IMOS BlueWater

IMOS Aims• Characterize Oceans role in climate and

enhance climate prediction• Understand and predict impacts of off-shore

large-scale variability on the shelf.

IMOS EIF focus:Northern Australia and Southern Oceans

IMOS BlueWater

Strawman National Vision• Fills northern and southern gaps identified by

EIF• Truly national in outlook recognising the large-

scale nature of our ocean systems • IMOS I never directly approached its second

goal – gap in boundary current/slope monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

Where are we now• Argo• SOOP (XBT, BGC, CPR, SST, Air-sea flux)• SOTS

IMOS BlueWater

Where we are now• Reference and shelf current moorings • radar network • AATAMS curtains.

IMOS BlueWater

Current Real-time Delivery over the shelf is non-existent: operational products are not constrained on the shelf and slope

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf • Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf • Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?• Sustain Argo and enhance under ice• Explore iridium deployments in Indonesian Seas (gap)

-ruggedized antennas for ice

- Float donation to Indonesia?

IMOS BlueWater

Bottom Water Monitoring• Deep Ocean Time Series (DOTS) included in IMOS• Deploy simple and relatively long-lived bottom CTD moorings along

these repeat hydrographic sections (Indian Ocean and Pacific, see below)

IMOS BlueWater

Bottom Water monitoring: Deep Ocean Moorings at Abyssal Choke Points

80o E

120oE 160oE

160 oW

60o S

50o S

40o S

30o S

20o S

10o S

Deep mooring array in the Indian and Pacific Ocean to monitor temperature and salinity of deep ocean > 2000m.

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf • Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?• All major boundary current systems monitored in

at least 1 transect

East Australian Current

Leeuwin

Leeuwin Extension

IMOS BlueWater

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Monitor amount of volume and heat (v*T including v‘T‘)

Geostrophic WBC array – End-Point approach+ core elements: density moorings at end points + Pressure-Inverted Echosounders along transect (PIES) + gliders running the line

+ needs testing with full transport array (3 years moveable)

+ if successful, can roll out to several systems

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?• Monitor the flow across the NWS and

Indonesian Passages

IMOS BlueWater

NWS/Indonesian Throughflow Line• Combination of shelf (6 month turnaround) and bluewater (2 year

turnaround) moorings (Timor Leste/Australian waters)

+ Ombai Strait transport mooring

+ Timor strait transport mooring

+ Cross shelf transect of shelf moorings (including some located under altimeter tracks (calibration)

+ international partners (NOAA, SOA) instrument Makassar and Lombok Straits

IMOS BlueWater

ARGOfloats

Surfacedrifters

A comprehensive climate/marine, multi-disciplinary observing network off Kimberley

IMOS BlueWater

Measuring the transport of the ACC via Pressure Inverted Echosounders (PIES) along the SR3 transect: complements installations south of Africa and in Drake Passage

McCartney and Donohue, 2007

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?• Monitor the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and

Tasman Outflow

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?• Sustained glider monitoring of the slope/shelf break region and over

plateaus where Argo does not cover (T/S/Fl/DO)

1 glider operating every 5 degrees along boundary slope -+ implies an active fleet of 20 gliders

+ need a staged approach

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf• Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?

-One off NWS

- One in GoC

• Air-Sea flux moorings in the tropics –partnership with Japan,USA, China?

IMOS BlueWater

Where we want to be?

Install New Meteorological

systems on l’ Astrolabe and Oceanic Viking

• Expand Air-Sea flux Southern Ocean coverage

IMOS BlueWater

Preferred location for air-sea flux monitoring

SchulzTwo locations

IMOS BlueWater

Blue water surface wave measurementsResearch questions relating to aims of bluewater node:

- Monitoring of deepwater wave conditions. ETWS call for more in-situ wave measurements (particularly SO) for global wave model and satellite validation- Role of waves in coupled ocean-atmosphere system and air-sea fluxes in climate studies.- Sea-ice attenuation of wave energy. Role of waves in marginal ice zone.

Option 1: X-band radar system on shipse.g., Commercially available systems such as:

- WaMoS II (www.oceanwaves.de) - MIROS wavex (www.miros.no)

Advantages- Gives dirn wave spectra and surface current and direction- Operates from ship while underway- Operates in all weather conditions.

i.e., Reduced loss of data due to bad weather. - Measurements made from ship (no moorings)- Measures waves in ice conditions- WaMoS Claim Peak Direction accuracy +/- 2 degrees- WaMoS Peak Period accuracy +/1 0.5 s - Resolves secondary waves continuously

Dis-advantages- Few studies validating underway measurements in literature.

i.e., Still somewhat experimental.- Radar must operate in short-pulse (low-range) mode - Data transfer of large fields (wave spectra) from ship- Not a physical measurement of wave height. Relies on

commercially confident inversion. Some question of wave height calibration in decaying wave conditions (swell). Claimed Hs Accuracy +/- 10%.

Cost of a WAMOS II system.~ € 65,000 (+ € 11,000 for radar if needed)

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf • Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

PCO2 collected on Southern Surveyor

IMOS BlueWater

• Broad-scale observations• Boundary currents – offshore/shelf • Air-sea interaction• Carbon observing system• Ecosystem monitoring

IMOS BlueWater

Where oceanographers want to be?• Improve Continental Shelf Coverage:

– Sustained glider monitoring of the slope/shelf break region andover plateaus where Argo does not cover (T/S/Fl/DO)?

1 glider operating every 5 degrees along boundary slope -+ implies an active fleet of 20 gliders

needs a staged approach

IMOS BlueWater

Where oceanographers want to be?• Improve Open Ocean Coverage:

– Sustain Argo and enhance under ice coverage– Explore iridium deployments in Indonesian Seas (gap)

-ruggedized antennas for ice

- Float donation to Indonesia?

IMOS BlueWater

Animals as Oceanographers: an alternative approach

IMOS BlueWater

Sea Mammal Research unit

MAMVis-AD

CEBC-CNRSKerguelen

Antarctica

1200 m

Maximum sea-ice extent (previous winter)

Winter Water

Sea temperature

IMOS BlueWater

18279455860°S -Antarctica

156723859373645°S – 60° S

TOTAL100°E –140°E

60°E – 100°E20°E-60°E

/ 66 / 753 / 253 / 1072

/ 860 / 849 / 598 / 2307

BA (bathy); PF (Argo profiling float), TE GTS (tesac); XB-XBT (expendable bathythermograph) available in Coriolis-Godae data base (June 2004)

To date SEaOS provided more than three times the total number historical profiles previously available from < 60°S.

IMOS BlueWater

2008-200968,000profiles from 166 seals(elephant andWeddell seals)

Capability Gap:Australia’s Southern Ocean

EIF Funded 2009/10Deployments commencing2010IMOS/ AATAMS 30 seals

IMOS BlueWater

Plus: Australia’s southern shelf edgeCapability Gap:Australia’s Southern Shelf

EIF Funded 2009/10Deployments commencing2009IMOS/ AATAMS 20 seals

IMOS BlueWater

Capability Gap: observing the observers- top predators as ecological monitors

IMOS BlueWater

Southern Ocean Node: Australia’s contribution to the Southern Ocean Observing System

• Monitoring predator distributions can provide information on spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of their prey. Zooplankton, fish and squid remain the most difficult aspect of the southern ocean ecosystem to monitor, and predator movements remain one of the most effective means of gaining basic distribution and abundance data.

• Predators– Southern elephant seal– Antarctic fur seal– Weddell seal– Crabeater seal– King Penguin– Macaroni Penguin– Adelie Penguin– Emperor Penguin– Antarctic Petrel– Snow Petrel– Short-tailed shearwater (summer only)

• Prey– Krill– Squid– Fish– Zooplankton

Casey

Davis

IMOS BlueWater

Expanded CPR SOOP Routes

Anthony Richardson

IMOS BlueWater

Expand measurements from l’Astrolabe

• nutrients, pigments; • Total alkalinity and total carbon.• Oxygen/argon (O2/Ar) ratio measurements

to determine productivity • Expanded bio-optical measurements

IMOS BlueWater

Further SOOP Sampling

SOOP vessels with flow thru sampling:• ‘flow cam’ device, flow-thru microscopy system

detects & photographs phytoplankton and zooplankton. Four in Australia, less labour intensive than CPR.

• multiwavelength fluorometers allows phytoplankton biomass to be estimated in (up to) 8 taxonomic groups based on pigments. Fit to flow through system. Little data processing.

Peter Thompson

IMOS BlueWater

Real time Biological and Oceangraphic Observations from Instrumented Fishing Gear

Coverage of Australia’s Longline fishery for 2005

8300 12 hour timeseries/year50 vessels

Chris Wilcox

IMOS BlueWater

Real time Biological and Oceangraphic Observations from Instrumented Fishing Gear

Coverage of Australia’s Longline fishery for 2005

8300 12 hour timeseries/year50 vessels

Advantages•Units are easily recoverable and can be maintained• Data available in real time (satellite) or near real time (3G network)• Long-term remote operation not required• Relatively high power and memory use possible• Highly accurate positions• Data available as a 12 hour time series• Sampling locations in areas of interest – high energy, strong productivity, shelf and shelf boundary, boundary currents• Expands existing AATMS network to pelagic zone• Wide range of measurements

• 100 – 400 meter continuous time temperature and depth profiles• SST and ChlA• active acoustic monitoring of biomass• passive monitoring and deployment of AATMS hardware• Top predator species composition and density

• Easily adaptable to other fishing fleets or vessels of opportunity• Low cost < $50k per unit, < 50 units to capture Australian longline fishery

IMOS BlueWater

Acoustic Sampling

acoustic data may provide estimates of midtrophicorganism distribution and abundance at ocean basin scales

Rudy Kloser

IMOS BlueWater

Acoustic sampling Rudy Kloser

• Provide estimates of mid-trophic organism distribution, abundance and energetics at basin scales.

• Mature technology and methodology for ships and moorings.

• Could be adopted easily on other vessels e.g. Southern Surveyor, Aurora Australis, Fishing Vessels.

• End to End path exists for data to be incorporated into ecosystem models.

• When fishing/research vessels are used opportunity to value add with direct net, physical and chemical sampling.

• Research framework exists to advance method and uptake the knowledge.

• Growth research area for global coverage with combined mooring, vessel and float arrays

IMOS BlueWater

• Need for better nutrient coverage to match S, T, ocean colourfields – feeding into climatologies and models

• 3 stages: a) compact automated u/way instruments for SOOP, etc., b) towed sampler/instrument (match with CPR), c) ‘Lab-on-a-Chip’ for ARGO and gliders

Nutrient mapping

GIS map of phosphate concentrations in GippslandLakes using underway FIA.(>900 PO4

3- measurements in 24 hrs)

FIA system configured for phosphate analysis.

Ed Butler, Ian McKelvie

IMOS BlueWater

Biological Time-series near the Adélie Coastline

Aims:- Establish a reference time series site in the Australian East Antarctic relative to bottom water formation, Mertz Glacier dynamics/possible future ablation, ocean warming and increased acidification.-Capture in sediment traps – annual phytoplankton seasonal cycle (flux and composition) against detail sea ice, physical property and modeled observations.- Decryption of 40m cored “varved sequences” (1yr = 2.7cm) to extend the time-series back to 10kyrs.

SUPPORTAAD grant for

ship-time approved 2011-14.

New ARC Discovery Project Bid

2010 (International

Team)

L. Armand Macquarie Uni.

IMOS BlueWater

2. Santa Barbara, USA.ENSO effects on marine upwelling system causing widespread community shifts in phytoplankton.

3. Cape Blanc, (NW Africa).

Coastal upwelling weakened in 1988-89 changing the influence of phytoplankton community.

ExamplesExamples

1. 240 sites globally ~50 with phytoplankton fluxes.

Draft community white papers under the Ocean Obs’09 symposium indicate that the observational needs of Dynamic Green Ocean Models will rely more heavily on the seasonal and multi-year variability and trends as requisite data not only to treat climate issues, but also to test model performance (LeQuéré et al. 2009).

4. Observing, interpreting and predicting Consequences of long-term biological change at the Antarctic coalface, is best achived using TS collection.Ithis method will provide and inventory of species succesion, variability and links to climate processs, ice/oceanographic dynamics and chemical cycles

IMOS BlueWater

National Coastal Times Series (NCOTS) Initiative.

L. Armand. Macquarie University

Aim to:Value-add to existing National Reference Site stations with sediment traps for biological flux data.

Refer to on-line document at:

http://www.imos.org.au/wiki/Discussion_on_New_Facilities

IMOS BlueWater

Issues

• Priorities/feasibility when guidelines arise?– Is capability available in timeframe?– Sufficient funds?

• Gaps in the BGC coverage? • Shiptime to service all slope and offshore

moorings – need to secure 20-30 MNF shipdays per year?

• ?