md pgq| |n

bldf|bhr |mdqd psncidjq gfl

bjpsnxdjdf| nh wtgib|r qdsxbadq cr



44

@AA gfl psnltad qpdabhba

sdanjjdflg|bnfq gsd d}bq|bf` b|m

|md @AA b|qdih& _sbabf` nh F\H_)

jnsd bf ibfd b|m |md psdxgbibf`

jgskd| psbadq) fddlq |n cd ldxdinpdl|n dfqtsd |mg| |md glbxgqbq gsd gcid |n

anjjgfl g cd||ds psbad hns |mdbs

psnltad& \md psnjn|bnf nh

jnfnati|tsdq) ibkd |mg| nh anhhdd)

qmntil giqn cd sdinnkdl bf |md ib`m|

nh gaadqq |n F\H_& Pmbid

jnfnati|tsdq jgr bfasdgqd |md agqm

bfanjd) b| sdltadq |md gaadqq |n

anjjnf sdqntsadq gfl F\H_) gfl

mgq bjpga|q nf |md danqrq|djq |mg|

gsd fn| pdsadp|bcid bf |md qmns|*|dsj&\md anjpdfqg|nsr ghhnsdq|g|bnf

qamdjdq cdbf` psnjn|dl gsd fn| g

qtcq|b|t|d db|mds gq |mdr ln fn|

psnxbld |md qgjd ld`sdd nh

cbnlbxdsqb|r& EHJ.AHJ gq fn|

bjpidjdf|dl bf |md q|tlr xbiig`dq)

gfl |md psbjgsr sdgqnf hns |mbq gq

|md gsdg cdbf` hntfl |n cd tfqtb|gcid

hns |md qgjd&

\sddq `snf nf igfl gsd gfbjpns|gf| qntsad nh bfanjd hns |md

glbxgqb hgjbibdq) b|m g jgensb|r nh

|mdj dgsfbf` gfrmdsd cd|ddf

Sq& 3)???.* gfl Sq& 73)???.* pds

rdgs gfl g hd nh |mdj dgsfbf`

bfanjdq gq mb`m gq gfrmdsd

cd|ddf Sq& 33)???.* gfl Sq&

1?)???.*& \sddq gsd g agpb|gi

bfxdq|jdf| |mg| sdwtbsd xdsr ib||id

bfpt| rdgsir) ct| gsd g qntsad nh

bfanjd gfftgiir gfl giqn jdd|mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf fddlq& \mbq

bq bjpns|gf| |n kddp bf jbfl) bf |md

ib`m| nh |md jdg`sd nfd |bjd

pgrjdf|q `bxdf gq anjpdfqg|bnf |n

hgjbibdq mn gsd lbqpigadl gfl inqd

|mdbs gaadqq |n |mbq sdqntsad& Gf

d}gjpid bq hsnj |md sdhbfdsr gfl

qjdi|ds qb|dq bf Xbqgkmgpg|fgj

b|qdih mdsd |md anjpdfqg|bnf

`bxdf pds |sdd nfdl cr |md

lbqpigadl hgjbibdq gq g jdsd Sq&

8??.*&

Ibxdq|nak gfl pnti|sr) bf gllb|bnf) |n

cdbf` tqdl hns mntqdmnil

anfqtjp|bnf gsd g qghd|r fd| hns |md

hgjbibdq ltsbf` hbfgfabgi asbqbq&

Lbq|sdqq qgid nh cn|m gsd lnfd |n

jdd| djds`dfar sdwtbsdjdf|q nh

agqm hns ctrbf` mntqdmnil `nnlq)

mdgi|m) dltag|bnf ns mntqd sdpgbs&

Pb|m |md bfasdgqbf` psdqqtsd nf igfl)

qagsab|r nh hnllds gq hgadl cr |md

bf|dsxbdddq& Jnfnati|tsdq giqn

sdltad `sgubf` igflq gfl ghhda|

hnllds qntsad& @sdg|ds bfxdq|jdf| |nbjpsnxbf` anjjnf psnpds|r

sdqntsadq ibkd `sgubf` igflq bq

sdwtbsdl&

\md qdjb*pdsjgfdf| mntqbf`) ibkd

|mnqd cdbf` psnjn|dl tflds |md

Bflbsgjjg _sn`sgjjd bjpnqdq g

mblldf ctsldf nf |md hgjbibdq) dxdf

mbid aigbjbf` |mg| cdfdhbabgsbdq gsd

fn| sdwtbsdl |n cdgs gfr anq|q& \md

bfb|bgi bfq|giijdf| bq sdidgqdl nfir

mdf |md hntflg|bnf bq igbl) hns

mbam |md glbxgqbq mgxd |n |gkd

ingfq& \md d}pdflb|tsd bfatssdl nf

mntqd sdpgbsq cr |md sdqbldf|q nh

Cddqptsgj mdsd qdxdsgi nh |md

xbiig`dsq mgxd gaadqqdl |md qamdjd

bq wtb|d mb`m& \mdqd q|sta|tsdq

sdwtbsd gfftgi bfpt|q bf|n

jgbf|dfgfad gfl sdpgbsq gfftgiir&

\sglb|bnfgi mntqbf`) ibkd bf

Fbjjgipglt) sdwtbsdq idqq agqmd}pdflb|tsd hns gfftgi jgbf|dfgfad

gfl |md sg jg|dsbgiq agf cd

gaadqqdl hsnj |md hnsdq|q fdgscr&

\md xbiig`dsq bf Cddqptsgj mgl

|gkdf ingfq hsnj jnfdridfldsq gfl

|msnt`m QM@q tflds gfn|mds

qamdjd) |md Bflbsg Ksgf|mb

_g|mgkgj) |n jdd| |md d}|sg anq|q

bfatssdl bf anfq|sta|bnf gfl hns

bfb|bgi anq| nh igrbf` |md hntflg|bnf&

Bf gllb|bnf) qamdjdq igtfamdl cr |md



48

`nxdsfjdf| gsd nh|df pnib|bagiir

jn|bxg|dl hns xn|d `gbfq& \mdr nh|df

giqn stf bf|n snglcinakq& Igtfamdl

gq g hig`qmbp psn`sgjjd nh |md q|g|d

`nxdsfjdf|) |md Bflbsgjjg mntqbf`qamdjd bq hgabf` qdxdsgi bqqtdq“

sbqbf` adjdf|) q|ddi gfl qgfl psbadq

|mg| pigad gf gllb|bnfgi ctsldf nf

|md cdfdhbabgsbdq) ansstp|bnf gjnf`

nhhbabgiq) bfanjpid|d anfq|sta|bnf

gfl cgfkq fn| `bxbf` ingfq dgqbir&

J@FSD@G agf cd gf bjpns|gf|

qntsad nh bfanjd hns |md hgjbibdq&

Asdg|bf` jnsd encq tflds

JF@SD@G agf mdip sdltadldpdfldfar nf jb`sg|bnf gfl g`d

igcnts gfl bjpsnxd |md bfanjdq&

Gaadqq |n g|ds hns lsbfkbf` gfl

mntqdmnil ptspnqdq bq g mt`d

psncidj bf |md glbxgqb xbiig`dq& Qnbi

gfl g|ds anfqdsxg|bnf nskq gfl

psn|da|bnf nh |md fg|tsgi qpsbf`q)

pnflq gfl q|sdgjq agf mdip gllsdqq

|md psncidj; |mdqd sd`dfdsg|bnf

nskq qmntil cd |gkdf tp tflds

J@FSD@G& G| psdqdf| |md ftjcdsnh lgrq nh djpinrjdf| gaadqqdl cr

|md xbiig`dsq bf cn|m |md q|tlr qb|dq bq

wtb|d in gfl |mdsd bq giqn g

lbqpgsb|r bf g`d sg|dq& \md psbjgsr

sdgqnf hns |mbq bq |md igak nh

ggsdfdqq gjnf` |md xbiig`dsq gcnt|

|mdbs sb`m|q |n ldjgfl nsk gfl g

jbfbjtj pgr& Pmdsd |md F@Nq gsd

ga|bxd |mdr gsd gcid |n psnxbld hns

7?? lgrq nsk pds hgjbir) ct| |mbq bq

fn| nh|df |md agqd& Bjpidjdf|g|bnfgfl jnfb|nsbf` bq qdxdsdir igakbf`&

Bf g qb|d ibkd Cddqptsgj) mdsd nfir

nfd asnp bq `snf ltsbf` |md sgbfr

qdgqnf) |mdsd bq anfqbldsgcid qanpd

hns |gkbf` tp ldxdinpjdf|gi nskq

tflds |md J@FSD@G gq |md

hgjbibdq mgxd gllb|bnfgi hsdd |bjd nf

|mdbs mgflq&

\md agqm d}pdflb|tsd nh |md |sbcgi

hgjbibdq nf b|djq nh hnnl -d}adp|

sbad" bf |md q|tlr gsdgq nf |md LS

Ldpn|q bq ncqdsxdl |n cd in& \mbq bq

psbjgsbir cdagtqd hnnl asnpq gsd

`snf cr |mdj nf |mdbs igflq gfl

sd|gbfdl hns lnjdq|ba anfqtjp|bnf&Xd`d|gcidq) |tcdsq gfl hstb|q gsd giqn

gaadqqdl hsnj |md hnsdq|& N|mds

psncidjq giqn lbqantsg`d |md |sbcgi

pdnpid hsnj ldpdflbf` nf |md LS

Ldpn|q& \mdqd bfaitld lbhhbati|r bf

gaadqq) fnf*gxgbigcbib|r nh q|nakq)

ibjb|dl jgfpnds |n stf |md qmnp)

bssd`tigs nskbf`) dssg|ba |bjbf`q)

lbxdsqbnf nh q|nak gfl amgs`bf`

mb`mds psbad hns anjjnlb|bdq& Pmdsd

dqqdf|bgi anjjnlb|bdq ibkd sbad nsqgi| fddl |n cd ptsamgqdl cr |md

glbxgqbq |mbq agtqdq qdxdsd psncidjq&

Gfn|mds bf|dsdq|bf` hga|ns |mg| |md

lg|g aniida|dl |msnq tp bq |mg| mbid

|md ptsamgqd nh qt`gs hsnj LS

Ldpn|q bq anjjnf gjnf` |md

hgjbibdq bf Cddqptsgj) |mdsd gsd

nfir |n bf|dsxbdddq bf

Fbjjgipglt mn jdf|bnfdl |mg|

|mdr mgl cnt`m| qt`gs hsnj |md LSLdpn|q& \mbq bflbag|dq g amgf`d bf

anfqtjp|bnf pg||dsf& Cddqptsgj

cdbf` g snglqbld xbiig`d) gfl jnsd

d}pnqdl |n nt|qbld bfhitdfadq mgxd

|gkdf |n anfqtjp|bnf nh |dg& Giqn bf

|md agqd nh Fbjjgipglt) |gjgsbfl bq

d}amgf`dl hns eg``dsr& Cddqptsgj

mgq hdds |gjgsbfl |sddq gfl |mdbs

ldpdfldfad nf LS Ldpn|q hns qt`gs

bq mb`mds&

Jb`sg|bnf hsnj Fbjjgipglt xbiig`d

bq inds |mgf |mg| nh Cddqptsgj) gq

qddf hsnj |md lg|g aniida|dl) mbid

lgbir g`d igcnts gq psdhdssdl

gjnf` |md sdqbldf|q nh Fbjjgipglt&

\mbq gq cdagtqd |mdsd gq `sdg|ds

lgbir g`d nsk gxgbigcid bf

Fbjjgipglt mdsd g`sbati|tsd gq

g rdgsinf` ga|bxb|r nbf` |n cd||ds

sgbfhgii gfl qnbi hds|bib|r& Bf |md agqd

nh Cddqptsgj) lgbir g`d igcnts



40

\md inagi qgf|mg bq g xbcsgf| danfnjba qpgad tqdl

d}|dfqbxdir cr |md glbxgqbq

gq gxgbigcid nfir ltsbf` |md sgbfr

qdgqnf) gfl b|m nfir nfd

g`sbati|tsgi asnp |mdr mgl jnsd |bjd

nf |mdbs mgflq mbam |mdr qpdfl

nskbf` gq jb`sgf|q bf ab|bdq gfl|nfq fdgscr& Cn|m lgbir g`d gfl

jb`sg|bnf anf|sbct|dl |n |md bfanjdq

nh |md mntqdmnil) ct| anfqdsxg|bnf nh

qnbi gfl g|ds sdqntsadq gfl bfpt|q

|n bjpsnxd hds|bib|r nh igfl agf mdip

bfasdgqd g`sbati|tsgi psnlta|bnf)

`sn `sdg|ds xgsbd|r nh asnpq gfl

|mdsdcr sdltad jb`sg|bnf |n g `sdg|

d}|df|&

\md bfanjd gfl d}pdflb|tsd gaantf|nh |sbcgi hgjbibdq) mdsd nfir agqm

|sgfqga|bnfq gsd anfadsfdl) lndq fn|

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42

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nfir 3? njdf hsnj |md lbqpigadl

anjjtfb|bdq gsd nskbf` bf |md anjpgfr

gaanslbf` |n |md _G_q& Bf |md Amgjpgpglgs

L_ Agjp 42 pdsqnfq nh |md 04 lbqpigadl

hgjbibdq `n| encq nh mbam qdxdf dsd hsnj

|md Qamdltidl Agq|d -QA" anjjtfb|r gfl

sdq| dsd hsnj |md -N|mds Cgakgsl Aigqqdq

-NCAq"& Bf |md Gjgigcglb L_ Agjp) nh |md

420 hgjbibdq nfir 3?? jgfg`dl |n `d| encq



87

bf |md anjpgfr& Bf _t|qbi xbiig`d mdsd 7=

mntqdmnilq inq| cn|m igfl gfl mntqd |md

hgjbibdq dsd `bxdf g enc& Bf Jgsambjgig

mdsd jnsd |mgf 4? mntqdmnilq dsd

ghhda|dl nfir nfd pdsqnf mn inq| cn|m igflgfl mntqd gq `bxdf g enc b|m |md

anjpgfr& Mdsd g`gbf |md glbxgqbq dsd |md

nsq| ghhda|dl gq |mdr mgl fn d}pdsbdfad

b|m anpbf` b|m g g`d jgskd|) gfl |md

d}|sdjdir mb`m idxdiq nh biib|dsgar psnxdl |n

cd gf gllb|bnfgi mgflbagp&

Dltag|bnf q|g|tq nh ambilsdf ibxbf`

bf |md ghhda|dl xbiig`dq

Gf`gfglbq xbqb|dl bf |md q|tlr xbiig`dqdsd bf g ldpinsgcid anflb|bnf b|m

jgift|sb|bnf dxbldf| gjnf` |md ambilsdf& G|

|md gf`gfglb g| _gsgeg q|sdd|) nfd nh |md

|msdd bf @ntlg`tlg) |md nskds sdpns|dl

|mg| |mdsd dsd 47 ambilsdf dfsniidl bf |md

g`d `sntp tp|n 4 rdgsq& Nh |mdqd 77 ambilsdf

qthhdsdl hsnj `sgld BBB jgift|sb|bnf) 73

ambilsdf hsnj `sgld B jgift|sb|bnf) 7? dsd

b|mbf fnsjgi sgf`d gfl |md sdq| 7= gsd bf

|md ag|d`nsr nh gcqnit|d jgift|sb|bnf& Xdsr

hd nh |md ambilsdf dsd sd`tigs g| |mdgf`gfglb gq |md hgabib|bdq dsd fdìb`df|&

D}adp| hns naagqbnfgi mdgi|m agjpq cr

FGIAN) |mdsd gsd fn jdlbagi hgabib|bdq& \md

gf`gfglb nskds sdpns|dl |mg| |mdsd dsd

agqdq nh |tcdsatinqbq ct| antil fn| `bxd |md

anssda| ftjcds& \mdsd bq gf gf`gfglb g|

Egfb`tlg ct| |md nskds ibxdq bf gfn|mds

xbiig`d gfl xbqb|q nfir naagqbnfgiir&

Amgjpgpglgs mgq nfd gf`gfglb adf|sd

|mg| lndq fn| htfa|bnf nf g sd`tigs cgqbq&

\mdsd gsd |n qamnniq jgbf|gbfdl cr

FGIAN“Ldimb _tciba Qamnni mbam bq gf

Dfìbqm jdlbtj qamnni gfl |md Qgsgqg|mb

Xblrg Jgflbs gf Nsbrg jdlbtj qamnni& B|

gq qddf |mg| |md dltag|bnfgi bfq|b|t|bnfq qd|

tp cr |md anjpgfr dsd hns |md ambilsdf nh

|md djpinrddq gfl jgfg`djdf| q|ghh gfl

fn| hns |md inagi anjjtfb|bdq ghhda|dl&

Mdfad) gijnq| fnfd nh |md glbxgqb gfl lgib|

ambilsdf nh |md lbqpigadl hgjbibdq ns

qtssntflbf` psneda| ghhda|dl xbiig`dq g||dfl

|mdqd qamnniq& Hns nfd) |md qamnniq gsd

inag|dl ainqd |n |md |nfqmbp mdsd |md

djpinrddq ibxd) mdsdgq |md ghhda|dl glbxgqb

gfl lgib| njjtfb|bdq gfl |md L_ Agjpq

gsd inag|dl hgs ggr hsnj |mdqd bfq|b|t|bnfqgfl mgxd xdsr tfsdibgcid |sgfqpns| hgabib|bdq&

\md ambilsdf dsd giqn tfgcid |n anpd b|m

|md atssbatitj gfl jgfr nh |mdj lsnp*nt|

cr mb`m qamnni) gfl gsd |gkdf hns

g`sbati|tsgi igcnts ns hns ag||id `sgubf`&

Cdqbldq) qnabgi cgssbdsq cd|ddf |md glbxgqb

gfl lgib| ambilsdf gfl |md ambilsdf nh |md

djpinrddq gfl |md jgfg`djdf| hts|mds

lbqantsg`dl g||dflgfad& Jnq| nh |md

ambilsdf g||dfldl |md `nxdsfjdf| psbjgsr

gfl tppds psbjgsr qamnniq |mg| mgxd pnnsbfhsgq|sta|tsd gfl wtgib|r nh |dgambf`& Bf |md

qamnni xbqb|dl g| Egfb`tlg) |mdsd gsd |n

sd`tigs |dgamdsq gfl nfd pgsg*|dgamds ct|

nfir |md mdgljgq|ds xbqb|q |md qamnni

sd`tigsir) gq sdpns|dl cr |md xbiig`dsq& \md

qamnni ctbilbf` bq bf g xdsr pnns anflb|bnf

gfl mgq jbfbjgi bfhsgq|sta|tsd& Qamnni

lsnp*nt| sg|dq gsd qddf |n cd gigsjbfìr

mb`m bf |md q|tlr xbiig`dq&

Ambil igcnts

Ambil igcnts bq g aidgs bflbag|bnf nh |md

qnabgi gfl danfnjba q|g|tq nh g anjjtfb|r)

antpidl b|m |md bfgaadqqbcbib|r |n cgqba

dltag|bnf) sdltadl ibxdibmnnl nppns|tfb|bdq

gfl igflidqqfdqq ltd |n jbfbf`& Gii |mbq mgq

sdqti|dl bf jnsd ambilsdf lsnppbf` nt| nh

qamnni |n qtppidjdf| |md hgjbir bfanjdq&

\md mb`m sg|d nh ambil igcnts bf |md gsdg bq

htdiidl cr |md ldjgflq nh |md |nfqmbp b|mrntf` `bsiq nskbf` gq lnjdq|ba mdip gfl

jgblq& \md rnt|m bf|dsxbddl q|g|dl |mg|

|mdr dsd tfgcid |n wtgibhr hns |md

jg|sbatig|bnf d}gjbfg|bnf ltd |n |mdbs pnns

qamnni dltag|bnf) gfl qbfad xdsr hd dsd

gcid |n g||dfl aniid`d) |mdr dfl tp gq

aidgfdsq gfl lsbxdsq nh |stakq) pir gt|nq gfl

ctqdq hns psbxg|d anf|sga|nsq ns gsd mbsdl bf

pd||r qmnpq gfl ctqbfdqq -\gcid 745 Qnjd

lg|g nf ambil igcnts gfl lsnp*nt|q hsnj

q|tlr xbiig`dq) Knsgpt| lbq|sba|"&



83

\md ambil igcnts bq anfadf|sg|dl gsntfl |md

FGIAN gsdg gi|mnt`m |mdsd bq fn ambil

igcnts b|mbf |md anjpgfr psdjbqdq&

Gaanslbf` |n |md inagiq |mdsd gsd 4??‑8??

ambilsdf nskbf` bf xgsbntq ga|bxb|bdq bfLgjgfenlb& G jgensb|r gsd jb`sgf|q

sdqblbf` bf |md Jg|mgipt| qitj) mbam bq gf

d}|dfqbnf nh |md Lgjgfenlb |nf& Cn|m

cnrq gfl `bsiq hsnj |md L_ Agjpq bf

Amgjpgpglgs giqn nsk tflds anf|sga|nsq

b|m gsntfl 1?‑<? jgid ambilsdf cdin |md

g`d nh 7= rdgsq nskbf` gq lgbir g`d

igcnts tflds anf|sga|nsq gfl 3?‑1? hdjgid

ambilsdf nskbf` gq lnjdq|ba igcnts ns

tflds anf|sga|nsq& Bf Gjgigcglb |nn

ambilsdf dsd df`g`dl bf lgbir g`dga|bxb|bdq bf |md jbfbf` |nfqmbp gfl b|q

qtssntflbf` gsdg) gfl |mdqd dsd |mnqd mn

agjd hsnj njdf*mdgldl mntqdmnilq& Bf

|md n|mds xbiig`dq |nn |md |dq|bjnfbdq nh |md

sdqbldf|q `gxd gf bflbag|bnf nh |md ftjcds

nh ambilsdf nskbf`“hsnj g mgflhti bf

_t|qbi) |n jnsd |mgf 4? bf @ntlg`tlg gfl gq

g mb`m gq 74? ns jnsd bf Egfb`tlg&

Jgfr nh |mdqd ambilsdf dsd nskbf` bf

mn|diq) lmgcgq gfl pd||r qmnpq& G

anfqdsxg|bxd dq|bjg|d nh ambil igcntsdsq

ftjcdsbf` 4??‑7)??? nh |md psneda| ghhda|dl

gsd nskbf` bf |md sd`bnfq nh Ig}jbpts)

Kgkbsb`tjg) Lgjgfenlb |nf) Knspgt|)

Qdjib`tlg gfl _n|gf`b& Jgfr rnt|m gsdsdpns|dl |n mgxd jb`sg|dl |n |md ab|bdq nh

Amdffgb) Jtjcgb gfl Mrldsgcgl bf qdgsam

nh ibxdibmnnlq&

Mdgi|m gfl dfxbsnfjdf| anfadsfq

Gbs gfl g|ds pniit|bnf gsd sdpns|dl |n cd

mb`m) cr |md inagi anjjtfb|r& \md jnq|

glxdsqdir ghhda|dl xbiig`dq gsd Kt|tflb)

Kgsglb`tlg) Cmb|gs`tlg) Igamtgfb gfl

@ntlt`tlg& Pg|ds qagsab|r bq nfd nh |md

jgens psncidjq hgadl cr |md pdnpid&Pnjdf gfl ambilsdf mgxd |n gik inf`

lbq|gfadq |n aniida| g|ds& _dnpid hsnj |mdqd

xbiig`dq q|g|dl |mg| ltd |n jbfbf` ga|bxb|bdq)

|sglb|bnfgi g|ds qntsadq -fg|tsgi qpsbf`q" nh

|md _gfampg|jgib mbiiq mgxd lsbdl tp gfl

qnjd nh |md pdsdffbgi q|sdgjq mgxd sdltadl

hin& Mdfad g|ds hns cn|m lnjdq|ba tqdq

gfl g`sbati|tsd mgq cdanjd bfgaadqqbcid)

pgs|batigsir bf qtjjds& Anf|gjbfg|bnf nh

|md g|ds cnlbdq ltd |n stf*nhh hsnj jbfd

|gbibf`q gfl tfqghd qdg`d lbqpnqgi ltd |n

\gcid 745 Qnjd lg|g nf ambil igcnts gfl lsnp*nt|q hsnj q|tlr xbiig`dq) Knsgpt|

lbq|sba|Cinak Xbiig`d \n|gi fn& nh

ambilsdf

\n|gi fn& nh

qamnni `nbf`ambilsdf

Fn& nh ambil

igcntsdsq

Fn& nh qamnni

lsnp*nt|q

Lgjgfenlb Gjgigcglb =??‑2?? 34?‑1?? 74? 3? -bf 3??2"

Knsgpt| Amgjpgpglgs 1?? 8?‑0? 4?‑0? ****

Lgjgfenlb Lgjgfenlb 1)???‑1)4?? Gsntfl 3)4?? 4??‑8?? ****

Kgkbsb`tjg @ntlt`tlg 84?‑0?? 333 8? 74‑3? -bf 3??2"

Lgjgfenlb Egfb`tlg Gsntfl 34? 1?‑14 Gsntfl 74? Jnsd |mgf 74?

Fn|d5 Lg|g psnxbldl cr inagi anjjtfb|r idgldsq -hb`tsdq gsd gppsn}bjg|d cgqdl nf pdnpid‒q

dq|bjg|d" ”****‒ : Lg|g fn| gxgbigcid

Qntsad5 Lmgg|sb*Qgjg|g gfl MGW& 3?7?& Bflbg‒q ambilmnnl bf |md ”pb|q‒5 G sdpns| nf |md bjpga|q nh jbfbf` nf

ambilsdf bf Bflbg& Lmgg|sb Sdqntsad Adf|sd hns Pnjdf gfl Ambilsdf*Qgjg|g) Xbqgkmgpg|fgj) Gflmsg

_sgldqm gfl MGW5 Adf|sd hns Ambil Sb`m|q) Fd Ldimb&



81

d}pgfqbnf nh |md inagi gfl jb`sgf|

pnptig|bnf gq g sdqti| nh |md jbfbf` psneda|

bq gfn|mds jgens psncidj bldf|bhbdl cr |md

pdnpid& \mdsdhnsd g|ds sdig|dl lbqdgqdq ibkd

lbgssmndg gfl qkbf psncidjq dsd anjjnf&\dsjbfgi biifdqqdq ibkd agfads dsd giqn

sdpns|dl cr |md anjjtfb|r idgldsq gfl

tfbnf jdjcdsq) gi|mnt`m |mbq mgq |n cd

jdlbagiir xdsbhbdl& Nh |md 7= djpinrdl bf

|md FGIAN jbfdq hsnj _t|qbi xbiig`d) 7?

pdsqnfq mgxd lbdl gfl |md xbiig`dsq qgbl |mg|

|mdr mgl cddf qthhdsbf` hsnj agfads gq

tfldsq|nnl cr |mdj hsnj |md sdpns|q nh

FGIAN mnqpb|gi& Bf Egfb`tlg xbiig`d 1?‑<?

agqdq nh |tcdsatinqbq dsd ld|da|dl gjnf`

lgbir g`d igcntsdsq) ltsbf` |md q|tlr& \mdxbiig`d giqn anjpigbfdl nh anf|gjbfg|bnf bf

|mdbs lsbfkbf` g|ds gfl mn |mdbs mdgi|m bq

ghhda|dl ltd |n |mbq&

@nxdsfjdf| mdgi|m bfhsgq|sta|tsd anfqbq|dl

nh nfd qtc*mdgi|m adf|sd bf @ntlg`tlg gfl

Gjgigcglb dgam) gfl nfd _MA g| Lgjgfenlb&

Qnabgi lbq|tscgfad gfl qd}tgi

mgsgqqjdf|

Xbiig`dsq mgxd sdpns|dl 7?‑74 agqdq nh

qd}tgi mgsgqqjdf| nh |md njdf hsnj |mdbs

anjjtfb|r& Pnjdf gikbf` |n |md jbfd

qb|dq hns lgbir g`d nsk mgxd hgadl

bf|bjblg|bnf cr jb`sgf| igcnts gfl |stak

lsbxdsq& \mdsd gsd g igs`d ftjcds nh

ldq|b|t|d njdf) qbfìd jn|mdsq) gfl

blnq mn b|m fn n|mds qntsad nh

ibxdibmnnl mgxd cddf hnsadl bf|n |md qd}

|sgld bf |md hsbf`dq nh Lgjgfenlb gfl

Jg|mgipt|& Giqn |mdsd dsd g| idgq| 7??‑3??MBX.GBLq ghhda|dl pdsqnfq ct| b| bq lbhhbati|

|n `bxd gaatsg|d dq|bjg|dq& Lgjgfenlb mgq

gawtbsdl |md sdpt|g|bnf nh cdbf` |md qdanfl

@gfegj -g ab|r bf Knsgpt| lbq|sba| b|m mb`m

bfabldfad nh MBX.GBLQ" bf |dsjq nh MBX

agqdq& Anfqbldsgcid ftjcdsq nh jb`sgf|

nskdsq anjd hsnj @gfegj gfl |md angq|gi

cdi|& \md qnabgi dfxbsnfjdf| nh |md L_

agjpq mgq amgf`dl hsnj g xbiig`d

anjjtfb|r |n g qitj anjjtfb|r b|m

psncidjq ibkd gianmnibqj) lnjdq|ba

xbnidfad) |mdh| gfl asbjd cdbf` anjjnf&

Gi|mnt`m cgqba gjdfb|bdq ln fn| d}bq| bf L_

agjpq) ibwtns bq |md jnq| dgqbir gxgbigcid

anjjnlb|r b|m ibwtns qmnpq qd| tp b|mbf

|md sdmgcbib|g|dl aninfbdq& Bf Lgjgfenlb b| bqfn lbhhdsdf|) gfl |md g`dq dgsfdl cr jdf

gsd lbsda|ir lsgbfdl nt| hns gianmni) mbam bq

g agtqd hns lnjdq|ba xbnidfad) hsdwtdf|

csgiq gfl pmrqbagi gctqd nf njdf&

Ambilsdf) dqpdabgiir hsnj |md glbxgqb

anjjtfb|r gsd d}pnqdl |n |mbq ld`dfdsg|d

qnabgi nslds) mdsd xbnidfad) pnxds|r gfl

ldq|b|t|bnf gsd |md sdgib|bdq&

\md bjpga|q gsd jg`fbhbdl bf |md agqd nh

njdf& Pnjdf mn dsd nfad qdih*djpinrdl gfl anf|sbct|bf` |n g`sbati|tsgi

psnlta|bnf gsd |nlgr sdltadl |n |md q|g|tq nh

jgftgi nskdsq& Inqq nh anjjnf psnpds|r

igfl mgl jgfbhnil bjpga|q nf njdf mn

dsd |md psbjgsr t|bibqdsq nh |mdqd

sdqntsadq& \md L_ Agjpq ln fn| psnxbld

|md qpgad ns |md psn|da|bnf |mg| |md njdf

mgl bf |mdbs xbiig`dq) gfl gsd d}pnqdl |n

mb`mds idxdiq nh lnjdq|ba xbnidfad& \md

anjpdfqg|bnf gfl sdmgcbib|g|bnf psnadqq gq

`dflds cibfl gfl |mbq bq dxbldf| hsnj |mdindsdl q|g|tq nh njdf cn|m b|mbf |md

anfhbfdq nh |mdbs mntqd bf L_ agjpq gfl bf

|mdbs ldq|b|t|bnf gfl mdipidqqfdqq bf qnabd|r&

\md q|st`ìd anf|bftdq hns |mdj gfl g mt`d

psn|dq| sgiir gq |gkdf nt| cr |md ghhda|dl

hgjbibdq bf 3??2 |n ldjgfl hns bfaitqbnf nh

njdf*mdgldl mntqdmnilq bf |md

sdmgcbib|g|bnf gjnf` |md _G_q&

Pmg| |md anjjtfb|bdq inq|

Cdhnsd |md anjjdfadjdf| nh jbfbf` gfl

n|mds ldxdinpjdf|gi psneda|q) |md sd`bnf mgl

xgq| fg|tsgi sdqntsadq nf mbam |md glbxgqbq

ldpdfldl hns |mdbs qtsxbxgi& \mbak

ldabltntq hnsdq|q gfl hds|bid g`sbati|tsgi

igflq anxdsdl |md gsdg& \md glbxgqbq

ati|bxg|dl |n asnpq g rdgs nf sgbfhdl

ati|bxg|bnf nf g qtcqbq|dfad cgqbq |n jdd|

|mdbs fddlq nh hnnl qdatsb|r& \md df|bsd

hgjbir nskdl nf |md g`sbati|tsgi igflq gq g

qbfìd tfb| qmgsbf` |md psnltad& Aniida|bnf



8<

nh g sgf`d F\H_ gfl |mdbs qgid gq gf

bjpns|gf| qntsad nh ibxdibmnnl gq dii) gfl

qgbl |n mgxd qtq|gbfdl hgjbibdq mdsd hns g

pdsbnl nh 8 jnf|mq& Dxdf b|m ibjb|dl

ldxdinpjdf|gi qtppns|“dltag|bnf) mdgi|m)sngl) |sgfqpns|“|md glbxgqbq dsd gcid |n

q|bii qtsxbxd nf |md fg|tsgi sdqntsad dgi|m

nh |md sd`bnf&

Pb|m |md anjjdfadjdf| nh |md jbfbf` gfl

sdhbfdsr psneda|) gq dii gq n|mds psneda|q)

|md qnabn*danfnjba hgcsba nh |md ibxdq nh |md

inagi anjjtfb|bdq) dqpdabgiir nh |md

glbxgqbq) mgq cddf sbppdl gpgs|& Jbfbf` gq

ldaigsdl gq |md fddl nh |md mnts hns |md

fg|bnf gq dii gq hns |md inagi pnptig|bnfgfl b| gq jdgf| |n csbf` danfnjba

psnqpdsb|r hns cn|m gfl |mdsdhnsd) |md

FGIAN cgt}b|d jbfbf` psneda| npdfdl tp

bf Lgjgfenlb) Nsbqqg& Mndxds) |md sdgib|r

nh jbfbf` gq g q|gsk anf|sgq|& \md

jdd|bf`q b|m |md xbiig`d dildsq) _G_

tfbnfq gfl lbqatqqbnfq b|m njdf bf |md

L_ Agjpq gfl ghhda|dl xbiig`dq sdhida| |md

ldpinsgcid q|g|tq nh |md inagi pdnpid gfl |md

anflb|bnf nh ambilsdf mn dsd lbsda|ir ns

bflbsda|ir ghhda|dl) cdmbfl |md gppgsdf|tscgfbqg|bnf b|fdqqdl gsntfl |md

Lgjgfenlb |nf& \md pdsadf|g`d nh igflidqq

gjnf` |md lbqpigadl anjjtfb|bdq mgq

bfasdgqdl qb`fbhbagf|ir) hsnj 3? pdsadf|

psbns |n jbfbf` |n gq jtam gq == pdsadf|

pnq| jbfbf`&0

\md jdg`sd anjpdfqg|bnf)

nfd enc pds hgjbir asb|dsbg) ldpdfldfad nf

lgbir g`d igcnts) bfqdfqb|bxb|r |n |mdbs g`d

nil |sglb|bnfq gfl ati|tsd) ldq|sta|bnf nh |md

anjjnf psnpds|r sdqntsadq) ldpid|bnf nh

g|ds sdqntsadq) lbqgppdgsbf` hnsdq|q gflpniit|bnf nh |md dfxbsnfjdf| gsd gii bf

anf|sglba|bnf |n |md psnjbqdl danfnjba

psnqpdsb|r& \md sdmgcbib|g|bnf nh |md

lbqpigadl dxdf gh|ds |msdd ldagldq sdjgbfq

bfanjpid|d mbam bq dxbldf| hsnj |md

anf|bftbf` psn|dq|q cr |md L_q gfl _G_q& B|

bq dxbldf| |mg| |md cdfdhb|q nh cgt}b|d jbfbf`

0\mbq pdsadf|g`d bq hsnj gjnf` 7?? hgjbibdq lbqpigadl gq g sdqti|

nh jbfbf` cr FGIAN

gfl b|q giibdl ga|bxb|bdq ln fn| qddj |n mgxd

|sbakidl lnf |n |md inagi anjjtfb|bdq& Hns

gii b|q cgt}b|d sdqdsxdq) Knsgpt| bq q|bii nfd

nh |md pnnsdq| lbq|sba|q bf Nsbqqg&

Jgens hbflbf`q gfl lbqatqqbnf

Jbfbf` gfl b|q giibdl ga|bxb|bdq dsd

psnjbqdl gq g jdgfq nh ldxdinpjdf| gfl

danfnjba psnqpdsb|r hns |md inagi

anjjtfb|bdq nh Knsgpt|& Ct| |md psdxgbibf`

anflb|bnfq nh |md L_q gfl |md _G_q ln fn|

sdhida| |md qgjd&

‣ Bjpga| nf |md cbnlbxdsqb|r) hnnl qdatsb|r

gfl |sglb|bnfgi ibxdibmnnl mgq cddf

sdpns|dl |n cd |md jnq| fd`g|bxd hns |md

glbxgqbq gfl inagi anjjtfb|bdq&

Anfxdsqbnf nh g igs`d gsdg nh g`sbati|tsgi

igfl hns ptspnqdq nh jbfbf`) |nfqmbp)

qitjq gfl d}|dfldl qd||idjdf|q mgq

sdqti|dl bf sdltadl g`sbati|tsgi ga|bxb|bdq

gsntfl |md jbfbf` sd`bnf |mg| bq sdhida|dl

bf |md `snbf` idxdiq nh jb`sg|bnf nt|qbld

|md gsdg bf qdgsam nh djpinrjdf|& Hnsdq|

anxds gfl cbnlbxdsqb|r nh |md gsdg mgq cddf

sdpigadl cr jnfnati|tsgi anjpdfqg|nsrghhnsdq|g|bnf cr |md anjpgfr |msnt`m

pigf|g|bnf nh dtagirp|tq gfl qbixds ngk

qpdabdq bf g xdsr qag||dsdl jgffds& \md

|sglb|bnfgi psga|badq nh mtf|bf` gfl

aniida|bnf nh hnsdq| psnltad mgq cdanjd

fd`ib`bcid gsntfl |md FGIAN gsdg& Hnsdq|

ld`dfdsg|bnf hns hbsdnnl gfl mntqbf` |n

ag|ds |n |md qtlldf qdii bf |md d}|dsfgi

pnptig|bnf qbfad |md jbfbf` psneda| agjd

tp mgq asdg|dl qdxdsd asbqbq nh hbsdnnl)

`sgqq hns |mg|ambf` nh mntqdq gfl mntqdanfq|sta|bnf |bjcds qpdabdq

‣ Sdmgcbib|g|bnf gfl sdqd||idjdf| gq fn|

agssbdl nt| psnpdsir gfl psn|dq|q anf|bftd

|n |mbq lgr& \md bfb|bgi jnxd hsnj |mdbs

gfadq|sgi mnjdq |n |md |djpnsgsr agjp

gfl |mdf |n |md Gjgigcglb agjp agtqdl

|sdjdflntq tpmdgxgi bf |md ibxdq nh |md

ntq|ddq& \md dgsibds mnjdq|dglq mgl qmdlq

hns ibxdq|nak gfl pnti|sr gfl qpgad hns

kb|amdf `gsldfq) ct| |md atssdf| 7?}7? hdd|

q|sta|tsdq psnxbldl g| |md L_ Agjpq dsd



84

cgsdir dfnt`m hns |md hgjbibdq& Lsbfkbf`

g|ds) htdinnl gfl gaadqq |n hgabib|bdq

ibkd dltag|bnf gfl mdgi|m dsd bfgldwtg|d&

Qbjbigs gq |md pib`m| nh |md _G_q mn

dsd jgld qdxdsgi psnjbqdq hd nh mbammgxd cddf kdp|& Bf anf|sgq| |md |nfqmbpq

hns |md djpinrddq gfl jgfg`djdf| mgxd

cddf psnxbldl b|m gii gjdfb|bdq&

‣ Agqm anjpdfqg|bnf pgbl hns gawtbsdl igfl)

mntqdq) |sddq gfl n|mds q|sta|tsdq gq

qdxdsdir bfgldwtg|d& \md anjpdfqg|bnf nh

igfl gq cdin |md jgskd| sg|dq)

dqpdabgiir hns pgllr igfl -Gffd}tsd 15

Anjpdfqg|bnf pgbl hns igfl gfl

psdxgbibf` jgskd| xgitd"& G jdsd Sq&74?.* gq pgbl hns dxdsr htii `snf |sdd&

\md anjpdfqg|bnf lbl fn| igq| |md ntq|ddq

inf` gfl gq qpdf| nf ctrbf` lgbir

fdadqqb|bdq) ptsamgqbf` anfqtjds

anjjnlb|bdq ibkd g|amdq) sglbnq) d|a&) ns

sdpgrbf` ldc|q) gfl jgfr mgl fn|mbf` idh|

|n bfxdq| bf igfl ns n|mds agpb|gi gqqd|q&

\mnqd lbqpigadl) dqpdabgiir |md glbxgqbq)

dsd jgbfir biib|dsg|d gfl fnf*

jg|dsbgibq|ba) b|m ibjb|dl d}pnqtsd |n |md

nt|qbld nsil& \mdr mgl ib||id ns fnfd`n|bg|bf` qkbiiq |mg| antil mgxd dfgcidl

|mdj |n `d| g cd||ds pgakg`d gfl |nnk

mg|dxds agjd |mdbs gr&

‣ Fn anjpdfqg|bnf gq pgbl hns anjjnf

psnpds|r sdqntsadq& Inqq nh anjjnf

psnpds|r sdqntsadq gq g cb` cin)

dqpdabgiir hns |md glbxgqbq hns mnj

F\H_ aniida|bnf gq g jgens ga|bxb|r gfl

bfanjd qntsad& \md L_ Agjpq giqn lbl

fn| mgxd gfr `sgubf` `sntflq)

lbqantsg`bf` |md hgjbibdq hsnj kddpbf`

gfr ibxdq|nak&

‣ \md psnxbqbnf nh nfd enc gfl |n nfir nfd

glti| qnf pds hgjbir gq lbqasbjbfg|nsr

|ngslq njdf& Encq psnxbldl dsd nh

tfqkbiidl gfl qdjb*qkbiidl fg|tsd) b|m fn

|sgbfbf` hns qkbii tp`sglg|bnf&

Djpinrjdf| psnxbldq ibjb|dl qdatsb|r gfl

|mg| |nn hns nfir nfd `dfdsg|bnf& \mnqd

mn dsd fn| `bxdf djpinrjdf| dsd

sdltadl |n nskbf` gq lgbir g`d igcnts&

‣ Dgsibds |md df|bsd hgjbir tfb| gq df`g`dl

bf psnlta|bxd g`sbati|tsgi ga|bxb|r b|m |md

anf|sbct|bnf nh gii jdjcdsq& \md psnltad

hsnj |md igflq) qtppidjdf|dl cr |md

hnsdq|q) psnxbldl g ld`sdd nh hnnl qdatsb|r|n |md hgjbibdq& \md sdmgcbib|g|bnf

anjpid|dir hgbidl |n psnxbld gfr hnsj nh

igfl*cgqdl ibxdibmnnl nppns|tfb|r |mg|

antil dfgcid |md lbqpigadl |n `sn dxdf

xd`d|gcidq) |tcdsq ns mns|bati|tsgi asnpq

hns mntqdmnil anfqtjp|bnf&

‣ Ambilsdf dsd hntfl |n cd jgifntsbqmdl

gfl gjnf` |md qamnni `nbf` ambilsdf

lsnp*nt| sg|d gq xdsr mb`m& _nns

bfhsgq|sta|tsd gfl wtgib|r nh |dgambf` dsdsdgqnfq hns |md mb`m lsnp*nt| sg|d& _nxds|r

nh |md hgjbibdq hnsadl ambilsdf bf|n

nskbf` gq lnjdq|ba mdip) lgbir g`d

igcnts gfl jgftgi nskdsq& Ambil igcnts

bq sgjpgf| bf |md gsdg gfl nf |md bfasdgqd&

‣ Pnjdf) gjnf` gii |md `sntpq) dsd |md

jnq| ghhda|dl& \md glxdsqd bjpga|q nh

inqbf` igfl) gaadqq |n hnsdq| gfl anjjnf

psnpds|r sdqntsadq bq d}pdsbdfadl jnq| cr

njdf& \mdr mgxd cddf d}pnqdl |n`sdg|ds qnabgi gfl pmrqbagi |msdg|q) gfl

qd}tgi mgsgqqjdf| bf |md L_ Agjpq)

ghhda|dl xbiig`dq gfl nsk qb|dq& Pb|m encq

cdbf` mdil cr |md jdf) njdf mgxd

cdanjd qnidir ldpdfldf| nf jdf gfl |mbq

mgq tfldsjbfdl |mdbs snid bf |md mntqd&

‣ Qnabgi lbq|tscgfadq mgxd bfasdgqdl bf |md

pnq|*jbfbf` qadfgsbn b|m bfasdgqbf`

lnjdq|ba xbnidfad gfl qpdflbf` nf

anfqtjp|bnf nh ibwtns&

‣ Gjnf` |md `sntpq |md glbxgqbq dsd |md

nsq| ghhda|dl& \mdbs in ib|dsgar idxdiq)

bfgldwtg|d fd`n|bg|bf` qkbiiq gfl fnf*

d}pnqtsd |n jgbfq|sdgj qnabd|r sdqti|dl bf

|mdj inqbf` nt| |md jnq| bf |dsjq nh

anjpdfqg|bnf ns djpinrjdf| cdfdhb|q&

\md n|mds anjjtfb|bdq ibkd |md lgib|q gfl

|md NCAq dsd gcid |n glgp| jnsd wtbakir

|n |md amgf`dq gfl ldxdinpdl gf dl`d

nxds |md |sbcgi anjjtfb|bdq&



88

‣ \md dfxbsnfjdf| bq hgabf` qdxdsd |msdg|

b|m ltq| gfl g|ds pniit|bnf idxdiq

agtqbf` qdxdsd mdgi|m mgugslq& Ldpid|bf`

g|ds sdqntsadq mgq glldl |n |md ndq nh

|md inagi anjjtfb|bdq& \md pdsdffbgiq|sdgjq gsntfl Lgjgfenlb mdsd hbqmbf`

gq g xdsr bjpns|gf| ibxdibmnnl gfl g

qntsad nh hnnl b|m qdxdsgi jr|mnin`bagi

hgcidq qtssntflbf` |md sbxdsq bf |mbq gsdg

lsr tp bf |md qtjjds fn b|m mb`mir

sdltadl hbqmbf` ga|bxb|bdq& \md qgasdl

`snxd glegadf| |n |md FGIAN psneda|

mbam anfqbq|dl nh igs`d cgjcnn `sn|m

gfl gq ldbhbdl cr |md glbxgqbq

|sglb|bnfgiir bq gijnq| sdltadl |n g hd

aitjpq |nlgr& Qjt``ibf` nh qgflginnl

bf |mbq cdi| gq g| b|q mb`mdq| tf|bi g hd

rdgsq g`n gfl fn |mdsd gsd cgsdir gfr

qgflginnl |sddq hntfl |nlgr& \md jbfd

|gbibf`q“|md hirgqm pnfl gfl |md sdl jtl

pnfl qb|tg|dl nf |np nh |md mbii fd}| |n |md

FGIAN pigf|“gsd gf dfxbsnfjdf|gi

mgugsl |n |md xbiig`dq lnfq|sdgj gq |md

mdgxr jnfqnnf sgbfq gqm |md dhhitdf|q

bf|n |md g`sbati|tsgi igflq gfl q|sdgjq

cdin& Xbiig`dsq mgxd sdpns|dl qkbflbqdgqdq gfl agfads qtqpda|dl ldg|mq bf

|md L_ agjp gsdgq gfl qtssntflbf`

xbiig`dq gi|mnt`m |md ig||ds mgq fn| cddf

anssncnsg|dl b|m jdlbagi |dq|q&

‣ \md hgabib|bdq psnxbldl g| |md L_ Agjpq

hns |mnqd lbqpigadl gsd g q|gsk anf|sgq| |n

|mnqd psnxbldl hns |md djpinrddq gfl

jgfg`djdf| bf |md |nfqmbp& \md hnsjds

mgxd bfgldwtg|d g|ds) mdgi|m) dltag|bnf

hgabib|bdq mbid |md |nfqmbpq gsd psnxbldl

b|m gii gjdfb|bdq& \mbq mgq idl |n

sdqdf|jdf| gjnf` |md L_ Agjp sdqbldf|q&

‣ FGIAN mgq cddf giinag|bf` g jdsd 7

pdsadf| nh b|q fd| psnhb| |ngslq anspnsg|d

qnabgi sdqpnfqbcbib|r ga|bxb|bdq& \bii 3??2*

7? |md |n|gi gjntf| qpdf| hns pdsbpmdsgi

ldxdinpjdf| psn`sgjjdq gq g |n|gi Sq&

718&=0 asnsdq nh mbam Sq& <=&== asnsdq

-<? pdsadf|" gq hns |md Lgjgfenlb

qda|ns& \mbq bq g jbfbqatid gjntf|&

Qda|bnf BBB5 Sdanjjdflg|bnfq

gfl Anfaitqbnf

Glbxgqb danfnjr bq g hgqabfg|bf` gfl g |stirqtq|gbfgcid hnsj nh ibhd ainqdir cntfl |n

fg|tsd& \mbq bq aidgsir sdhida|dl bf |md q|tlr

gsdgq mdsd |md lbxdsqb|r nh hnnl gfl |md

jti|bpibab|r nh bfanjdq) gi|mnt`m jnldq|)

gsd gf bflbag|bnf |mg| b| bq g pigffdl hnsj nh

danfnjr b|m g lddp tfldsq|gflbf` nh |md

xg`gsbdq nh fg|tsd& \mdsdhnsd |mdsd bq g

pigffbf` b|m lbxdsqb|r nh ibxdibmnnlq& \md

xbiig`d jgskd| bq g xb|gi ibfk) fn| etq| hns

|mdbs hnnl ct| hns fnf*hnnl b|djq gq hgs gq

|mdbs anfqtjp|bnf bq anfadsfdl& Bf |dsjq nh bfanjdq) |md inagi*fdqq nh |md jgskd| jgkdq

hns dgqr qtppir nh anjjnlb|bdq b|m in

sbqkq gfl qtcqbq|dfad bfanjdq& \mdsdhnsd

giqn) hgsjdsq‒ qtbabldq gsd tfmdgsl nh bf |md

|sglb|bnfgi danfnjr jnldi gfl g`sbati|tsgi

qrq|dj nh |md glbxgqbq&

\md jti|bpibab|r nh asnpq gfl |md gi|dsfg|bxd

qtq|dfgfad |msnt`m hnsdq| sdqntsadq gigrq

dfqtsdl |mg| qnjd hnsj nh hnnl gq

gxgbigcid hns qtsxbxgi& \n gqqdqq |mbq qrq|djbf g jgskd|*cgqdl ns agqm*cgqdl danfnjr bf

nslds |n `gt`d bfanjdq gfl d}pdflb|tsdq

lndq fn| qrfamsnfbqd b|m |mdbs gr nh ibhd&

Rd|) gf g||djp| gq jgld |n tfldsq|gfl |mbq

qrq|dj bf |md q|tlr hsnj |md pdsqpda|bxd nh

qtq|dfgfad gfl gaadqq |n sdqntsadq sg|mds

|mgf g jnfd|bqdl hnsj nh bfanjdq& B| gq

qddf |mg| mdsd agqm mgq |n cd tqdl jnsd bf

|md snglqbld xbiig`dq ibkd Cddqptsgj) |mdr

dsd nfir gcid |n anfqtjd ib||id ldqpb|d |md

hga| |mg| |mdr mgl anhhdd pigf|g|bnfq& \mdagqm d}pdflb|tsd bq jtam mb`mds mdsd gq

bfpt| anq| hns anhhdd bq mb`mds |mgf |mg| hns

g`sbati|tsd gfl |mdsd gq g `sdg|ds

ldpdfldfad nf |md _LQ gq dii& Pmdsd

psnatsdjdf| nh hnnl gq jnsd gaadqqbcid

|md anjjtfb|bdq mgl `sdg|ds nppns|tfb|r nh

hnnl qdatsb|r&

\mbq q|tlr giqn qmnq |mg| `sn|m bf

jnfd|gsr bfanjdq lndq fn| fdadqqgsbir idgl

|n `sn|m bf wtgib|r nh anfqtjp|bnf ns hnnl



80

qdatsb|r& \md sbam ft|sb|bxd xgitd nh |md hnnl

gfl gaadqq |n qdxdsgi jdlbabfgi gfl

lnjdq|ba sdqntsadq qmntil fn| cd

tfldspigrdl bf |md ldxdinpjdf| pigffbf` nh

|md atssdf| pnib|ban*danfnjba jnldi mdsdd}pns| gfl hnsdb`f d}amgf`d jnldiq nh

sdxdftd gsd anfqbldsdl |n |sbakid lnf |n

|md hnsdq|*ldiibf` anjjtfb|bdq& Nf |md

anf|sgsr) |md anjpgsg|bxd q|tlr bf Knsgpt|

gsdg mdsd |md glbxgqbq mgxd d}pdsbdfadl

igs`d jbfbf` psneda|q bf |mdbs gsdgq bflbag|dq

|mg| |md nxdsgii dhhda|q nh jnfd|bqdl

danfnjr nf hnnl qdatsb|r gfl qnabgi

qdatsb|r jgr ga|tgiir cd ld`dfdsg|bxd&

\mtq) g qdsbntq sdxbd gfl anq|*cdfdhb|gfgirqbq nh igfl gfl |sglb|bnfgi sdqntsad*

cgqdl danfnjr xbq*ï*xbq sdqntsad

d}pinb|g|bnf jnldiq ibkd d}|sga|bxd

bfltq|sbdq bf |mdqd danin`bagiir sbam gsdgq

gsd ts`df|ir sdwtbsdl& Anjjtfb|r

pdsqpda|bxdq q|snf`ir anfldjf |md fd

psnpnqgiq& \md q|g|d qmntil fn| nxdssbld |mbq

|sglb|bnfgi bqlnj mbam mgq psn|da|dl |md

Dgq|dsf @mg|q qbfad |md _gidnib|mba g`d&

Gi|mnt`m anhhdd gq bf|snltadl cr |md

`nxdsfjdf|) |md qgjd jgambfdsr bq nskbf`g`gbfq| |md inf`dxb|r nh |mbq asnp cr

csbf`bf` bf psbxg|d jbfbf` bf|dsdq|q bf

psdabqdir |md qgjd gsdgq& B| bq hns |md q|g|d |n

sdxbd b|q dssg|ba pnibabdq gq b|q bfxdq|jdf|q

bf qtam d}pdsbjdf|q gsd mb`m gfl ghhda| g

igs`d pnptig|bnf&

\md bf|snlta|bnf nh anhhdd) |md hbsq|

jnfnati|tsgi agqm asnp bf |mdqd hnsdq| gsdgq

`dfdsg|dl g fd hnsj nh agqm danfnjr

jnldi& Gq g `nxdsfjdf| qamdjd b| agjd |ncd bjpidjdf|dl bf igs`d gsdgq md|mds ns

fn| |md pdnpid gqpbsdl hns |mbq qmbh| bf igfl

t|bibqg|bnf& Mndxds) |mbq mgq idl |n n|mds

agqm*cgqdl asnpq gfl anspnsg|bqdl hnsjq nh

danfnjr bf |mbq sd`bnf mdsd dxdf bf |md

mdgs| nh |mbq anhhdd igfl gfl hnsdq| igfl)

agqm asnpq ibkd |ncgaan gfl qt`gsagfd mgxd

q|gs|dl cdbf` ptqmdl cr psbxg|d pigrdsq&

Mn jtam nh igfl gsdg qmntil cd psn|da|dl

|n |sglb|bnfgi grq nh hgsjbf` gfl mg|

d}|df| bq |n cd hibs|dl b|m qtam fdn*

danfnjba jnldiq gsd g`gbf g anf|df|bntq

bqqtdq |mg| |md q|g|d mgq |n sdqnixd&

Hnnl qdatsb|r gfl jgift|sb|bnf gsd q|gskir

gfl bsnfbagiir `igsbf` g| |md q|g|d bf |mbq igfl

nh |sglb|bnfgi gctflgfad& Jgift|sb|bnf mgq |n

cd gllsdqqdl qdsbntqir gfl qn giqn |md

bfasdgqbf` qdgqnfgi biifdqqdq gfl jns|gib|r

sg|dq) idqq b|m hbsq|*gbl gfl djds`dfar

jdlbagi qdsxbadq) gfl jnsd b|m bjpsnxbf`

|md fg|tsgi sdqntsad cgqd nh |md Dgq|dsf

@mg|q&

\md lbflibf` g|ds qb|tg|bnf gfl |md g|ds

asbqbq bf |mdqd mbiiq mdsd g|ds gq jdgf|

|n cd hinbf` ibkd cinnl gasnqq |md mbiiq

-Sgk|gknflg" |msnt`m |md bfftjdsgcidq|sdgjq gfl qpsbf`q) bq g sdgib|r |mg| bq

qdsbntq& Idqq g|ds `tuuibf` agqm asnpq gfl

idqqds dgs|m pitfldsbf` igfl tqd jdamgfbqjq

fddl |n cd glnp|dl gq gf danfnjba jnldi bf

|mdqd sd`bnfq& \md q|g|d qmntil innk g|

dfqtsbf` cd||ds gaadqq |n ldxdinpjdf|gi

qamdjdq ibkd |md J@FSD@G |n bjpsnxd

xbiig`d bfhsgq|sta|tsd) qnbi hds|bib|r gfl g|ds

anfqdsxg|bnf sg|mds |mgf psnjn|d

dfxbsnfjdf|giir ldq|sta|bxd psn`sgjjdq

ibkd jbfbf`&

Id`gi qghd`tgslq

\md id`gi gfl Anfq|b|t|bnfgi qghd`tgslq hns

|md glbxgqb pdnpid gq dii gq |md danin`bagi

sdqntsadq nh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q fddl |n cd

sdqpda|dl hbsq| cr |md q|g|d fn| nfir hns |md

cdfdhb| nh |md glbxgqbq ct| giqn hns |md mdgi|m

nh |md mbiiq gfl pnib|bagi pdgad nh |md sd`bnf&

B| bq |md danin`bagi mdgi|m gfl hnnl qdatsb|r

|mg| bii dfgcid pdgad |n |md glbxgqbq sg|mds

|mgf |md xbnidf| jd|mnlq nh qtppsdqqbnf gfl

jnfd|gsr bfadf|bxdq ibkd |md Bf|d`sg|dl

Ga|bnf _igf nh |md @nxdsfjdf| nh Bflbg -|n

hb`m| |md bqqtdq nh Fg}gibqj"&

\md sd`bnf bq psn|da|dl tflds |md

Anfq|b|t|bnf gfl cr |md qdxdsgi igq igs`dir)

gq g jdgqtsd nh qghd`tgslbf` |md sb`m|q nh

|md glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq gfl |md danin`bagi

sdqntsadq gfl dfxbsnfjdf| nh |md sd`bnf&

\mdqd fddl |n cd dfhnsadl bf |mdbs |std

qpbsb|&



8=

Igfl gibdfg|bnf gfl xbnig|bnf nh |md Igfl

\sgfqhds Sd`tig|bnf Ga|) hns ptspnqdq nh

psbxg|d bfltq|sbgi ga|bxb|bdq bq `nbf` |n mgxd

g qdsbntq bjpga| nf |md danin`bagi cgigfad

gq b| ntil idgl |n hts|mds ldhnsdq|g|bnf crinagi pnptig|bnfq gq dii gq |md nt|qbldsq& Bf

FGIAN gsdg) hns bfq|gfad) b| gq qddf |mg| g

igs`d gsdg nh igfl -gsntfl 7?)??? mg"

cdrnfl |md sdwtbsdjdf| nh jbfbf` ptspnqdq

gq gawtbsdl& \nlgr jnq| nh b| sdjgbfq

tft|bibqdl gfl |md anjjtfb|bdq lbqpigadl

hsnj |mdqd igflq dsd hnsadl |n jb`sg|d ns

naatpr hnsdq| igflq& Bf*jb`sg|bnf gq g sdqti|

nh jbfbf` mgq idl |n naatpg|bnf nh g igs`d

gsdg nh igfl cr nt|qbldsq agtqbf` psdqqtsd

nf |md igfl gq dii gq |md hnsdq|& \mdqdbjpga|q mgxd |n cd `bxdf |md qdsbntqfdqq

|mdr ldqdsxd gfl hts|mds igfl gibdfg|bnf

qmntil cd q|nppdl hns qtam psbxg|d gfl

bfltq|sbgi ptspnqdq bh |md Dgq|dsf @mg|q mgxd

|n cd psn|da|dl&

Anfqti|g|bnf nh glbxgqb anjjtfb|bdq

|msnt`m |md bfq|b|t|bnf nh @sgj Qgcmgq bq

cdbf` anjpid|dir b`fnsdl& \md ptspnqd nh

|md _DQG Ga| bq cdbf` fd`g|dl cr |md

`nxdsfjdf| db|mds cr psd|df|bntqanfqti|g|bnfq ns cr anjpid|dir crpgqqbf`

|md anfqti|g|bxd psnadqq& Inagi anjjtfb|bdq

mgxd g sb`m| |n psn|da| |md sdqntsadq nh |mdbs

sd`bnf gfl giqn |n |gkd ldabqbnfq nxds |mdqd

sdqntsadq& Pb|mnt| |mdbs pgs|babpg|bnf) b|

ntil cd bjpnqqbcid hns |md q|g|d |n psn|da|

|md fg|tsgi sdqntsadq nf b|q nf& B| gq bf

sdan`fb|bnf nh |mbq sdgib|r |mg| |md AHJ

psnadqqdq dsd bfb|bg|dl |msnt`mnt| |md

antf|sr& @nxdsfjdf| agffn| qdida|bxdir

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82

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07

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03

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01

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08

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02

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IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SUSTENANCE OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN THE EASTERN GHATS (2011)- Mundoli

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