Imen-° v k¿-I-em-ime · 2015. 9. 8. · Imen-° v k¿-I-em-ime bqW-n-th¿kn n H^v Imen-° v ]n H...
Transcript of Imen-° v k¿-I-em-ime · 2015. 9. 8. · Imen-° v k¿-I-em-ime bqW-n-th¿kn n H^v Imen-° v ]n H...
U.O.No. 9713/2014/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 15.10.2014
File Ref.No.7220/GA - IV - B2/2012/CU
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
Abstract
MA Malayalam Unified Syllabus applicable for Department of Malayalam, University of Calicut,
Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education - implemented with effect from 2014 Admission
- Approved - Orders issued
G & A - IV - B
Read:-1. UO GA1/J1/1373/08 dated 01.07.08
2. UO GA IV/J1/1373/08 dated 23.07.2010
3. Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam P.G held on
20.11.2013 and 08.01.2014
4. Minutes of the Meeting of the Faculty of Language and Literature held on
23.01.2014 item number n, item number o
5. Minutes of the Meeting of the Academic Council held on 20.03.2014 item number II
E
6. Minutes of the Meeting of the Sub Committee on CUCSS P.G held on 07.04.2014
7. Letter dated 30.09.2014 from the Dean Faculty of Language and Literature
8. Orders of the Vice Chancellor in file of even number dated 15.10.2014
ORDER
Vide UO read first above Orders were issued implementing CCSS for PG Courses in the
Teaching Departments /Schools of the University, from the Academic Year 2008-09 onwards.
Vide UO read second Credit Semester System and Grading was introduced for PG Curriculum
in the Affiliated Colleges in the University with effect from 2010 admission and Regulations for the
same implemented.
The Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) at its meeting held on 20.11.2013 and
08.01.2014 discussed about the unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus and resolved that a unified
Syllabus be followed for MA Malayalam in the Affiliated colleges, University Departments and for the
School of Distance Education vide paper read third above.
The Faculty of Language and Literature at its meeting held on 23.01.2014 vide item no
n approved the decision of the Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) to revise and unify the
MA Malayalam (PG) syllabus and vide item number o referred the matter of unification of
Muhammed S
Deputy Registrar
Forwarded / By Order
Section Officer
Malayalam (PG) Syllabus to the Steering Committee vide paper read fourth above.
The Academic council at its meeting held on 20.03.2014 vide item number II E approved
the Minutes of the Meeting of the Facurty of Language and Literature vide paper read fifth above.
The matter of unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus was placed before the Sub Committee on
CBCSS (PG) for consideration and the Sub Committee on CBCSS (PG) resolved to form a
Committee to study the matter in detail vide paper read sixth above.
The Dean Faculty of Language and Literature vide paper read seventh above forwarded
the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam to be followed in Affiliated Colleges, University Departments
and School of Distance Education.
Vide paper read sixth the Vice Chancellor has ordered that the Unified Syllabus of
MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges , University Departments and School of Distance Education
be implemented urgently with effect from 2014 admission.
Accordingly Orders are issued implementing the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam
to be followed in the University Departments, Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education
with effect from 2014 admission . The Syllabus applicable for S.D.E is implemented subject to
approval of the Regulations by the Academic Bodies.
Orders are issued accordingly.
The Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges, University
Departments and School of Distance Education with effect from 2014 admission is attached
herewith.
To
1. The Head of the Department of Malayalam
2. Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges offering MA Malayalam
3. Director , School of Distance Education
.
Copy to: PA to Controller of Examinations/EX Section/EG Section/DR & AR - PG Branch/
Exam S.D.E / Tabulation Section PG and S.D.E
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DE
MA
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NC
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AL
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H∂
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pw mj
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pw (m
ethodology) k
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cpt
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sh
hb
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p∂ s
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n‰v
2
16 tI
mgvk
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16 x 100 = 1600 B
sI
sI
Un‰
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Unk
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sh
hb
pw tN
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A
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B+
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B
50 ˛ 595
C+
40 ˛ 494
C
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D
20 ˛ 292
D-
10 ˛ 191
E
7h
nZq-c
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ym`ym--k
w ˛ h¿j
m-¥∏
co£
Hmt
cm t
Img
vkn\
pw ]co-£
mk-ab
w 3 aW
n-°q¿
.
Hmt
cm t
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pw BsI
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16 tI
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v 100 am¿
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hmN
m-]-co-£
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sI
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m-cw-`
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Unk
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hnj
bw \
evI
Ww.
c≠
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co-£
m-^e
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p-≠v.
c≠
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m\w h
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co£
.
hnZ
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n GX
p tI
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n-emt
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co£
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v Ah
n-
SsØ
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e c
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pdta \
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c≠
v ]co-£
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pd-™
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w am¿
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F√
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mXp-\
n-¿t±i
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ßfpw \
nb-a-ß
fpw _
m[-I
-am-b
n-cn-°
pw.
(NL
No.G
A1/F
/6847/2001 Dated
11.10.2002).
8. tN
mZy-c
oXn
tN
m-Zy-t
∏-∏
-dp-I
fps
S c
oXnb
pw am¿
°pw:
(1)H‰-h
m-°nte
m H‰h
mIy-Ø
nte
m DØ
cw F
gp-t
X≠
20 tN
mZyw.
Hcp
tN
mZy-Ø
n\v 1/2
am¿
°v.
BsI
am¿
°v 10.
(2)aq∂
p]pd
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Ih
n-bms
X D
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gp-t
X≠
5
tN
mZyw. H
cp t
NmZ
y-Øn\
v 6 am¿
°v. B
sI
30 am¿
°v.
(3)A©
p]pd
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I
hn-b
msX
DØ
cw
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X≠
5 tN
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Hcp
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sI
60
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tN
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v C
√.
c≠
pw aq∂
pw
tN
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v A
XX
p b
qWn-‰
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n-∂p-X
s∂
tN
mbvk
v \e
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w. AX
n\v (F
) As√
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(_n)
F∂
p ImW
n-°-W
w.
(BsI
am¿
°v 100 / A
Iw-]
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C√
.)
1312
Fw.-F
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
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Fw.-F
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w: `mj
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bqW
nth-¿-k
n‰n / tI
mtfP
v
H∂
mw sk
aÃ
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mgvk
vtI
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t]
cv
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Un‰
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AL
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m-e-a-e
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5
2 tI
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AL
1CO
2B
Zy-I
m-e-a-e
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3 tI
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AL
1CO
3B
[p-\
n-I-I
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5
4 sF
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AL
1E1/4
A X
mc-X
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m-lnX
yw5
B B
Jym-\
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vXw
C I
Ym-k
m-lnX
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D k
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v-˛-
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12.\
ne-h
mcw s
a®
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¬ / h
o≠pw ]
co£
Fgp-X
¬
Fw. F
. ]m
m-Im≥
Hmt
cm t
Img
vkn\
pw G‰h
pw Ipd
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v
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mbn‚
p≈
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KU
v B
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v. F
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n ]q¿
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m-°ms
X t
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p-∂h
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nb t
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k¿´n-^
n-°‰v \
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m-hp-∂
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v.
tX
m‰pt
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tI
mgvk
p-Iƒ
ho≠
pw Fgp-X
m≥ A
\p-h
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≠-
Xm-W
v. kne
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\ne
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pXnb
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ta ]
co£
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p∂ c
≠v A
h-k
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ƒ ]
tb
m-P-\
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m-hp-
∂-X
m-Wv. a
pgp-h
≥ t
Img
vkp-I
fpw F
gpX
n \ne
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o≠pw
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F
gp-X
m≥ Hc-h
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m-Wv. A
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p Ime
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n t\
mt°
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n-√. ]
t£
,
AX
v \
ne-h
n-ep≈
k
ne-_
kv ]
Im-c
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n-cn-°
pw. H‰-sb
m‰
tI
mgvk
v Bb
mepw H
∂n-®
m-bme
pw \ne
-hn-e
p≈ k
ne-_
v A
\p-
k-cn®
p amX
ta h
o≠pw ]
co-£
- F-gp-X
m≥ A
\p-h
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°-≠
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≈p. a
m¿°
v Ipd
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Im≠
v Hmt
cm t
Img
vkv C
S-b
v°ns
S
FgpX
n \ne
sa®
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m≥ A
\p-h
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°-≠
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.
1514
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
3._
“mW
vU]
pcmW
w (tI
mk-e
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bp≤
˛
k∂
m-l-]
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w)
4.\
ºym¥
ang
v (Aw-K
p-eo-b
mw-Kw˛
l\
p-ams
‚ B
fl-KX
w
5I
aZo]
nI (a
m-bm-k
o-Xm-¶
w)
6.B
´]
Imc
w (AwK
peob
m¶w˛]
pd∏
mSv)
(Cu `
mK-ß
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mw ]mN
o-\-`m-j
m-K-Zy-a
m-Xr-I
-Iƒ
F∂
]pk
vX-I
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kam-l
-cn-®
n-´p-≠
v).
7.ssh
⁄m\
nIk
mlnX
yw (B\
»mk
vXw,
ssh
Zyw, b
p‡n`
mj˛k
m-am-\
y-]-cn-N
bw)
8.]
m´v˛a
Wn]
hmf
w F
∂nh
bns
e `mj
bpa
mbp≈
Xmc
Xayh
pw ae
bmf
`mj
mkn≤
m¥oI
cW
hpw ˛
(amX
rII
ƒ]
Zyk
mlnX
yØns
‚ `
mKamb
n
]Tn°
m\p-≠
v.)
kwk
vIrX
P\
yhmZ
w, k
zX¥
hmZ
w, D]
imJ
mhmZ
w,
ani
`mj
mhmZ
w XpS
ßnb
`mt
jme
v∏Ø
nhmZ
ßfps
S
]›
mØe
Øn¬
˛
kml
mbI
IrX
nIƒ
:
1)tU
m. ]n. s
I. \
mcmb
W-]
n-≈, ]
mNo-\
-a-e
-bm-f
-K-Zy-a
mXrI
-
Iƒ
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Ic-f-k
¿∆
-I-e
m-ime
]k
n-≤o-I
-c-
W-h
-Ip-∏
v, 1971 (1950).
2)tU
m. Fw. F
w. ]pc
ptj
mØa≥
\mb
¿, ]
mNo\
`mj
m
KZya
mXrI
Iƒ
, Ime
n°‰v k
¿∆
Ie
mime
.
3)sI
. k
mw_
inh
imk
vXn,
hn.F
. cmak
zmani
mk
vXn
(kwt
im[
nX-k
w-kv°
-cW
w), mj
mIuSe
obw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-
]pc
w: tI
cfk
¿∆
Ie
mime
, 2010.
4)tU
m.
sI
.Fw.
]`mI
ch
mcnb
¿,
ae
bmfw am‰h
pw
hf¿®
bpw, i
pI-]
pcw: h
≈tØ
mƒ h
nZym]
oTw, 2007.
5)tU
m. ]n. h
n. th
emb
p[≥
]n≈
, a[
yIme
ae
bmf
w, Xri
q¿:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2004.
Code: M
AL
1CO
1
Fw.F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
BZy-I
m-e-ae
-bm-f
-KZyw
(Early M
alayalam P
rose)
ae
bmf
`mj
bps
S D
ev]
Ønh
nImk
sØ
bpw k
aI
menI
mh
ÿsb
bpw h
kvX
p\nj
vTamb
n a\
ne
m°m≥
hnZ
ym¿∞
nIsf
]m]
vXam°
pI F
∂X
mW
v B
Zy-I
m-e
-a-e
-bm-f-K
Zyw
F∂
t]
∏¿sI
m≠v Dt±i
n°p∂
Xv.
hnh
n[ I
meL
´ß
fne
p≠mb
KZya
mXrI
Isf k
q£vaX
tb
msS ]
cnN
bs∏
SpI
; hni
Ie
\w
sN
bvX
p a\
ne
m°pI
; `mj
mkqX
W]
camb
hnj
bß
fn¬
sX
fn™
Img
vN∏
mtSms
S C
Ss]
Sm≥
i‡
-cm-°
pI C
h-b
mWv
Cu ]
T\
w sI
m≠v e
£y-a
m-°p-∂
-Xv. `
mjb
psSb
pw kml
nXy
Øns
‚b
pw ]mc
w-`-sØ
°p-d
n®pw h
nIm-k
-N-cn-X
-sØ
-°p-d
n®pw
hk
vXp-\
n-jvTamb
Hch
t_
m[w c
q]s∏
Sm≥
Cu ]
T\
w kl
mb-
I-c-am-b
n-Øo-c
-Ww.
bqW
n‰v 1]
mN
o\K
Zya
mX
rII
fpw
Ah
bps
S `mj
mN
cnX
˛
kmwk
v°mc
nI]
m[m\
yhpw -˛
1. i
mk
\ß
ƒ˛
hmg∏
n≈ni
mk
\w,
PqX
imk
\w
(`cW
`mj
, kh
nti
j]
tb
mKw)
2.`mj
mIuSe
obw˛
koX
m≤y£
w (I
rjns
b°
pdn
®p≈
`mK
w, h
nh¿Ø
\w.
kwk
vIrX
Øns
e h
n-
⁄m\
߃
kz¥
am°
m≥ a
eb
mfw ]
mIs∏
Sp∂
p.
kº
pjvS`mj
bnte
°p≈
IpX
n∏v.)
1716
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
6]
›nt
amZ
bw (1847) h
nti
j]
T\
w˛ 10˛mw \º
¿,
(taml
≥Zmk
v hfvfn°
mhv, ]
›n-t
am-Z
-bw, `
mjm
C≥
kv‰yq-´
v, 2011, ]pd
w 224˛231.)
cmP
ykamN
mcw (1847)
(taml
≥Zmk
v h≈
n°mh
v, cmP
y-k-amN
mcw, X
ncp-h
-
\-¥
-]pc
w: kmwk
v°m-c
n-I-h
-Ip-∏
v, 1998.)
7⁄
m\\
nt£
]w ˛ (h
nti
j]
T\
w, H∂
mw e°
w,
⁄m\
\nt
£]
w:
]T\
hpw
]
mTh
pw,
_m_
p
sN
dnb
m≥ &
tP
°_
vv sF
k°
v Imf
naTw,
]pd
w 157˛164)
8anj
\dn \
nL≠
p°ƒ
, hymI
cW
߃
(k
mam\
y-
]cnN
bw)
9P
cm¿
±ns
‚ A
e¶
mci
mkvX
w˛ ^m. P
cm¿
±v
(kma
m\y]
cnN
bw)
10_
mem`
yk\
w ˛ tP
m¿÷
v amØ
≥
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)tU
m. _m_
p sN
dnb
m≥, s
_©
an≥
s_
bve
n, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 2009.
2)_
m_
p sN
dnb
m≥
&
tP
°_
vv sF
k°
v I
mfna
Tw,
⁄m\
\nt
£]
w: ]
T\
hpw
]mT
hpw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
]`mX
v _p°
v luk
v, 2002.
3)k
maph
¬ N
µ\
∏≈
n (F
Un‰
¿),
h¿Ø
-am-\
-∏p-k
vXI
w,
tI
m´b
w: F≥
_nF
kv, 1989.
4)tU
m. h≈
n°mh
v taml
≥Zmk
v, cmP
ykamN
mcw H
cp ]
T\
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: k
mwkv°
mcnI
]k
n≤oI
cW
hI
p∏v, 1998.
5)k
n.F¬
.B‚
Wn,
mjm]
T\
߃
, Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y
A°
mZan, 1989.
6)tU
m. kma
p-h¬
Nµ
-\-∏
-≈n (F
Un‰
¿), a
e-b
mfK
Zy-a
m-Xr-
I-I
ƒ.
7)P
n. ]nb
Z¿i
\≥
, BZyI
meamk
nII
ƒ, X
riq¿
: tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°mZ
an, 2007.
6)k
n. F
¬.
B‚
Wn,
`mj
m]
T\
߃
, X
riq¿
: tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°mZ
an, 1989.
7)tU
m. sI
. Fw. ]
`mI
ch
mcnb
¿ &
tU
m. ]n. F
≥. c
hoµ
≥
(kº
m.),
ae
bmf`mj
m]
T\
߃
, X
ncph
\¥
]pc
w:
tI
cf`mj
m C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v, 1990.
8)tU
m. sI
. cX
v\Ω
, ae
bmf
`mj
mNcnX
w FgpØ
—≥
hsc,
tI
m´b
w: Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1994.
9)C
fwI
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, tI
cf`mj
bps
S h
nImk
]cnW
m
aß
ƒ, t
Im´
bw: F
kv]
n-kn-F
kv, 1953.
10)k
n. F¬
. B‚
Wn, `
mjmK
Zyw, k
mlnX
yNcnX
w
]ÿ
m\
ßfne
qsS,
(F-U
n.)tU
m.
sI
.Fw.t
Pm¿÷
v,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1973, ]pd
w 615-˛685.
12)tU
m. ]pX
pt»
cn c
maN
µ≥
, tI
cfN
cnX
Øns
e
ASnÿ
m\tcJ
Iƒ
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
p-cw: t
Icf
mjm C
≥Ã
n-
‰yq-´
v, 2007 (2011)
13)sI
. F
w. ]
`mI
ch
mcnb
¿,
]q¿
∆tI
cf`mj
, aZnc
min
k¿∆
Ie
mime
, 1982.
bqW
n‰v 2a
eb
mfØ
ns‚
B[
p\nI
oIcW
w A®
SnL
´w ˛
]T\
hpw B
kqX
Wh
pw
tl
m¿Ø
qkv a
me_
mdn°
qkv ˛ h
m≥doU
v (1678)˛
(hnti
j]
T\
w)
1F
. F
≥. N
nZw_
c≥
, tl
m¿Ø
pkpw
C´n
AN
yp-
X\
pw: kX
yhpw a
nYyb
pw - 64, 85, 87 F∂
o ]pd
ß-
fn¬
sI
mSpØ
n´p≈
amX
rII
ƒ.
2k
wt£
]th
Zm¿
∞w ˛ ¢
a‚
v ]nb
m\nb
kv, 1772.
3h
¿Ø
am\
]pk
vXI
w ˛ (BZys
Ø c
≠p ]
Zß
ƒ)
4th
ZX
¿°
w ˛
5s_
bve
nbps
S s
s_
_nƒ
hnh
¿Ø
\w˛
Kp≠
¿´ns
‚ s
s_
_nƒ
hnh
¿Ø
\w ˛
(kma
m\y]
cnN
bw)
1918
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kl
mbI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)sI
. cma
Nµ
≥\
mb¿, t
Icfh
¿Ω
kvacW
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰yq´
v, 1995.
2)tU
m. tP
m¿÷
v Ccpº
bw, a
eb
mft\
mh¬
]sØ
mºX
mw
\q‰
m≠n¬
, tI
m´b
w: F≥
._n.F
kv., 1984.
3)s]
m^. ]
∑\
cma
-N-µ
≥\
m-b¿ (F
Un-‰
¿), k
ºq¿
Æ-a-e
-
bmf
kml
nXyN
cnX
w, Xnc
p-h-¥
-]pc
w: ]n. s
I. ]
ctai
zc≥
-
\mb
¿ k
vamc
-I-K
Ÿm-h
-en, t
Im´
bw: I
d‚
v _pI
vkv, 2008.
4)D≈
q¿ F
kv. ]
c-ta-i
z-c-ø
¿, t
Icfk
mlnX
yNcnX
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cfk
¿∆
Ie
mime
m ]
kn≤
oIcW
-
hn`mK
w. (KŸ
-Imc
s‚
hn-P-\
-Iaw G
-gp-h
m-ey-ß
fm-b
n-mW
v.
5 ]pk
vX-I
-ßfm-b
n-´mW
v 1953 ¬ X
ncp-h
n-XmwI
q¿ k
¿∆
I-e
m-
ime
m ]k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
-hn-`
mKw A
®-Sn-®
-Xv. t
Icf
k¿∆
-I-
em-i
me B
b-X
n-\p-t
i-j
hpw B
Iaw X
s∂
XpS
¿∂
p.)
5)"t
\mh
¸
ga' k
ocok
n¬ N
n¥ ]
ªntj
gvk
v ]k
n≤oI
cn®
19˛mw \q‰
m≠ns
e t
\mh
epI
fps
S B
apJ
]T\
߃
.
bqW
n‰v 4a
eb
mfØ
ns‚
B
[p\
nIoI
cW
w-˛a
eb
mfØ
ns‚
B[
p\nI
oIcW
hpw C
Xc`mj
Ifpa
mbp≈
kº
¿°
-
hpw˛ D
®mc
Ww, A
£came
, en]
nhyh
ÿ, ]
Zw, h
ymI-
cW
w, ssi
en,
Nn”
\w
F∂
o X
eß
fns
e ]
`mh
-
Øns
‚ h
na¿i
\mfl
Iamb
hne
bnc
pج
k
aI
men-
Iae
bmf
KZyØ
ns‚
kz`
mhw˛ ]
iv\
߃
˛ kwk
vIr-
XØ
ns‚
]`mh
w C
w•nj
ns‚
]`mh
w a
‰p
mj-I
-
fps
S I
S-∂
p-I-b
‰w
˛ k
mlnX
yØne
pw ssh
⁄m-
\nI
mhnj
vImc
Øne
pap≈
]
pXnb
]
hW
XI
ƒ ˛
`cW
`mj
mae
bmf
w I
ØpI
ƒ, \
nth
Z\
߃
, DØ
c-
hpI
ƒ, ]
amW
߃
XpS
ßnb
hyh
lmc
ßsf a
p≥\
n¿-
Ønb
p≈ ]
cymt
emN
\I
ƒ k
mt¶
Xn]
Z\
n¿Ω
mWw
˛ A
Xn-s
‚ ]
iv\
ßsf°
pdn®
p≈ B
te
mN\
Iƒ
˛
kwk
vIrX
sØ
B
ib
n°te
m A
tX
m C
w•nj
n¬-
\n∂
p kzoI
cn°
te
m A`ne
jW
obw ˛ `
n∂m`
n]mb
-
8)F
≥.
kmw,
ae
bmf
]X
]h
¿Ø
\w
19˛mw \
q‰m≠
n¬,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv.
9)F
w. P
bcmP
v, ae
bmf A
®Sna
m[
yaw
`qX
hpw
h¿Ø
-
am\
hpw (`
mKw H
∂v), t
Img
n-t°
mSv: a
mXr`
qan _
pIvk
v, 2013.
10)P
n. Iae
Ω, a
eb
mf`mj
bps
S A
Snt
hcpI
ƒ, t
Im´
bw:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1998.
11)tI
cf ]
kv A
°mZ
an (k
ºm-Z
-I¿), ]
X`mj
, sI
m®n: 1983.
bqW
n‰v 3B
[p\
nIae
bmf
Øns
‚ B
tcml
Ww
B[
p\nI
KZyk
mlnX
yhnI
mkw ˛
hnh
¿Ø
\h
pw kml
nXyt
]mj
Wh
pw ˛
BZyI
met\
mhe
pIƒ
, sN
dpI
YI
ƒ,
BJ
ym\amX
rII
ƒ ˛
^p¬
tam\
nbpw
tI
mcpW
bpw,
kpI
pamc
n, A
Iv_
¿,
am¿
ØmW
vUh
¿Ω
, Cµ
pte
J, h
mk\
mhnI
rXn F
∂o
cN
\I
sfb
pw F. B
¿. c
mP-cm-P
-h¿Ω
bps
S "k
mlnX
y-
kml
y'Øns
e ]
q¿∆
`mK
Øv s
ImS
pØn´
p≈ ]
tb
mK-
amX
rII
sfb
pw ]
cn-t
im-[
n®v K
Zyk
ml
nXyh
nIm-
ksØ
a\
ne
m°W
w. ]
m›mX
ykml
nXya
mXrI
-
Ifps
S t]
cW
Isfb
pw k
zm[o-\
-ßsfb
pw B
ib
-
kwL
¿j
ßsfb
pw IW
°ns
eSp°
Ww.
kml
nXyw F
∂ ]
T\
hk
vXp ˛
hnZ
ym`ymk
w ˛ ]mT
]pk
vXI
\n¿
ΩmW
w ˛
Kp≠
¿´v ˛ t
Icfh
¿Ω
.
˛\nc
q]W
w, kml
nXyN
cnX
w, Kth
jW
w,
`mj
m˛kml
nXyt
]mj
Wb
Xv\
߃
˛
kml
nXys
Ø I
mt\
m\oI
cn°
p∂ ]
Inb
˛
(]T\
hpw k
mlnX
yhna
¿i
\h
pw NcnX
\n¿
ΩmW
hpw
\n¿
∆l
n°p∂
I
t\
m\oI
cW
w h
na¿i
\mfl
Iamb
n
a\
ne
m°W
w.)
2120
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
߃
KZyh
nImk
Øn¬
sN
epØ
nb k
zm[o\
w s
sS]
v
ssd‰nwK
v L´w, e
n]n, e
n]n]
cnj
v°cW
w ˛ iqc
\m´
v
Ip™
≥ ]
n≈b
psSb
pw F
≥. h
n. I
rjvW
-hm-c
n-b-cp-
sSb
pw ]cn-j
v°-cW
w ˛ UnP
n‰¬
L´w ˛ I
ºyq´
dpw
A®
Snb
pw˛ C
‚¿s\
‰v ae
bmf
w, ssS∏
nMv tk
m^v‰v-
sh
bdpI
ƒ e
n]y¥
cW
coX
n ˛C
kvI
n L
´w
˛ sF
.-
Fk
v.Fw.,
cN
\,
X\
Xpe
n]n,
bq\
nt°
mUv L
´w
˛
bq\
nt°
mUv e
n]nk
©b
w (A£
cß
ƒ, A
°ß
ƒ
˛ a‰p N
nӧ
ƒ, A
Ie
w Dƒ
s∏
sS)
FgpØ
v/A®
Sn/
C‚
¿s\
‰v ae
bmf am\
IoI
cW
km≤
yX
Ifpw
kmwK
Xyh
pw.
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)sI
. Fw. t
Kmh
n, BZna
pZW
w˛`mc
XØ
nepw
ae
bmf
Øne
pw (A
®Snb
psS N
cnX
w), X
riq¿
: tI
cf-
kml
nXy A
°mZ
an, 1998.
2)X
ºm≥
F
w. B
¿.
(I¨
ho\
¿),
ae
bmfw A
®Snb
pw
FgpØ
pwHcp
ssÃ
¬ ]
pkvX
Iw
(ae
bmf
Ø\
nab
v°p-
th
≠n) X
ncph
\¥
]pc
w:tI
cf`mj
m C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v, 1999.
3)awK
ew
Fk
v. sP
., ]
mN
o\`mcX
nb e
n]ni
mk
vXh
pw
ae
bmf
en]
nbps
S h
nImk
hpw,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw:
tI
cf-
`mj
m C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v, 1997.
4)k
mw F≥
., tI
cfØ
nse
]mN
o\e
n]na
mXrI
Iƒ
tI
cfk
¿°
m¿: k
wÿm\
]pc
mtcJ
m hI
p∏v, 2006.
5)C
fwI
pfw
Ip™
≥]
n≈,
tI
cf`mj
bps
S h
nImk
]cn
Wma
߃
,tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-Fk
v, 1957 (1953).
6)Sn. _
n. th
Wp-t
Km-]
m-e∏
-Wn-°
¿, N
nX-dn-t
∏mb
knwl
-\m-
Zh
pw N
ne `mj
mhnN
m-c-ß
fpw,
Xri
q¿: tI
cf k
mlnX
y
A°
m-Zan , 2006.
7)tU
m. sI
.Fk
v. ]
Imi
v & tU
m. F
kv.F
. j
m\h
mkv
(FU
n.), ae
bmf
`mj
bpw B
tK
mfh
ev°
cW
hpw, X
ncp-h
-
\-¥
-]pc
w:tI
cfk
¿∆
Ie
mime
.
߃
˛ am\
IoI
cW
Øns
‚ k
mwKX
yw, sX
‰n√
mØ a
e-
bmf
w, sX
fna
eb
mfw
Ime
pjyw/Z
p¿K
lX
/ ssi
eo-
`wK
߃
˛ hyX
ykvX
ho£
Wß
ƒ ˛ K
Zys
si
en°
p-
≠mb
ncnt
°≠
KpW
߃
˛ h
nhn[
h
o£W
߃
˛
]T\
˛Kth
jW
ßsf ap≥
\nd
p-Øn-b
p≈ ]
cymt
em
N\
Iƒ
˛
kl
mbI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)G
. B
¿.
cmP
cmP
h¿Ω
, k
ml
nXyk
ml
yw,
tI
m´-b
w:
Fk
v]n-F
-kv, 1989 (1911).
2)Sn. _
n. th
Wpt
Km]
me∏
Wn°
¿, `
mjmt
emI
w, tI
m´b
w :
Un.k
n _pI
vkv, 1996.
3)I
p´nI
rjvW
amc
mcv,
ae
bmf
ssi
en,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-
`q-a
n, 1957.
4)F
w. F≥
. Imc
-t»
-cn, X
mbvsam-g
n, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
2012.
5)F
w. F
≥.
Imc
t»
cn,
ae
-bm-f
-hm°
v, tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 2012.
6)F
gpa
‰q¿
cmP
cmP
h¿Ω
, `mj
bpw `
cW
`mj
bpw, X
ncp-h
-
\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰yq-´
v, 2011 (2008).
7)`cW
i_
vZm-h
en,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw:
tI
cf`mj
m C
≥Ã
n-
‰yq´
v, 1999.
8)A
£ch
n\ymk
w ae
bmf
Øn¬
, tU
m. Fw. ]
n. ]ctai
z-
c≥
& F
≥. F
≥. k
p_“
Wy≥
, ]X
`mj
, sI
m®n: t
Icf
]k
v A°
mZan, 1983.
bqW
n‰v 5k
mt¶
XnI
hnZyb
pw mj
m]cnW
mah
pw F
gpØ
phnZy,
A£
csagpØ
pcoX
n k
mt¶
XnI
hnZyb
psS h
nImk
w
˛ ine
mimk
\ß
ƒ, X
mfntb
meI
ƒ, I
Se
mkpw F
gp
Øpw, I
Se
mkpw A
®Snb
pw ˛ en]
nhnI
mkw˛ h
s´gp
Øv, tI
mse
gpØ
v ˛
KŸ
en]
n, _
m“n]
mcº
cyw
˛
A®
Sne
n]n, s
_©
an≥
s_
bne
n.
kml
nXyP
\p
pIfps
S B
hn¿
`mh
w ˛ B\
pIme
nI-
2322
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
8)sI
. ]n. h
nP-b
≥, K
Zy-i
n-ev]
n, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]q¿
W
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v,1993 (1987).
9)k
p\oX
, Sn. h
n., ssk
_¿ a
eb
mfw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf
`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2012.
10.k
p\oX
, Sn. h
n., C. a
eb
mfw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf
mjm
C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2012.
Code:
MA
L1C
O2
Fw.F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
BZy-I
m-e-a-e
-bm-f
Ih
nX(E
arly Malayalam
Poetry)
ae
bmf
kml
nXyØ
ns‚
kº
∂[
mcb
mb I
mhyk
mln-
XyØ
ns‚
De
v]Ø
nhnI
mksØ
bpw ]
mcº
cys
Øb
pw hk
vXp-
\nj
vTamb
n a\
ne
m°pI
bmW
v Cu t
Img
vkp-s
Im≠
v Dt±i
n°p-
∂X
v. hnh
n[ I
meL
´ß
fne
p≠mb
]Zya
mXrI
Isf k
q£vaX
-
tb
msS ]
cnN
bs∏
Sm\
pw hni
Ie
\w s
Nb
vXpa
\
nem°
m\pw
`mj
mkqX
W]
camb
hnj
bß
fn¬
sX
fn™
Img
vN∏
mtSms
S
CSs]
Sm\
pw Cu ]
T\
w kl
mbI
amI
Ww.
bqW
n‰v 1]
Zyh
pw KZyh
pw˛]Zyh
pw (hms
amg
n) Km\
]mc
ºcyh
pw˛
hms
amg
n Km\
]mc
ºcyw
\mS
≥]
m´pI
ƒ, t
Xm‰
߃
˛
]Zyw
˛ O
µ
v, h
rØw,
]mk
w,
Ae
¶mcw ˛
Zmh
nUh
rØß
ƒ,
kwk
vIrX
hrØ
߃
˛
A£
cI
mew, K
Wh
yhÿ
, amX
mcoX
n, Ci
epI
ƒ
]qa
me°
mhns
e ]
qch
nf°
v (tI
m¬°
fn∏
m´v)
]pe
ntb
mcp I
Æ≥
tX
m‰w (t
Im¬
°fn∏
m´v)
1)]
ø∂
q¿∏
m´v
2)s]
m∂nd
Ømƒ
°Y
3)h
S°
≥]
m´v˛ H
tX
\\
pw HmW
∏pS
hb
pw
]m´
psI
´pa
pd,
A⁄
mXI
¿X
rXzw,
]mT
t`Zß
fps
S
2524
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(am-[
-h-∏
-Wn-°
-cps
S
K-h
-ZvKo-X
/ cma
-∏-W
n-°-cps
S i
nh-cmX
n-
aml
mflyw)
2)F
≥. h
n. Irj
vWh
m-cn-b
¿ (h
n-h¿Ø
-\w), A
Iw I
hn-X
-Iƒ
,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1981.
3)h
nZzm≥
h
n. I
rjvW
≥\
ºq-X
ncn,
io
\nc
WwI
hn-I
ƒ,
Xnc
pcph
-\¥
-]pc
w: Fk
v. _n. ]
v, 1956.
4)tU
mIvS¿ s
I. F
w. tP
m¿÷
v, kml
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w ]ÿ
m-\-
ß-fn-e
qsS, t
Im´
bw: F
kv]
n-kn-F
-kv, 1973 (1958).
5)Sn. P
n. am[
-h≥
Ip-
n, al
m-Im-h
y-]-ÿ
m-\w, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v, 1990 (1982).
6)ae
-bØ
v A
∏p-Æ
n, X
ang
v k
wL-I
me I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tI
mgn-
t°
mSv: a
mXr-`
q-an, 2007.
bqW
n‰v 3a
Wn]
hmfk
ml
nXyw
˛ aW
n]h
mf]
ÿm\
w ˛
eoe
mXne
I\
n¿∆
N\
w h
¿§oI
cW
w I
mhyk
uµ
cy
imk
vXN
n¥I
ƒ ˛ ]
nev°
meae
bmf
`mj
bps
S c
q]o
IcW
Øn¬
aW
n]h
mfw s
Ne
p-Ønb
]m`
hw ˛ ]
m
No\
Nº
p°fpw a
[yI
meN
ºp°
fpw X
Ωne
p≈ k
mZr
iys
sh
kmZ
r-iy-ß
ƒ ˛
B´°
Y cwK
]tb
mKI
e
bps
S k
mlnX
yw A
hb
v°v N
ºp°
fpa
mbp≈
Nm¿
®
˛ B´-°
-Yb
pw \mS
Ih
pw ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w)
1)DÆ
nb®
oNcnX
w (KZyw 11 h
sc)
2)DÆ
p\oe
oktµ
iw (]
q¿∆
`mK
w)
3)N
tµ
m’h
w (A©
mw `mK
w BZys
Ø 15 t
«mI
w)
4)]
p\w \
ºqX
ncn -˛ c
mamb
Ww N
ºp (D
Zym\
]th
iw)
5)agawK
ew ˛ `
mjms
s\
j[
w Nº
p
(]q¿
∆`mK
w BZys
Ø 10 t
«mI
w)
6)DÆ
mbnh
mcy¿
˛ \fN
cnX
w B´°
Y (H
∂mw Z
nhk
w)
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)C
fw-I
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, kwk
vIr-X
-an-i
-im-J
, kml
n-Xy-
NcnX
w ]ÿ
m-\-ß
-fn-e
q-sS, (P
-\-d¬
FU
n-‰¿) t
UmI
vS¿
[mc
mfnØ
w XpS
ßnb
t^
mIv k
hnti
jX
Iƒ
˛
Otµ
m_≤
amb
]
Zyc
N\
Ifpw
hms
amg
nKm\
ßfpw
XΩ
n-ep≈
kmP
mXys
sh
PmX
y߃
˛
kl
m-bI
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)N
nd°
¬ S
n. _me
Irj
vW≥
\mb
¿, t
Icf`mj
mKm\
߃
,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
mZan, 1983.
2)i
qc-\
m´p
Ip™
≥]
n-≈ (k
am-l
¿Ø
m), ae
-bm-f
-Im-h
y-c-
Xv\
m-I-cw,
\yqU
¬l
n: kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1962.
3)C
fw-I
pfw I
p™-≥
]n-≈
, mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw \
q‰m-≠
p-
I-fn¬
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1962 (1956).
4)s]
m^. h
n. B\
-µ-°
p´≥
, tI
c-f-`m-j
m-Km-\
-߃
, Xri
q¿:
tI
c-f-k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1995 (1980).
bqW
n‰v 2]
m´pk
mlnX
yw H∂
mw L
´w˛
ae
bmf
Øns
e ]
m´v
F∂
]Zyk
mlnX
yP\
p v e
oemX
neI
Øns
e \
n¿∆
N\
w k
wLI
meI
mhyß
ƒ, h
msamg
nKm\
]mc
ºcyw
˛ aW
n]h
mfI
hnX
C
h X
Ωn-e
p≈ k
mPmX
yssh
Pm-
Xyß
ƒ
mjm]
camb
kh
nti
jX
Iƒ
N
cnX
]c-
amb
]k
‡n ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w)
1)k
wLI
mesØ
Imh
yamX
rII
ƒ˛
(AI
w Ih
n-X-I
ƒ ˛ I
pdn-©
n-Øn-W
-bns
e
BZys
Ø 10 ]
m´p-I
ƒ)
2)]
m´p]
ÿm\
w ˛ cma
NcnX
w (BZys
Ø 3 ]
Se
w)
3)X
ncp\
ng¬
ame
˛ Bd∑
pfk
vXpX
n hsc
4)I
Æ»
cma
mbW
w˛ Inj
vIn‘
mImW
vUw (B
Zys
Ø 20 ]
mv)
5)`mj
m`Kh
XvK
oX ˛ (B
Zys
Ø 10 ]
m´v)
6)cma
IY
∏m´
v ˛ _me
ImW
vUw (H
∂mw h
ncpØ
w)
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)D≈
q¿ F
kv. ]
c-ta-i
z-c-ø
¿, a
≤y-I
m-e-a-e
-bmf
amX
r-I-I
ƒ
(c≠
mw mK
w), Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: _
n.hn. _
p°v U
nt∏
m, 1915.
2726
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
sI
. F≥
. Fgp-Ø
-—≥
, Inf
n-∏m´
v (]pd
w 355-˛435), (P\
-d¬
FU
n-‰¿) s
I.-F
w. tP
m¿P
v, kml
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w ]ÿ
m-\-ß
-
fn-e
qsS, t
Im´
bw: F
kv]
n-kn-F
-kv, 1973.
2)k
mln-X
y-]-©
m-\-\
≥ ]
n. sI
. \mc
m-b-a-]
n≈, ]
©m-\
\s‚
hna
¿i
X-b
w, Xri
q¿; t
Ic-f -k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
3)tU
m. ]
n. Dj
, ]
q¥m-\
-Øns
‚ `‡
nbpw
XX
z-Nn-¥
bpw,
ipI
-]pc
w:h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym]
o-Tw, 2012.
4)Sn.
a≥
kq-d
-en
(FU
n-‰¿),
Ad_
nae
-bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-]
-T-\
-
߃
, tI
mgn-t
°m-S
v, eoU
v _pI
vkv, 2014.
bqW
n‰v 5]
cnh
¿Ø
\L
´w ˛ ]
sØ
mºX
mw \q‰
m≠ns
‚ A
h
km\
tØ
msS a
eb
mfI
hnX
mcwK
Øp≠
mb ]
co£
W
߃
B
[p\
nIKZyk
mlnX
yP\
p pI
ƒ B
hn¿
`h
n
°p∂
Xn\
p kam¥
camb
n ]ZyØ
nep≠
mb B
hnj
vIm
cß
ƒ
Ah
bps
S s
sh
hn[
yhpw k
hnti
jX
Ifpw
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w)
1)I
p™n°
p´≥
X
ºpc
m≥ ˛
al
m`mc
Xw˛
(I¿Æ
]¿∆
w ˛
I¿Æ
m¿÷
p\b
p≤h
pw I¿Æ
h[
hpw)
2)tI
cfh
¿Ω
he
nb t
Imb
nغ
pcm≥
˛
ab
qck
tµ
iw (]
q¿∆
`mK
w)
3)i
osh
m≈n, H
cp I
Y ˛ (s
h◊
Wn]
ÿm\
w)
4)sI
. kn. t
Ii
h∏
n≈ ˛ t
Ii
hob
w (kya
¥I
w) ˛
(ZznX
obm£
c]
mk\
ncmk
w)
5)I
p≠q¿
\mc
mbW
tat\
m≥ ˛ t
Ima
∏≥
(]®
ae
bmf
]ÿ
m\w)
6)h
n. kn. _
meI
rjvW
∏W
n°¿ ˛ H
cp h
nem]
w
(hne
m]I
mhy]
ÿm\
w)
7)G
. B¿. c
mPcmP
h¿Ω
˛ ae
bh
nemk
w
(Bfl
KoX
n]ÿ
m\w)
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1) D≈
q¿ F
kv. ]
c-ta-i
z-c-ø
¿, t
Ic-f-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cn-X
w.
sI
. -Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1973.
2)C
fw-I
pfw I
p™≥
]n-≈
, (hym-J
ym-\w), D
Æp-\
oenk
tµ
-iw,
tI
m´b
w; Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1989 (1954).
3)sI
.Sn.
cma
-h¿Ω
, I
ma-]
q-P, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ¢
mknI
v _
p°v
SÃ
v, 1985.
bqW
n‰v 4]
m´pk
mlnX
yw c≠
mw L´w
]m´
ns‚
bpw a
Wn]
hmf
Øns
‚b
pw [mc
Isf k
a\
zbn∏
n°p∂
]ne
v°me
]m´
p
kml
nXyw ˛ a
eb
mf`mj
bps
Sb
pw kml
nXyØ
ns‚
bpw
X\
nab
m¿∂
L
´w
˛ ]
mNo\
]m´
pkml
nXyh
p
amb
pw ]ne
v°me
Nº
p°fpa
mbpw t
N¿∂
v tI
cfob
`m
h\
sb
bpw
`mh
pIX
zsØ
bpw
CX
nlmk
]
mcº
cy
Ønt
e°
p I
Ænt
N¿°
p∂ ]
Inb
˛
`‡
n]ÿ
m
\Ø
ns‚
A
¿∞
am\
߃
˛
tZi
obamb
]
m´p]
mc
ºcyw
`mc
Xob
amb
am\
-Øn-t
e°
p I
S°
p∂X
n\p
]n∂
mse
ssh
tZi
nIamb
`mh
pIX
zØns
‚ I
S-∂
p-h-
ch
v ˛
A¿tÆ
mkp
]mX
ncnb
psSb
pw tamb
n≥I
p´n
ssh
Zyc
psSb
pw kw`
m-h-\
-Iƒ
˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
1)sN
dpt
»cn ˛ I
rjvW
KmY
(cp‹
nWok
zbwh
cw)
2)F
gpØ
—≥
˛ A≤
ymflcma
bW
w Inf
n∏m´
v
(kpµ
cI
mWvU
w˛ e¶
mZl
\w)
3)F
gpØ
—≥
˛ ioa
lm`
mcX
w Inf
n∏m´
v
(I¿Æ
]¿∆
w ˛ ]m¿
∞k
mcY
oh¿Æ
\w)
4)]
q¥m\
w ˛ ⁄m\
∏m\
5)I
p©≥
\º
ym¿ ˛ I
eymW
kuK‘
nIw
6)cma
]pc
Øph
mcy¿
˛ Ipt
Ne
hrØ
w h©
n∏m´
v
7)A
¿tÆ
mkv ]
mXnc
n ˛ NX
pc¥
yw, \cI
h¿Æ
\
8)tamb
n≥I
p´n s
sh
Zy¿
_
Zdp¬
ap\
odp¬
lpk
v\p¬
Pam¬
(]qa
Imf
msW
lpk
\p¬
Pam¬
F∂
Ci
¬)
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)s]
m^-k
¿ U
n. ]fl
-\m-`
≥ D
Æn, K
mY (]
pdw 301-˛354);
2928
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
1CO
3
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
B[
p-\n-I
-I-h
nX(M
odern
Poetry)
Ime
v]-\
n-I-X
-bn-t
e-°
p≈ a
e-b
mf I
hn-X
-bps
S a
m‰-Ø
ns‚
BZy-a
m-Xr-I
-Iƒ
F¥
v F∂
v BZy-I
m-e-I
-hnX
F∂
tI
mgvk
ns‚
`mK
-amb
n ]Tn-®
n-p-≠
v. ]m›
m-Xy-I
-hn-X
-bp-a
m-bp≈
]cn-N
-bw-h
gn-
bpw
tZi
o-b-]
-ÿm-\
-Øns
‚ ]
›m-Ø
-e-Ø
n¬ DW
¿∂
p-h∂
Bfl
-t_
m-[-Ø
ns‚
^
e-amb
pw I
mev]
-\n-I
X ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
]_
e-am-I
p-∂X
v B[
p-\nI
Ih
n-X-b
-Øns
‚ c
N-\
-I-fn-e
q-sS-b
m-
Wv. a
e-b
m-f-I
-hn-X
-bps
SX
s∂
Zni
am‰
nb I
mev]
-\n-I
X h
f¿∂
v
Ime
v]-\
n-I-h
ncp≤
X-b
n-te
°pw B
[p-\
n-I-X
m-hm-Z
-Øn-te
°pw ]
cn-
W-an-°
p-∂-X
ns‚
Ih
n-Xm-h
-gn-I
-fmW
v Cu t
Img
vkn¬
hnZym¿
∞n-
Iƒ
]Tn-t°
-≠-X
v. At\
Iw ]
-h-W
-X-I
fpw ]
ÿm-\
ßfpw I
hn-
Xm-c
w-KØ
v ]
Xy-£
-am-b
n-´p-≠
v. A
Øcw
]h
-W-X
-I-sfb
pw
]ÿ
m-\-ß
-sfb
pw ]T-\
-hn-t[
-b-am-°
pI; I
mhy-ß
fps
S k
q£va-
amb
]mT
]T\
-ß-fn-e
qsS ]
pXnb
Bk
zm-Z\
-ta-J
-e-I
ƒ I
s≠
-
Øp-I
; -hn-a
¿i
-\Ø
ns‚
]pX
nb-am¿
§-ß
fne
qsS a
qey\
n¿Æ
-b-
Øn-\
p ]m]
vX-cm-h
pI C
h-b
mWv B
[p-\
nIae
-bm-f
-I-h
n-X-b
psS
]T-\
-Øn-e
qsS e
£y-a
m°p∂
-Xv.
bqW
-n‰v 1k
mln-X
y-Øns
e ]
ÿm-\
-߃
¢
m n-k
n-kw, s
dma
m-
‚n-k
n-kw,
dob
-en-k
w, F
Ivk
-]-j
\n-k
w, C
w]-j
-\n-
kw,
tamtU
-Wn-k
w,
t]
mÃ
v tamtU
-Wnk
w ˛
2)N
mØ-\
mØv A
Nyp-X
-\pÆ
n, Fw. -B
¿. c
mL-h
-hm-c
n-b¿
(hym-J
ym-\w), t
ImI
-k-tµ
iw, i
pI]
pcw: h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-
]oT
w, 2007.
3)F
≥. I
rjvW
-]n≈
, ssI
c-fn-b
psS I
Y, t
Im´
bw: F
kv]
n-
kn-F
-kv, 1992 (1958)
4)F
w. eoe
m-hX
n, ae
-bm-f
-I-h
n-Xm-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cnX
w, Xri
q¿:
tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
5)tU
m. ]n. -s
I. \
mcm-b
-W-]
n≈, ]
Zy-c
Xv\
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf k
¿h
-I-e
m-ime
]k
n-≤o-I
-cW
w, 1949 (2007).
6)sI
. ]n. F
kv. t
at\
m≥, I
Y-I
-fn-c
w-Kw, t
Img
n-t°
mSv:
amX
r-`q-a
n, 1957.
7)h
S°
pw-Iq¿
cmP
-cm-P
-h¿Ω
, tI
c-f-k
m-ln-X
y-NnX
w ˛ Ncn-
Xh
pw ]qc
-Wh
pw, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, H∂
mw `mK
w
1967; c≠
mw `mK
w 1968.
8)N
mØ-\
mØv A
Nyp-X
-\p-Æ
n, Fw.-B
¿. c
mL-h
-hm-c
n-b¿ (h
ym-
Jym-\
w), B
-ap-J
w, aW
n-]-h
m-f-e
-Lp-I
m-hy-ß
ƒ,
ipI
-]p-
cw: h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
oTw, 2004.
9) tU
m. F≥
. tKm]
n-\m-Y
≥ \
mb¿, D
Æn-b
®oN
cnX
w, Ime
n-
°‰v k
¿h
-I-e
m-ime
: ]k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
-hn-`
m-Kw, 2005.
10) Xp©
≥ ]
_‘
߃
, Xri
q¿: t
Icfk
mlnX
yA°
mZan,
1976.
11)D
r. K. R
amachandran N
air, Early M
anip
ravalam - A
Stud
y,
Trivandum
: 1971.12) P
uthussery Ram
achandran, Lan
guage of M
idd
le Malayalam
,T
rivandrum: D
LA
, 1973.
3130
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
-n‰v 2
-
Ime
v]-\
n-I-X
m-]-ÿ
m-\-Ø
ns‚
hnI
mkw
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
1) IÆ
p-\o¿
Øp≈
n ˛ \me
m-∏m´
v \mc
m-b-W
-ta-t\
m≥
2) \na
njw ˛ P
n. i¶
-c-°
p-dp∏
v
3) a\
-kzn\
n ˛ Nß
-ºpg
Irj
vW-]
n≈
4) aW
n-\mZ
w ˛ CS-∏
≈n c
mL-h
≥]
n≈
5) Ifn-b
-—≥
˛ ]n. I
p™n-c
m-a≥
\mb
¿
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)sI
.- F-k
v. \mc
m-b-W
-]n≈
, Nß
-ºpg
˛Hcp ]
T-\
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1980.
2)F
w. sI
. km\
p, \£
-X-ß
-fps
S k
vt\
l-m-P
-\w, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]nk
n-F-k
v., 1998.
3)N
ß-º
pg I
rjvW
-]n-≈
, XpS
n-°p∂
Xmf
p-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1987.
4)sI
.-Fw.
]`m-I
-c-h
m-cn-b
¿,
Ih
n-X-b
nse
`mj
, tI
m´b
w:
\mj
-W¬
_pI
vÃmƒ
, 1976.
5)C
. sI
. ]pc
p-tj
m-Ø-a≥
, Nß
-ºp-g
-°-h
n-Xn-b
nse
Ime
v]-
\n-I
-X,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `mj
m C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v, 1993
(1984).
6)N
ß-º
pg ]
`mI
-c≥
, CS-∏
≈n c
mL-h
≥]
n≈-b
psS P
ohnX
-
I-Y
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1983.
7)F
kv. K
p]vX
≥\
mb¿, I
mhy-k
z-cq-]
w. tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: en]
n
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2004 (1973).
8)k
pIp-a
m¿ A
go-t
°m-S
v, i¶
-c-°
p-dp∏
v hna
¿i
n-°-s∏
-Sp∂
p,
tI
mgn-t°
mSv: \
h-tI
-cf t
Im
-Hm-∏
-td-‰oh
v ]ª
n-jnwK
v luk
,
1963.
bqW
n‰v 3b
mYm-X
-YyX
tb
mSv A
SpØ
Ime
v]-\
n-I-X
˛ ip≤
-Im-
ev]
-\n-I
-X-tb
mSv A
I¬
® ˛
Poh
nXw
IqS
pX¬
B
g-
th
Uvk
vh¿Ø
v, kmt
Y˛ s
j√
n, Io‰
vkv, _
b-d¨
-˛-km-
am-\
y-amb
n ]cn-N
-b-s∏
-Sp-I
.
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
1) \fn\
n ˛ Ipa
m-c-\
m-im≥
2) aKvZ-e
-\-a-dnb
w ˛ h≈
-tØ
mƒ
3) ]nwK
f ˛ D
≈q¿
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tP
mk^
v ap≠
t»
cn, B
-im≥
Ih
nX: H
cp ]
T-\
w, Xri
q¿:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1988 (H
∂mw ]
Xn∏
v 1973).
3)sI
. cma
-N-µ
≥\
m-b¿, ]
n. hn. t
he
m-bp-[
≥]
n≈ (k
-ºm-Z
-
I¿),
al
m-Ih
n D≈
qcpw
ae
-bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-h
pw, X
ncp-h
-\-
¥-]
pcw: t
Ic-f-k
¿∆
-I-e
m-im-e
, 1978.
4)sI
.Fw.t
Pm¿
Pv (P
-\-d¬
F
Un-‰
¿),
B[
p-\n-I
-a-e
-bmf
kml
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w ]
ÿm-\
-ß-fn-e
q-sS,
tI
m´b
w: U
n.-kn.
_pI
vkv, 1998.
5)tU
m.Fw.-e
o-em-h
-Xn, a
lm-I
hn h
≈-tØ
mƒ, t
Im´
bw:
F≥
_nF
-kv, 1998.
6)\
nXy-s
N-X
\yb
Xn, \
fn\
n F∂
Imh
y-in-e
v]w, t
Img
n-t°
mSv:
en]
n ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2002 (1975).
7)F
w. sI
. -km\
p, arX
yp-RvP
bw I
mhy-P
o-hn-X
w, tI
m´b
w:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1996.
8)H.-F
≥-.h
n. Ipd
p-∏v, I
hn-X
-bns
e h
gn-Ø
n-cn-h
p-Iƒ
,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n, 2005.
9)]
n. sI
. _me
-Irj
vW≥
, Imh
yIe
Ipa
m-c-\
m-im-\
n-eqs
S,
tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
vÃmƒ
, 1979 (1970).
10)sI
.Fw.
Um\
n-b¬
, \
h-N
-Ih
mfw
\fn-\
n-bne
pw a‰pw,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v-]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1973.
3332
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
n‰v 4I
mev]
-\n-I
-X-b
psS X
pS¿®
-Iƒ
˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
1)Hm¿
°pI
h√
-t∏
mgpw
˛ ]n. `
mkvI
-c≥
2)k
¿§k
w-KoX
w ˛ hb
-em¿
cma
-h¿Ω
3)`qa
n-s°
mcp N
c-a-KoX
w ˛ H. F
≥. h
n. Ip-d
p∏v
4)]
mhw a
m\-h
-lr-Z
bw
˛ kpK
-X-I
p-amc
n
5)F
X b
mZr-—
nIw ˛ P
n. Ipa
m-c-]
n≈
6)Dj
v ˛ F
w.-F≥
. ]me
qcv
7)t]
c-°
n-Smh
v ˛ bqk
-^e
n tI
t®
cn
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)F
w. eoe
m-h-X
n, h¿Æ
-cm-P
n, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v-]n-k
n-F-k
v,
1989 (1977).
2)F
≥. I
rjvW
-]n≈
, ssI
c-fn-b
psS I
Y, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v-]n-k
n-Fk
v, 1992 (1958).
3)s]
m^. ]
n.- Sn. N
mt°
m, Ih
n-X-b
psS k
mcw, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1986.
4)tU
m. F
w. e
oem-h
-Xn,
BZn-c
q-]-ß
-ƒ k
mln-X
y-Øn¬
˛
Hcp ]
T-\
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-
v, 1993.
5)tU
m. tZi
-aw-K
ew c
ma-I
r-jvW
≥, I
mhy-`
m-j-b
nse
]i
v\-
߃
, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `mj
m C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq´v,
1993
(1986).
6)A
ø-∏
-∏-W
n-°¿, A
¥-
-∂n-t
h-i
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 2000.
7)i
m¥m c
ma-N
-µ≥
, BZn-c
q-]-ß
-fps
S ]
Z-h
n-\ymk
w B
[p-
\n-I
-a-e
-bm-f
- I-h
n-Xb
n¬, I
men-°
-‰v k
¿∆
-I-e
m-im-e
, ]k
n-
≤o-I
-c-W
-hn-`
m-Kw, 2007.
8)T. S
. Eliot, S
elected P
rose, (Edited by) John H
ayward, G
reatB
riton: Penguin B
ooks, 1963.
Øne
pw ]c-∏
nepw ˛ I
mev]
-\nI
bmY
m-X-Y
yX ]
pXnb
]cn-t
]-£
y-tØ
msS˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
1) agp-h
ns‚
IY
(H-∂
mw-`mK
w amX
w)
˛ _me
m-a-W
n-bΩ
2) ]qX
-∏m´
v˛ C
S-t»
cn t
Kmh
n-µ≥
\mb
¿
3) kl
ys‚
aI
≥˛ s
sh
te
m-∏n≈
n io[
-c-\
-ta-t\
m≥
4) sI
m®p-s
Xm-Ω
≥˛ F
≥.-h
n. Irj
vW-h
m-cn-b
¿
5) \tß
-a-°
p´n (\
memw J
fiw a
mXw)
˛ Hf-∏
-aÆ
kp_
-“-W
y≥ \
ºq-X
ncn
6) Ccp-]
Xmw \
q‰m-≠
ns‚
CX
nlmk
w
(\cI
w F∂
c≠
mw Jfi
w amX
w)
˛ A°
nØw A
NypX
≥ \
ºq-X
ncn
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. Fw.e
oem-h
-Xn, a
e-b
mfI
hn-X
m-km-l
nXyN
cn-X
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Zan, 1996 (1980).
2)sI
.]n. i
c-®
-µ≥
, CS-t»
-cn-b
psS I
mhy-t
em-I
w, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]nk
nF-k
v, 1988.
3)ssh
te
m-∏n-≈
n, Imh
y-te
m-I-k
va-c-W
-Iƒ
,
tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1988.
4)]
n. Fw. \
mcm-b
-W≥
, A°
n-Ø-Ø
ns‚
Imh
y-Z¿i
-\w, h
≈-
tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, t
Im´
bw: \
mjW
¬ _
p°v Ã
mƒ, 2014.
5)F
≥. F
≥. I
°m-S
v, I
hn-X
bpw
]mc
ºcyh
pw, i
pI-]
pcw:
h≈
-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 1984.
6)s]
m^. F
w.]n. ]
Wn-°
¿, a
e-b
m-f-J
fi-I
mhy-ß
ƒ H
cp
]T-\
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Ic-f-mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-v, 1990 (1985).
7)Jeffrey W
ainwright, P
oetry the B
asics, London: R
outledge, 2011.
8)C
. Day L
ewis, T
he P
oetic Image, L
ondon: Jonathan Cape, 1965.
9)Irving H
owe (E
d.), Literary M
odern
ism, N
ew Y
ork:
A F
awcett P
remier B
ook, 1967.
3534
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
6)sI
.-kn. \
mcm-b
-W≥
, kl
ys\
-°mƒ
Xe
-s∏
m°w;
Fw. K
wKm-[
-c≥
, Bg-Ø
ns‚
Xmf
w, B‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
-bps
S
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, t
Im´
bw: U
n.-kn.-_
p-Ivk
v, 1999 (1995).
7)k
®n-Zm-\
-µ≥
, Ih
n-X-b
psS _
lp-k
z-c-X
--_m-e
-N-µ
s‚
te
mI-
߃
, _me
-N-µ
≥ N
p≈n-°
m-Sns
‚ I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w:
Un.-k
n.-_p-I
vkv, 2000.
8)tU
m. ]n.-s
I. c
mP-ti
-J-c≥
, sh
fn-h
ns‚
kq£
va-i
pXn,
sI
.-Pn.
i¶
-c-∏
n-≈-b
psS I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w: U
n.-kn.
_pI
vkv, 1997.
9)A
ø-∏
-∏-W
n-°¿,
hnj
-Øn¬
\n∂
v I
hn-X
, k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
s‚
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, B
e-∏
pg: K
uX
a ]
ªn-t
j-gvk
v, 1988.
10)k
®n-Zm-\
-µ≥
(k-am-l
-cW
w/]T-\
w), ae
-bm-f
-I-h
nX, X
riq¿
:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1989.
9)Paul G
oodman, T
he Structure of Literature, L
ondon: The U
ni-versity of C
hicago Press, 1954.
10)Tom
Furniss & M
ichael Bath, R
eading Poetry- A
n Introdution,
Great B
ritain: Longm
an, 2007 (1996).
bqW
n‰v 5ssh
NnX
yw \
nd™
P
ohn-X
m-\p-`
-h-ß
ƒ˛
hn`
n-∂-amb
hmK
va-b
-߃
˛ hyX
y-kvX
amb
Bh
n-jvI
m-c-ß
ƒ ˛ a
mdn-h
-cp∂
`mj
bpw s
si
enb
pw ˛
(hni
Z-]
-T-\
w)
1)]
m¿°
n¬ ˛ F
≥.-F
≥. I
°mS
v
2)arX
yp-]qP
˛ Aø
-∏-∏
-Wn-°
¿
3)]
\n ˛ k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥
4)am∏
p-km£
n ˛ _me
-N-µ
≥ N
p≈n-°
mSv
5)sI
m®n-b
nse
hr£
-߃
˛ sI
.-Pn. i
¶-c-∏
n≈
6)A
¿°
w ˛ B‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
7)A
P¥
˛ B¿. c
ma-N
-µ≥
8)h
o´n-t
e-°
p≈ h
gn ˛ U
n. hn\
-b-N
-µ≥
9)ag-X
≥ a
t‰tX
m apJ
w ˛ hnP
-b-e
£van
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)I
pcp-t
£-X
w 2000 (I-h
n-Xb
pw ]T-\
-ß-fpw),
tI
m´b
w: Un.-k
n. _pI
vkv, 2000.
2)tU
m. B¿. h
niz-\
m-Y≥
, A\
zbw,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]q¿
W ]
ªn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1990.
3)tU
m. F
w. e
oem-h
-Xn,
ae
-bm-f
-I-h
n-Xm-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cn-X
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
4)I
°m-S
ns‚
I
hn-X
-Iƒ
(I
-hn-X
-Ifpw
Ah
-Xm-c
n-I-I
-fpw),
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n, 2011.
5)]
k-∂
-cm-P
≥,
tI
c-f-I
-hn-X
-bns
e I
enb
pw N
ncnb
pw,
tI
m´b
w: F≥
_n-F
-kv., 1992.
3736
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
e£
yw am\
-kn-I
-kw-k
v°-c--am-s
W∂
pw Xmc
-X-ay-k
m-ln-X
y-]T-\
-
Øn-e
qsS t
_m≤
y-s∏
Sp∂
p. Xmc
Xay-k
m-ln-X
y-Øn¬
hnh
¿Ø
-
\-Ø
n\v I
mcy-a
mb ]
¶p-≠
v. hnh
n-[-`m-j
-Iƒ
XΩ
n-epw h
nhn-[
-P-
\-X
-Iƒ
X
Ωne
pw ]
me
w \
n¿Ω
n-°m≥
h
nh¿Ø
-\-Ø
n\p
km[
n°p-∂
p. h
nh¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-eqs
S A
dn-b
mØ te
mI-ß
ƒ
XΩ
n¬ t
bmP
n-°p-∂
p; A⁄
m-X-cmb
a\
p-jy¿
XΩ
n¬ _
‘s∏
-
Sp-∂
p; a\
p-jy¿
¿ F
hn-s
Sb
pw H∂
mWv F
∂p ]
Tn-∏
n-°p-∂
p. AX
p-
X-s∂
-bmW
v Xmc
-fly-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ e
£yw.
bqW
n‰v 1X
mc-X
-ay-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ ]
k-‡
n X
mc-X
ay-k
m-ln-
Xy-Ø
ns‚
Ncn-X
w h
niz-k
m-lnX
yw t
Kmb
vtY
-bps
S
k¶
ev]
w kml
nXyw, h
niz-k
m-lnX
yw ˛ Smt
Km-d
ns‚
k¶
ev]
w ˛ cmP
y-߃
]e
-Xv, `
mj-I
ƒ ]
eX
v ˛ hni
z-
km-l
nXyw H
∂v
mc-X
o-b-k
m-lnX
yw
mj-I
-ƒ ]
eX
v,
kml
nXyw H
∂v ]
m›m-X
y-]u-c-k
vXy-k
m-lnX
y kn≤
m-
¥-ß
-fps
S ]
mck
v]cyw
˛ X
mc-X
-ay-]
-T\
w k
mln-X
y-
Øn¬
amX
w HX
p-ßp∂
n√ ˛
kwK
o-Xw,
NnX
-I-e
,
hmk
vXp-i
n-ev]
w, cwK
-Ie
-Iƒ
, kn\
na C
h X
Ωn-e
p≈
_ml
ym-`y-¥
c_
‘ß
ƒ ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tP
mk^
v ap≠
-t»
cn,
Imh
y-]o-T
nI,
Xri
q¿: awK
-tfm-Z
-bw,
1945.
2)tU
m. k
n. cmt
P-µ
≥,
Xmc
-X-ay-I
m-hy-i
m-kvX
w, X
ncp-h
-\-
¥-]
pcw: t
Ic-f-`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2000.
3)I
w]m-c
-‰oh
v en‰
-td-®
¿ s
kms
sk
-‰n (k
ºm-Z
-I¿), X
mc-X
-ay-
km-l
n-Xy
-]-T-\
w, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]nk
n-F-k
v, 1986.
4)tU
m. sI
. Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv k
vamc
-I-`m-j
m-]-T-\
-tK-th
-j-W
-tI
-
µw (k
-ºm-Z
-\w), X
mc-X
-ay-k
m-lnX
yw ]pX
nb I
mgv∏
m-Sn¬
,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
I-cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 2005.
5)tP
mk^
v ap≠
-t»
-cn, ]
m›m-X
y-km-l
n-Xy-k
-ao£
, Xri
q¿:
awK
-tfm-Z
-bw, 1967.
Code: M
AL
1E1/4
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w˛`m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
A X
mc-X
-ay-k
m-lnX
yw(C
omp
arative Literatu
re)
]e
cmP
y-߃
, ]
e P
\-X
-Iƒ
, h
yXyk
vX-`m-j
-Iƒ
, h
nhn-
[k
wkv°
m-c-ß
ƒ, s
sh
hn-≤
y-am¿
∂ k
mln-X
y-߃
F
¶ne
pw
a\
p-jy¿
kam-\
-amb
n Nn¥
n-°p-∂
p, kam-\
-amb
n ]h
¿Ø
n-°p-
∂p. D
Sp-∏
nepw \
S-∏
nepw
£-W
-Øne
pw hyX
ym-k-ß
ƒ I
mWmw.
]t£
, a\
p-jys
‚ A
Sn-ÿ
m-\-]
-c-amb
hnI
m-c-ß
ƒ°
pw Nn¥
-
Iƒ
°pw G
tX
m kam-\
-X-I
ƒ I
mWp-∂
p. te
mI-k
m-ln-X
y-sØ
-
°p-d
n®p ]
d™
t∏
mƒ t
Kmb
vtY
AX
mWv e
£y-a
m-°n-b
-Xv.
hnh
n[-k
m-ln-X
yIrX
n-I-fn¬
ImW
p∂ k
mPmX
yssh
Pm-X
y-
߃
I
s≠
Øn
hni
-I-e
\-h
n-t[
-b-am-°
p∂ ]
T-\
-hn-`
m-K-amW
v
Xmc
-X-ay-k
m-ln-X
yw.
hyX
y-kvX
-m-j
-I-fns
e h
yXy-k
vX-I
r-Xn-I
ƒ X
mc-X
-ay-s
∏Sp-Ø
n-
bmt
e X
mc-X
-ay-k
m-ln-X
y-am-h
p-I-b
p≈p F
s∂
mcp N
n¥m-K
-Xn-b
p-
≠v. H
tc`mj
-bns
e I
rXn-I
sf X
Ωn¬
Xmc
-X-ay-s
∏-Sp-Ø
n-bme
pw
Xmc
-X-ay-k
m-ln-X
y-Øn¬
s]
Spw
F∂
p h
mZn-°
p-∂-h
-cp-a
p-≠v.
kml
nXyw
au
en-I
-amb
pw am\
p-jn-I
-[¿Ω
-ß-fn¬
Dd-®
-Xm-
sW
∂pw a
\p-j
ys‚
Poh
nXw t
emI
-sØ
-hn-s
Sb
pw kam-\
-XI
-
fp≈
-Xm-s
W∂
pw te
mI-k
mlnX
yw ]
Tn-∏
n-°p-∂
p. k
mlnX
yw
`mj
-I-fm¬
th
¿X
n-cn-°
-s∏
-n-c
n-°p∂
p F¶
nepw k
mlnX
yØns
‚
aue
n-Ik
Ø F
hn-s
Sb
pw H∂
p X
-s∂
-bm-s
W∂
pw A
Xn-s
‚
3938
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
c≠
n-S-ß
gn
˛ XI
gn
tN
mas‚
XpS
n (I-∂
-S)˛ i
nh-cm-a
-Im-c
¥v
(hn-h
-¿Ø
\w: s
I.-h
n. Ipa
m-c≥
)
kl
m-b-I
KŸ
-߃
:
1)K
. Ayyapap Paniker, T
hakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, T
rivandrum:
University of K
erala, 1988.
2)K
. M. G
eorge (Director &
Chief E
ditor), Com
parative In
dian
Literatu
re (Volum
e 1), Kerala S
ahitya Akadem
i, Madras:
Macm
illan, 1984.
3)s]
m^-k
¿ P
n. _me
-N-µ
≥, X
I-gn-b
psS k
¿§
-]-Y
-߃
,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 2013.
4)i
nh-cm-a
-Im-c
-µv, t
Nma
s‚
XpS
n (hn-h
¿Ø
\w: s
I.-h
n. Ipa
m-
c≥
), Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1978.
bqW
n‰v 4a
lm-`
m-cX
sØ
A
[nI
-cn®
v ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
Ht´sd
t\
mh-e
pIƒ
D≠
mbn-´
p-≠v.
Fgp-Ø
p-Im¿
aqe
-I-Y
-bn-
emW
v ][
m-\-amb
pw am‰
-߃
sI
m≠ph
cp-∂
-Xv. a
qe-
I-Y
-bns
e a
u\
-߃
, t\
mhe
n-Ãns
‚ h
ymJym-\
-߃
,
BJ
ym-\-t`-Z-ß
ƒ ˛
al
m-`m-c
-XsØ
B[
m-c-am°
n Fgp-X
nb H
cp a
em-b
-f-
t\
m-h-e
ns‚
IY
m-k-µ
¿`-ß
ƒ ]
cn-t
im-[
n®dn-b
pI.
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
c≠
m-aqg
w˛ F
w. Sn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
≥ \
mb¿
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)I
p´n-I
r-jvW
-am-c
m-cv,
`mc
-X-]
-cy-S
-\w,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amc
m-¿
kml
n-Xy-]
-Imi
w, 1995 (1950).
2)Iravati K
arve, Yuganta – T
he End of an E
poch, Hydeabad: O
rientL
ongman, 2007.
3)C
hadurvedi Badarinath, T
he M
ahab
harata- A
n In
qu
iry in th
eH
um
an C
ond
ition, H
yderabad: Orient L
ongman, 2007 (2006).
bqW
n‰v 2k
zm[o-\
-Xm-]
-T\
w ˛ kzm[
o-\-X
m-]-T-\
-Øns
‚
]m[
m\yw ˛
]X
y-£-k
zm-[o\
w ˛ ]tcm-£
-kzm-[
o\w ˛
]ta-b
-]-T\
w ˛ cq]
-]-T\
w ˛
]ta-b
-߃
IrX
n-I-fn¬
kam-\
-amb
n -hcpw
Imc
Ww,
]ta-b
-߃
kml
n-Xy-Ø
n¬ ]
cna
n-X-am-W
v ˛
hmI
y-L-S-\
-Iƒ
, cq]
-L-S-I
-߃
kam-\
-amb
n h∂
m¬
AX
v I
rXn-b
psS au
en-I
-X-sb
-°p-d
n-®p≈
k
wi-b
-
߃
°v I
mc-W
-amh
pw ˛
(hni
-Z-]
T\
w:)
_m-e
y-Im-e
-kJ
n˛ s
sh
°w a
pl-Ω
-Zv_
jo¿
hnI
vtSm-d
nb˛ \
´-vl
w-k≥
(hnh
¿Ø
-\w)
˛ tU
m. -Fk
v. th
em-b
p-[≥
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)s]
m-k
¿ ]
pcp-t
jm-Ø
-a≥
, Xmc
-X-ay-k
m-lnX
yw X
Xzh
pw
]k
-‡nb
pw, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰yq´
v,
1999 (1988).
2)I
ºm-c
-‰oh
v en‰
-td-®
¿ s
kms
sk
-‰n (k
-ºm-Z
-I¿), X
mc-fl
y-
km-l
n-Xy-]
o-Tn-I
(k-º
m-Z-I
¿), X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf
mjm
C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2000.
3)K
. Ayyappa P
anicker & B
ernard Fenn (ed.), Stu
dies in
Com
parative L
iterature, B
ombay: B
lackie & S
on Publishers,
1985.
bqW
n‰v 3]
ta-b
w, C
Xn-h
rØw,
IY
m-]mX
-߃
, k
w`-h
-߃
,
ho£
-Ww, ]
›m-Ø
-ew, B
Jym-\
-k-h
n-ti
-j-X
-Iƒ
˛
kmP
m-Xy-s
sh
-Pm-X
y-߃
4140
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
4)tU
mIvS¿ h
n. B¿. ]
t_
m-[-N
-µ≥
, hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
`mj
m-i
mk
vX`qa
nI,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw:
tI
cf `mj
m
C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 1974.
5)Sukanta C
haudhuri, Translation &
Understanding, N
ew D
elhi:
Oxford U
niversity Press, 1999.
6)S
ujit Mukherjee, T
ranslation
as Discovery an
d oth
er essays,N
ew D
elhi:A
llied Publishers, 1981.
7)K
. Karunakaran / M
. Jayakumar (E
d), Tran
slation as
Syn
thesis: A
Search
for a New
Gestalt, N
ew D
elhi: Bahari
Publictions, 1988.
4)C
hadurvedi Badrinath, T
he W
omen
of the M
ahab
harata,
Hyderabad: O
rient Longm
an, 2008
bqW
n‰v 5X
mc-X
-ay-k
m-ln-X
y-Øn¬
hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
]k
‡nb
pw ]m[
m\yh
pw˛
Imc
y-am-X
-]-cn-`
mj (P
ragmatic translation),
kuµ
-cym-fl
-I-]
-cn-`
mj (A
esthetic-poetic traslation),
hwi
o-b-]
-cn-`
mj
(Ethnographic translation),
`mj
m-tI
-µn-X
-]-cn-`
mj (L
inguistic translation) -
k¿§m-fl
-I-h
n-h¿-Ø
\w (T
ranscreation)
hnh
¿Ø
-\-]
-Inb
˛
]mT
w, ]
mTh
ni-I
-e\
w: ]
Zw,
hmI
yw, h
mIy-L
-S-\
, ssi
en,
Be
-¶mc
n-I-]
-tb
m-Kw,
_nw_
w, ]X
o-Iw, ]
m‡-\
-]-X
o-Iw, a
nØv, B
ib
w
˛ aqe
-]m-T
-Øns
‚ h
ymI-cW
w, e£
y-]m-T
-Øns
‚ h
ymI-
c-W
w, aqe
-]m-T
-Øn¬
\n∂
v e
£y-]
m-T-Ø
n-te
-°p≈
hnh
¿Ø
\ k
aaq-e
yX (T
ranslation equivalency),]
mTh
pw kwk
v°m-c
hpw ˛
cq]
-Xp-e
y-Xm-]
-cn-`
mj (F
ormal equivalent translation),
Ne
-\m-fl
-I-X
p-eyX
m]
cn-`
mj
(D
ynamic equivalent
translation)-
imk
vX-I
rXn-I
-fps
S ]
cn-`
mj ˛
kmt
¶-X
n-I-]
-Z-ß
fps
S ]
cn-`
mj˛
kml
n-Xy-I
r-Xn-I
-fps
S ]
cn-`
mj ˛ I
hn-X
m-]-cn-`
m-j,
\mS
-I-]
-cn-`
m-j, I
Ym]
cn-`
mj, ]
_-‘
-]-cn-`
mj ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. F≥
. C. h
niz-\
mYø
¿, h
nh¿Ø
-\-h
n-Nm-c
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰q´
v, 1996.
2)Hcp k
wLw t
eJ
-I¿, h
nh¿Ø
-\w, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1990 (1977).
3)k
n. hn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
-`-´-X
n-cn, X
¿P
p-a-b
psS X
mt°
m¬,
amt
h-e
n-°c: k
vssI
_pI
v ]_
vfn-t
jgvk
v, 2004.
4342
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
A\
-¥-k
m-≤y-X
-Iƒ
I≠
dn™
Nne
]fi
n-X-¿ B
Jym-\
sØ
Hcp h
n⁄m-\
-imJ
-bmb
n hf¿Ø
n-sb
-Sp-°
pIb
p≠mb
n.
F√
m-Ø-c-Ø
n-ep≈
k¿-§m-fl
-I-k
m-ln-X
yhpw (h
msam-g
nbm-
bme
pw h
c-sam-g
n-bm-b
m-epw)
BJ
y-m\-Ø
n¬s∏
Spw.
a\
p-jy≥
ssi
ih
w apX
¬ B
Jym-\
-hp-a
mbn _
‘s∏
-Sp-∂
p. AΩ
sX
m´n-
en´
p ]mS
n Dd-°
p-∂ X
mcm´
p-t]
mepw B
Jym\
w Dƒ
s°
m-≈p∂
sN
dp-\
n-_-‘
-am-W
v. AX
n¬ H
cm-i
-btam H
cp-I
-Ytb
m D≠
m-hpw.
km¶
ev]
nI-I
-Y-I
ƒ, k
ml-k
n-I-I
-Y-I
ƒ, P
oh-N
cnX
-߃
, Ip‰
m-
t\
z-j-W
-I-Y
-Iƒ
, i
mkvX
I-Y
-Iƒ
˛
F√
mw B
Jym-\
-Øn¬
-
s∏
Spw.
a\
p-jy-c
p-sStb
m P
¥p-°
-fp-s
Stb
m P
ohn-I
-fp-s
Stb
m \
S-∂
-
tX
m \S-°
m-\n-S
-bp-≈
tX
m Bb
IY
tb
m sI
´p-I
-Ytb
m BW
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pw XΩ
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t≤
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m\w ˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
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:
1)U
n. cm[
m-Ir-j
vW≥
, BJ
ym-\-h
n-⁄m-\
w, Xnc
p-h-\
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pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰q-´
v, 2000.
2)(E
d.) Am
iya Dev, N
arrative – A S
emin
ar, New
Delhi: 1994.
3)L
eon Edel, Stuff of Sleep and D
reams, L
ondon: Chatto &
Windus,
1962.
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˛ ]ta-b
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n-bm-\
w, mj
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en
Inb
, A\
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≤-
\ym-h
-ÿ, \
mS-I
ob h
ymtP
m-‡n, I
Ym-`
m-Kw, k
w`-h
w,
N´-°
q-Sv, I
Y, D
]-I
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ƒ
ho£
-W-tI
m-Ww, ]
Xn-c
q-
]m-fl
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, ]mT
w, Ime
w, i_
vZw ˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)s]
m^-k
¿ ]
n. i¶
c≥
\-º
ym¿, ]
ÿm-\
-Xb
w,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n, 1942.
2)F
w. ]n. t
]mƒ
, t\
mh-¬
kml
n-Xyw, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1990 (1930).
3)sI
. Fw. U
m\n-b
¬, I
em-Z
¿i
-\w, t
Im´
bw;
Fk
v]n-k
n-Fk
v, 1969.
4)W
ayane C. B
ooth, Th
e Rh
etoric of Fiction
, London:
The U
niversity of Chicago P
ress, 1983 (1961).
5)C
hatman, S
., Story and
Discou
rse: Nararative Stru
cture in
Fiction
and
Film
, London: C
ornel University P
ress, 1978.
bqW
n-‰v 4B
Jym-\
-߃
˛
hmb
vsa-mg
n-bne
pw h
a-sam-g
n-bne
pw ˛
b£
n˛-K-‘
¿∆
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, anØ
p-Iƒ
, sI
´p-I
-Y-I
ƒ ˛
Bb
n-c-sØ
m∂p c
mhp-I
ƒ B
bn-c
-sØ
m∂p ]
I¬
°-
Y-I
ƒ ˛ A
ao¿
lw-k
-°-Y
-Iƒ
˛ Cu I
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fps
S a
m\-
kn-I
m-]-K
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kao-]
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tI
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l
mky-I
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Iƒ
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Jym-\
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˛ N
nX-I
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Ifps
S B
Jym-\
-L-S\
˛
P\
-]n-b
-t\
m-h¬
˛
cq]
w,
`mh
w, LS\
˛ tdU
ntb
m BJ
y-\-ß
ƒ ˛ s
Se
n-hn-j
≥
koc
n-b-e
p-Iƒ
˛
Ne
-®n-X
mJym\
-߃
˛
kn\
na Hcp
am≤
yaw
F∂
\
neb
n¬ ˛
BJ
ym-\-ß
fpw
]X
n-Zn-\
-
Po-h
nXh
pw ˛
4)P
aul Cobley, N
arrative, London: R
outledge, 2013.
5)A
Group of W
riters, Ram
ayan M
ahab
harata an
d B
hagavata
Writers, N
ew D
elhi: Publication D
ivision, Governm
ent ofIndia,1990. .
bqW
n-‰v 2B
Jym-\
-c-N
-\-I
-fps
S X
mØzn-I
-]m-[
m\yw ˛
XmØ
zn-I-∑
m¿ ˛ B
Jy-\
-ß-sf-°
p-dn®
v Acn-t
Ãm-´
n¬˛
hvfU
n-a¿ t
]m∏
ns‚
\mt
Sm-S
n°Y
Ifps
S
cq]
-hn⁄
m\ob
w ˛
aoI
v_me
ns‚
IY
/ ]mT
w / sI
´p-I
Y ˛
kna
q¿ N
m‰vams
‚ I
Yb
pw kwh
m-Zh
pw ˛
In-Ã
-^¿ _
p°-dps
S A
Snÿ
m-\-]
-c-amb
Ggv C
Xn-h
r-
Ø-ß
ƒ˛ k
wkvI
r-Øns
e \
h-c-k
-kn≤
m-¥h
pw ]ta-
b-]
-cn-a
n-Xnb
pw ˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)T. S
. Dorsch (T
raslated with A
n Introdution) Classical L
iteraryC
riticism, E
ngland: Penguin B
ooks, 1969 (1965).
(Aristotle: O
n the Art of P
oetry; Horace: O
n the Art of P
oetry;
Longinus: O
n the Sublim
e)
2)A
rthur Asa B
erger, Narrative in
Pop
ular C
ultu
re, Med
ia, and
Everyd
ay Life, N
ew D
elhi: Sage P
ublications, 1997.
3)C
hristopher Booker, T
he S
even B
asic Plots - W
hy w
e tellstories, L
ondon: Continum
, 2004.
4)G
orky / Mayakovsky / A
lexei Tolstoy / Fedin, O
n T
he A
rt and
Craft of W
riting, M
osco: Progress P
ublishers, 1972.
5)th
Z-_
-‘p, c
k-`m-c
-Xn, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y
A°
m-Z-an, 1985.
bqW
n-‰v 3B
Jym\
-Øns
‚ k
¿§m-fl
-I-]
-In-b
K
oXw, K
oX-I
w,
kzK
-Xm-J
ym\w ˛ `
mh-Ko-X
n, Jfi
-Im-h
yw, ]pc
m-Ww,
CX
n-lm-k
w ˛
BJ
y-m\-Ø
ns‚
k
hn-t
i-j
X-I
ƒ ˛
4746
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
2)A
Group of W
riters, Aesth
eticians, N
ew D
elhi: Publication
Division, G
overnment of India, 1990 (1983).
3)A
Group of W
riters, Asp
ects of Ind
ian M
usic, N
ew D
elhi:P
ublication Division, G
overnment of India, 2006.
4)V
. K. N
arayana Menon, L
angu
age of Mu
sic, New
Delhi:
Publicaiton D
ivision, Govt. of India, 1994.
5)R
obert Phillips (E
d.), Asp
ects of Alice, G
reat Britain: P
enguinB
ooks, 1974 (1971).
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)P
ierre Maranda (E
d.), Myth
ology, Great B
ritain: Penguin
Education, 1972.
2)D
avid Bianculli, T
eleliteracy - Tak
ing T
elevision S
eriously,
New
York: S
yracuse University P
ress, 2000.
3)N
ossrat Peseschkian M
.D., O
riental Stories as T
ools inP
sychoth
erapy, N
ew D
elhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985.
4)A
.D. P
usalker, Stud
ies in th
e Ep
ics and
Pu
ranas, B
ombay:
Bharatiya V
idya Bhavan, 1963 (1955).
5)G
halib Lakhnavi and A
bdullah Bilgram
i, (Tr.) M
usharraf Ali
Farooqi, T
he A
dven
tures of A
mir H
amza, N
ew Y
ork:T
he Modern L
ibrary, 2007.
6)Satyajit R
ay, Our F
ilms T
heir Film
s, Bom
bay: Orient L
ongman,
1976.
7)S
evanti Ninan, T
hrou
gh th
e Magic W
ind
ow – T
elevision an
dC
han
ge in In
dia, N
ew D
elhi: Penguin B
ooks, 1995.
8)D
. Bordw
ell, Narration
in th
e Fiction
Film
, London: M
ethuen,1985.
9)Hm¿
lm≥
]ma
p-Iv, (h
nh¿Ø
\w) B
¿. a
t\
mPv h
¿Ω
,
t\
mh-e
n-Ãns
‚ I
e, t
Im´
bw: U
n kn _
pIvk
v, 2013.
(Original title: T
he N
aive and
the S
entim
ental N
ovelist)
10)]
n. sI
. _me
-Ir-j
vW≥
, t\
mh¬
˛ kn-≤
nbpw k
m[-\
bpw,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1989 (1965).
bqW
n-‰v 5B
Jym-\
-߃
˛ `mc
-Xo-b
-]m-c
-ºcyw ˛
]m›
m-Xy-]
m-cº
cyw
˛ N
nX-I
e,
kwK
o-Xw,
\mS
-Iw,
kn\
na ˛
kml
n-Xyh
pw C
X-c-I
-e-I
fpw
˛ C
h-b
nse
BJ
ym\-ß
-fps
S s
ImS
p-°¬
hmß
-ep-I
ƒ ˛ F
√m-°
-
e-I
fpw k
wKo-X
Øn-t
e°
v ˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)W
alter Pater, T
he R
enaissan
ce - Stud
ies in A
rt and
Poetry,
Great B
ritain: The F
ontana Library, 1967 ( M
acmillan F
irstP
ublished 1873).
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n-hn-S
-ß-fn¬
t\
mh¬
]ma
pJyw t
\Sp-I
bpw s
N-dp-
IY
]n¥
≈s∏
-Sp-I
bpw s
Nø
p-tº
mgpw a
e-b
m-f-Ø
n¬ s
Ndp-I
-
Ym-]
-ÿm\
w ]q¿
∆m-[
nIw i
vIX
n-]m]
n-®p-s
Im-≠
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
ae
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e B
\p-I
m-en-I
-ß-fps
S A
`q-X
-]q¿
∆-amb
hf¿®
sN
dp-I
-Y-b
psS h
f¿-®
bv°
pw hnI
m-k-Ø
n\pw I
mc-W
-am-
bn. C
c-]
Xmw \
q‰-≠
ns‚
Bcw-`
-tØ
msS A
t\
Iw B
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m-en-
I-ß
ƒ ]
kn-≤
o-Ir-X
-am-b
n. sN
dp-I
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v°p-t
h≠
n amX
w Nne
]k
nkn-≤
o-I-c-W
-ß-fp≠
m-bn. t
\mh
-ens
‚ A
Xni
‡-amb
X≈
n-
°-b
‰h
pw k
zm[o-\
hpw
kw`
-hn-®
n´pw
ae
-bm-f
-sN
-dp-I
-Yb
v°v
Xf¿®
kw`
-hn®
n√. a
mmX-a-√
, IqS
pX¬
i‡
-ntb
msS ]
N-cn-
°p-I
bpw ]
pXnb
Fgp-Ø
p-Im¿
sN
dp-I
-Y-b
n¬ k
z¥w c
q]-ß
ƒ
Is≠
Øn
]co-£
n-°p-I
bpw
sN
øp-∂
p. a‰p
]ÿ
m-\-ß
sf
At]
-£n®
v ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
sN
dp-I
Y ]
m[m\
yw t\
Sn h
f-cm≥
]e
Imc
-W-ß
-fp-a
p-≠v. B
Zy-I
mew a
pX¬
Xs∂
CwK
vfoj
v Adn-
bp∂
Fgp-Ø
p-Im¿
]m›
m-Xy-k
m-lnX
yØns
e s
Ndp-I
-Y-I
fpw
lnµ
n Adn-b
p-∂-h
¿ `
mc-X
ob k
mln-X
y-Øns
e s
Ndp-I
-Y-I
fpw
5150
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
sh
fp-Ø
-Ip´
n˛
Ddq_
v
tN
me-a-c-ß
ƒ ˛ ]
m¬°
p-f-ß
c s
I. k
ck
zXnb
Ω
Kpc
p-Z-£
nW ˛ s
I. F
kv. a
Wn
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)P
n.- F≥
. ]W
n-°¿, s
Ndp-I
Y (`
mKw H
∂v), B
[p-\
nIae
-
bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w ]
ÿm-\
-ß-fn-e
qsS, (P
\-d¬
FU
n-
‰¿)
tU
m. sI
. F
w. tP
m¿P
v, tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n. _
pIvk
v,
1998.
2)tU
m. Fw. F
w. _j
o¿, a
e-b
m-f-sN
-dp-I
-Ym-k
m-ln-X
yN-cnX
w
(1950 hsc), X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mln-X
y- A-°
-Zan, 2002.
3)F
w. Sn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
≥ \
mb¿, I
mYn-I
s‚
]W
n-∏p-c
, Xri
q¿:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1963.
4)F
w. Sn.
hmk
p-tZ-h
≥ \
mb¿,
ImY
nIs‚
I
e,
tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n.- _p-I
vkv, 1984.
5)k
ao-£
, Imc
q-cns
‚ I
Y-te
m-Iw, t
Im´
bw: F
≥_
n-F-k
v,
1968.
6)sI
. ]
n. i
in-[
-c≥
, tI
i-h
-tZ-h
v, \
yqU¬
ln:
kml
nXy
A°
m-Z-an, 1995.
7)F
kv.
]n.
cta-i
v, I
mcq¿
\
oe-I
-WvT-∏
n-≈,
\yqU
¬l
n:
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 2009.
8)]
n. sI
. tKm]
m-e-I
r-jvW
≥, ]
ptcm-K
-a-\
-km-l
n-Xy-]
-ÿm\
w
˛ \ng
epw s
hfn-®
-hpw, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an,
1987.
9)C
. Fw. F
kv. \
ºq-X
n-c-∏
m-Sv, \
th
m-∞m-\
hpw a
e-b
m-f-k
m-
ln-X
y-hpw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tZi
m-n-a
m\n _
p°v l
uk
v, 1990.
10)Paul C
obley, Narrative, L
ondon: Routledge, 2013.
bqW
-n‰v 3A
º-X
p-I-fps
S B
cw-
-tØ
msS s
sh
Im-c
nI I
Y-I
ƒ˛
sN
dp-I
Y
mh-KoX
w t]
mse
I
Yb
v°v s
sI
h∂
mh
-
km-µ
X ˛
a\
pw
a\
- ns
‚ X
oh-k
w-L-´-\
-]co-
£W
ßfpw
˛ k
aq-l
-Øn¬
\n∂
v k
z¥w
a\
- ns
‚
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)s]
m^. F
w. F≥
. hnP
-b≥
(P-\
-d¬
FU
n-‰¿),
IY
-bps
S \
q‰m≠
v (H
∂pw
c≠
pw h
mfyß
ƒ),
tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v.]n.-k
n.-F-k
v., 2000.
2)F
w. ]n. t
]mƒ
, sN
dp-I
-Ym-]
-ÿm-\
w, tI
m´b
w:
F≥
-_n-F
-kv, 1932.
3)F
w. AN
yp-X≥
, sN
dp-I
Y C
∂se
C∂
v, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v-]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1973.
4)F
≥. ]
`m-I
-c≥
, IY
tX
Sp∂
IY
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: aƒ
_-dn,
1991.
5)h
n.- cm-P
-Ir-j
vW≥
, sN
dp-I
-Y-b
psS O
µ
v, tI
m´b
w: Un.
kn. _
pIvk
v, 1997.
6)W
ayane C. B
ooth, Th
e Rh
etoric of Fiction
, London: T
he Uni-
versity of Chicago P
ress, 1983 (1961).
bqW
-n‰v 2a
e-b
m-f-sN
-dp-I
-Y-b
psS k
ph¿Æ
-Zi
I
Y b
mYmX
Yy-
Øns
‚ a
pJ-ap-Z
-Iƒ
˛ kX
y-ßsf X
pd∂
p ImW
n-°p-
hm\
pw hna
¿i
n-°p-h
m\pa
p≈ I
Ym-I
r-Øp-°
-fps
S [
oc-
amb
k
ao-]
\w
˛ k
maq-l
n-Ih
pw cmj
vSo-b
-hp-a
mb
A¥
¿≤
m-c-I
ƒ ˛
]pt
cm-K
-a-\
-km-l
n-Xy-N
n-¥-I
ƒ ˛
Ph
¬k
m-ln-X
y-kw-L
-S-\
]
ptcm-K
-a-\
-km-l
n-Xy-k
w-L-
S-\
˛ Ie
Ie
-bv°
p-th
≠n ˛ I
e P
ohn-Ø
n-\p t
h≠
n
˛ Fgp-Ø
p-Im-c
s‚
ho£
Ww k
m¿∆
-eu-I
n-I-am-I
Ww˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
_
p-bmX
˛ tI
i-h
-tZh
v
sh
-fp-Ø
-Ip™
v˛ X
Ign i
nh-i
-¶-c-∏
n≈
H´I
w˛ F
kv. s
I. s
]m‰
-°m´
v
tamX
ncw
˛ Imc
q¿ \
oe-I
-WvT-∏
n≈
a\
p-jy-]
pXn
˛e
fn-X
mw-_nI
A¥
¿÷
\w
\ne
m-hp-I
m-Wp-t
ºmƒ
˛ssh
°w a
pl-Ω
-Zv_
-jo¿
i_
vZn-°
p-∂ I
e∏
˛s]
m≥I
p∂w h
¿°
n
5352
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
9)P
ercy Lubbock, T
he C
raft of Fiction
, Bom
bay: B I P
ublishers,1979 (1954).
10)M
argaret Lucke, W
riting G
reat Sh
ort Stories, New
York:
McG
raw-H
ill, 1998.
bqW
-n‰v 4\
ho-\
-X (t
am-t
U-W
n-kw) ˛ \
ho-\
X h
∂-h
-gn-I
ƒ ˛
tamt
Um-W
nkØ
ns‚
]cn-t
]£
yw ˛ \h
o-\-I
Y ˛
Fgp-Ø
p-Im¿
hmb
-\-°
-sc-°
p-dn®
v hymI
p-e-s∏
-Sp-∂
n√˛
hy‡
-K-X
-a-√
mØ, c
q]-]
-c-amb
k¶
-ev]
-߃
˛
Ass]
Xr-I
hpw h
ntam-N
-\-]
-c-h
p-amb
am‰
w ˛
ITn-\
hpw ]
cp-°
\p-a
mb `
mj ˛
cq]
-L-S-\
-bn-e
q-sS-b
p≈ i
nev]
-hn-I
mkw ˛
cq]
hpw `
mhh
pw XΩ
n¬ _
‘-an-√
˛
hk
vXp-X
-I-fps
S k
a-\
z-bw,
_nw_
m-h-e
n-I-fps
S k
wtb
m-P\
w ˛ IrX
n-Iƒ
ssP
h-
cq-]
-߃
˛ aqe
yNn¥
-bn-e
pw Ie
m-]-c-amb
cq]
-ine
v]-
Øne
pw kwL
¿j
w ˛ IY
˛ Hcp k
whmZ
w ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
ioN
Iw
˛ Im°
-\m-S
≥
cm[
cm[
amX
w˛ F
w. apI
p-µ≥
Hcn-S
Øv
˛ k°
-dnb
I≈
≥˛ F
w. ]n. \
mcm-b
-W-]
n≈
acn-®
n-´n√
mØ-h
-cps
S k
vamc
-I-ß
ƒ
˛ Fw. k
pIp-a
m-c≥
Xnc
pØv
˛ F≥
. Fk
v. am[
-h≥
apS
n-sØ
øw D
d-b
p∂p
˛ kmd
m tP
mk^
v
tKmh
¿[
-\≥
˛ B\
µv
kwK
oXw H
cp k
a-b
-I-e
-bmW
v
˛ taX
n¬ c
m[m-I
r-jvW
≥
tN
e-°
-c-b
psS A
Xo-X
-kz-]
v\-ß
ƒ
˛ sI
. ]n. \
n¿Ω
¬I
p-am¿
D≈
-d-I
-fn-t
e-°
v˛ `mj
-bne
pw ssi
en-b
nepw h
∂ a
m‰-
߃
B
Jym-\
-ß-fn¬
h∂
am‰
w t
_m-[
-[mc
mkº
-
Zmb
w ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
aJ
≥k
nßns
‚ a
cW
w˛ S
n. ]fl
-\m-`
≥
Ccp-´
ns‚
Bfl
mhv
˛F
w. Sn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
≥\
mb¿
kvt\
l-Ø
ns‚
im≤
w-˛ H
. hn. h
nP-b
≥
Ih
n-bps
S a
cW
w˛ h
n. sI
. -F≥
.
Ie
ymWn
˛am[
-hn-°
p´n
Bfl
-lX
y˛ c
mP-e
£van
\ns
‚ I
Y (F
s‚
bpw)
˛ F≥
. taml
-\≥
hmk
v-Xp-l
mc˛
kn. h
n. ioc
m-a≥
Gb
v©¬
˛ KuX
-a≥
aq∂
m-a-sX
m-cmƒ
˛ ap≠
q¿ I
rjvW
≥I
p´n
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)sI
. ]n. A
∏≥
, IY
˛ BJ
ym-\h
pw A\
p`-h
-k-Ø
bpw,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
2)tU
m. Fw. F
w. _j
o¿, a
e-b
mf s
Ndp-I
-Ym-k
m-ln-X
y
N-cn-X
w (1950-˛2007),
Xri
q¿: tI
cf k
mlnX
y A
°m-Z
-an,
2008.
3)(H
cp I
q´w F
gp-Ø
p-Im¿
) cmP
-e£
van F
∂
Fgp-Ø
p-Im-c
n, Fd-W
m-Ipf
w: kn-s
F-k
n-kn, 1966.
4)F
w.-F≥
. hnP
-b≥
, acp-
q-an-I
ƒ ]
q°p-t
ºmƒ
, Imk
¿tKmU
v:
Ie
m-t£
-Xw, 1993.
5)KuX
-a≥
, KuX
-as‚
]i
-kvX
-I-Y
-Iƒ
, Xr»
n-h-t]
-cq¿
:
]k
m-[-\
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2014.
6)F
w. tX
mak
v amX
yp, Bfl
m-hn-s
‚ a
pdn-h
p-Iƒ
, Xri
q¿: A
¶-
Ww, 1998.
7)I
f¿tI
mSv h
mkp-t
Z-h
≥\
mb¿, X
cn-i
p-\n-e
-Øns
‚ I
Y-I
ƒ,
tI
m´b
w: F≥
_n-F
-kv, 1974.
8)ch
n-i-¶
¿, F
kv.\
mb¿, l
m-ky-Ø
ns‚
ck
-X¥
w ˛
hn.-s
I.-F
-∂ns
‚ l
mky-k
m-ln-X
yw, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf
`mj
m C≥
kv‰n-‰
yq´v, 2011.
5554
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
D≈
n-Øo-b
epw H
º-X
ns‚
]´n-I
bpw
˛ ]nb
F. F
kv.
t\
mh¬
kwK
lw
˛ kp`
mjvN
µ≥
Dº
¿t´m F
t°
m˛
_n. a
pcfn
NX
p-cw-K
hpw k
vXo-I
fpw
˛A
ti
m-I≥
Ncp-h
n¬
\oe
-°p-X
n-c-b
psS a
\
v˛
]n. k
ptc-µ
≥
Fk
vt°
m-_m¿
˛h
’-e
≥ h
mXp-t
»cn
sN
‰˛
Cµ
p-ta-t\
m≥
tX
mSn-\
-∏pd
w ]d-º
-\n-∏
pdw
˛DÆ
n B¿.
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)F
w. apI
p-µ≥
, B[
p-\n-I
X C
s∂
-hns
S? t
Img
n-t°
mSv:
He
n-hv, 2010.
2)Sn. B
¿., N
nX-I
-eb
pw sN
dp-I
-Y-b
pw, tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1985.
3)P
n. a[
p-kq-Z
\≥
, IY
bpw ]
cn-ÿ
n-Xnb
pw, Xri
q¿:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2000.
4)tU
m. Fw. F
w. _j
o¿, s
Ndp-I
Y F
gp-X
p-tº
mƒ, X
riq¿
:
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 2014.
5)F
w. sI
. lcn-I
p-am¿
, IY
B
[p-\
n-I-X
-bv°
p-ti
-jw, X
ncp-
h-\
-¥-]
pcw: ]
`m-X
v, 2000.
6)tU
m. an\
n ]k
m-Zv, a
e-b
m-f-Ø
ns‚
A\
-iz-c
-I-Y
-Iƒ
]T-\
-߃
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n, 2012.
7)R
obert Taubman (ed.), T
he P
engu
in B
ook of M
odern
Eu
ropean
Sh
ort Stories, Great B
ritain: Penguin B
ooks, 1969.
8)Irving H
owe (ed.), L
eterary Mod
ernism
, New
York: A
Faw
cettP
remier B
ook, 1967.
9)W
. Som
erset Maugham
, Th
e Su
mm
ingu
p, G
reat Britain: P
en-guin B
ooks, 1969 (1938).
10)Sylvan B
arnet and William
E. C
ain, A S
hort G
uid
e to Writin
gab
out L
iterature, N
ew D
elhi: Pearson E
ducation, 2006.
kl
mbI
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. U
n. _
-©-an≥
, sN
dp-I
Y (`
mKw
c≠
v), B
[p-\
nI
ae
-bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w ˛ ]ÿ
m-\-ß
-fn-e
qsS, (P
\-d¬
FU
n-‰¿) t
Um. s
I. F
w. tPm¿
Pv, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v,
1998.
2)tU
m. Fw. F
w. _j
o¿, a
e-b
m-f-sN
-dp-I
-Ym-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cnX
w
(1950 ˛ 2007), Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mln-X
y- A-°
-Zan, 2008.
3)F
w. apI
p-µ≥
, F¥
mWv B
[p-\
n-IX
?, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
]q¿
W ]
_vfn-t
°j
≥k
v, 2006 (1976).
4)tU
m. h’
-e≥
hmX
p-t»
-cn, I
Yb
pw m‚
-knb
pw, tI
m´b
w:
Id≥
dv _
pIvk
v, 2004.
5)tU
m. B¿. h
n. Fw. Z
nhm-I
-c≥
, IY
bpw X
nc-°
-Yb
pw,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: He
o-hv, 2005.
6)sI
. F
kv.
ch
n-Ip-a
m¿,
IY
bpw
`mh
p-I-X
z-]-cn-W
m-a-h
pw,
tI
m´b
w: Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2001.
7)]
n. sI
. cmP
-im-J
-c≥
, IY
m-¥-c-ß
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Img
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n, 2007.
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9)T
heodore Goodm
an, Th
e Writin
g of Fiction
, New
York:
Collier B
ooks, 1961.
10)Frank A. D
ickson and Sandra Smythe (E
d.), Handbook of Short
Story Writin
g, Cincinati: W
riters Digest B
ooks, 1970.
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reg Garrard, E
cocriticism, L
ondon: Routledge, 2003.
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e k
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w kvX
o]-I
r-Xn,
amt
h-e
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vkv, 2000.
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kv.-i
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, tI
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w:
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vkv, 2010.
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. -sI
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w, k
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w: Id‚
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12)K
roeber Karal, E
cologically literary Criticism
Rom
antic
Imagin
g and
the B
iology of Min
d, C
olumbia U
niversity Press,
2003.
13)C
heryll, Glofelty, H
arold fromm
(ed.), The E
co Criticism
Reader,
2005.
14)Fill, A
lwin &
Peter Muhlhausler (ed), T
he Eco-linguistics reader,
London: C
ontinunm, 2004.
15)P
atricia Hill C
ollins, Black
Fem
inist T
hou
ght, N
ew Y
ork:R
outledge, First India R
eprint 2012 (2000).
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mek
vXoI
-Y-I
ƒ,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: en]
n ]_
v-fn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2010 (2004).
3)-k
-®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥, a
pSns
Ø-ø
-߃
- (]T\
w), ]m]
-Ød,
kmd
tP
mk-^
v, Xri
q¿: I
d‚
v _pI
vkv, 1996 (]
pdw 47
50).
4)sI
.- B¿. k
PnX
, ]pX
p-c-N
-\-b
nse
s]
¨h
¿Ø
-am-\
-߃
,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
p-cw: ]
-cn-[
n ]-ª
n-t°
-j≥
-kv, 2012, (]
p-dw 48-56).
5)P
n. -D-j
m-Ip-a
mcn, ]
pXp-a
-jn-t
X-Sp∂
s]
¨I
-hnX
,
DS¬
H-cp s
\-b
v-Øv˛ k
w-kv-I
m-c-Ø
n-s‚
kv-X
o-hm-b
\,
tI
m-´b
w: F≥
-_n-F
-kv, 2014 (]
p-dw, 75˛85).
6)sI
. imc
-Zm-a
-Wn, k
vXo k
vXoh
m-Zw k
vXoh
n-tam-N
-\w,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
6362
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
9)sI
.- kn. -]
p-cp-t
jm-Ø
-a≥
, ZfnX
v kml
n-Xy-]
-ÿm-\
w,
tI
c-f -k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 2008.
10)tU
m.- Ip-a
m-c≥
ssh
te
-cn, Z
fn-X
s‚
t\
mhpw \
n\h
pw
\mS
≥]
m-´p-I
-fn¬
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]m∏
n-tb
m¨, 2003.
11)k
t¥
m-jv, H
. -sI
., Xnc
-kvI
r-X-cps
S c
N\
m`q]
-Sw,
ssaX
n _pI
vkv, 2010.
12)F
w.- A-`n-e
m-jv, Z
fnX
v kzX
zw cmj
vSob
w ae
-bmf
Ih
n-X-b
n¬, e
nJnX
w _pI
vkv, 2012.
13)U
n.- B¿. -\
m-K-cm-P
v/ ]n. -F
-kv. -a
-t\
m-PvI
p-am¿
, Pze
n-°p∂
]mZ
-߃
, amt
h-e
n-°c: t
^_
n-b≥
_pI
vkv, 2008.
14)I
p∂p-I
pgn F
kv.- a
-Wn / ]
n. -F-k
v. -A-\
n-cp-≤
≥,
al
mflm A
ø≥
Im-f
n, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 2013.
15)tU
m. -Fw. -_
n. -a-t\
m-Pv (F
Un-‰
¿), B
Jym-\
w, km∂
n-≤yw,
kuµ
-cyw, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: h
nZym¿
∞n ]
ªn-t
°-j
≥, 2013.
16)]
n.- ]n. -c
-ho-µ
≥, C
S-s]
-S-e
p-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w: Un.-k
n.-_p-I
vkv,
1997.
17)K
. Satya N
arayana and Susie T
haru (Edited and Introduced),
The E
xercise of Freedom
- An Inroduction To D
alit writing,
Navayana, 2013.
18)M
alayalam L
iterary Survey, Dalit literature in M
alayalam, K
eralaS
ahitya Akadem
, 2009, July-Decem
ber.
19)K
. M. S
herrif, Ekalavyas w
ith Thum
bs, Pushpam
Publications,
1999.
20)M
. B. M
anoj, George K
. Alex (E
d.), Writin
g In th
e Dark
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A collection
of Malayalam
Dalit P
oetry, VA
K, 2008.
21)D
r. Susi Tharu, D
r.Satya Narayana (ed.), N
o Alphabets in sight-
An A
nthology in Malayalam
Dalit W
riting, Penguin India, 2010.
22)D
r. M. D
asan / Dr. P
rathibha / Dr. C
. S. C
handrika /
Dr. P
radeepan Pam
birikkunnu, (Ed.), A
n A
nth
ology ofM
alayalam D
alit Writin
g, Oxford India, 2011.
(Ih
n-X)
1)A
∂w s
Ndp-I
n-fn˛ \
mS≥
]m´
v
2)F
s‚
hwi
-sØ
-∏-‰n- ˛ s
]mb
vI-b
n¬ A
∏-®
≥
(ISp-Ø
p-cpØ
n: k-a-\
z-bw _
p-Iv-k
v, 1999.)
3)]
W-b
-]q¿
∆w˛ P
n. -i-i
n -a-[
p-c-th
en
4)A
Ω H
cp I
mev]
-\nI
Ih
n-X-b
-√˛ h
nPne
Nnd
-∏mS
v
5)Hm¿
-a-]
m-v N
-cn-X
-tc-J
Iƒ
, k-am-l
-cW
w: hn.h
n. kzma
n,
C.h
n. A-\
n¬-I
p-am¿
, Xn-c
ph√
: B-Zn-b
¿-Zo-]
w
]-ª
n-t°
-j≥
-kv, 2010 (]
p-dw 158˛159).
(IY
-Iƒ
)
1)t]
X-`m-j
Ww ˛ k
n.- A-ø
-∏≥
2)tX
≥h
-cn-°
˛ \mc
m-b≥
3)I
dp-Ø
-Ip-c
n-iv ˛ ]
n. -F.- D
-Ø-a≥
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
1)A
ko-k
v X-cph
-W, h
-b-\
m-S≥
c-m-a
m-bW
w, tI
m-gn-t
°mS
v:
am-X
r-`q-a
n, 2011.
2)]
Zo-]
≥ ]
mºn-c
n-°p-∂
v, ZfnX
v kuµ
-cy-i
m-kvX
w,
tI
m´b
w: Un. -k
n. _pI
vkv, 2011.
3)sI
. sI
. _m-_
p-cm-P
v, as‰mc
p Poh
nXw k
m≤y-a
m-Wv,
k_
vPI
vSv &
emwt
KzP
v ]
v, 2008.
4)sI
.- sI
. -sI
m-®v, _
p≤-\
n-te
-°p≈
Zqc
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un. -k
n. _pI
vkv, 2011.
5)sI
.- Fw. -k
-eow-I
p-am¿
, s\
Kn-‰
yq-Uv, t
Im´
bw:
Un. -k
n. _pI
vkv, 2011.
6)sI
.- hn. -i
-in, A
Xn-I
-a-ß
ƒ k
n≤m-¥
w hna
¿i
-\w
kn\
n-a, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: ]cn[
n ]ª
n-t°
-j≥
kv, 2012.
7)A
wt_
-Zv°
¿, H
cp ]
_p≤
C¥
y-°mb
n sK
bv¬
Hmw s
hØ
v, at\
m-c-a-˛-s
]≥
Kzn≥
, 2010.
8)sKb
v¬ H
mw sh
Øv, Z
fnX
v Nn¥
-Iƒ
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
amX
r-`qa
n _pI
vkv, 2010.
6564
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
10)h
na≥
_ns
l≥
Uv a
qho-I
ym-a-d ˛ K
oY
(IqS
p-X¬
Img
vN°
:v)
1)]
n (-tj
m¿´v^
n-enw) -˛-A
-ap-X
≥
2)N
men-b
m¿ Z
ss^
\¬
ÃKnƒ
˛
kn.i
-c-X
vN-µ
≥, ]
n.-_m-_
p-cmP
v
3)tU
m≠v _
n Hu¿ ^
mZ¿˛ c
qt]
jv I
pam¿
4)j
o s]
bn-t
‚¿k
v˛ kwh
n-[m-\
w: ioa
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anÃ
v˛ kwh
n-[m-\
w: _m_
p Ima
Øv
6)P
bv`ow t
Ima
Uv, k
whn-[
m-\w: B
\µ
v ]-Sv-h
¿≤
≥
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oUn I
mÃv Ã
ocn-t
bm,
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n-[m\
w: F.-F
kv. A
Pn-Ø
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¥ym A
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˛ kwh
n-[m-\
w: Ãme
n≥
9) t]
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m-Øh
¿ (k
n-\n-a
) kw-h
n-[m-\
w : tU
m. _nP
p
kl
m-bI
KŸ
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:
1)^
nen∏
v sa°
v ssa°
nƒ, t
emI
Øn\
v £
Ww: I
rjn, h
nI-
k-\
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nI ]
cn-t
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tf-W
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b
pKØ
n¬,
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n-‰¿am¿
: e
ntb
m ]
m\n-‰
n-jv,
tI
mfn≥
te
bvk
v), Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: N
n¥ -]
-ªn-t
°-j
≥k
v,
2012.
2)cW
-PnØ
v Kpl
, Nµ
m-bps
S a
cW
w, Iog
m-f-]
-T-\
-߃
,
(FU
n-‰¿am¿
:
kqk
n X
mcp,
Fk
v.-k-R
vPoh
v), tI
m´-b
w:
Un.k
n. _p-I
v-kv, 2009, (]
p-dw, 145-˛177)
3)C
.- hn.- c
m-a-I
r-jvW
≥, k
vssX
Wm-\
p-h
hpw ]
pcp-j
-Zr-j
vSnb
pw
kml
n-Xy-Ø
n¬, h
m°ns
e k
aq-l
w, Un.k
n. _p-I
v-kv, 1999
(]pd
w 34-˛40).
4)tU
m.-F
w._
n.a-t\
mP
v, ]
n™n°
odn
]d-n™
-h-cp-t
Sb
pw
tX
™p-c
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fp-ß
n-b-h
-cp-t
Sb
pw I
mhy-k
u-µ
cy]
≤X
n,
tZi
w tZi
n am¿K
w: k
ml
n-Xy-s
a∂
D]
m-Zm\
kma-K
n,
tI
m´b
w: ]m-∏
nd-k
v _p-I
v-kv, 2011 (]
pdw 142-˛174).
bqW
n‰v 5A
®-Sn, Z
riy˛i
hya
m[ya
ß-fns
e ]
cn-ÿ
nXn, k
vXo,
ZfnX
v A
S-b
m-f-s∏
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epI
ƒ ˛
Assk
≥sa‚
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,
sk
an-\
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ƒ, t
jm¿
vn-e
nw, tU
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ym-]-I
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S t
a¬
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pw B\
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nb t
^mt
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ƒ (a
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qan B
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n-∏v, 2010 U
nkw-_
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n. -F.- \
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hnh
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v (t
jm¿
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z¿Kw- (-t
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kw-h
n-[m-\
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uk
‚v s
Ub
vkv B
‚v F
Uow
kn. -i
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vN-µ
≥, ]
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v
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cp-∏
v (tj
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whn-[
m-\w˛ A
ap-X
≥
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S H
cp Z
nhk
w (tj
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kn≤
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pw ]tb
m-K-h
pw, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: h
mg-h
´w k
mln-
Xy-I
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va, 2009.
7)F
kv. -i
m-c-Z-°
p-´n, s
]¨
hn-\
n-a-b
-߃
, tI
m´b
w:
Un. -k
n. _pI
vkv, 2009.
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p-cm-P
v, Ccp-´
nse
IÆ
m-Sn, t
Im´
bw:
Un. -k
n. _pI
vkv, 2011.
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n.-a-t\
m-Pv, B
Z¿i
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w F-gpØ
v
Ah
-ÿ˛ Z
fnX
v kml
nXy]
T-\
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, sI
m®n :
]W
X _
pIvk
v, 2009.
(B\
p-Im-e
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ƒ)
1)tU
m. k
n. -B
¿.-
cm-P
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m-e≥
, I
dp-Ø
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n-I-fps
S
sI
mbvØ
v, amX
r-`qa
n BgvN
-]-X
n-∏v, 2013 U
nkw-_
¿ 1,
]pd
w 28-˛43.
2)]
n.- Sn.- a
p-l-Ω
Zv k
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v, NmW
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p
Poh
m-ar-X
w, amX
r-`qa
n BgvN
-]-X
n-∏v, 2013 P
\p-h
cn 27,
]pd
w 11˛21.
3)]
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]n., ]
mcn-ÿ
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w, hn⁄
m-\-ssI
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k]
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¿ 2009,
]pd
w 10˛22,
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men, F
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kv., ]
cn-ÿ
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pw BtKm-f
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pw, hn⁄
m-\-ssI
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KÃ
v 2008, ]pd
w 63-˛64.
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n;
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ae
; kvX
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m\I
n; kml
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w, 96 P\
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pdw 37-˛56.
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n BgvN
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n∏v 2012 H
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pdw 14-˛20.
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18.The R
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iction - (Ed.) Jam
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olderwood
37.Modernism
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odernism (B
) Peter B
rooks
38.The A
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39.Narrative - A
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v/
t]
mPI
v‰v N
ne h
nj-b
-߃
:
tI
cf]
mWn\
obw H
∂mw ]
Xn∏
n\v t
Icfh
¿Ω
he
nb
tI
mbnØ
ºpc
m≥ F
gpX
nb A
hX
mcnI
h
nh¿Ø
\w
sN
øpI
.
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)]
pXpt
»cn c
maN
µ≥
(kº
mZ\
hpw ]
T\
hpw),
tI
cf]
mWn\
obh
na¿i
w, X
ncp-h
-\¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf`mj
m
C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v, 1996.
2)P
n. I
ae
Ω, ae
bmf
`mj
bps
S A
Snt
hcpI
ƒ,
tI
m´b
w:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1998.
3)k
mlnX
y]©
m\≥
]
n. sI
. \
mcmb
W]
n≈,
]tb
mK
-
Zo]
nI, X
riq¿
: tI
cfk
mlnX
y A°
mZan, 1996 (1935).
4)F
w.
ti
jK
ncn]
`p,
hymI
cW
anX
w,
Xri
q¿:
tI
cf-
kml
nXy A
°mZ
an, 1989.
5)tU
m. _m_
p sN
dnb
m≥, s
_©
an≥
s_
bve
n, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 2009.
6)F
. B¿. c
mPcmP
h¿Ω
, (kº
mZ\
hpw ]
T\
hpw) ]
pXpt
»cn
cma
Nµ
≥tI
cf]
mWn\
obw (B
Zy]
Xn∏
v), Xri
q¿: t
Icf
kml
nXy A
°mZ
an, 1996.
7)F
. B
¿. cmP
cmP
h¿Ω
, tI
cf]
mWn\
obw
(iX
m_vZn∏
-
Xn∏
v), tI
m´b
w: Un.k
n. _pI
vkv, 1997.
8382
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
2CO
7
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
`mj
m-imk
vXw
(Linguistics)
hyX
ykvX
amb
D≈
S°
hpw
]tb
mK]
≤X
nIfpw
Bh
iy-
amb
`mj
m]T\
w, k
mlnX
y]T\
w F
∂o
c≠
v taJ
eI
ƒ
ASß
p∂X
mWv C
u t
Img
vkv. `
mjsb
bpw `
mjb
neqs
Sb
p≈
k¿Kmfl
Imh
njvI
mcß
sfb
pw hni
Ie
\]
camb
n ImW
m\pw
k¿Kk
r„nI
tfmS
p≈ k
z¥w
]X
nIcW
w `mj
mLS\
bps
S
ASnÿ
m\Ø
n¬ h
niZoI
cn°
m\pa
p≈ I
gnh
v hnZ
ym¿Y
nIfn¬
hf¿Ø
nsb
Sp°
pI F
∂X
v `mj
m˛k
ml
nXy]
T\
Øns
‚
][
m\e
£ya
mWv.
`mj
mimk
vXk
n≤m¥
߃
, k
¶¬
]\
-
߃
, ]
tb
mK]
≤X
nIƒ
F
∂nh
bps
S A
SnØ
db
n¬ \
n∂p-
sI
m≠pa
mXta k
hnt
ij
amb
C
Øcw
hni
Ie
\ti
jnI
ƒ
hf¿Ø
nsb
Sp°
m≥
I
gnb
pI-b
p≈q.
`mj
mi
mk
vXw
F∂
tI
mgvk
v k
whn[
m\
w sN
bvX
ncn°
p∂X
v C
Xn\
mh
iya
mb
ssk
≤m¥
nIamb
A
SnØ
db
pw ]
mtb
mK
nIti
jnI
fpw
]Zm\
w sN
øm\
mWv. `
mjmh
niI
e\
ti
jn°
p]pd
ta, k
mln-
Xy˛
kmwk
vImc
nI]
T\
w, `mj
m˛kml
nXyK
th
jW
w F
∂n-
hb
pamb
n _‘
s∏
´nc
n°p∂
mj
mimk
vXtaJ
eI
fps
S ]
mY-
anI
]T\
hpw
C
Xn¬
Dƒ
s∏
SpØ
nbnc
n°p∂
p. ae
bmf-
`mj
mi
mk
vXØ
nte
m `mj
bpa
mb
n _
‘s∏
´ k
ml
nXy-
]T\
taJ
eI
fnte
m D]
cn]
T\
w \SØ
m\mh
iya
mb `
mjmi
m-
kvX
]cn⁄
m\w C
Xne
qsS s
sI
hcn°
m≥ I
gnb
Ww.
20)I
p´nI
rjvW
amc
m¿, `
mjm]
cnN
bw, t
Img
nt°
mSv:
]n.s
I. _
tZ¿k
v, 1997.
21)s]
m^. k
pµcw [
\p-h
-®-]
p-cw, t
Ic-f-]
m-Wn-\
o-bw, ˛ h
ym-
Jym-\
hpw h
n-Nn-¥
-\h
pw Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: ]
nbZ¿i
n\n ]
ªn-
t°
-j≥
kv, 2013.
22)s]
m^.
sI
. h
n. cma
Nµ
ss]
, h
ymI
cW
]T\
߃
,
Nß
\mt
»cn: e
n√n ]
ªnj
nwMv l
uk
v, 2009.
23)tP
m¿÷
vamØ
≥, a
e-b
m-gva-b
psS h
ymI-cW
w
24)Kp≠
¿´v, a
e-b
m-f-`m-j
m-hym-I
-cW
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un.k
n. _pI
vkv, 1991.
25)tU
m. F≥
.- F≥
. aq
Xv, h
ymI-c-W
-hn-t
hI
w ˛
26)sI
. -Fw. ]
`m-I
-c-h
mcnb
¿, h
ymI-c-W
-k-ao£
˛ tI
m´-b
w:
I-d‚
v _pI
vkv.
27)sI
.- Fw. ]
`m-I
-c-h
m-cn-b
¿, `
mj-b
pw a\
-»m-k
vXh
pw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1999 (1978).
28)sI
. Ip©
p-Æn-c
mPm, `
mjm-K
-th
-jW
w ˛
29)h
nZzm≥
tP
m¨ I
p∂-∏
-≈n, i
_vZ-k
u--Kw, B
eph
: s]
m¥n-
^n-°
¬ C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1976.
30)L.V
. Ram
aswam
y Iyer, Notes on
Kerala P
anin
iyam
31)K
. M. P
rabhakara Variar, Stu
dies in
Malayalam
Gram
mar
Madras: U
niversity of Madras 1979
8584
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
a‰pb
qWn‰
pIfne
pw ]
k‡
amb
F
√m k
µ¿`-
ßfne
pw Cu I
aw X
s∂
]n¥
pScmh
p∂X
mWv.
`mj
˛ a\
pjy`
mjb
psS k
hnt
ij
XI
ƒ˛ `
mjb
psS
i–
˛enJ
nX a
m[ya
߃
; Ah
XΩ
nep≈
hyX
ymk-
߃
˛ `mj
m[¿aß
ƒ (language functions) --˛
kaql
w, kwk
vImc
w, kµ
¿`w F
∂nh
bpa
mbn `
mj-
bps
S _
‘w
˛ `mj
mt`Zß
ƒ˛k
maql
nIw,
]mt
Z-
inI
w, k
mµ¿`nI
w˛ am\
I`mj
, k
¶c`mj
, sh
¶e
-
`mj
, Poh
¬`mj
, arX
`mj
, `mj
m\mi
w ˛ XpS
ßnb
k¶
ev]
\ß
ƒ.
`mj
F∂
Nn”
hyh
ÿ˛ N
n”w˛ k
qNI
w, kqN
nXw
˛ `mj
sb
Nn”
hyh
ÿb
mbn (L
S\
mhmZ
]camb
n)
\n¿
∆N
n°¬
˛
`mj
mkam¿
P\
hpw `
mjm]
T\
hpw ˛ i
nip`
mj ˛
Bi
bh
n\na
bh
rØn a
mXrI
bpw `
mjb
pw ˛
amX
r`mj
, ¢m
n°¬
`mj
, arX
`mj
, Poh
¬`mj
˛
te
mI`mj
Iƒ
, C¥
ybns
e `
mjI
ƒ ˛
`mj
mIpS
pw_ß
ƒ ˛
bqW
n‰v 2
`mj
mimk
vXw F
∂ ]
T\
imJ
`mj
mi
mk
vXw
F∂
]
T\
imJ
bps
S k
hnt
ij
-
XI
fpw h
yXnc
n‡X
bpw h
y‡amb
n a\
ne
m°m≥
kl
mbI
amb
hn[
Øne
mWv C
u b
qWn‰
v kwh
n[m\
w
sN
bvX
ncn°
p∂X
v.
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw hymI
cW
hpw˛ `
mjmi
mkvX
Øn-
s‚
h
nImk
Øns
e \
mgnI
°√
pIƒ
˛ `mj
mimk
vX-
Øns
e h
niI
e\
]≤
XnI
ƒ˛
GI
Ime
nIw,
_l
p-
Ime
nIw˛ X
mcX
aymfl
Iw,
hyX
ntcI
mfl
Iw ˛
`mj
m]
cnW
maw˛ A
-KÃ
v j
veoj
dps
S I
pSpw
_-
hr£
amX
rI (fam
ily tree model), t
Pml
∂k
v jvan-‰
ns‚
XcwK
kn≤
m¥w (w
ave theory) -
mjmt
KmX
߃
F∂
Cu t
Img
vkns
‚ D
≈S°
Øne
qsS h
nZym¿
YnI
ƒ t
\Sns
bSp-
t°
≠ss\
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nIƒ
Ch
bmW
v:
·`mj
bps
S L
S\
bpw
hnh
n[X
eß
fns
e L
SI
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n®dnb
pI.
·`mj
bps
S h
yXyk
vXcq]
ßfpw
hyX
ykvX
k
µ¿`ß
fns
e ]
tb
mKh
pw a\
ne
m°pI
bpw A
Xne
qsS k
z¥w
`mj
bps
S k
m[yX
Ifpw k
hnti
jX
Ifpw X
ncn®
dnb
p
Ib
pw sN
øpI
.
·`mj
mimk
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k¶
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fpw c
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≤X
nIfpw
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tb
mKn®
v `mj
mhyh
lmc
ßsf h
niI
e\
w sN
øm≥
Ignb
pI.
·k
mlnX
y]mT
ßfps
S ]
T\
Øn\
pw h
niI
e\
Øn\
pw
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mimk
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¶¬
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߃
D]
tb
mKn°
m≥ I
gnb
pI.
`mj
mimk
vXw H
cp ]
mtb
mKnI
imk
vXamb
Xn\
m¬ H
mtcm
bqW
n‰ne
pw A
hX
cn∏
n°p∂
ssk
≤m¥
nIh
o£W
ßfpw
Bi
bß
fpw
hni
Ie
\ß
fne
qsSb
pw ]
tb
mKØ
neqs
Sb
pw
a\
ne
m°
m≥
A
hk
csamcp°
p∂ A
ssk
≥sa‚
pIfpw
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bmK
nI]
h¿Ø
\ß
fpw B
kqX
Ww s
Ntø
≠X
mWv.
bqW
n‰v 1
`mj
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m\k
¶¬
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ßfpw
coX
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XnI
fpw
`mj
m-
imk
vXØ
ns‚
i
mkvX
obk
ao]
\sØ
bpw
`mj
m-
imk
vXw s
sI
Imc
yw sN
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][
m\taJ
eI
sfb
pw
Ipd
n®v k
mam\
y[mc
W C
u b
qWn‰
n¬ \
n∂v e
`n°
pw.
`mj
F
¥v F
∂X
ns\
°pd
n®p≈
`mj
mi
mk
vX-
ho£
WamW
v, `mj
mL
S\
sb
bpw
`mj
mi
mk
vX-
Øns
e ]
tb
mK]
≤X
nIsfb
pwIp-d
n®v X
pS¿∂
p hcp-
∂ b
qWn‰
pIfns
e D
≈S°
Øns
‚ A
Snÿ
m\w.
mj-
sb
°pd
n®p≈
h
nime
[mc
WI
fps
S A
SnØ
db
n¬,
`mj
mIpS
pw_w, `
mcX
ob`mj
mIpS
pw_ß
ƒ, Z
mhnU
-
`mj
mIpS
pw_w, a
eb
mfw F
∂ I
aØ
nep≈
Bi
b-
hnI
mk
w C
u h
njb
Øn\
v A
\pt
bmP
yamW
v.
8786
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kz\
hn⁄
m\w˛ a
q∂v D
ĸ
ncnh
pIƒ
˛ ih
Wmk
v]Zw
(auditory), k
z\`uX
nIw
(accoustic), A
hb
hmk
v]Zw
(articulatory) ˛
i–
Øns
‚ `uX
nIk
z`mh
߃
˛ `mj
mi–
ßfps
S
]tX
yIX
Iƒ
˛ `mj
Wmh
bh
߃
˛ `mj
tW
m¬]
m-
Z\
w˛`
mj
Wi
–ß
fps
S h
¿K
oIcW
w˛
kzc
hpw
hyR
vP\
hpw˛ A
hb
psS D
ĸ
ncnh
pIƒ
˛ AX
nJfi
-
kh
nti
jX
Iƒ
(suprasegm
entals); A
\pX
m\w,
`mc
w
(intonation, stress) kz\
w, kz\
naw, D
]k
z\w, h
yXyb
hpw
]qc
IX
zhpw,
ae
bmf
Øns
e k
z\na
߃
˛ A
£c-
LS\
(syllabic structure) ˛
cq]
hn⁄
m\w˛
cq]
Xe
Øns
e L
SI
ßfpw
LS\
-
bpw˛
_≤
cq]
߃
, k
zX¥
cq]
naß
ƒ˛
cq]
nah
pw
D]
cq]
naß
fpw˛k
z\na
m[nj
vTnX
hpw c
q]na
m[nj
vTnX
-
hpa
mb
D]
m[
nh¬
°cW
w˛
(ph
on
olo
gical
and
morphological conditioning) ˛F
¥mW
v ]Zw?˛ ]
ZL
S\
:
[mX
p, ]I
rXn, ]
Xyb
w˛ ap≥
]X
ybw, ]
n≥]
Xyb
w,
Dƒ
]X
ybw˛c
q]X
eØ
nse
cq]
kn≤
nbpw
\nj
v]mZ
-
\h
pw (inflection and derivation)˛ efnX
]Zß
fpw k
ak
vX-
]Zß
fpw˛
kamk
w˛ ae
bmf
Øns
‚ ]
Z\
njv]
mZ\
]I
nbI
ƒ˛ c
q]k
z\h
n⁄m\
w (morphophonology) ˛
k‘
n ˛
hmI
yLS\
˛hnh
cW
mflI
hymI
cW
Øns
e k
¶¬
]
\ß
ƒ ˛ ]
Zh
n`mK
߃
(w
ord categories) ]
Zk
w
lnX
, D]
hmI
yw, h
mIyw
˛ (phrase, clause, sentence)˛
hmI
yØn\
p≈ns
e L
SI
߃
X
Ωne
p≈ ]
ck
v]c
_‘
߃
; I
¿Ø
mhv,
I¿aw˛
hn`
‡nb
pw I
mcI
ßfpw˛ h
nhn[
Xcw h
mIyß
ƒ˛ ]
Imc
hpw ]
kvX
m
ch
pw (mood and aspect) ˛ k
∂nl
nXL
SI
hni
Ie
\w
(imm
ediate constituent analysis) `mj
sb
bpw
h
ymI
c
WsØ
bpw I
pdn®
p≈ t
Nmwk
vInb
psS k
n≤m¥
ßfpw
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\I
hymI
cW
hpw.
k¶
¬]
w˛ C
¥yb
nse
`mj
mIpS
pw_ß
ƒ (t
KmX
-
߃
),
mjmt
£X
w F∂
]cnI
ev]
\- C
¥y F
∂
`mj
mt£
Xw
Zmh
nU`mj
mIpS
pw_w, Z
mhnU
IpS
pw-
_Ø
n¬ a
eb
mfØ
ns‚
ÿm\
w ]
mKv`m-j
m-N-cn-X
-
\n¿
Ωm-W
w˛ \
n¿Æ
-b-co-X
n-Iƒ
, B
-¥-c-]
p-\:-k
r-jvSn-˛-
_m-l
y-]p-\
-:kr-j
vSn ˛ \
h\
n¿Ω
nXn (innovations)
NcnX
mflI
hpw X
mcX
aymfl
Ih
pamb
`mj
mimk
vX-
hpw
B[
p\nI
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw X
Ωne
p≈ t`Zw
˛
LS\
mhmZ
hpw
B[
p\nI
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw ˛
B[
p-
\nI
`mj
mimk
vXØ
nse
][
m\[
mcI
ƒ s
kmk
yq-
dnb
≥
mjmi
mkvX
w˛bmt
°m_
vk¨
˛ ]mK
v kvI
qƒ˛
bqt
dm]
y≥ ˛A
tacn°
≥ s
sI
hgnI
ƒ˛ ª
qw ^o¬
Uv
˛ kvI
n∂dps
S h
mNnI
hrØ
nhmZ
w˛
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mimk
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n\v a
‰v h
njb
ßfpa
mbp≈
_‘
w
(XØ
zNn¥
, \
ch
wi
imk
vXw,
a\
ximk
vXw,
kaql
imk
vXw, k
mlnX
y]T\
w)˛
`mj
mimk
vXØ
ns‚
hnh
n[taJ
eI
ƒ˛ s
sk
≤m¥
nI-
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw ]
bp‡
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw ˛
ka-
Ime
nI]
hW
XI
ƒ˛
bqW
n‰v 3
`mj
mLS\
bpw L
SI
ßfpw
`mj
bps
S i
–X
ew a
pX¬
hyh
lmc
Xe
w hscb
p≈
LSI
߃
H∂
ptN
¿∂
v Hcp B
ib
hn\
nab
hyh
ÿ-
bmb
n `mj
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¿Ø
n°p∂
sX
ßs\
F∂
v Xnc
n®dn-
bm≥
]TnX
mhns
\ k
lmb
n°p∂
D≈
S°
amW
v Cu
bqW
n‰ne
p≈X
v. h
nhn[
Xcw
`mj
m]
mTß
sf ]
e
Xe
Øns
e L
SI
ßfmb
n th
¿X
ncn°
m\pw L
SI
߃
XΩ
nep≈
_‘
߃
hni
ZoI
cn°
m\pw ]
TnX
mhn\
v
Ignb
Ww. ]
tb
mKti
jnI
ƒ°
v Du∂
¬ \
¬I
ns°
m-
≠mb
ncn°
Ww
Cu b
qWn‰
ns‚
D≈
S°
w h
n\na
bw
sN
tø
≠X
v.
8988
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
]Zß
ƒ X
Ωne
p≈ A
¿∞
_‘
߃
˛ A
¿∞
]cn
Wma
w˛cq]
Iß
fpw e
m£W
nI`mj
bpw (m
etaphor and
metaphoric language)˛A
hsb
°pd
n®p≈
kn≤
m¥ß
ƒ˛
]e
Xcw
`mj
mhyh
lmc
߃
(discourses)˛
hnh
cW
m
flI
]mT
w (descriptive text),
hn⁄
m\m[
njvTnX
]mT
w
(informative text), k
whmZ
mflI
]mT
w (argumentative text),
t]
cW
m[nj
vTnX
]mT
w (persuasive text) XpS
ßnb
]mT
C\
߃
(text types)
˛ e
nJnX
`mj
bpw
k
wk
mc
`mj
bpw˛ i
mkvX
kmt
¶X
nI`mj
˛
bqW
n‰v 5
`mj
mimk
vXØ
ns‚
]tb
mKtaJ
eI
ƒ
`mj
mimk
vXh
niI
e\
hpw
`mj
mimk
vX B
ib
-
ßfps
S ]
tb
mKh
pw Bh
iya
mb \
nch
[n ]
bp‡
-
taJ
eI
fp≠
v. Ah
bn¬
][
m\s∏
´h
bpw k
mlnX
y
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Øn\
v ]k
‡h
pamb
Nne
taJ
eI
fmW
v C
u
bqW
n‰n¬
Dƒ
s∏
SpØ
nbnc
n°p∂
Xv.
mjmi
mkvX
Øn-
s‚
]
tb
mKk
m[yX
Iƒ
X
ncn®
dnb
m\pw
`mj
mim-
kvX
sØ
Hcp ]
mtb
mKnI
hnj
bamb
n kzmwi
oIcn-
°m\
pw k
lmb
n°p∂
XmW
v C
u b
qWn‰
ns‚
D≈
S°
w.
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw kml
nXy]
T\
hpw˛ s
si
eoh
n⁄m-
\Ø
ns‚
A
Snÿ
m\ B
ib
ßfpw
]tb
mK]
≤X
n-
Ifpw
˛ B
Jym\
hn⁄
m\w,
hymJ
ym\i
mkvX
w ˛
Imh
y`mj
bps
S h
niI
e\
w ˛
`mj
mimk
vXh
pw `mj
m[ym]
\h
pw˛ LS\
m[nj
vTnX
kao]
\h
pw hn\
nab
m[nj
vTnX
kao]
\h
pw (Structural
and comm
unicative approaches) mj
m]T\
Øn¬
H
∂mw
(amX
r)`mj
m]T\
hpw c
≠mw`
mjm]
T\
hpw˛
mjm]
T
\Ø
ns‚
ASnÿ
m\X
Øzß
fpw ]
≤X
nIfpw ˛
\nL
≠p\
n¿amW
w (Lexicography) F
¥mW
v \nL
≠p?
\nL
≠ph
pw h
ymIcW
hpw
˛ h
nhn[
Xcw
\nL
≠p
bqW
n‰v 4
`mj
˛kaql
hpw k
µ¿`h
pw
\nX
yPoh
nXk
µ¿`ß
fne
pw k
hnti
jk
mlN
cyß
-
fne
pw mj
Fß
s\
D]
tb
mKn°
p∂p F
∂pw D
]tb
m-
KØ
neqs
S `
mjb
nep≠
mIp∂
hyX
nbm\
߃
F¥
v
F∂
pw \
nco£
n°m\
pw A
Xne
qsS `mj
m]tb
mK-
sØ
°pd
n®p≈
kaK
amb
[mc
W c
q]s∏
SpØ
m\pw
Bh
iya
mb D
≈S°
amW
v Cu b
qWn‰
nep≈
Xv. X
t‚
-
Xn¬
\n∂
p hyX
ykvX
amb
`mj
mcq]
ßsfb
pw hyh
-
lmc
ßsfb
pw I
pdn®
v X
pd∂
k
ao]
\ß
ƒ h
nZym¿
-
YnI
ƒ°
v D≠
mb
ncn°
Ww.
`mj
m]
tb
mK
Øns
‚
hnh
n[taJ
eI
ƒ ]
cnN
bs∏
Sp∂
Xne
qsS C
Xn\
p
hgns
bmc
pßp∂
p. hyX
ykvX
Bh
iyß
ƒ°
pw kµ
¿-
`ß
ƒ°
pw A\
pkrX
amb
hg°
w mj
bn¬
D≠
mIp-
∂sX
ßs\
F
∂v X
ncn®
dnb
m\pw
Cu b
qWn‰
ns‚
D≈
S°
w kl
mbI
amW
v.
`mj
mhyX
nbm\
w (language variation) mj
I¿°
v A\
pk-
cn®
pw `mj
Wk
µ¿`w A
\pk
cn®
pap≈
hyX
nbm\
w˛
`qa
nimk
vX]
camb
mj
mt`Zß
ƒ (dialects)
kma
qln-
Iamb
`mj
mt`Zß
ƒ (sociolects) ˛ a
m\I
`mj
F∂
k¶
¬]
w˛ sX
mgn¬
`mj
Iƒ
˛ `mj
mt`Z]
T\
Øns
‚
coX
nIƒ
˛ ae
bmf
Øns
‚
mjmt
`Zß
ƒ
mjmk
º-
¿°
w ˛
a‰p
`mj
Ifps
S k
zm[o\
w ae
bmf
Øn¬
˛
BZm\
w ˛
`mj
m]cnW
maw
˛ ]
cnW
matl
Xp°
ƒ˛
kz\
w,
hym
IcW
w,
A¿Y
w F
∂o
Xe
ßfns
e
]cnW
maw.
kma
qlnI
`mj
mimk
vXw˛ B
Nmc
`mj
˛ `mj
Icps
S
enwK
a\
pkcn®
p≈ `mj
mhyX
ymkw˛
Hu
]N
mcnI
`mj
bpw
A
\u
]N
mcnI
`mj
bpw
˛enJ
nX`mj
bpw
kwk
mc`mj
bpw
]I
cW
hn⁄
m\ob
w (Pragm
atics)
˛ `mj
bpw ]
Xyb
imk
vXh
pw ˛
`mj
bpw A
¿Y
hpw˛ A
¿∞
sØ
°pd
n®p≈
`mj
mim
kvX
k¶
¬]
\ß
ƒ˛ A
¿∞
Øns
‚ h
nhn[
Xcß
ƒ˛
9190
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
10) tU
m. ]
n. tk
mati
Jc≥
\mb
¿,
\nL
≠ph
n⁄m\
w,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf`mj
mC≥
Ãn‰
q-´v.
11) tU
m. hn. B
¿. ]
t_
m[N
µ≥
\mb
¿, s
si
eo`
wKnI
ƒ.
12) tU
m. tKmh
nµcp / ]
n.Fk
v _nP
p, ae
bmf
w Iw]
yq´dn¬
,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v.
13) C˛a
eb
mfw, X
ncph
\¥
]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v.
14)Dj
m\º
qXnc
n∏mS
v, kma
qlnI
`mj
mimk
vXw,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n‰
yq´v.
15)]
n. hn. H
ma\
, ae
bmf
Øns
e \
nL≠
p°ƒ
.
16)X
ncp-\
-√q¿
Icp-W
m-I-c≥
, ae
-bm-f
-`m-j
m-]-cn-W
m-aw-˛-k
n-≤m-
¥-ß
fpw h
kvX
p-X-I
fpw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: ]m`
mXv _
p°v
luk
v, 1965.
17)h
n. k
n. _
me
-Ir-j
vW≥
, `mj
m-h
n-⁄m-\
w,
tI
m´b
w:
F≥
_n-F
-kv, 1962.
18)sdm\
mƒU
v C
. B
j¿,
(FU
n-‰¿)
tU
m. F
kv.
th
em-b
p-
[≥
ae
-bm-f
-`m-j
m-]-T-\
-߃
, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
1989.
19)tU
m. sI
. kpK
-X≥
, samg
n-b-dn-h
v, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n,
1999.
20)tU
m. tK
mZ-h
¿Ω
-bps
S ]
_-‘
-߃
, (kº
m-Z-\
hpw ]
T-\
-
hpw) s
]m^
. Fk
v. Kp]
vX≥
\m-b
¿, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf
`mj
m C≥
kvv‰n-‰
yq´v, 1990.
21)tU
m. F≥
. tKm]
n-\m-Y
≥\
m-b¿ (F
-Un-‰
¿), a
e-b
m-f-`m-j
m-
N-cnX
w F
-gp-Ø
-—≥
hsc, ]
kn-≤
o-I-c-W
-hn-
mKw: I
men-
°‰v k
¿∆
-I-e
m-im-e
, 2006.
22)I
p©p-Æ
n-cm-P
, `mj
m-K-th
-j-W
w.
°ƒ
˛ h
m°pw
A¿Y
hpw
\nL
≠ph
n⁄m\
Øn¬
˛
\nL
≠ph
ns‚
LS\
˛ ae
bmf
\nL
≠p°
ƒ ˛
ae
bmf
hpw
Iº
yq´dpw˛
Iº
yq´dne
pw C
‚¿s\
‰ne
pw
ae
bmf
w D]
tb
mKn°
p∂X
ns‚
]cna
nXnI
fpw k
m[y
XI
fpw˛ IS
M, A
SC
II, WE
B t^
m≠pI
ƒ, b
qWnt°
mUv,
bqW
nt°
mUns
‚ h
nti
jX
Iƒ
˛
ae
bmf
w C
‚¿
s\
‰n¬
k
m[yX
Iƒ
˛ ae
bmf
w Iº
yq´nM
v Sqf
pIƒ
˛
en]
y¥cW
w, samg
nam‰
w H
.kn.B
¿˛ F
¥mW
v Iw]
yq
t´j
W¬
mj
mimk
vXw?˛ t
Im¿
]k
pIfpw K
th
jW
Øn¬
A
hb
v°p≈
]
[m\
yhpw˛
`mj
mKth
jW
w,
hni
Ie
\w F
∂nh
bn¬
Iº
yq´dpI
fqs
S D
]tb
mKw˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
1)tU
m C. h
n. F≥
\º
qXnc
n, `mj
mimk
vX]
th
inI
,
Xnc
ph-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icfk
¿h
Ie
mime
]k
m[\
hn`
mKw.
2)tU
m. sI
. Fw ]
`mI
ch
mcnb
¿ / i
m¥m A
KÃ
n≥,
B[
p\nI
`mj
mimk
vXw, t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v.
3)tZi
awK
ew c
maI
rjvW
≥ / l
pamw d
joZ
v, mj
mimk
vXw,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw.
4)tU
m.
hn.
B¿.
]t_
m[
Nµ
≥\
mb
¿,
`mj
mi
mk
vX
Zr„
nbne
qsS, X
ncph
\¥
]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v.
5)tU
m.
hn.
B¿.
]t_
m[
Nµ
≥\
mb
¿,
`mj
mi
mk
vX
\nL
≠p,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf`mj
mC≥
Ãn‰
q´v.
6)tU
m. h
n B
¿.
]t_
m[N
µ≥
\mb
¿,
kz\
hn⁄
m\w,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v.
7)tU
m. Sn. _
n. th
Wpt
Km]
me∏
Wn°
¿, k
z\afi
ew,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v.
8)tU
m. C. h
n. F≥
\º
qXnc
n, hmI
yLS\
, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰q´
v, 1997 (1977).
9)tU
m. ]n. t
kma
ti
Jc≥
\mb
¿, `
mjmt
`Zh
n⁄m\
obw,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf`mj
mC≥
Ãn‰
yq-´v.
9392
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
km-l
n-Xyß
sf H
∂mb
n ImW
Ww F
∂pw A
Xv H
cp k
wkv°
m-
c-amW
v F∂
pw ]d-b
p∂ ]
fin-X
-∑m¿
D≠
v.
`mj
Iƒ
A
t\
-Iw,
`mj
mk
ml
nXyß
ƒ A
t\
-Iw.
]t£
, `mc
-Xob
kml
nXyw H
∂v. A
t∏
mƒ F
¥mW
v `mc
-Xo-b
-
km-l
nXw? B
cmW
v mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
n-Xy-I
m-c≥
? GX
m\pw
mjm-
kml
n-Xy-ß
-fps
S ]
T-\
-Øn-e
qsS C
u tN
mZy-ß
ƒ°
v DØ
cw
At\
z-jn-°
m-hp∂
Xm-W
v. -a‰p-
m-j-I
-fns
e I
rXn-I
ƒ t
\cn´p h
mbn-
°m≥
k
m[n-°
p-∂-h
¿ s]
mXpt
h I
pd-h
m-bn-c
n-°pw.
a‰p
`mj
-
Ifns
e N
ne t\
mh-e
p-Itfm
sN
dp-I
-Y-I
tfm
Bfl
I-Y
-Itfm
Hcmƒ
]cn-`
m-j-b
n-eqs
S h
mbn-®
n-´p-≠
m-hmw. C
wKvfoj
v Adn-b
p-
∂h
¿ ]
cn-m-j
-I-fn-e
qsS t
emI
kml
nXyw h
mbn-°
p-∂-X
p-t]
mse
lnµ
n Adnb
p-∂-h
¿ l
nµn ]
cn-`
m-j-b
n-eqs
S `
mc-X
o-b-k
m-ln-X
y-
߃
hmb
n-°p-∂
p≠v. l
nµn A
dn-b
m-Ø-h
¿°
v kz¥
w mj
-bns
e
]cn-`
m-j-I
ƒ amX
-amW
v B
i-b
w. F
√m
`mj
m-km-l
n-Xy-ß
-
fn¬
\n∂
pw G‰h
pw anI
® I
rXn-I
ƒ a
mXw s
Xc-s™
-SpØ
v mc
-
X-Ø
nse
F√
m `mj
-I-fne
pw ]cn-`
m-j-s∏
-SpØ
n F√
m-`m-j
-I-fn-
te
bpw h
mb-\
-°ms
c
mc-X
o-b-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ a
lX
zw t_
m≤y-
s∏
-Sp-Ø
m≥ t
Iµ
-km-l
nXy A
°m-Z
an I
gn™
Ipt
d°
me-amb
n
ian-®
p-sI
m-≠n-c
n-°p--∂
p.
F√
m mc
-Xo-b
-mj
mkm-l
n-Xy-ß
fps
S N
cn-X
-ß-sf--°
p-dn®
pw
hnh
n[ k
mlnX
y]ÿ
m-\-ß
-sf-°
p-dn®
pw ]Tn-°
pI A
X F
fp-
∏tam ]
mtb
m-Kn-I
tam A
√. A
Xn-\
m¬, `
mc-X
-Øns
e ]
[m\
`mj
-Isf \
mep K
q∏p-I
-fmb
n Xnc
n®v B
mj
-I-fn¬
\n∂
v hnh
-
¿Ø
-\-amb
n ae
bm-f
-Øn¬
h
∂n-´
p≈ ]
m[-\
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´ N
ne I
rX-
In-f
psS k
-lm-b
-tØ
msS ]
mTy-]
-≤X
n \n¿
±-i
n-°p-I
-bmW
v sN
-
bvX
n-´p-≈
-Xv.
]mX
n-\n[
ykz`
mh-`m-h
-ap≈
I
rXn-I
-fps
S ]
T-\
-
Øne
qsS h
St°
C
≥U
y≥ `mj
-I-fn-s
eb
pw sX
t°
C
-Uy≥
`mj
-I-fn-s
eb
pw k
mln-X
y-ß-sf-°
p-dn®
v k
mam-\
y-amb
n a\
- n-
em-°
p-hm≥
Hc-h
-kcap≠
m-°p-I
-bmW
v mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
nXyw F
∂
Cu t
Img
n-kn-e
qsS e
£y-a
m-°p-∂
-Xv. G
sX
√mw
mj-I
-fn-¬
\n∂
v
GsX
ms°
IrX
n-I-fmW
v ]cn-m-j
-I-fmb
n -h-∂
n-p-≈
-sX
∂v A
t\
z-
jn®
v Is≠
-ØpI
; hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-Øn\
p \e
vIn-b
n-p≈
IrX
n-I-fps
S
]T-\
-Øn-e
qsS `
mc-X
o-b-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ k
hn-t
i-j
-X-I
ƒ a
\-
n-e
m-°p-I
.
Code: M
AL
2E2/8
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
A `
mc-X
ob-k
m-lnX
yw(Indian L
iterature)
`mc
-X-Ø
n¬ A
t\
Iw `
mj-I
fpw A
t\
Iw `
mjm-k
m-ln-X
y-
ß-fp-a
p-≠v. ]
t£
, Htc-sb
mcp k
mln-X
y-ta-b
p≈p F
∂pw A
Xv
`mc-X
o-b-cps
S ss]
Xr-I
-am-W
v F
∂pw
]
d-b
m-dp-≠
v. "`
mc-
Xob
kml
n-Xy-ß
ƒ' F
∂v _
lp-h
-N-\
-amb
pw "`mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
n-
Xyw' F
∂v G
I-h
-N-\
-amb
pw ]tb
m-Kn-°
m-dp-≠
v. tI
µ-k
m-lnX
y
A°
m-Zan 22
mj-I
ƒ k
mln-X
y-k-º
∂-amb
n AwK
o-I-cn-®
n-p≠
v.
`mc
-X-Ø
nse
F√
m `mj
-I-fn-s
eb
pw F√
m kml
n-Xy-k
-º-
Øp-I
-sfb
pw H∂
mbnt®
¿Ø
v Hcp
kmwk
v°m-c
n-I-k
-ºØ
mbn
Icp-X
p-tº
m-gmW
v `mc
-Xo-b
-ss]
Xr-I
-am-b
n-Øo-c
p-∂-X
v. `mc
-Xo-b
-
`m-j
-Isf h
yXyk
vX-ß
-fmb
pw A
h-b
nse
k
mln-X
y-ßsf
H∂
mbpw I
mWW
w. F¶
n¬ a
mXta, "]
e `
mj-I
-fn¬
Fgp-X
-
s∏
-Sp-∂
psh
-¶ne
pw `mc
-Xob
kml
nXyw H
∂m-I
p∂p' F
∂ a
pZm-
hm-I
y-Øn\
v A¿∞
-ap-≈
p.
`mj
-bmW
v k
mln-X
y-Øns
‚ ssP
h-L
-S-I
w. A
Xn-\
m¬
Hmt
cm `
mj-b
n-se
bpw k
mlnX
yw hyX
y-kvX
-am-b
n-cn°
pw; FX
`mj
-bpt
≠m A
Xb
pw kml
n-Xy-h
p-ap-≠
v. ]e
mj
-I-fns
e F
gp-
Øp-I
m¿ H
tc t
kmX
- n¬
\n∂
v ]tN
m-Z\
w t\
Sp-I
bpw s
sh
Im-
cn-I
hpw s
s[
j-W
n-I-h
p-amb
Htc-X
cw A
\p-`
q-XnI
ƒ°
v hnt[
-b-
cm-h
p-Ib
pw sN
øp-∂
p. A-X
n-\m¬
Ah
-cps
S e
£y-ß
-fne
pw Bh
n-
jv°
m-c-ß
-fne
pw Ht´sd k
mayw
ImW
m-hp-∂
-Xm-W
v. `mc
-Xo-b
-
9594
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w/ Ak
-anb
/ t\
mh¬
)
ar-X
yp-RvP
bw˛ h
otc-µ
-Ip-a
m¿ `
´m-N
mcy (A
-k-anb
)
(hn-h
¿Ø
\w: ]
n. am[
-h≥
]n≈
, Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1982.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / _wK
mfn I
hnX
)
KoX
m-RvP
en˛ S
mtKm¿
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
Pn.
i¶
-c-°
p-dp∏
v, F
d-W
m-Ipf
w: X
ne-
Iw, 1959.)
BZys
Ø 10 K
oXß
ƒ
Izmk
n \k
p-dp¬
C…
mw
1) hn]
v-f-h
-Imc
n 2) ka-X
z-hmZ
n
3) Bfl
-i‡
n 4) bpK
m-¥-c-KoX
w 5) sI
mSp-¶
m‰v
(Izmk
n \k
vdp¬
C…
m-ans
‚ X
nc-s™
-SpØ
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: \
neo-\
m- F-_
-lmw, k
®n-Z
m-
\-µ
≥, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y B°
m-Z-an, 1976.)
Po_
-\m-\
-µ-Zmk
v
1) _\
-e-X
m-sk
≥ 2) F
hn-s
S-t∏
mbn?
3) hnN
n-X-amb
Hc-‘
-Imc
w 4) kpt
N-X
\
5) Im‰
p≈ c
mXn
(Po-_
-\m-\
µZmk
ns‚
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w:
Aø
∏∏
-Wn-°
¿, X
riq¿
: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 2000.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / _wK
mfn / s
Ndp-I
Y)
t]
mÃp-a
m-ÿ ˛ c
_o-µ
-\mY
SmK
q¿
(SmK
qdns
‚ I
Y-I
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: c
mP≥
Xp∆
-c,
]q¿
W ]
_vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2003.)
sh
dpw I
Y-b
√˛ h
n`q-X
n-`q-j
¨ a
ptJ
m-]m-≤
ymb
(Ipt
d _
wKmf
n IY
-Iƒ
, hnh
¿Ø
\w:
sI
. ch
n-h¿Ω
, amX
r-`q-a
n, 2005.)
km[
≥ _
m_p-h
ns‚
kwi
bw ˛ k
Xy-P
nXv d
mbv
bqW
n‰v 1`
mc-X
o-b-m-j
-Iƒ
h
St°
C≥
Uy≥
mj
-Iƒ
, sX
t°
C≥
Uy≥
mj
-Iƒ
C
≥tU
m Bcy≥
tKmX
w Z
mhn-
UtKmX
w ˛ Ah
-bps
S k
hn-t
i-i
-X-I
ƒ ˛
C≥
Uy≥
`mj
-I-fns
e \
mtSmS
nkml
n-Xyw ˛ ]
q¿∆
-Im-
e-I
-hn-X
, B[
p-\n-I
-I-h
n-X, \
mS-I
w, t\
mh¬
, sN
dp-I
Y,
KZy-k
m-lnX
yw, Poh
-N-cn-X
-km-l
nXyw, k
mln-X
y-\n-c
q-
]-W
w, _me
-km-l
nXyw ˛ C
h-sb
-°p-d
n®p≈
kma
m-
\y-h
n-hcw.
bqW
n‰v 2
Ak
-anb
/ _wK
mfn / H
dnb
Ak
w F
∂ ]
Z-Ø
n¬\
n∂v cq]
w-sI
m≠ C
wKvfoj
v
]Z-amW
v Ak
-ao-k
v. kwÿ
m-\-Ø
n\p A
kw F
∂pw
`mj
bv°
v A
k-aok
v F
∂pw
]d-b
p-∂p.
B[
p-\nI
C≥
tU
m˛Bcy≥
mj
-I-fn¬
]mt
Z-i
n-I-amb
n Ing
t°
A‰-Ø
p≈X
mWv A
k-an-b
. A
cp-W
m-N¬
]
tZ-i
Øv
Ht´sd `mj
Iƒ
k
wkm-cn-°
p-∂-h
-cps
S C
S-b
nse
s]
mXp-`
m-j-b
mWv A
k-anb
.
_wK
m-fn-s
eb
pw AX
n-\p- N
p-‰p-a
p≈ ]
tZi
--ß-fns
eb
pw
`mj
-bmW
v _
wKm-f
n. DØ
-tc-¥
ybn¬
h
ym]n-®
p-In-S
-
°p∂
C≥
tU
m Bcy≥
mj
m-tKm-X
-Øn¬
(Ak
-anb
Hgns
I)
G‰h
pw I
ngt°
A
‰-Ø
p≈ `mj
-bmW
v
_wK
mfn.
Hdo-k
-bns
e HutZym-K
nI`mj
-bmW
v Hdn-b
(H
-Un-b
).
C≥
tU
m bqt
dm-]
y≥ t
KmX
-Øns
e C
≥-tU
m˛ Bcy≥
D]
tKmX
-Øns
e I
ng°
≥ i
mJ-b
n¬s∏
´
mj. H
dnb
,
_wK
m-fn, A
k-anb
F∂
o mj
-Iƒ
tN
¿∂
C≥
tU
m˛
Bcy≥
D]
-tKm-X
-Øns
‚ I
ng-°
≥ i
mJ-b
n¬ \
n∂v
Hdnb
th
dn-´
p-t]
m∂ t
ij
-amW
v Ak
-an-b
nbpw _
wKm-
fnb
pw ]nc
n-™X
v F∂
mWv
mjm-]
-fin-X
-∑mc
psS A
`n-
]m-b
w.
9796
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
KpP
-dm-Ø
n P\
-X-b
v°pw `
mjb
v°pw K
pP-dmØ
n F∂
p ]d-
bpw. B
[p-\
nI C
≥tU
m Bcy≥
mj
-I-fn¬
H∂
v. Ht´sd t
Zi
-
t-Z-ß
-fp-≠
v.
C≥
Uyb
nepw
]
mI
n-ÿm-\
nepw
k
wk
m-cn-°
p∂
`mj
bmW
v ]©
m-_n. C
≥tU
m Bcy≥
mj
-bmb
]©
m-_n°
v
lnµ
n-tb
mSpw D
dp-Z
p-hn-t
\mS
pw ASpØ
_‘
ap≠
v.
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w/ admT
n t\
mh¬
)
lnµ
p˛ i
c¨
Ip-a
m¿ e
nw_ms
f
(lnµ
p, ]cn-`
mj: I
mfn-b
Øv t
Zmt
am-Z
-c≥
,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n._pI
vkv, 2005.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / admT
n \mS
-Iw)
kJ
mdmw _
b‚
¿ ˛ h
nPb
v sX
≠p¬
°¿
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: s
I. h
n. I¿Ø
, tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1990.)
(hni
Z]
T\
w / KpP
-dmØ
n t\
mh¬
)
sh
bne
pw XW
epw ˛ N
p\n-e
m¬ a
Unb
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: ]
n. F≥
. `´-X
n-cn, \
yqU¬
ln:
\mj
W¬
_p°
v SÃ
v, 1993.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w ]©
m_n B
fl-I
-Y)
h\
yqÃmº
v ˛ Aar-X
m-]oX
w
(Aar-X
m-]oX
w, d-h
-\yp-Ã
mºv, h
nh¿Ø
\w:
sI
. cm[
m-Ir-j
vW≥
, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1984.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / ]©
m_n s
NdpI
Y)
1)N
o´p-I
fn i
oew ˛ \
m\I
v knwK
v
2)A
lX
zw ˛ I¿Ø
m¬ k
nwKv Z
pc-£
¬
3)s\
Sp-h
o¿∏
v ˛ AarX
m-]oX
w
4)I
≈n-a
p-≈ns
‚ D
W-ß
-nb i
nJcw ˛ K
p¿Z-b
m¬ k
nwKv
5)I
qe-Ø
n¬ s
ImS
pØ \
nanj
w ˛ AP
oXv I
u¿
(]©
m_n I
Y-I
ƒ ˛ F
Un-‰
¿ t
Um. l
¿`-P
≥ k
nwKv
(hnh
¿Ø
-I≥
: ]n.- s
I. a
Wn, U
¬l
n: \mj
-W¬
_p°
v
SÃ
v, 1970.)
(Pl
mw-Ko-d
ns‚
kz¿
Æ-\
m-W-b
w, hnh
¿Ø
\w:
cm[
m-Ir-j
vW≥
Ab
n-cq¿
, Xri
q¿: I
d‚
v _pI
vkv, 2000.)
t]
m´¿ k
mhnX
n _me
˛ _≥
^q¬
kvt\
l-Ø
n\v H
c-h
-Xm-c
nI ˛ h
na¬
I¿
(C-∂
sØ
_wK
mfn I
Y-I
ƒ, k
am-l
-cW
w: Acp¨
Ip-
am¿
apt
Jm-]
m-≤ym-b
, \
yqU¬
ln:
\mj
-W¬
_
p°v
SÃ
v,2000.)
cpZ
men ˛ a
lm-i
z-Xm-t
Zh
n
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
eoe
m-k
¿°
m¿,
]q¿
Æ ]
_vfn-t
°-
j≥
kv, 1995.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / _wK
mfn t
\mh
¬)
Btcm-K
y-\n-t
IX
\w˛ X
mcm-¶
¿ _
m\¿P
n
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: \
neo\
m F_
lmw, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1961.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / Hdnb
Ih
nX)
ioc
m[ ˛ c
am-I
¥v c
Yv
(Bdmw J
fiw a
mXw)
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: F
≥.
tK
m]m-e
-Ir-j
vW≥
, ]
n. F
≥.
\mc
m-b-W
≥, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: ]
q¿Æ
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v,
2006.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / Hdnb
t\
mh¬
)
ine
m-]fl
w ˛ ]X
n-`m-t
dmb
v
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: ]
n. am[
-h≥
]n≈
, \yqU
¬l
n: tI
µ -
km-l
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1960.)
bqW
n‰v 3
admT
n / KpP
-dmØ
n / ]©
m_n
al
m-cmj
vS-b
nse
mj
. C≥
tU
m Bcy≥
mj
-I-fn¬
G‰h
pw
sX
t°
A‰-Ø
p≈X
v. a¿l
mSn F
∂-X
mWv ]
gb
t]
cv. P
\-ß
-
fps
S t
]cmb
al
m-dm´
m / al
m-dmT
m F∂
]Z-Ø
n¬ \
n∂p-≠
-
bX
v.
9998
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
hmZ
n-°p-∂
p. tZi
y-t-Z-ß
-fn¬
lnµ
pImi
vao-c
nbpw a
p…nwI
mivao-
cnb
pw ]
[m-\
-am-W
v. C
u t`Z-ß
ƒ H∂
v k
wkvI
r-Xo-I
r-Xh
pw
at‰X
v t]
¿j
y-\o-I
r-X-h
p-am-W
v. P
mXn-t
∏-cp-I
ƒ tN
¿∂
n-´p-s
≠-
¶ne
pw F
√m-h
n-`m-K
-°mc
pw c≠
ptZi
y-t`-Z-ß
fpw
Dt]
m-tb
m-Kn-
°m≥
t]
m∂-h
-cm-W
v.
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w/ lnµ
n Ih
n-X-)
1)I
_o-d
ns‚
tZml
-Iƒ
˛ I_
o¿Zmk
v
(KoX
w 1 apX
¬ 15 h
sc) ˛ I
-_o-d
ns‚
KoX
-߃
,
]cn-`
mj: I
qØm-´
p-Ipf
w tacn-t
Pm¨
, tI
m´b
w:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1966.
2)I
mam-b
\n ˛ P
b-i
¶¿ ]
kmZ
v
(NnØ
w F∂
`mK
w amX
w)
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: h
n.-sI
. lcn-l
-c-\
p-Æn-Ø
m-≥, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1995).
3)h
oSp-I
ƒ ˛ A
t⁄
bv (k
-®n-Z
m-\µ
v loc
m-\µ
v
hm’
ym-b≥
)
4)X
o°-Æ
mSn ˛ t
IZm¿
\mY
v AK¿h
mƒ
5)sI
m√m-\
m-hn√
˛ Xnte
m-N≥
6) t\
Xm-°
tf £
an°
q! ˛ cL
p-ho¿
kl
mbv
(ka-I
m-eo-\
-lnµ
n Ih
nX, ]
cn-`
mj:
k®
n-Zm-\
-µ≥
,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:ae
-bmf
w ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1989.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / lnµ
n sN
dp-I
Y)
Ah
ƒ ]
d-™
ncp∂
p ˛ Nµ
-[¿Ω
Kpt
ecn
ih
-t°
mSn ˛ t
]wN
µv
]mZ
-kcw ˛ s
sP
t\
-µ-I
p-am¿
]c-a-k
pJw ˛ b
iv]
m¬
s]
mXn-t
®md
v ˛ taml
≥ c
mtI
jv
hne
m-]-b
mX ˛ i
oIm-¥
v -h¿Ω
(lnµ
n IY
-Iƒ
, kº
m-Z-I
≥: t
Um.\
mwh¿ k
nwKv,
hnh
¿Ø
\w: k
Xy≥
, tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
,
1971.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / KpP
-dmØ
n sN
dp-I
-Y-)
1) ]pI
-®p-c
p-fp-I
ƒ ˛ K
pem_
vZmk
v t]
m°¿ ˛
2) Xcni
pPoh
n-X-ß
ƒ ˛ ]
pjI
v¿ N
¥-h
¿°
¿
3) apS
-¥\
pw IpS
n-b\
pw ˛ ]∂
-em¬
]t´¬
4) Ccp-´
p-ho-g
p∂p ˛ P
b¥
n Ze
m¬
5) ]mº
m´n ˛ N
p\n-e
m¬ a
mUnb
(Xcn-i
p-Po-h
n-X-ß
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: Z
bm-\
-µ≥
,
Fd-W
-m-Ipf
w: kml
n-Xy- ]
-cn-j
Xv k
l-I
-c-W
-kw-L
w,
1964.)
bqW
n‰v 4
lnµ
n / DdpZ
p / Imi
vaoc
n
lnµ
n C
≥tU
m-˛-bq-t
dm-]
y≥ tKmX
w. _
olm¿
, l
cn-b
m\,
lna
m-N¬
]tZ-i
v, a≤
y-]-tZ-i
v, cmP
-ÿm≥
, DØ
¿]
-tZi
v F∂
n-
hn-S
-ß-fn¬
][
m-\-`m-j
. U¬
ln, ]
©m-_
v, U°
m¨ ˛ F
∂n-
hn-S
-ß-fn¬
Nnte
-SØ
v kwk
m-c-`mj
. C≥
-Uy-b
n¬ 30 i
X-am-\
-
tØ
mfw B
fpI
-fpI
ƒ k
wkm-c
n-°p-∂
p. Ht´sd t
Zi
y-t`-Z-ß
ƒ
D≠
v.ssk
\yw, I
q´w F
s∂
ms°
A¿∞
-ap≈
CwK
vfo-j
nse
Horde
F∂
]Z-Ø
ns‚
aqe
-amb
H¿Zp F
∂ X
p¿°
n ]Z-Ø
n¬ \
n∂mW
v
D¿Zp D
≠mb
-Xv. ]
e k
wkv°
m-cß
-fps
S k
wtb
m-P-\
-Øm¬
mc
-
X-Ø
n¯
s∂
cq]
-s∏
´ph
∂ `mj
-bmW
v Ddp-Z
p. C
≥tU
m
Bcy≥
tKmX
w. F∂
m¬, ]
Z-tI
miw, s
si
en, k
mln-X
y-]m-c
-
º-cyw F
∂n-h
-bps
S D
d-h
nSw a
t≤
yjy, X
p¿°
n, t]
¿j
y F∂
n-
hn-S
-ß-fn-e
mW
v. ap…
nw B
I-a-W
-Øn\
pti
jw t]
¿j
y≥
kwk
vIm-c
hpw k
wkvI
r-X-]
m-c-º
-cyh
pw IqS
n-t®
¿∂
p≠m-b
-XmW
v
Ddp-Z
p.
Imi
vaoc
n `mj
sb
\
m´p-I
m¿ I
mip¿
F
t∂
m I
min¿
k_
m≥ F
t∂
m hnf
n-°p-∂
p. lnµ
n-bn¬
Imi
vaoc
n F∂
p ]d-
bp-∂
p. PΩ
p˛ Imi
vao¿
kwÿ
m-\-ß
-fns
e H
utZym-K
n-I-`m-j
-bm-
Wv. I
mivaoc
n Zm¿
ZnI
v h¿§-Ø
n¬s∏
´X
mWv F
∂v H
cp-I
p´cpw
C≥
tU
m˛ Bcy≥
h¿§-Ø
n¬s∏
-´-X
mWv F
∂v a
s‰mc
p Iq´
cpw
101100
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
3)A
h-X
m¿ I
rjvW
v dl
v_¿, k
Ωm\
w (hn-h
¿Ø
\w:
Sn.-F
≥. h
niz≥
), amX
r-`qa
n BgvN
-∏-X
n∏v ]
pkvX
Iw 54
e°
w 46 (30 P\
p-hcn 1977).
4)l
cn-I
rjvW
I
uƒ
, A
SpØ
Znh
kw
(hn-h
¿Ø
\w:
hn.U
n. I
rjvW
≥ \
ºym¿
), amX
r-`qa
n B
gvN
-∏-X
n-∏v,
]pk
vXI
w 55 e°
w 46 (29 P\
p-hcn 1978).
5)k
q^n K
pemw a
pl-Ω
Zv, I
j≠
n (hn-h
¿Ø
\w: t
Um.
hni
z-\mY
Aø
¿), a
mXr-`
qan B
gvN
-∏-X
n-∏v, ]
pkvX
Iw
56 e°
w 45 (28 P\
p-hcn 1979).
bqW
n‰v 5
Xang
v / sX
epK
p / I∂
S
Zmh
nUtKmX
-Øns
e ]
[m-\
-`m-j
bmW
v Xan-g
v.
tX
t°
C≥
Uy, i
oe-¶
, kn¶
-∏q¿
, ate
-jy, C
≥tU
m-
t\
jy ˛ X
pS-ß
-nb ÿ
e-ß
-fn¬
Xang
v ]N
m-c-Ø
n-ep-
≠v. B
Zn-Z
m-hn-U
-m-j
-bn¬
\n∂
v kzX
-¥-amb
n cq]
m¥-
c-s∏
´
mj-I
-fmW
v Xan-g
v, sX
ep-K
p, I∂
-U, a
em-b
mfw,
Xpf
p X
pS-ß
-nb sX
t°
C
≥U
y≥`mj
-Iƒ
. Z
mhn-U
-
tKm-X
-Øns
e a
s‰mc
p mj
-bmW
v sX
ep-K
p. B‘
-Im¿
F∂
pIqS
n t]
cp≈
sX
ep-¶
-sc-°
p-dn®
v B
Zy-a
mb
kqN
\ sF
X-tc-b
-_m-“
-W-Ø
n-em-W
p-≈-X
v. Z
mhnU
-
`mj
-I-fn¬
it≤
b-amb
mj
-bmW
v I∂
U. I
¿W
m-S-
I-k
w-ÿm-\
sØ
HutZym-K
n-I-m-j
. Np‰
p-ap≈
tI
c-fw,
Xan-g
v\m-S
v, B‘
-]-tZi
v, al
m-cmj
vS ˛ F
∂n-h
n-S-ß
-
fn¬
h
en-s
bm-c
p-hn-`
mKw
P\
-߃
I
∂U
k
wkm-c
n-
°p∂
p.
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / Xang
v Ih
nX)
1)X
e-ap-S
n-bps
S h
mk\
˛ Cssd-b
-\m¿
2)A
\p-c
mKw ˛ t
Zh
-Ip-e
-Øm¿
3)F
s¥
√mw X
S-
-߃
! - ˛ ]c-W
¿
4)sN
Ω-Æ
nse
s]
bvØ
p-sh
≈w
sN
ºp-e
-s∏
-b¬
\oc
m¿
5)R
ß-fps
S K
maw ˛ I
p´p-h
≥ I
Æ≥
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / lnµ
n t\
mh¬
)
cmP
y-tZ
mln ˛ b
ivv]
m¬
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
]n.
F.
hmc
n-b¿,
Xri
q¿:
Ko≥
_p-I
vkv,
2005.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / DdpZ
p Ih
n-X)
1)_
mt¶
-Zdm, A
Ω-b
psS k
z]v\
w, acn-®
-h-tcmS
v,
Fs‚
BK
-lw, h
mSnb
]q,
˛ CJ
v_m¬
(A©
pIh
n-X-I
ƒ a
mXw)
(C-J
v_m¬
, _mt
¶-Z-dm, h
nh¿Ø
\w: ]
n. Sn.A
_vZp-d
-
lvam≥
/tU
m. ]
n. F
. I
cow,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: C
…m-a
nIv
]_
vfn-j
nwKv l
uk
v, 2002.)
2)\
hte
mIta A
`n-h
m-Z-\
w ˛ Ae
n k¿Zm¿
Pm^
cn
(cwK
w H∂
v amX
w)
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: h
n. F. t
Ii
-h≥
\º
q-Xnc
n, \yqU
¬l
n:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v SÃ
v, 1989.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / DdpZ
p sN
dp-I
-Y-)
Ih
-e-b
nse
InW
¿ ˛ I
nj≥
Nµ
¿
\nß
-fps
S Z
pxJw F
\n°
p Xcq ˛ c
mtP
-µ-k
nKv t
_Zn
Hcp \
nkm-c
-kw-K
Xn ˛ C
kvaX
v NpX
vKmb
n
(DdpZ
p sN
dp-I
YI
ƒ, \
yqU¬
ln:
\mj
-W¬
_
p°v
SÃ
v, 1976.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / DdpZ
p t\
mh-¬
)
A·
n-\Zn ˛ I
p¿ A
Xp¬
sF
≥ s
sl
Z¿
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: F
w. io[
-c-tam-t
\m≥
, \yqU
¬l
n:
\mj
W¬
_p°
v SÃ
v, 1971.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / Imi
vaoc
n sN
dp-I
Y)
1)Zo]
Iv I
uƒ
, cm[
m-Ir-j
vWs‚
]
q®,
(hn-h
¿Ø
\w:
hn.U
n. I
rjvW
≥ \
ºym¿
), amX
r-`qa
n B
gvN
-∏-X
n∏v,
]pk
vXI
w 52 e°
w 45 (26 P-\
p-hcn 1975).
2)Dtai
v Iuƒ
, `mK
y-tZmj
n (hn-h
¿Ø
\w s
]m^
. B¿.
sN
√-∏
≥ \
mb¿), a
mXr-`
qan B
gvN
-∏-X
n-∏v, ]
pkvX
Iw
53, e°
w 45 (25 P\
p-hcn 1976).
103102
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(sX
-ep-K
p-I-Y
-Iƒ
, kº
m-Z-I
¿: ]
pcmW
w kp_
-“W
y-
i¿Ω
, hmI
mSn ]
fip-c
w-K-dmh
p, hnh
¿Ø
\w: s
]m^
-
k¿ sI
. k
n. k
pIp-a
m-c≥
\m-b
¿, \
yqU¬
ln:
\mj
-
W¬
_p°
v SÃ
v, 1991.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / sX
epK
p t\
mh¬
)
tX
mev∏
n-°-s∏
´ a
\p-j
y≥ ˛ _
en-h
mU I
m¥-dmh
p
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
sI
. F
≥. Zmt
am-Z
-c≥
\mb
¿, \
yqU¬
ln:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v SÃ
v, 1977.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / I∂
U I
hnX
)
1)l
w]n-b
nse
]md
-Iƒ
˛ Nµ
-ti
-JcI
-º¿
2)b
p≤w ˛ c
ma-N
-µ-i
¿Ω
3)tX
m¬k
©n ˛ k
n≤-e
nwK ]
´-W
-sj
´n
4)taL
-am¿
§w ˛ F
®v. F
kv. i
nh-]
-Imi
v
5)F
¥-X
n-i-b
-anX
v ˛ _n. B
¿. e
£va¨
dmh
p
(I-∂
-S-°
-hn-X
-Iƒ
, ]
cn-`
mj:
]e
¿,
Xri
q¿:
tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1996.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / I∂
U s
Ndp-I
Y)
1)A
Æ-ø
s‚
am\
-h-i
mkvX
w ˛ F. s
I. c
mam-\
p-P≥
2)Dam-]
-Xn-b
psS k
vtI
mf¿j
n-∏pb
mX ˛ ]
n. et¶
jv
3)A
¶w ˛ s
_mf
p-hm¿
apl
-Ω-Zp-I
p™n
4)A
amk
˛ Zh
-\qd
al
m-tZh
(Ccp-]
Xp I
∂U
sN
dp-I
-Y-I
ƒ, k
ºm-Z
-I¿: P
n. sh
¶nS
kp∫
-ø, _
n. kn. c
ma-N
-µ-i
¿Ω
, \yqU
¬l
n: tI
µ-
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1993.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / I∂
U \
mSI
w)
lb
-h-Z\
˛ Knc
ojv I
¿W
mUv
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: t
Pm¿
Pv t
Pm¨
, tI
m´b
w:
Un.k
n. _pI
vkv, 2000.)
(AI
w Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: F
≥. h
n. Irj
vW-h
m-
cnb
¿, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1981.)
6)h
mbp ˛ k
p_-^
va-W
y-`m-c
Xn
7)k
am-¥
-c-te
m-I-ß
ƒ ˛ ⁄
m-\-°
q-Ø≥
8)I
n\m-h
p-Iƒ
˛ hnI
-am-Z
n-Xy≥
9)A
h-K
-W\
˛ k¬
a
10)A
·n-]
-th
iw ˛ I
\n-s
amg
n Icp-W
m-\n[
n
(]pX
p-\m-\
qdv, s
amg
n-am‰
w: B‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
, Xri
q¿:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2003.)
(Xan-g
nse
AI
w ]pd
w Ih
n-X-I
ƒ ˛
Xns
sW
k
¶e
v]w
˛ I
pdn-©
n, ap√
, ]
me,
acp-X
w,
s\
bvX
¬ ˛ C
h-b
psS s
]mc
pƒ k
mam-\
y-amb
n a\
- n-
em-°
Ww.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / Xang
v t\
mh¬
)
tP
. tP
. Nne
-Ip-d
n-∏p-I
ƒ ˛ k
pµc-cm-a
-kzma
n
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
B‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
, tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 1998.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / sX
epK
p Ih
nX)
t^
mt´m, t
`m∏
m¬, I
im∏
p-Im-c
≥, I
hn, A
Xn¿
Øn
(5 Ih
n-X-I
ƒ a
mXw)
(hc-h
-c-dm-h
p -h
n-jyX
v Nn-X
-]-Sw, ]
cn-
mj: t
Zi
-aw-K
ew
cma
-Ir-j
vW≥
, tU
m. F≥
. `‡
-h-’
-e-sd-Õ
n,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v; P\
-Io-b
-]-k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
tI
-µw, 1990.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / sX
epK
p sN
dp-I
Y)
1)aaX
m_‘
w ˛ Xn]
p-c-t\
m\n t
Km]
o-Nµ
v
2)h
©n-b
mX ˛ ]
me-KpU
n ]Zva-cmP
p
3)k
pJ-ap≈
Im‰
v ˛ a[
pcm-¥
Iw c
mPmd
mw
4)X
m¶vk
v t^
m¿Zn ]
n.- Fw. ˛ _
o\m-t
Zh
n
5)N
mcp-I
-tk
c ˛ i
o]X
n
105104
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
13)H
arbans Singh, A
spects of P
un
jabi L
iterature, F
rozpur: Baw
aP
ublishing House, 1961.
14)P. S
undaram P
illai, Som
e Mileston
es in T
amil L
iterature,
Madras: P
ioneer Book S
ervice, 1985.
15)T. R
ajagopala Rao, A
Historical S
ketch
of Telu
gu L
iterature,
New
Delhi: A
sian Educational S
ervices, 1984.
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w / I∂
U t
\mh
¬)
kwk
v°mc
w ˛ bp. B
¿ A
\-¥
-aq¿
Øn
(hnh
¿Ø
\w: s
I. ]
n. i¶
-c≥
, Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1997
/ 1979).
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
1)tU
m. sI
. Fw. t
Um¿
Pv (U
-b-dI
vSv¿ &
No^
v FU
n-‰¿),
`mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
nXyN
cnX
w (hme
yw H∂
v), Xri
q¿:
tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1982.
2)tU
m. sI
. Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv (U
-b-dI
vSv¿ &
No^
v FU
n-‰¿),
`mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
nXyN
cnX
w (hme
yw c≠
v), Xri
q¿:
tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1983.
3)C
S-b
m-d-∑
pf s
I. F
w. hdp-K
o-kv (h
n-h¿Ø
-\w),
ka-I
m-e
o\`mc-X
o-b-k
m-l
n-Xyw,
\yqU
¬l
n: k
mlnX
y
A°
m-Z-an, 1964.
4)M
asterpieces of In
dian
Literatu
re (Volum
e I), Chief E
ditor:D
R. K
.M. G
eorge, New
Delhi: N
ational Book T
rust, 1997.
5)M
asterpieces of In
dian
Literatu
re (Volum
e II), Chief E
ditor:D
R. K
.M. G
eorge, New
Delhi: N
ational Book T
rust, 1997.
6)M
asterpieces of In
dian
Literatu
re (Volum
e III), Chief E
ditor:D
R. K
.M. G
eorge, New
Delhi: N
ational Book T
rust, 1997.
7)K
. Santhanam
(ed.), An
An
thology of In
dian
Literatu
re,B
ombay: B
haratiya Vidyabhavan, 1969.
8)S
unitikumar C
hatterji, Lan
guages an
d L
iterature of M
odern
Ind
ia, Calcutta: B
engal Pubishers, 1963.
9)P
rabhakar Machw
e, Mod
ernity an
d C
ontem
porary In
dian
Literatu
re, New
Delhi: C
hetan Publications, 1978.
10)T. W
. Clark (ed.), T
he N
ovel in In
dia: Its B
irth an
d D
evelop-
men
t, London: A
llen and Unw
in, 1970.
11)R
am D
arasa Misra, H
ind
i Fiction
, Delhi: B
ansal, 1983.
12)Jnanesw
ar Mishra, V
oice Again
st the Storm
: A B
rief Su
rvey ofO
riya Fiction
, Culcutta: A
gradita, 1981.
107106
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Xan-g
ns‚
L´-ß
ƒ ˛ ]
g-¥
-an-g
v, CS-Ø
-an-g
v,
]pX
p-Ø-ang
v.
Xang
v \nL
-≠p-°
ƒ ˛ X
ang
vt∏
cI
-cmX
n apX
¬
XdvI
m-e-Ø
-an-g
I-cmX
nhsc. h
ymI-c-W
-Ir-X
n-Iƒ
˛
sX
m¬I
m-∏n-b
w, \∂
q¬, h
oc-tN
m-gn-b
w.
(hni
Z]
T-\
w)
sX
m¬I
m-∏n-b
-Øns
e "]
nd-∏
n-b¬
' (F
-gp-Ø
-Xn-I
m-cw)
\∂
q¬ "F
gp-Ø
n-b-e
n'se
kqX
w 72 apX
¬ 101 h
sc.
hoc
-tN
m-gnb
w "k¥
n-∏-S-e
'-Øns
e I
mcnI
1 apX
¬ 28
hsc ˛
kl
m-b-K
-Ÿ-ß
ƒ
1)sI
. Fw. ]
`m-I
-c-h
m-cn-b
¿, X
ang
pw ae
-bm-f
hpw, ]
q¿∆
-tI
-c-
f-mj
JW
vUw 2. 9, a
Zmk
v: aZn-c
min k
¿∆
-I-e
m-im-e
, 1982.
2)C
fb
-s]
-cp-a
mƒ,
sX
m¬I
m-∏nb
w (a
-e-b
mf h
ymJym-\
w),
tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
vkv‰mƒ
, 1961.
3)C
f-b
s]
cp-a
mƒ, \
∂q¬
(1967) ˛ (kz¥
w ]k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
w)
4)C
f-b
-s]
-cp-a
mƒ,
ho-c
-tN
m-gnb
w, X
ncp-h
-\¥
-]pc
w: k
zman
_p°
v sk
‚¿, 1977.
5)Intro
ductio
n, X
an-g
vt∏
-c-I
-cmX
n h
mfyw
1 (1924,
1982) (Tam
il
Lexican 1˛6, 1924-˛1939)
6)sI
. Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv, X
an-g
vkm-l
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w, Xri
q¿: t
Ic-f -
km-l
nXy A
°m-Z
an, 1977.
7)A
I-cm-X
n-]-b
≥]
-Sp-Ø
pD-X
hpw I
pdn∏
pIƒ
˛ XdvI
m-e-X
-ang
v
AI
-cmX
n, In˛A
, aZ
m-kv, 1992.
8)S
. V. S
hanmugam
, ‘Malayalam
in Dravidian’, H
istory ofM
alayalamL
angu
age, (ed.) K. M
. Prabhakaravarar, M
adras:U
niversity of Madras, 1985.
Code: M
AL
2E2/8
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `mj
bpw k
mlnX
yhpw
B X
an-g
vkm-l
n-Xyw
(Tam
il Literatu
re)
ae
bmf
`m-j
-tb
mSv G
‰h
pw ASpØ
`mj
-bmW
v Xan-g
v. Xan-
gn¬
AX
n-]m-N
o-\-amb
kml
nXyk
º-Ø
p-≠v. H
cp I
meØ
v tI
c-
f-Ø
n¬ ]
e `
mKØ
pw Xang
p]cn-⁄
m\w ]
mWvU
n-Xy-Ø
ns‚
Af-h
p-tI
m-em-b
n-cp-∂
p.
ae
-bm-f-`m-j
-bn¬
X
\-X
p-km-l
n-Xy-]
m-c-º
cyw
D≠
m-b
n-
Øo¿
∂-tX
msS A
\p-I
-a-amb
n \ap°
v Xan-g
pkm-l
n-Xy-]
-cn-N
bw
A\
y-am-b
n. F∂
m¬, ]
e-I
m-e-ß
-fn-e
mbn a
e-b
m-f-m-j
-bn¬
Xan-
gpI
r-Xn-I
-fps
S h
nh¿Ø
\w D
≠m-b
n. Xnc
p-°p-d
-fn∂
v BZy-a
mbn
samg
n-am‰
w D≠
m-bX
v ae
-bm-f
-Øn-e
mWv ˛ s
F°
-c-am-t
°m-X
-∏-
Wn-°
¿ 1595 ¬
cN
n® X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
mj
. XpS
¿∂
v At\
Iw ]
cn`m-
j-I
ƒ°
v AX
v Imc
-W-am-b
n. Cu \
ne-b
n¬, a
e-b
m-f-`mj
hgn-
°p-X
s∂
Xan-g
pkm-l
n-Xy-Ø
ns‚
Hcp k
mam\
y]cnN
bw t
\Sm-
hp-∂
-Xm-W
v.
Cu ]
mTy-]
-≤X
n hn`
m-h\
w sN
øp-∂
Xv a
qe`mj
-bn-t
e°
pw
kml
n-Xy-Ø
n-te
°pw ]
th
-in-°
m-\p≈
tk
m]m-\
-am-b
n-´m-W
v.
bqW
n‰v 1X
an-g
ns‚
kma
m-\ye
£-W
hpw X
an-g
nse
e£
-W-h
n-h-
c-W
-ßfpw a
e-b
m-f-h
p-am-b
p≈ k
may-h
y-Xymk
-߃
˛
Xan-g
ns‚
kma
m-\y-e
-£-W
-߃
˛ ae
-bm-f
-hp-a
m-bp≈
kmP
m-Xy-s
sh
-Pm-X
y-߃
˛ Xan-g
pen]
n ]cn-N
-bw.
109108
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(2)]
msse
]mS
nb s
]cpw-I
-Spw-t
Im-h
n-s\
-∏‰n
(]p. 15˛16)
(3)]
¬b
m-I-N
msse
apX
p-°p-S
p-an-s
∏cp h
gp-X
n-sb
-∏‰n
(]p. 17)
(4)tI
ms∏
cp\
¿I
n≈n I
cp-h
q-cnS
w
sN
¬h
m-ss\
-°≠
p (]p. 18)
(5)s\
Spws
Ngn-b
-s\
-∏‰n (]
p. 29-˛29)
5. ]Ø
p-∏m´
v
(]cn-`
mj: t
a-e
-ß-Ø
p-\m-c
m-b-W
≥ I
p´n, X
riq¿
:
tI
c-f-k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 2000.)
(hni
-Z]
-T-\
w)
"Xnc
p-ap-c
p-Im-‰
p-∏S'
(19-˛53)
6.X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
(]cn-`
mj: F
-kv. c
ta-i
≥\
m-b¿, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
SÃ
v ]-ª
n-tj
-gvk
v, 1998.)
Adw-]
m¬ A
[n-I
m-c-ß
ƒ:
(1)I
S-h
pƒ h
mgvØ
p
(2)h
m≥N
n-d∏
v
(3)\
oØm¿
s]
-cps
sa
(BsI
30 Ipd
-fp-I
ƒ)
kl
m-b-K
-Ÿ-ß
ƒ:
1)C
fw-I
pfw I
p™≥
]n-≈
-, Xnc
-s™
-Sp-Ø
-Ir-X
n-Iƒ
,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
]pc
w: tI
c-f-k
¿h
-I-e
m-im-e
, 2005.
(Xms
g-∏
-d-b
p∂ t
eJ
-\-ß
ƒ:)
(1)tI
cfw k
wL-I
m-eØ
v (]p. 9-˛18)
(2)Xan-g
v®¶
w (]p. 33-˛37)
(3)kwL
-km-l
nXyw (]
p. 38-˛45)
(4)kwL
-Ir-X
n-I-fps
S I
mew (]
p. 46-˛57)
bqW
n‰v 2
]g-¥
-an-g
vkm-l
nXyw:
1.]
Xn‰
p-∏Ø
v ˛
Ca-b
-h-c-º
≥ s\
Spwt
Nc-e
mXs\
-∏-‰n-
bp≈
c≠
mw ]Ø
v.
(]cn-`
mj: P
n. ssh
-Zy-\
m-Y-ø
¿, X
riq¿
: tI
c-f -
km-l
nXyA
°m-Z
-an, 1961.)
2.A
Iw I
hnX
Iƒ
(]cn-`
mj: F
≥. h
n. Irj
vW-h
m-cn-
b¿, X
riq¿
: tI
c-f- k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1961.
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
-w)
(1)sN
Ω-Æ
nse
s]
bvØ
p-sh
≈w
(2)A
]-h
mZw
(3)sI
mSp-ß
-√q-c
nse
]-X
na
(4)I
m°-b
v°p-_
en
(5)h
¿j
m-cw`
w
3.I
pdp-s
¥mI
(]cn-`
mj: s
I. F
≥. F
gp-Ø
-—≥
, Xr-i
¿: t
Ic-f-k
m-
lnX
yA
°m-Z
-an, 1999.)
(hni
-Z]
T\
w)
(1)sN
¶m¥
ƒ
(2)h
≠n-t\
mSv
(3)K
maw k
pJn°
s´
(5)`mK
y-h-X
n-Iƒ
(5)]
Tn-®
-I-≈
Øn
4. ]pd
\m-∂
qdv
(]cn-`
mj: h
n. B¿. ]
cta-i
z-c≥
]n≈
, Xri
q¿: t
Ic-f-
km-l
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1969.)
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w)
(1)s]
-cn-t
©m-‰
p-Xn-b
≥ t
Nc-e
m-X-s\
-∏‰n (]
p. 2-˛3)
111110
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Xms
g ]
d-b
p∂ I
hn-X
-Iƒ
:
(1)X
ncp-h
-©n-°
pfw (]
p. 117-˛120)
(2)]
√m-≠
p-hm-g
vج
(]p. 233-˛235)
(3)sh
Æ-I
r-jvW
≥ (]
p. 244-˛247)
(4)X
ncp-h
n-Ø-t°
mSv (]
p. 274˛276)
(5)X
ncp-h
-√-h
mgv (]
p. 326-˛327)
(6)X
ncp-h
≥h
-≠q¿
(]p. 353-˛354)
(7)X
ncph
md≥
apf
(]p. 360-˛361)
(8)X
ncp-s
®-ß
-∂q¿
(]p. 363-˛364)
(9)X
r°m-°
c (]
p. 371-˛372)
(10)X
ncpa
q-gn-°
pfw (]
p. 373-˛374)
(11)X
ncp-\
m-hmb
(]p. 375-˛376)
(12)X
ncp-h
\¥
-]pc
w (]p. 377-˛378)
4.X
ncp-∏
mssh
, io B
≠mƒ
IrX
n-Iƒ
h
nh¿Ø
\w:
D≈
q¿ ]
c-ta-i
z-c≥
, tI
m´b
w: I-d‚
v _pI
vkv, 2006.
(B-Zys
Ø ]
Øp ]
mkpc
w)
5.N
m]`R
vP\
w, I-º
-cm-a
m-b-W
w, ]cn-`
mj: F
kv. s
I.
\mb
¿ t
Im´
bw F
≥_
n-F-k
v, 1971.
kl
m-bI
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1.C
f-t¶
m-h-Sn-I
ƒ N
ne-∏
-Xn-I
mcw,
]p-\
-cm-J
ym-\w:
]m¿
hX
n
AΩ
mƒ t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v, 2007 (1996).
2.F
w. hc-Z-cm-P
≥, C
f-t¶
m-h-Sn-I
ƒ, U
¬l
n: tI
µk
m-lnX
y
A°
m-Z-an, 1973.
3."a
p∂pc
"˛
A.
A.
aW
-hm-f
≥ (B
-‰q-c
ns‚
`‡
n-Imh
yw
hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
Bap-J
w)
4.A
h-X
m-cnI
, F≥
.- hn. I
rjvW
-hm-c
n-b¿, X
ncp-∏
mssh
,
hn-h
¿Ø
-\-h
pw hymJ
ym-\h
pw: D-≈
q¿ ]
-c-ta-i
z-c≥
, 1986.
5.th
-Wp-t
Km-]
m-e-∏
-Wn-°
¿, X
ncp-∏
m-ssh
bpw ]
g-b
-a-e
-bm-f
hpw,
`m-j
m-te
mIw, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn.-_
p-Ivk
v, 2006.
(5)Ifh
pw I¿∏
w (]p. 63-˛99)
(6)BZn-t
N-c-∑
m¿ (]
p. 135-˛159)
2)L
. V. R
amasw
ami A
iyar, ‘Pictures of A
ncient Kerala L
ife’,B
ulletin
of RV
RI V
ol. 57, Trichur: 1949.
3)X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
, (c
-ta-i
≥ \
mb-cps
S h
ymJym\
-Øn¬
tN
¿Ø
Bap-J
w ˛ hn. h
n\m-b
-I-s]
-cp-a
mƒ)
4)X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
, (c-ta-i
≥ \
mb-cps
S h
ymJym-\
-
Øn¬
tN
¿Ø
Xv 1998) ˛ h
´-∏
-d-º
n¬ t
Km]
n-\m-Y
-]n≈
.
5)i
o\m-c
m-b-W
-Kp-c
p-hns
‚ X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
`mj
, io-\
m-cm-b
-W-K
p-
cp-h
ns‚
kº
q¿Æ
-Ir-X
n-Iƒ
˛ (kam-l
-c-W
w, hymJ
ym\w:
Sn. `
mkvI
-c≥
), tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n- _pI
vkv, 1894.
6)B
apJ
w˛ Xnc
p-°p-d
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: s
hÆ
n-°p-f
-w, tI
m´b
w:
\mj
-W¬
_p-I
vÃmƒ
, 1957.
7)cmL
-h≥
Xnc
p-ap¬
∏m-S
v, Xnc
p-°p-d
¬
mhw, X
r∏q-W
n-Øp-d
:
]-I
m-inI
"]nb
", 2003.
8)sI
. Pn. N
µ-ti
-J-c≥
\m-b
¿, X
ncp-°
p-dƒ
(k-º
q¿Æ
`m-j
yw),
Un.- k
n. -_p°
vkv, 2002.
bqW
n‰v 3
CS-Ø
-an-g
vkm-l
nXyw
1."t
h´p-h
-cps
S I
qØv"˛ h
©n-I
m-JW
vUw
Nne
-∏-X
n-Imc
w ]
Zy-]
-cn-`
mj, F
kv. c
ta-i
≥\
mb¿,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Zan, 1992 (H
∂mw ]
Xn∏
v
1978), ]p. 345-˛353.
2."t
Zh
-In-b
psS Z
pxJw, G
gmw-X
n-cp-s
amg
n˛
s]
cp-a
mƒsamg
n ˛
]cn-`
mj:
]pX
p-t»
cn
cma
-N-µ
≥,
Xri
q¿: U
n.-kn. _
pIvk
v, 2001, ]p. 57-˛62.
3.`‡
n-Imh
yw, hnh
¿Ø
\w. B
‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
, U¬
ln:
tI
µk
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 2004.
113112
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
(7)C
fw-\
-c ˛ I
me k
p_-“
-Wy≥
(8)\
n≥ h
o´n¬
˛ Pb
-tam-l
≥
(9)F
s‚
hoS
v ˛ I\
n-samg
n
(10)ssae
m©n ˛ F
®v. k
n. dk
q¬
(11)^
m¶v-^
¿´v \
K-c-Ø
nse
cmX
n ˛
hn.s
F.F
kv. P
b-]
m-e≥
(12)F
s‚
\mS
v ˛ tN
c≥
(13)C
∂se
ssh
Ip-t
∂cw
Rß
ƒ C
hns
S D
≠m-b
n-cp∂
p F
w. F. \
p“m≥
(14)X
S-h
p-Imc
n ˛ Kucn
(15)C
S-b
n¬ H
cp \
mƒ ˛ D
¿h
in
kl
m-b-I
K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)cmP
-am¿
Øm-W
vU≥
, Xan-g
nse
]pX
p-°-h
nX ˛ H
cp B
-ap-J
-
]-cn-N
bw
B-‰q¿
; ]pX
p\m\
qdv h
nh¿Ø
-\w: B
‰q¿
(2004).
2)X
an-g
vkm-l
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w, hnh
¿Ø
\w: a
rZp-e
, hmk
-¥n,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
I-c-f- `
m-jm- C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1974.
3)ap. h
c-Z-cm-P
≥, X
an-g
vkm-l
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w, hnh
¿Ø
\w:
ta-e
-ßØ
v \mc
m-b-W
≥I
p-´n, U
¬l
n: tI
µ-k
m-lnX
y
A°
m-Z-an, 2000.
4)F
kv. ]
n. tk
Xp-∏
n≈, `
mc-X
n-bm-c
psS K
m\-am-[
pcyw
(Bap-J
-]-T-\
w), `mc
-Xn-b
psS I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, ]cn-`
mj:
sh
Æn-°
pfw, 1962.
5)X
an-g
-Is∏
¨I
-hn-X
-Iƒ
, hnh
¿Ø
\w: k
aoc
, tI
mgn-t°
mSv:
am-X
r-`q-a
n -_p-I
vkv, 2005.
6)R
avikumar &
R. A
zhagarasan (ed.), Th
e Oxford
Ind
ia An
thol-
ogy of Tam
il Dalit W
riting, New
Delhi: U
niversity Press, 2012.
bqW
n‰v 5
]pX
pØang
v KZyw
1.]
Xn-a
q∂p X
an-g
v I-Y
-Iƒ
, hnh
¿Ø
\w. S
n. t]
am-\
-µ-
Ip-a
m¿, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v.
6P
n. h≥
ao-I
n-\m-Y
≥, a
mWn°
hmN
-I¿, h
nh¿Ø
\w:
F≥
. hn. I
rjvW
-hm-c
n-b¿, U
¬l
n: kml
n-Xy-A
-°m-Z
-an, 1979.
7"`
mjm-I
-º-cm-a
m-b-W
-Øn-s
\m-c
m-apJ
w', (F
-kv.
sI
. \
mb¿
cN
n® N
m]-`wK
w, I
-º-cm-a
m-b-W
w), tI
m´b
w: F
≥.
_n.
Fk
v, 1971.
bq-W
n‰v 4
]pX
p-Ø-ang
v ˛ Ih
nX:
1. `mc-X
o-bm-cps
S I
hn-X
-Iƒ
]
cn-`
mj:
sh
Æn-°
pfw
tKm]
m-e°
pdp∏
v, tI
m´b
w; \
m-j-W
¬ _
p°v-Ã
mƒ,
1962.
Xms
g-∏
d-b
p∂ I
hn-X
-Iƒ
:
(1)h
tµ
-am-X
cw (]
p. 33-˛34)
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¥-an-g
v\mS
v (]p. 48-˛50)
(3)tamN
\w (]
p. 64-˛65)
(4)al
m-flm-K
m-‘n-]
-©I
w (]p. 87-˛88)
(5)]
pXnb
dj
y (]p. 91-˛92)
(6)\
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(]p. 208)
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n√ (]
p. 123-˛124)
(8)i
nip-K
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p. 137-˛140)
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Æ-Ω
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Ip´
n (]p. 174-˛175)
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Æ≥
˛Fs‚
Ifn-∏
n≈ (]
p. 176)
2. ]pX
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ch
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, Xri
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, Nne
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-c-ß
-fn¬
Nne
-a-\
p-jy¿
, U¬
ln:
\m-j
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_pI
v SÃ
v, 1976.
3.tX
m∏n¬
apl
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m≥, I
q\≥
tX
m∏v,
sN
ß-∂
q¿:
sd-b
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m -_pI
v ]ª
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kv 2003.
4."k
aql
w'F
∂ J
WvU
w. (5 sN
dnb
te
J-\
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),
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ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: F
kv. s
I.
\mb
¿, U
¬l
n: \mj
W-¬
_pI
v S-Ã
v, 1975, ]p. 75˛84.
5)ssh
°w k
a-c-N
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w, s]
cn-b
m¿ C
. hn. c
ma-k
zm-an-
bps
S X
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Pn. P
b≥
, U¬
ln: C
-¥y≥
Cuk
vsX
-‰nI
v
]ª
n-tj
-gvk
v, 1994, ]p. 86-˛109.
kl
m-bI
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1)tU
m. sI
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Pm¿
Pv (U
b-dI
vSv¿ &
No^
v FU
n-‰dv), `
mc-
Xo-b
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n-Xy-N
-cnX
w (h
me
yw H∂
v), X
riq¿
: tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1982. (]
pdw 25-˛28, 89˛96, 216-˛232, 386-
˛397, 540-˛546, 684-˛693 t\
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.)
2)tU
m. sI
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mc-
Xo-b
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-cnX
w (h
me
yw c≠
v), X
riq¿
: tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1983. (]
pdw 64-˛75, 188-˛197, 307-˛314, 404-
˛410, 502, 573-˛578 t\
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.)
(B\
p-Im-e
n-Iw)
th
Wp-t
Km]
me-∏
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¿, k
a-I
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nXyw,
kml
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emI
w, ]pk
vXI
w 22 e°
w 6; ]pk
vXI
w 23 e°
w
1 / (1997, 1998), Xri
q¿: t
Ic-f-k
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s]
m^. U
n.
X¶
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n.kn. _
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v 2000.
ame
n `mc
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men
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X]
cyS
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p´nI
rjvW
amc
m¿
bqW
n‰v 5X
nc°
Yb
pw kn\
nab
pw -˛
s]
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˛ Fw.S
n.
A]
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˛ ]fl
cmP
≥
Im°
Iƒ
(tI
mkv)
Ipd
tk
mhm (U
owkv) ˛
hm≥
tK
mK
v N
nXß
fpw
N
nXß
fps
S k
n\na
m
]tb
mKh
pw ˛Nn”
imk
vX]
camb
hni
Ie
\w ˛
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)B
luestone, George, N
ovels into F
ilm, B
altimore: T
he JohnsH
opkins Press, 1957.
2)B
oyum, Joy G
ould, Dou
ble E
xposu
re : Fiction
Into F
ilm.
Calcutta: S
eagull Books, 1989.
3)M
etz, Christian, (T
r.) Michael T
aylor, Film
Lan
guage: A
Semiotics of C
inema. N
ew Y
ork: Oxford U
niversity Press, 1974.
4)R
ichardson, Robert, L
iterature and Film
, London: Indiana U
ni-versity P
ress 1969.
5)S
inyard, Neil, F
ilmin
g Literatu
re : Th
e Art of S
creen
Ad
aptation
. London and S
idney: Groom
Helm
, 1986.
6)Iravati K
arve, Yuganta – T
he End of A
n Epoch, H
yderabad: Ori-
ent Longm
an, 2007 (1969).
6)A
bva\
w Irj
vW-ss°
-aƒ
, B´-°
-Ym-k
m-lnX
yw,
Xnc
ph\
¥]
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Icf `
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≥Ã
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v.
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. Bdns
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w˛ hymJ
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rjvW
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n\na
bps
S t
emI
w.
Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰yq´
v, 1988.
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w. tX
mak
v amX
yp, CX
n-lm-k
-]-T-\
-߃
-˛-`m-c
-X-]
-cy-S
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amc
mcv-˛ e
mh-W
ym-\p-`
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ns‚
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n-in-e
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tI
c-f-k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Zan, 2006, ]
pdw 114˛139.
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¿.h
n.Fw. Z
nhm-I
-c≥
, IY
bpw X
nc-°
-Y-b
pw, tI
mgn-t°
mS:v
He
n-hv, 2005.
11)a[
p Cdh
¶c, a
eb
mf k
n\na
bpw k
mlnX
yhpw, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
12)F
w. Sn. h
mkpt
Zh
≥ \
mb¿, F
wSnb
psS X
nc°
YI
ƒ
(Bdp h
mey-ß
ƒ), t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v, 2011.
13)F
w. ]n. i
¶p-Æ
n-\m-b
¿, \
mSy-a
-WvU
-]w, t
Img
n-t°
mSv:
amX
r-`qa
n, 1987.
14)k
p[mh
mcnb
¿, A
\pI
ev]
\Ø
ns‚
B´]
Imc
w. tI
m´b
w:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2001.
15)tU
m. aoc
m am¿
t°
mkv,
cL
phwi
w a≤
yIme
hymJ
ym\
]T\
߃
(Dt]
mZvL
mXw), 2005.
16)P
n. ]n. c
ma-N
-µ≥
, te
mI-k
n-\na
mbm-X
-Iƒ
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
eoU
v _pI
vkv, 2012.
121120
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. ae
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w: `mj
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Fe
n-Iƒ
˛ F≥
. hn. I
rjvW
-hm-c
nb¿
]mX
m-f-Ø
ns‚
apg
°w ˛ F
≥. F
≥. I
°mS
v
Inc
m-X-h
rØw˛ I
S-Ω
-\n´
`k
vam-k
p-c≥
˛ sN
dn-b
m≥ s
I. s
Ndn-b
m≥
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)F
w.-hn. t
Zh
≥, t
Zh
-kv]
-µ\
w, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
1999.
2)I
°m-S
ns‚
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ (I
-hn-X
-Ifpw A
h-X
m-cn-I
fpw),
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`qa
n, 2011.
3)I
°m-S
v, "P
oh-N
-cn-X
-°p-d
n-∏p-I
ƒ'
F∂
k
am-l
m-c-Ø
n\v
I°
mSv F
gp-X
nb a
pJ-°
p-dn-∏
p-Iƒ
(A-\
p-_‘
w H-∂
v), Aø
-
∏-Ø
ns‚
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, i
pI-]
pcw: h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw,
2010.
4)]
k-∂
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e I
enb
pw N
ncnb
pw,
tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1992.
5)F
≥. F
≥. I
°m-S
v, Ih
n-Xb
pw ]mc
-º-cy-h
pw, ipI
-]pc
w:
h≈
-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 1984.
(6)F
w. apI
p-µ≥
, F¥
mWv B
[p-\
n-I-X
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]q¿
W
]ª
n-t°
-j≥
kv, 2006 (1976).
7)A
ø-∏
-∏-W
n-°¿,
Ipc
p-t£
Xw
2000, tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 2000.
(Ip-c
p-t£
Xw F
∂ I
hn-X
, AX
n-s\
-°p-d
n-®p≈
]T-\
-߃
,
CwK
vfo-j
v, lnµ
n, Xan-gv, ^
©v, k
v]m\
njv h
nh¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ˛)
8)tU
m. F
w. e
oem-h
-Xn,
ae
-bm-f
-I-h
n-Xm-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cn-X
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mln-X
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
9)Jam
es Reeves, U
nderstanding Poetry, L
ondon: Pan Books, 1965.
10)Irving H
owe, L
iterary Mod
ernism
, New
York: A
Faw
cettP
remier B
ook, 1967.
bqW
n‰v 2 / b
qWn‰
v 3
hnt£
m--I
-c-amb
mh
-߃
H
∂ne
pw hni
z-m-k-an-√
mbva,
]e
-X-c-Ø
n-ep≈
`oX
n, s]
m≈-b
mb h
mKvZm-\
ßtfm-
Xn-t
bm-S
p≈ ]
XnI
-c-W
w, h
y‡n-]
-c-tX
mbpS
p≈ B
`n-a
p-Jyw,
_nw_
-ßfpw
]X
o-I-ß
fpw
sN
ep-Ø
nb k
zo[o\
w ˛
CsX
m-
s°
-bmW
v \
ho-\
-I-h
n-X-b
psS ]
T-\
sØ
B
g-Ø
n-te
°p
\b
n-
°p-∂
-Xv.
Ih
nX aq¿
Ø-P
o-hn-X
m-hnj
v°mc
w k
m[n-°
msX
]
n¥n-c
n-∏-
\pw i
pjv°
hpw h
mssKz-N
n-Xy-h
n-e-k
n-Xh
pw Bb
n amd
n-bn--cn-°
p-
∂p
F∂
p N
ne \
ncq-]
-I¿ ]
cm-X
n-s∏
--´p. C
tX
k
µ¿`-Ø
n¬-
Øs∂
]pX
nb
mh-a-fi
-e-ß
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pw Bh
n-jv°
m-ccq-]
-ß-sfb
pw
hni
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\w
sN
øp-I
bpw
hne
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p-Øp-I
bpw
sN
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t\
z-
jW
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S-°
p∂p≠
m-bn-c
p-∂p.
ae
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n¬ k
w`-h
n® am‰
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pw ]
co-£
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sfb
pw N
cn-X
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msS a\
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m-°p-I
; Kuc-h
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amb
]mc
m-b-W
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e°
pw ]T-\
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e°
pw At\
z-j-W
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te
°pw X
ncn-b
pI; ]
pXnb
kwt
h-Z-\
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nb X
mf-e
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߃
, ]pX
nb `
mjm-s
si
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ƒ, X
mfm-fl
-Ih
pw `mh
]-I
m-i-I
-
hp-a
mb h
mIy-c
-N-\
m-co-X
n-Iƒ
˛
Ch
sb
ms°
h
na¿i
-\-_
p-≤n-
tb
msS a\
- n-e
m-°pI
F
∂-X
mWv \
ho-\
I-h
n-X-b
psS ]
T-\
w-
sI
m-≠v e
£y-a
m°p∂
-Xv.
bqW
n‰v 1a
em-b
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nse
\
ho-\
-]-h
-W-X
-I-fps
S th
cp-I
ƒ ˛
]m›
mXyI
hn-X
-bns
e \
ho-\
-]-h
-W-X
-I-fps
S k
zm[o
\w ˛ I
hnX
]pX
nb `
mh-X
-e-Ø
n-te
°v ˛ h
y‡-amb
e£
y-t_
m-[w, h
ni-Z-amb
Poh
n-X-h
o-£-W
w, kuµ
-cym-
-cm-[
-\,
qX-I
m-e-tØ
m-Sp≈
BZ-ch
v]pX
nb I
hnX
]mc
-
º-cys
Ø \
ntj
-[n-°
p-∂n√
F
∂m¬
, ]mc
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Ø
apt
∂m´
p \b
n-°m-\
-\p-h
-Zn-°
mØ b
mYm-ÿ
n-IX
ztØ
m-
Sp≈
FX
n¿∏
v ˛ Xoc
p-am-\
n-®p-d
® ]
tab
-ßtfm h
nj-
b-ß
tfm A
√, X
߃
°p X
s∂
Ah
y-‡h
pw k¶
o-¿-
Æ-h
p-a-mb
mh
-K-Ÿ
n-Isf I
s≠
-Øp-∂
p H
mtcm I
hn-
Xb
pw hyX
y-kvX
w ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
Ipc
p-t£
Xw
˛ Aø
-∏-∏
-Wn-°
¿
aW
n-b-d-b
n-te
°v ˛ a
m[-h
≥ A
ø∏
Øv
123122
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
5)k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥ (k
-am-l
-cW
w, ]T-\
w), ae
-bm-f
-I-h
n-X,
Xri
q¿: I
d‚
v _pI
vkv, 1989.
6)tU
m. B
¿.
hni
z-\m-Y
≥,
A\
z-bw,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]
q¿W
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1990.
7)]
g-h
nf c
ta-i
≥, R
ms\
s‚
ImS
p-I-fn-t
e-b
v°v, t
Im´
bw:
\mj
-W¬
_pI
v Ãmƒ
, 2010.
8)John P
eck & M
artin Coyle, P
ractical Criticism
– How
to write
a Critical A
pp
reciation, L
ondon: Palgrave, 1995 (1965).
bqW
n‰v 4
`mj
-bne
pw ssi
en-b
nepw A
h-X
-cW
-Øne
pw kw`
hn®
ssh
hn-≤
y߃
˛ Imh
y]ta-b
-ß-fn¬
IS-∂
p-h∂
]cn-l
m-kh
pw XØ
z-Nn¥
bpw
(hni
-Z-]
-T-\
w)
£am-]
Ww ˛ I
p™pÆ
n
hm≥
tKm-°
ns‚
sN
hn ˛ t
aX
n¬ c
m[m-I
r-jvW
-≥
_e
n-°p-d
n-∏p-I
ƒ ˛ F
. Aø
-∏≥
Cu®
˛ sI
. F. P
b-i
o-e≥
c≠
mw-P∑
w ˛ tZi
-aw-K
ew c
ma-I
r-jvW
≥
a™
n-t\
mSp s
hb
n-se
-∂-t]
m-se
bpw ˛ ]
`m-h
¿Ω
\N
n-tI
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v ˛ ]n. c
hn-I
p-am¿
("\-N
n-tI
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n-t\
mSv b
a≥
]
d-™
Xv:'
F∂
p X
pSß
n
"Im¬
I-fn¬
ÿ
ew
th
Z-\
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v h
nßp∂
p' F
∂p-h
sc-
bp≈
`mK
w.)
kl
m-b-I
-KŸ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. sI
. cmL
-h≥
]n-≈
, Imh
y-m-j
-bps
S I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tZi
-
aw-K
ew
cma
-Ir-j
vW≥
, h
n´p-t
]mb
h
m°p-I
ƒ,
tI
m´b
w:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1987.
2)taX
n¬ c
m[m-I
r-j-W
≥, `
qan-t
bb
pw ac-W
-tØ
bpw
Ipd
n-®v, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: a
ƒ_
dn ]
_vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1994.
Sp≈
cq£
-]X
n-I-cW
w, bm¥
n-I-]
-cn-j
v-Im-c
ßtfm-S
p≈
FX
n¿∏
v ˛ Krl
m-Xp-c
-X ˛ X
s∂
-Øs∂
At\
z-jn®
p
Is≠
-Øm-\
p≈ i
aw, G
tX
m A⁄
m-X-i
-‡n-b
psS
km∂
n≤yw ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
taL
-cq-]
≥ ˛ B
‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
hoS
p-am‰
w ˛ k®
n-Zm-\
-µ≥
]`m-X
-h-µ
\w
˛ Fw. F
≥. ]
meqc
v
Znh
y-Zpx-J
-Øns
‚ \
ng-e
n¬˛ B
¿. c
a-N
-µ≥
aÆ
ns‚
ZpxJ
w ˛ Imh
mew \
mcm-b
-W∏
Wn°
¿
Kk
¬ ˛ _
me-N
µ≥
Np≈
-n°mS
v
_wK
mƒ ˛ s
I. P
n. i¶
-c-∏
n≈
cmX
n˛ U
n. hn\
-b-N
-µ≥
t_
m[n ˛ ]
g-h
nf c
ta-i
≥
Assl
-µh
w˛ b
qkp-
en t
It®
cn
kl
mbI
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)sI
. kn.- \
m-cm-b
-W≥
, "kl
y-s\
-°mƒ
Xe
-s∏
m-°w';
Fw. K
wKm-[
--c≥, "B
g-Ø
ns‚
Xmf
w', B‰q¿
ch
n-h¿Ω
-bps
S
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn.- _
p-Ivk
v, 1999 (1995).
2)k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥, "I
hn-X
-bps
S _
lp-k
z-c-X
-˛-_m-e
-N-µ
s‚
te
mI-ß
ƒ',
_me
-N-µ
≥ N
p≈n-°
m-Sns
‚ I
hn-X
-Iƒ
,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n.- _pI
vkv, 2000.
3)tU
m. ]n. s
I. c
mP-ti
J-c≥
, sh
fn-h
ns‚
kq£
va-i
p-Xn,
sI
. Pn. i
¶c-∏
n-≈-b
psS I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 1997.
4)sI
. Fk
v. \mc
m-bW
]n-≈
˛"A©
p-kq-c
ys‚
Ah
-Xm-c
n-I';
\tc-µ
-]-k
mZv˛"h
N-\
-Øns
‚ k
nc'; t
Um.-F
w. eoe
m-h-X
n,
"cq]
m-¥-c-]
m-]vX
n k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
s‚
I
hn-X
-I-fn¬
'; ]
n. F
≥.
Zmk
v"t_
m[n-h
r-£-Ø
ns‚
Ce
-Iƒ
'; Aø
-∏-∏
-Wn-°
¿˛"h
nj-
Øn¬
\n∂
v Ih
n-X'
k®
n-Zm-\
-µs‚
Ih
n-X-I
ƒ, B
e-∏
pg:
KuX
a ]
_vfn-t
j¿k
v B‚
v Unk
vSn-_
q-t´¿k
v, 1988.
125124
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kl
m-b-I
-KŸ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. sI
. Fw. t
hW
p-tKm-]
m¬ (F
-Un-‰
¿),
bph
-I-h
n-X-°
q-w,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
2)sI
. Aø
-∏-∏
-Wn-°
¿, O
tµ
m-ap‡
Imh
y-cq-]
-ine
v]w,
Aø
∏-∏
-Wn-°
-cps
S t
eJ
-\-ß
ƒ 1950-80, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn.-
_pI
vkv, 1982.
3)S
ylvan Barner / W
illiam E
. Cain, A
Sh
ort Gu
ide to W
riting
Ab
out L
iterature, N
ew D
elhi: Pearson, 2006.
4)W
alter Pater, T
he R
enaissan
ce – Stud
ies in A
rt & P
oetry,
London: T
he Fontana L
ibrary, 1967.
5)C
hrstopher Russell R
easke, How
to An
alyze Poetry,
New
York: M
onarch Press, 1966.
6)J. A
. Cuddon, T
he P
engu
in L
iterary Term
s and
Literary
Th
eory, London: P
enguin Books, 1999 (1977).
7)Jeffrey W
ainwright, P
oetry the Basics, L
ondon: Routledge, 2011
(2004).
3)G
‰p-a
m-\q¿
tk
ma-Zm-k
≥, I
hn-X
-bps
S A
\-\
z-b-k
u-µ
-cyw;
kn. A
ti
m-I≥
, \h
-`m-h
pIX
z-Øns
‚ I
mhy-h
n-\n-a
-bw,
]`m-h
¿Ω
, a™
n-t\
mSp s
hb
n¬ F
∂-t]
m-se
bpw,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]nk
nFk
v, 2010.
4)ch
n-i¶
¿ F
kv.
\mb
¿, i
ntcm-e
n-Jn-X
-Øns
‚ I
m¿_
¨
]X
n-∏p-I
ƒ, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: Nn¥
]_
vfn-t
j¿k
v, 2012.
5)s]
m^-k
¿ P
n. _me
-Irj
vW≥
\mb
¿, c
l-k
y-hm-Z
-Im-h
yw;
A°
n-Øw,
_rl
-Zm-c
-Wy-I
-Øn¬
\n∂
v B
fl-h
n-em-k
-Øn-
te
°v,
]n.
ch
n-Ip-a
m¿,
\N
n-tI
-X
v, tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 2009.
6)sI
. ]n. i
¶-c≥
, Ip™
p-Æn-b
psS I
hn-X
-Iƒ
˛ Ip™
p-Æn-
bps
S I
hn-X
-Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w: \mj
-W¬
_p°
vÃmƒ
, 1969.
7)Terry E
agleton, The Illusion of P
ostmodernism
, USA
: Blackw
ell,1997.
bqW
n‰v 5I
hn-X
-bps
S h
¿Ø
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w I
hnX
amd
p-I-b
mWv ]
ta-
b-Ø
nepw B
hn-j
vIm-c
-co-X
n-I-fne
pw ˛ BtKmf
˛A-[
n-
\n-t
h-i
-]-i
v\-ß
ƒ ˛ I
ogm-f
-˛kv-X
o-˛-]m-c
n-ÿn-X
n-I-]
-
iv\
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˛ mj
-bne
pw ssi
en-b
nepw k
w-h
n® a
m‰-ß
ƒ
˛ kzI
m-cy-X
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S \
jvS-s∏
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˛ ]n. ]
n. cma
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e h
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l-Ω
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hmb
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n ˛ F. k
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cn
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mƒ ˛ A
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Xº
n
kn.h
n. hnP
bw ˛ F
¬. t
Xma
kvI
p´n
IdpØ
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w. Knc
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t\
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kzmX
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n
Ah
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127126
Fw.-F
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Code: M
AL
3CO
9
Fw. F
. ae
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w ˛`m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kml
n-Xy-k
n-≤m¥
w (]
mNo\
w)(L
iterary Th
eory/Early P
hase)
`mc
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hpw
]m›
m-Xy-h
pamb
k
mln-X
y-hn-N
m-c-ß
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S
i‡
amb
A
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m-c-I
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k
º-∂
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ae
bm-f
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n-Xy-
Øns
‚ K
l-\
-Xe
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e°
v Cd-ß
-ns®
-√m≥
th
≠ s
sk
≤m-
¥n-I
-am-b
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d k
rjvSn-°
pI F
∂-X
m-Wv e
£yw. k
mln-
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S c
q]-X
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pw mh
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hpw h
ni-I
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w sN
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p≈
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pw IcpØ
pw t\
mSpI
; kml
n-Xy-N
n-¥-b
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m¿i
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t\
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uck
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-ta-dn-b
Xpw
]ma
m-Wn-I
-hp-a
mWv ck
-
kn≤
mm-¥w. \
mSy-i
m-kvX
-amW
v ck
-kn-≤
m-¥-Ø
n-s‚
]amW
n-I-
K-Ÿ
w. Imh
y-Øn¬
ck
-an-√
msX
bms
Xm-∂
p-an√
F∂
p ]d-b
p-
∂- `
c-X
≥ c
k-Ø
ns‚
]m-[
m\yw h
y‡-am-°
p-∂p. c
k-`m-h
-Zn-
Iƒ
Nn-Ø
-hr-Ø
n-I-fm-W
v. AX
n\m¬
lrZ
-b-Ø
n¬\
n∂v l
rZ-b
-
Ø-te
°p ]
I-cm≥
km-≤
y-a-√
. kam\
-mh
w kj
vSn-°
m≥ k
lr-
Z-b
s\
k
lm-b
n-°p∂
_
mly-i
nev]
w cq]
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
pI F
∂-
XmW
v Ih
n°p s
Nø
m≥ I
gn-b
p∂ I
mcyw.
aq∂
mw sk
a-Ã
¿
tI
mgvk
vtI
mUv
t]
cv
sI
Un‰
v
9 tI
m¿M
AL
3CO
9k
mln-X
y-kn-≤
m¥w
(]mN
o\w)
5
10 tI
m¿M
AL
3CO
10tI
c-f-k
w-kv°
mcw
5
11 tI
m¿M
AL
3CO
11k
wkv-I
rXw (1)
5
12 sF
—nI
wM
AL
3E3/12
A a
e-b
m-f-\
m-SI
w5
B P
\-]
n-b-k
m-lnX
yw
C a
m[ya
]-T\
w
D `
mjm-i
m-kvX
hpw
kml
n-Xy-]
T\
hpw
129128
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
5)tU
m. F≥
. hn. ]
n. DW
n-Øn-c
n, kwk
v-Ir-X
-km-l
n-Xy-h
n-a¿i
-
\w, t
Ic-f -`
m-jm- C
≥k
v‰n‰
yq´v, 1990.
6)S
. K. D
ey, San
skrit P
oetics as A Stu
dy of A
esthetics, B
ombay:
Oxford U
niversity Press, 1963.
7)A
. K. W
arder, Ind
ian K
avya Literatu
re.
8)T. N
. Srikantaiyya, In
dian
Poetics.
9)G
. N. D
evy, Ind
ian L
iterary Criticism
, Hyderabad: O
rientB
lackSw
an, 2010.
bqW
n-‰v 2k
wkvI
r-X-k
m-ln-X
y-kn-≤
m¥w A
e-¶
m-c-]
-≤-X
n, coX
n-
˛-Kp-W
-Z¿i
\w,
ck
-X-Ø
z-Nn¥
, c-k
-kq-X
hym-J
ym-\-
߃
, [z\
n-Z¿i
-\w, A
\p-a
m-\-Z¿i
-\w, H
uN
n-Xy-h
n-Nmc
w,
htI
m-‡nZ
¿i
-\w ˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)C
. hn.- Z
m-tam-Z
-c≥
(hn-h
¿Ø
-\h
pw hymJ
ym-\-h
pw), [z\
ym-
te
m-Iw, t
Im´
bw: F
≥_
n-F-k
v, 1973.
2)k
n. hn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
-`-´-X
ncn, [
z\ym-t
emI
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1996.
3)N
mØ-\
mØv A
Nyp-X
-\p-Æ
n, coX
n-Z¿i
\w, i
pI-]
pcw: h
≈-
tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 1983.
4)th
Z-_
-‘p, A
`n-\
-h-K
p-]vX
s‚
ck
-kn-≤
m-¥w, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-
]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1989.
5)t£
ta-µ
≥, H
uN
n-Xy-h
n-Nm-c
-N¿®
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf
k¿∆
-I-e
m-ime
, 1977.
6)F
w. ]n. i
¶p-Æ
n-\m-b
¿, \
mS-I
o-bm-\
p-`h
w F∂
ck
w,
tI
m-´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1989.
6)F
kv. \
mcm-b
-W≥
(hn-h
¿Ø
-\w˛h
ymJym-\
w), Ae
-¶m-c
-kw-
t£
]w, i
pI-]
pcw: h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 1985.
7)cmP
m-\I
Ip¥
-I≥
, h
tI
m-‡
n-Po-h
n-Xw,
(hnh
¿Ø
\w:
NmØ
-\mØ
v AN
yp-X-\
p-Æn), i
pI-]
pcw: h
≈-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-
]o-T
w, 2009.
Imh
ym-flm-h
n-s\
-°p-d
n-®p≈
At\
z-j-W
-Øn¬
mc
-Xo-b
-ssk
-
≤m-¥
n-I-∑
m¿ c
oXn-k
n-≤m-¥
-Øns
‚ Z
¿i
-\-ß
-fn-te
°pw k
vt^
mS-
hm-Z
-Øn¬
\n∂
v [
z\n-k
n-≤m-¥
-Øn-t
e°
pw I
S-°
p-Ib
p≠m-b
n.
B[
p-\n-I
-km-l
n-Xy-h
n-a¿i
-\-Ø
n¬ [
z\nZ
¿i
-\-Ø
n\v A
km-[
m-
c-W
-amb
kzm[
o\w s
N-e
p-Øm≥
km[
n-®n-
p-≠v. B
[p-\
n-I-amb
Ck
-ß-ƒ
]e
Xpw I
mhy-
m-j-b
psS [
z\-\
i‡
nbn-e
mWv D
u∂
n-
\n-e
-v°p-∂
-Xv. `
mcX
-obI
mhy-\
n-cq-]
-W-Ø
n¬ s
si
eo-h
n-⁄m-\
-
Øns
‚ A
Sn-ÿ
m-\-X
Øz-ß
ƒ D
ff-Sß
nbn-´
p-≈-X
mbn I
mWmw.
`ma
-ls‚
Imh
y-cq-]
-hn-a
¿i
-\w, h
ma-\
s‚
coX
n-˛ Kp-W
hn-t
h-I
w,
B\
-µ-h
¿≤
-\s‚
hywK
y-hyR
vP-I
-hn-a
¿i
-\w, I
p¥-I
s‚
htI
m-
‡n, t
£ta-µ
s‚
HuN
n-Xy-h
n-Nmc
w X
pS-ß
-nb h
na¿i
-\-X
Øz-
ß-fn¬
B[
p-\n-I
-]m-›
m-Xy-h
pamb
km-l
n-Xy-h
n-a¿i
-\-Ø
nse
ssi
eo-X
Øz-ß
ƒ D
≈-S-ß
n-bn-c
n-°p-∂
p.
`mc
-Xo-b
-km-l
n-Xy-N
n¥-b
psS A
Sn-ÿ
m-\-]
-cn-I
-ev]
-\-I
ƒ,
hyX
y-kvX
-k-ao-]
-\-ß
-fmb
ck
-X-Ø
z-Nn¥
, Ae
-¶m-c
-]-≤
-Xn, c
oXn-
Z¿i
-\w, [
z\n]
≤-X
n, HuN
n-Xy-h
n-Nmc
w, htI
m-‡n-Z¿i
-\w I
mhy-
c-N
\mX
¥ß
ƒ, Z
mhn-U
-km-l
n-Xy-X
Øz-N
n-¥, b
h-\
-˛-tdm-a
≥
kuµ
-cy-Z
¿i
-\-ß
ƒ C
h ]
T-\
-]-cn-[
n-bmb
n kzoI
-cn-®
p-sI
m≠v
]uc-k
vXyh
pw ]m›
mXyh
pamb
¢m
nIv k
mln-X
y-]≤
-Xn-I
-sf-
°p-d
n®v B
g-Ø
n¬ a
\-
n-emt
°≠
-Xm-W
v.
bqW
n-‰v 1`
mc-X
o-b-k
m-ln-X
n-bps
S A
Sn-ÿ
m-\-k
-¶-ev]
-߃
I
hn,
Imh
yw, kl
r-Z-b
≥, k
mln-X
yw F∂
o kw⁄
-I-fps
S
\n¿
∆-N
-\h
pw A¿∞
-hn-h
-£-I
fpw
Imh
y-tl
-Xp-°
ƒ,
Imh
y-]-tb
m-P-\
w, Imh
y-hn-`
m-K-ß
ƒ, Z
i-cq-]
-߃
˛
kl
m-bI
KŸ
-߃
:
1)th
Z-_
-‘p,
mc-X
o-b-I
m-hy-i
m-kvX
-km-c
w, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-
kn-F
-kv, 1976.
2)sI
. ]
n. \
mcm-b
-W-∏
n-jm-t
cm-S
n, `c-X
-ap-\
n-bps
S \
mSy-
imk
vXw,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mln-X
y -A-°
m-Zan, 1997 (1987).
4)I
rjvW
-ssN
-X-\
y, kwk
v-Ir-X
-Øns
e k
mln-X
y-X-X
z-Nn-¥
,
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1973.
131130
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
6)I
p´n-I
r-jvW
-am-c
m-cv, h
rØ-i
nev]
w, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`qa
n,
1958 (1952).
7)k
map-h
¬ N
µ-\
-∏-≈
n, Pcm¿
Zns
‚ A
e-¶
m-c-i
mkvX
w˛Hcp
]T-\
w, Be
-∏pg
: ]I
miw _
pIvÃ
mƒ, 1969.
bqW
n-‰v 4Z
mhn-U
-ku-µ
-cy-i
mkvX
w ˛
AI
w ]
pdw
s]
mcpƒ
˛
XnW
-k¶
ev]
w I
pdn-©
n, ap√
, ]me
, acp-X
w, s\
bvX
¬
˛ ]k
-‡nb
pw km≤
y-X-I
fpw ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)s]
mcp-f
-Xn-I
m-cw,
sX
m¬°
m-∏nb
w, (h
nh¿Ø
\w
˛ C
f-b
-
s]
-cp-a
mƒ /
kp_
-“-W
y-]n-s
s≈
), tI
m´b
w: \
mj-W
¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, ?.
2)G
eorge Hart, P
oems of A
ncien
t Tam
il, University of C
aliforniaP
ress, 1975.
3)T.P. M
eenakshi Sundaram
, A H
istory of Tam
il Literatu
re,A
nnamalai N
agar: Annam
alai University, 1965.
4)A
.K. R
amanujan, T
he In
terior Lan
dscap
e (Tr. C
lassical Tamil
Poem
s), Bloom
ington: Indiana University P
ress, 1967.
bqW
n-‰v 5b
h-\
-km-l
n-Xy-X
-Øz-N
n¥ ˛
kw£
n-]vX
-N-cn-X
w ˛
tπ
t‰m-b
psS I
em-k
n-≤m¥
w A
cntÃ
m´ne
ns‚
Imh
y-
ao-a
mwk ˛ A
\p-I
-c-W
-hmZ
w, IY
m¿k
nkv, Z
pc-¥
-\m-S
-
I-Ø
ns‚
LS\
˛ tl
md-k
ns‚
Imh
y-Ie
mXØ
zw ˛
te
mwKn-\
- ns
‚ D
Zm-Ø
-Xm-k
n-≤m¥
w ˛ `mc
-Xo-b
-Nn-¥
-
bp-a
m-bp≈
kmP
mXyh
pw ssh
Pm-X
yhpw ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)th
Z-_
‘p (k
-ºm-Z
-I≥
), bh
-\-I
m-hy-X
-Øzß
ƒ, X
ncp-h
-
\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1974.
2)th
Z-_
-‘p (]
-cn-m-j
), Imh
y-I-e
-sb
-∏-‰n, s
Im´
m-c-°
c: B
cy-
]-I
m-iw, 1967.
8)cmP
m-\-I
-a-l
n-a--≥
, hy‡
nhn-t
hI
w, ]cn-
m-jb
pw hymJ
ym-
\h
pw: sI
. kpI
p-am-c
-]n≈
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm
C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2006 (1988).
9)tU
m. ]n. s
I. \
mcm-b
-aW
]n≈
, ssI
c-fo-[
z-\n, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1983.
10)tU
m. ]qP
-∏pc
Irj
va≥
\mb
¿, c
k-I
u-ap-Z
n, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
amc
pXn ]
Im-i
≥, 1996.
bqW
n-‰v 3e
oem-X
n-e-I
-Øn-s
e G
gpw F
´pw i
nev]
-߃
˛ `mj
m-
`q-j
-W-Ø
nse
Ae
-¶m-c
-N¿®
bpw h
rØ-a-R
vP-cn-b
nse
hr-Ø
-hn-N
m-ch
pw ˛ D]
-a, D
¬t]
£, c
q]-I
-w, kvarX
n-
am≥
, `m¥
n-am≥
, kk
-tµ
lw, Z
rjvSm-¥
w, kz`
m-th
m-
‡n, k
tl
m-‡n, Z
o]-I
w, ]X
n-h-k
vXq-]
-a, A
]-k
vXp-
X-]
-iw-k
, cq]
-Im-X
n-i-tb
m-‡n, D
t√
-Jw, A
kw-K
-Xn,
hntcm-[
m-`m-k
w, B
t£
-]w,
A¿∞
m-]-Ø
n, A
¿∞
m-
¥-c-\
ym-kw, h
ymP-k
vXp-X
n, hnj
-aw, t
«j
w, kam-t
km-
‡n ˛ C
h-b
psS e
£-W
-]-T-\
w, Xmc
-X-ay-h
n-th
-N-\
w ˛
`mj
m-hr-Ø
-߃
°pw k
wkv-I
r-X-h
r-Ø-ß
ƒ°
pw XΩ
n-
ep≈
A¥
cw
Kpc
p-eL
p\n¿
Æb
\w
ame
n-\n, ]
l-
¿j
n-Wn, a
µmI
m¥, i
m¿±q-e
-hn-I
o-UnX
w ctY
m-≤-X
,
kKv≤
-c, D
]-P
m-Xn, A
\p-j
vSp∏
v, hk
-¥-X
n-e-I
w, ]©
-
Nm-a
-cw,
Ipk
p-a-a-R
vP-cn,
hntb
m-Kn-\
n, tI
I, I
mI-fn,
aR
vP-cn, X
cw-K
n-Wn, \
tX
m-∂-X
, ]m\
, A∂
-\S F
∂n-
h-b
psS \
njvI
r-jvS-]
-T\
w ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)e
oem-X
n-eI
w
2)F
. B¿. c
mP-cm-P
-h¿Ω
˛ `mj
m-`q-j
Ww
3)F
. B¿. c
mP-cm-P
-h¿Ω
˛ hrØ
-a-R
vPcn
4)tU
m. Sn. h
n. amX
yp, hrØ
-im-k
vXw, t
Im´
bw: \
mj-W
-¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1984.
5)sI
. sI
. -h
m-≤ym¿
, h
r-Ø-h
n-Nmc
w, tI
m´b
w: \
mj-W
¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1971 (1967).
133132
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
3CO
10
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛`m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
tI
-c-f-k
w-kv°
mcw
(Kerala C
ultu
re)
tI
cfØ
n\v A
Xn]
mNo\
amb
Hcp N
cnX
w D≠
v. BZnI
me
tKmX
P\
Xtb
mSpw A
hcps
S ]
tX
yIamb
kwk
v°mc
tØ
mSpw
Bcyh
¿§w
CSI
ecpI
bpw
Hcp
]pX
pkwk
v°mc
w cq]
s∏
Sp-
Ib
pw sN
bvX
p. AX
v kh
nti
jamb
Hcp k
wkv°
mcw C
hns
S
hfcm≥
I
mcW
amb
n. tI
cfob
cps
S h
o£W
Øne
pw ]
Xn-
IcW
Øne
pw Cu t
_m[
w hcpØ
nb ]
cnj
v°cW
߃
a\
n-
emt°
≠X
p≠v.
I®
hSØ
n\mb
n C
hns
S F
Ønb
hcpw
A[
nImcw
]nS
n-s®
-SpØ
v Dd∏
n®h
cpa
mb
h
ntZi
nIƒ
°pw
tI
cfk
kv°
mccq]
oIcW
Øn¬
I
mcya
mbn
]¶
p-h-l
n-°m≥
Ign™
p. C
Øcw k
ml
Ncyß
ƒ h
niI
e\
w sN
bvX
v
A¥
¿[
mcI
ƒ a
\
nem°
pIb
pw hne
bnc
pØpI
bpa
mWv C
u
tI
mgvk
ns‚
e£
yw.
bqW
n‰v 1`
qani
mkvX
hpw
hwi
]›
mØe
hpw.
]›
naL
´h
pw
Ad_
n°Se
pw \
ZnI
fpw \
ZoX
Sß
fpw
qa
nimk
vX
hn`mK
߃
k
mwkv°
mcnI
_‘
߃
I
pSntb
‰h
pw
A[
nhmk
amX
rII
fpw
˛ ]
pcmh
kvX
p sX
fnh
pIfpw
NcnX
mX
oXI
me
hpw
˛
al
mi
nemk
wk
v°mcw ˛
\ch
wii
mkvX
]camb
sX
fnh
pIƒ
˛
hmk
ÿe
߃
˛ hnh
n[h
wiß
ƒ ˛ B
ZyI
me
hnt
Zi
_‘
߃
˛
Ad_
nIƒ
˛
^n\
ojy∑
m¿ ˛
3)th
Z-_
‘p, I
mhy-i
nev]
w,
sI
m´m-c
-°c:
Bcy-]
-Im-i
w,
1968.
4)th
Z-_
-‘p (h
n-h¿Ø
-\w), t
emwK
n-\-k
ns‚
DZm-Ø
Xm
kao-£
, sI
m-´mc
-°c: B
cy-]
-Im-i
w, 1977.
5)T. S
. Dorsch, C
lassical Literary C
riticism, G
reat Britain:
Penguin B
ooks, 1965.
(Translation- A
ristotle: On the A
rt of Poetry / H
orace: On the A
rtof P
oetry / Longinus: O
n the Sublim
e)
6)W
illiam K
. Wim
satt and Clenth B
rooks, Literary C
riticism – A
Short History, N
ew D
elhi: Oxford &
IBH
Publishing Co., 1957.
7)F
w. ]n. i
¶p-Æ
n-\m-b
¿, \
mSy-a
-fi-]
w, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
amX
r-`q-a
n, 1987.
8)F
w. A
Nyp-X
≥,
]m›
m-X
y-km-l
n-Xy-Z
¿i
\w,
tI
m´b
w:
kml
n-Xy-]
-h¿Ø
-I-k
l-I
-cW
kw-L
w, 1991 (1962).
9)k
n. cmt
Pµ
≥, k
uµ
-cy-i
m-kvX
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf
`mj
m- C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2002.
10)N
mØ-\
mØv A
Nyp-X
-\p-Æ
n, kml
n-Xy-a
o-amwk
X
mc-X
-ay-
]-cn-t
]£
yw, tI
m´b
w: kml
n-Xy-]
-h¿Ø
I k
l-I
-c-W
-
kw-L
w, 2013.
11) Fw.]
n. t]
m-fn-s
‚ k
-ºq¿
-Æ-I
r-XnI
ƒ (h
meyw H
-∂v/h
meyw
c≠
v) F-U
n.: tU
m. sI
.hn. t
Xm-a
kv, t
Im-g
n-t°
mSv: a
oUn-b
lu-k
v, 2012.
12)tU
m.sI
.Fw.X
-cI
≥, ]
m-›m-X
ykm-l
n-Xy X
-Øz-i
m-kv-X
w,
tI
m´-b
w : F-k
v-]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1990 (1983).
13.tU
m. s\
√n-°
¬ a
p-c-fo-[
c≥
, hn-i
z-km-l
n-Xy-Z
¿-i
-\ß
ƒ,
tI
m´-b
w : Un.k
n. _p-I
v-kv, 1997.
135134
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
cmP
m°∑
m¿ ˛
`cW
Iaw˛s
sP
\˛_
p≤˛_
m“W
aX
hni
zmkß
ƒ I
nkvX
paX
w b
lqZ
aX
w C
…mw
aX
w ˛ aX
kul
m¿±h
pw ka\
zbh
pw -˛
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)]
n. sI
. tKm]
meI
rjvW
≥, t
IcfØ
ns‚
kmwk
v°mc
nI
NcnX
w, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1991.
2)tN
em
v AN
ypXtat\
m≥, t
IcfØ
nse
Imf
ntk
h, a
Zmk
v:
aZ
mkv b
qWnt
hgvk
n‰n, 1943.
3)C
fwI
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, k
wk
v°mcØ
ns‚
\
mgnI
°√
pIƒ
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]nk
nFk
v, 1988.
4)Sn. s
I. K
wKm[
c≥
, tI
cfN
cnX
w, Ime
n°‰v b
qWnth
gvk
n‰n
tI
mHm∏
td‰oh
v tÃ
m¿.
5)tU
m. sI
.- kp-K
-X≥
, _p≤
-a-X
hpw P
mXn-h
yh--ÿ
bpw, t
Img
n-
t°
mSv: t
]mK
kv ]
_vfn-t
j¿k
v, 2011.
5)T. V
. Mahalingam
, Sou
th In
dian
Polity, M
adras: University of
Madras, 1967.
6)B
. Padmakum
ari Am
ma, Jain A
nd Buddhdist C
entres in Kerala,
Kuppam
: Dravidian U
niversity, 2008.
7)T
. M. K
rishn
amach
ari, Th
e Ea
rly H
istory
of K
erala
,T
rivandrum: U
niversity of Travancore, 1941.
8)M
. G. S. N
arayanan, Cultural Sym
biosis in Kerala, T
rivandrum:
Kerala H
istorical Society, 1972.
9)F
ergusson James., T
ree and
Serp
ent W
orship
, New
Delhi:
Indological Book H
ouse, 1971.
bqW
n‰v 3a
tl
mZb
]pc
sØ
I
peti
Jc∑
m¿ ˛ tN
ctN
mf
_‘
ßfpw i
nYne
oIcW
hpw
Ipe
ti
JcI
mesØ
`cW
coX
nbpw k
apZ
mbh
pw ˛ t£
Xß
fpw I
eI
fpw
˛IqØ
v, I
qSnb
m´w˛
ime
Ifpw
hnZ
ym`ymk
]pt
cmK
-
Xnb
pw ˛ `‡
n]ÿ
m\h
pw kml
nXyh
pw ˛ ama
m¶w ˛
tch
Xn]
´Ø
m\w ˛ Z
m¿i
\nI
∑m¿
˛ ssh
⁄m\
nI-
kml
nXyw
\mS
phmg
nIfpw
cW
Iah
pw t
Ime
Øp-
Ko°
pIm¿
t
dma
°m¿
s
sN
\°
m¿ t
IcfØ
ns‚
\mh
nI]
mcº
cyw ˛ ]
gb
Xpd
apJ
߃
˛
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)]
n. sI
. tKm]
meI
rjvW
≥, t
IcfØ
ns‚
kmwk
v°mc
nI
NcnX
w, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v, 1991.
2)C
fwI
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, tI
cfN
cnX
Øns
e C
cpf
S™
GSpI
ƒ, t
Im´
bw: F
kv]
nknF
kv, 1970.
3)C
fwI
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, tI
cfw A
©pw B
dpw
\q‰
m≠pI
fn¬
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]nk
nFk
v 1988.
4)sI
. F≥
. KtW
i≥
, tI
cfØ
ns‚
C∂
se
Iƒ
.
5)I
mWn-∏
-øq¿
i¶
c≥
\º
qXnc
n∏mS
v, Bcy∑
mcps
S
IpS
ntb
‰w, I
p∂wI
pfw: ]
©mwK
w ]pk
vXI
ime
, 1965.
6)F
kv.
i¶
pAø
¿,
tI
cfN
cnX
Øns
e N
ne A
⁄mX
`mK
߃
, tI
m´b
w: F≥
_nF
kv, 1963.
7)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
IcfN
cnX
w, tI
´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1967.
8)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
Icfk
wkv°
mcw, t
I´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v.
9)L
. A. K
rishna Iyar, Kerala M
egaliths an
d th
eir Bu
ilders,
Madras: U
niversity of Madras, 1967.
10)K
.V. K
rishna Aiyar, A
History of K
erala, Coim
batore, 1965.
11)K
.K.N
. Kurup, A
spects of K
erala History an
d C
ultu
re,T
rivandrum, 1977.
12)M.G
.S. N
arayanan, Asp
ects of Aryan
isation in
Kerala,
Trivandrum
: Kerala H
istorical Sciety, 1973.
bqW
n‰v 2k
wLI
mew
˛ k
wLk
mlnX
yw ˛
NcnX
]camb
]m[
m\yw ˛
XnW
k¶
ev]
w ˛ Im¿
jnI
hrØ
nbps
S
hym]
\w
˛ ]
p\¿h
nXcW
hpw
I®
hSh
pw ˛
kaql
y
LS\
bpw
h
¿Æ
k¶
ev]
hpw
˛
hoc
bpK
hpw
Bcm[
\b
pw B
ZntN
ccmP
m°∑
m¿˛ G
gna
e B
bn
137136
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
n‰v 4t
]m¿
®pK
okv I
meL
´w ˛ s
Pk
yq´v ]
h¿Ø
\ß
ƒ
˛ t]
m¿®
pKok
v ]cmP
bh
pw U®
pImc
psS D
b¿®
bpw
˛ Cw•
ojpI
mcpw ^
©pI
mcpw
anj
Wna
mcps
S t
kh
\-
߃
˛Cw•
ojv h
nZym`
ymkh
pw B[
p\nI
ho£
Wh
pw
˛ am¿
Øh
¿Ω
bpw
Xnc
phnX
mwIqd
pw ˛
sI
m®nb
pw
i‡
≥X
ºpc
m\pw
ssak
q¿ B
IaW
߃
k
maq-
lnI
kmº
ØnI
am‰
߃
A
®Sn t
IcfØ
n¬ B
Zy-
Ime
apZ
Wme
bß
ƒ ˛
]X
]h
¿Ø
\w
˛ _
n´oj
v
`cW
hpw ]
Xnt
j[
hpw ˛ ]
g»
nkacß
ƒ ˛ I
pdnN
y-
Ie
m]w ˛ ]
menb
Ø®
≥ ˛ t
he
pغ
n ˛ `cW
cwK
-
sØ
am‰
߃
˛
kma
qlnI
]
cnj
v°cW
]
ÿm\
-
߃
i
o\mc
mbW
Kpc
p A
ø¶
mfn
hmK
vSm\
µ≥
˛ N´º
nkzma
nIƒ
˛ h°
w aue
hn ˛ k
ztZi
m`na
m\n
cma
Irj
vW]
n≈ a
‰p ]
cnj
v°¿Ø
m°ƒ
s
sh
°w
kX
ymKl
w ˛
Kpc
phmb
q¿ k
XymK
lw
˛ C
¥y≥
\mj
W¬
tI
m¨K
kns
‚ D
¤h
pw hf¿®
bpw ˛I
zn‰v
C¥
ymk
acw
˛ J
nem^
Øpw
\n
lI
cW
hpw
˛
ae
_m¿
I
em]
w ˛
P\
Iob
kacß
ƒ,
-CSX
p]£
]ÿ
m\
߃
˛ DØ
ch
mZ`cW
]t£
m`W
w ˛
]p∂
]-˛h
be
m¿ k
acw.
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)sI
. am[
h≥
\mb
¿, a
e_
m¿ I
em]
w, at©
cn:
sI
. Ie
ymWn A
Ω, 1971.
2)tamg
n-Ip-∂
Øv _
“Z-Ø
≥ \
ºq-X
n-cn-∏
m-Sv, J
nem-
Øv k
vac-
W-I
ƒ, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: \
h-tI
-cf, 1965.
3)]
n. sI
. tKm]
meI
rjvW
≥, t
IcfØ
ns‚
kmwk
v°mc
nI
NcnX
w, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n‰yq´
v, 1991.
4)sI
. sI
. F≥
. Ipd
p∏v, ]
g»
n kacß
ƒ, X
ncph
\¥
]pc
w:
tI
cf`mj
m C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v, 1988.
5)F
w. B
¿.
cmL
hh
mcy¿
, tI
cfob
X N
cnX
am\
߃
,
FS∏
mƒ: h
≈tØ
mƒ h
nZym]
oTw, 1992.
\mS
v ˛ tI
mgnt
°mS
v k
maqX
ncn ˛ s
Im®
n ˛ th
WmS
v
˛ ]
pXnb
I
®h
StI
µß
ƒ ˛
\K
ccq]
oIcW
hpw
hnI
k\
hpw
˛ P
∑nk
ºZmb
w ˛
a[
yh¿Ø
nhn`
mK-
Øns
‚ D
b¿®
˛ PmX
nIfpw D
]P
mXnI
fpw ˛ a
cpa
°-
Ømb
w ˛
aW
n]h
mfk
mlnX
yw ˛
A\
pjvTm\
Ie
-
Ifpw A
\pj
vTmt
\X
cI
eI
fpw
\mt
SmS
nkml
nXyw.
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)]
n.- sI
. tKm]
meI
rjvW
≥, t
IcfØ
ns‚
kmwk
v°mc
nI
NcnX
w, Xnc
ph\
¥]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1991.
2)C
fwI
pfw I
p™≥
]n≈
, tN
ck
mamP
yw Hº
Xpw ]
Øpw
\q‰
m≠pI
fn¬
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1970.
3)C
fw-I
pfw
Ip™
≥]
n≈,
Nne
tI
cfN
cnX
]i
v\ß
ƒ,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]nk
nFk
v, 1963.
4)F
w.Pn.F
kv.\
mcmb
W≥
, tI
cfN
cnX
Øns
‚ A
Snÿ
m\-
ine
Iƒ
, tI
mgnt
°mS
v: \h
tI
cf, 1971.
5)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
Icfk
wkv°
mcw, t
I´b
w: Fk
v]n-
kn-F
-kv.
6)ssi
Jv ssk
\p±
o≥ aJ
vZqw,
Xpl
v^Ø
p¬ apP
mln±
o≥,
tI
mgnt
°mS
v: A¬
lpZ
_p°
vkv Ã
mƒ, 1995.
7)P. C
. Alexander, B
ud
dh
ism in
Kerala, M
adras: Annam
alai
University, 1949.
8)R
ajan Gurukkal, T
he K
erala Tem
ple an
d T
he E
arly Med
ievalA
graroam System
, Sukapuram: V
allathol Vidyapeedham
, 1992.
9)K
. V. K
rishna Aiyar, A
History of K
erala, Coim
batore, 1965.
10)K
. V. K
rishna Aiyar, T
he Z
amou
rins of C
alicut, U
niversity ofC
alicut, 1999.
11)T
. M. K
rishn
amach
ari, Th
e Ea
rly H
istory
of K
erala
,T
rivandrum: U
niversity of Travancore,1941.
12)M
. G. S
.Narayanan, P
erum
als of Kerala, T
hrisoor: Cosm
oP
ublications, 2013.
13)P. K
. S. R
aja, Med
ieval Kerala, C
alicut, 1966.
14)C
. V. C
heriyan, A H
istory of Ch
ristianity in
Kerala, K
eralaH
istorical Society, 1973.
139138
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
3)]
n. tKmh
n-µ-∏
n≈,
tI
c-f-\
-th
m-∞m-\
w, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
Nn¥
m -]-_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2011.
4)Sn. F
®v. ]
n. sN
¥m-c
-t»
-cn, t
Ic-f-N
-cn-X
-Øns
e A
h-K
-Wn-
°-s∏
´ G
Sp-I
ƒ, s
saX
n _pI
vkv, 2011.
5)s]
m-^. F
w-.]n.F
kv. t
a-t\
m≥, a
-e-_
m¿ k
-acw, A
-ßm-S
n-
∏pd
w, Fw.]
n.Fk
v. ta-t\
m≥ k
v-am-c
-Iw, 1992.
6)F
. io-[
-cta-t\
m≥, A
-ta-cn-°
≥ t
am-U
¬ A
-d-_
n-°-S-e
n¬,
tI
m-´b
w: Un.k
n. _p-I
v-kv, 2000.
7)M
. P. Sreekum
aran Nair, R
eapp
raisals, Trivandrum
: Kerala
Historical S
ociety, 1972.
6)cmP
≥ K
pcp°
ƒ F
w. B¿. c
mLh
hmc
y¿, t
IcfN
cnX
w,
ipI
-]pc
w: h≈
tØ
mƒ h
nZym]
oTw, 1991.
7)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
IcfN
cnX
w, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-
kv, 1967.
8)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
Icfk
wkv°
mcw, t
I´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v.
9)F
. io[
ctat\
m≥, t
IcfN
cnX
ine
v]nI
ƒ, t
I´b
w: Fk
v-
]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1988.
10)G
opala Panikkar, Malabar and Its F
olk, N
ew D
elhi: Asian E
du-cational S
ervices, 1983.
11)K
. K. N
. Kurup, A
spects of K
erala History an
d C
ultu
re,T
rivandrum: 1977.
bqW
n‰v 5k
zmX¥
ym\¥
ctI
cfw ˛ s
FI
ytI
cf]
ÿm\
w ˛
Xnc
phnX
mwI
q¿ sI
m®
n k
wtb
mP
\w ˛ tI
cf
kwÿ
m\cq]
oIcW
w ˛
tI
cfØ
nse
k
maql
nI
kmº
ØnI
]cnj
v°cW
w ˛`q]
cnj
v°cW
\nb
aw
˛
hnZ
ym`ymk
]h
¿Ø
\ß
fns
e k
zImc
y]¶
mfnØ
w ˛
]h
mk
nIfpw
k
maql
nI]
cnh
¿Ø
\ß
fpw
˛
kvX
ohnZ
ym`ymk
w C
∂v ˛
kma
qlnI
kmwk
v°mc
n
IcwK
ßfn¬
k
vXoI
fps
S ]
¶mfnØ
w ˛ ZfnX
v
apt
∂‰w ˛ h
mWnP
yhnf
Ifpw I
rjnb
psS X
f¿®
bpw
˛ atX
XcX
zhpw a
nih
nhml
hpw
sF
Sn k
wkv°
mcw
˛ Zri
yam[
yaß
fpw I
emh
o£W
hpw ˛ ^
mÃv ^
pUv
kwk
v°mc
hpw B
tcmK
y]i
v\ß
fpw --˛
kl
mbI
KŸ
߃
:
1)C
. F
w. F
kv. \
ºqX
ncn∏
mSv, I
ΩyqW
nÃv ]
m¿´n
tI
cf
Øn¬
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: N
n¥m ]
ªntj
gvk
v, 1987.
2)tU
m. B¿. c
m[m-I
r-jvW
≥, t
Ic-f-Ø
nse
\th
m-∞m-\
-k-a-c-ß
ƒ,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
amf
p-_≥
]
_vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v,
2012 (2010).
141140
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Reference:
Sidhantakaum
udi of Bhattojidikshita
Raghuvam
sa of Kalidasa
Raghuvam
sa of Kalidasa – T
ranslation by Kuttikrishnam
arar
Laghusidhantakaum
udi – Balahitaisini V
yakhyanamC
ode: MA
L3C
O11
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kwk
vIrX
w (t]
-∏¿ 1)
(San
skrit P
aper 1)
SK
T.4E12 B
AS
IC S
AN
SK
RIT
I
(For N
on- Sanskrit M
ain Courses only)
Unit-1
Raguvam
sa – XIV
(60 verses onlty)
Unit-II
Gram
mar (B
ased on the text)
a)D
eclension of the Sabdas: V
rksa, Lata, K
avi, Rajan A
smad &
Yusm
ad
b)C
onjugation of the Dhatus: B
hu and Vand in five lakaras (lat, lit
lrt, lan, lot)
c)S
andhi: Svara, V
yanjana and Visarga
d)S
amasa: A
vyayibhava, Tatpurusha, Dvandva and B
ahuvruhi
Pattern of Q
uestion Paper:
IE
xplain fully (any five out of eight)5x4 =
20 Marks
IIA
nnotate (any five out of eight)5x4 =
20 Marks
IIIE
ssay (one out of two)
1x20 = 20 M
arksIV
Textual gramm
ar1.
Sandi
5 Marks
2.S
amasa
5 Marks
3.D
ecline (any one out of two)
5 Marks
4.C
onjugation (any one out of two)
5 Marks
80 Marks
143142
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
b-\
-bn-e
qsS \
mS-I
m-h-t_
m[w k
rjvS-n-°
m≥ I
gn-b
-Ww. \
mSI
w
]Tn-°
p-I, \
mSI
w Ah
-X-cn-∏
n-°pI
, \mS
I-°
q-´-ß
ƒ k
wLSn-
∏n°
pI ˛ A
Xn-\
p≈ t
]c-W
bpw ]
tN
m--Z-\h
pw \¬
Im≥
Cu
tI
mgvk
p-sI
m≠v k
m[n-°
-Ww.
bqW
n‰v 1a
eb
mf-\
m-S-I
-km-l
n-Xy-w ˛ a
e-b
mf\
mS-I
-th
-Zn ˛ N
cn-
X-mh
-te
m-I\
w ˛ Xang
p\mS
-Im-\
p-I-c-W
-amb
kwK
o-X-
\m-S-I
-߃
˛ k
wk
vIr-X
\
m-S-I
-]-cn-`
m-j
-Iƒ
˛
tj
Ivk
v]o-b
¿ \
mS-I
-]-cn-`
m-j-I
ƒ ˛
]l
-k-\
w ˛
-
tj
Ivk
v]o-b
¿ k
zm[o\
w ˛ imI
p-¥fw ]
cn-`
mj
ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
A`n-⁄
m-\-i
m-Ip-¥
fw ˛
(hnh
¿Ø
-\w) X
ncp-\
-√q¿
Icp-W
m-I-c≥
kl
m-bI
-K-Ÿ
-ß-ƒ
1)k
n. sP
. tX
mak
v, Db
-cp∂
bh
-\n-I
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
amf
p-_≥
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2010 (1950).
2)P
n.-i-¶
c-∏
n≈,
ae
-bm-f
-\m-S
-I-k
m-ln-X
y-N-cnX
w, X
riq¿
:
tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1980.
3)tU
m.- sI
. i
oIp-a
m¿,
ae
-bm-f- k
w-Ko-X
\m-SI
Ncn-X
w,
Xri
q¿: I
d‚
v _pI
vkv, 2002.
4)F
≥. F
≥. ]
n≈, \
mS-I
-Z¿∏
Ww, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]n-k
n--F-k
v, 1981.
5)]
∑\
cma
-N-µ
≥\
m-b¿, \
h-b
p-K-i
n-ev]
n, tI
m´b
w: Id‚
v
_pI
vkv, 2003.
6)k
n. F¬
. tP
mkv, \
mS-I
-c-N
\ F
¥v F
ßs\
?, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v.-]n.-k
n.-F-k
v., 2012.
7)L
ajos Egri, T
he A
rt of Dram
atic Writin
g, New
York: S
imon
and Schuster, 1960 (F
irst edition 1946).
Code: M
AL
3E3/12
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
A a
e-b
m-f-\
m-SI
w(M
alayalam D
rama)
ae
bmf
\m-S
-I-k
m-ln-X
y-Øn-s
‚b
pw \
mS-I
-th
-Zn-b
p-sSb
pw
NcnX
w Zo¿
Lh
pw A
Xnh
n]p-e
hpa
mWv.
\mS
Iw
cN
n-°p-∂
Xv
hmb
n-®p-c
-kn-°
m≥ th
≠n-h
-am-X
-a-√
, A
`n-\
-bn®
p I
mWn-I
sf
ck
n-∏n-°
m≥
th
≠n°
q-Sn-b
m-W
v. F
∂m¬
, ae
-bm-f-Ø
n¬
FgpX
nbp≠
m-°p∂
\mS
-I-ß
-fn¬
Gsdb
pw cwK
-th
Zn I
mWms
X
s]
men-b
p-I-b
mWv s
Nø
p-∂-X
v. \mS
-I-k
m-ln-X
y-sØ
-°p-d
n®p ]
Tn-
°p-t
ºmƒ
, \mS
-I-th
-Zn-s
b°
p-dn®
p IqS
n a\
- n-e
m-t°
≠-X
p-≠v.
cwK
-th
Zn I
qSms
X \
mSI
w ]q¿
Æ-am-I
p-∂n√
F∂
Nn¥
\mS
-I-
]-Tn-X
m-hn-\
p-≠m-I
-Ww.
ae
-bm-f
-\m-S
-I-Ø
n¬ I
mem-I
m-e-ß
-fn¬
]e
]ÿ
m-\-ß
fpw
IS∂
p h∂
n-p-≠
v. kwK
o-X-\
m-S-I
-߃
apX
¬ X
\-X
p-\m-S
-I-ß
ƒ
hsc -k
w-h
n® h
nIm-k
-]-cn-W
m-a-N
-cn-X
-Øns
e ]
[m-\
-]-cn-h
¿Ø
-
\-ß
fpw
am‰
-ßfpw
]m[
m\yt
Øms
S a\
- n-e
m-t°
≠-X
p-≠v.
kwk
vIr-X
-]m-c
-ºcy--amb
pw ]m›
mXyk
zm[o\
amb
p-w ]e
]ÿ
m-
\-ß
fpw B
hnj
vv°mc
coX
n-Ifpw I
S-∂
p-h-∂
n-´p-≠
v. F√
mw ae
-
bm-f
\m-S
IØ
ns‚
kmw-k
v°m-c
n-I-ti
m-X-
ns‚
CuSp-s
h-b
v∏mb
n
Cgp-I
n-t®
¿∂
n-cn-°
p-∂p. F
√m ]
ÿm-\
-߃
°pw F
√m c
oXn-a
-
cym-Z
-Iƒ
°pw C
hns
S C
S-ap-≠
m-bn-c
p-∂p.
sN
dp-∏
-°msc \
mS-I
-km-l
n-Xy-Ø
n-te
°pw
\
mS-I
-cw-K
-
tØ
°pw s
Im≠
p-h-cm-\
p≈ i
aw t
h≠
n-bn-c
n-°p-∂
p. \mS
-I-h
m-
145144
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
3)F
≥. F
≥. ]
n≈, I
¿´≥
, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1996.
4)K
onstantin Stanislavsky, Selected
Work
s, Moscow
: Raduga
Publishers, 1984.
bqW
n‰v 4\
mSI
w k
maq-l
n-Ih
pw cmj
vSo-b
hpa
mb X
ncn-®
-dn-h
p-
Iƒ
°v
A‘
-hni
zmk-ß
ƒs°
-Xns
c ]
pcm-W
-߃
a\
p-jy-`
m-K-t[
-b-ß
-fps
S ]
pXp-h
ymJym\
-߃
˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
krj
vSn ˛ s
I. S
n. apl
-ΩZv
e¶
m-e£
vvan˛ k
n. F≥
. ioI
-WvT≥
\mb
¿
kl
-mb-I
-K-Ÿ
-ß-ƒ
:
1)P
n. i¶
-c-∏
n-≈, _
¿t´mƒ
´v s
_l
v‰v, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: t
_m[
n
]k
m-[-\
w, 1990.
2)R
ymond W
illiams, D
rama from
Ibsen to Brecht, Penguin B
ooks,1968.
3)E
rie Bentley, W
hat is T
heatre? B
oston: Beacon P
ress, 1956.
bqW
n‰v 5t
Ic-fo-b
-amb
k
zXzs
Ø°
pdn-®
p≈ A
t\
zjW
-߃
˛ X\
-Xp-\
m-S-I
k-¶
ev]
w ˛ ]pX
nb h
gn-I
ƒ ˛ ]
pXnb
cq]
--in-e
v]ß
ƒ ˛
Ak
w-_-‘
-\m-S
Iw
˛ k
map-h
¬
s_
°-‰v,
B¿X
v¿ A
U-tam-h
v,bqP
n¬ sF
\-k
vtI
m,
jo≥
sj
s\
˛ Ak
w-_-‘
-Øns
‚ ]
mc-º
cyw
Ak
w-
_-‘
-Øns
‚ ]
m[m\
yw A
kw-_
-‘-\
m-S-I
-th
-Zn-b
psS
]›
m-Ø-e
hpw N
cn-X
hpw
hni
z-\m-S
-I-ß
ƒ ]
cn-`
m-j-
I-fn-e
qsS ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
Xnc
p-hm-g
n-Øm≥
˛ Imh
mew \
mcm-b
-W-∏
-Wn-°
¿
sKmt
Zm-s
b-°
mØv ˛ k
map-h
¬ s
_°
‰v
-˛ hn-h
¿Ø
\w: I
S-Ω
-\n´
cma
-Ir-j
vW≥
bqW
-n‰v 2\
mSI
w kma
q-ln-I
-]-cn-h
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
am≤
y-a-w
kap-
Zm-b
-]-cn-h
¿Ø
-\-b
-Xv\
߃
k
aq-l
-Øns
e k
mº-Ø
n-
Im-k
-a-X
z-ß-sf-°
p-dn-®
p≈ t
hh
-em-X
n-Iƒ
˛ \mS
-Iob
-
Xsb
\j
vS-s∏
-Sp-Ø
mØ c
mjvS
ob\
mSI
w ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
ASp-°
-f-b
n¬ \
n∂pw A
c-ß
-tØ
°v
˛ hn. S
n. `´-X
n-cn-∏
mSv
]m´
-_m°
n˛ s
I. Z
mtam-Z
-c≥
kl
-mb-I
-K-Ÿ
-ß-ƒ
:
1)I
m´p-a
mSw \
mcm-b
-W≥
, ae
-bm-f
-\m-S
-I-]
-ÿm-\
w, Xri
q¿:
tI
cf- k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1990.
2)aS-h
q¿
mkn, a
e-b
m-f-\
m-S-I
-th
-Zn-b
psS I
Y, t
Im´
bw: I
d‚
v
_pI
vkv, 1996.
3)k
n.- sP
. kvamc
-I-k
-an-X
n (k-º
m-Z-I
¿), \
mSI
w H
cp ]
T-\
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
¥--]pc
w: amf
p-_≥
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2010 (1962).
4)tU
m. Sn. ]
hn-X
≥, \
mS-I
-i-_
vZ-tI
m-iw, I
Æq¿
: kab
w
]_
vfnt
°-j
≥k
v, 2008.
bqW
n‰v 3
kma
q-ln-I
-amb
am‰
-߃
h
y‡n--P
o-hn-X
-ß-fn¬
kw
-hn®
]cn-h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ ˛ t
emI
-\m-S
-Im-N
mcy∑
mcps
S
kzm[
o-\-ß
ƒ ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
ka-X
z-hmZ
n ˛ ]pf
n-am\
]c-ta-i
z-c≥
]n≈
1128 ¬ s
sI
w 27 ˛ kn. t
P. t
Xma
kv
kl
-mb-I
-K-Ÿ
-ß-ƒ
:
1)F
≥. I
rjvW
-]n-≈
, ssI
c-fn-b
psS I
Y, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v-]n-k
n-Fk
vv, 1992 (H-∂
mw-]-X
n∏v 1958).
2)tU
m. F¬
. tX
ma-k
vIp-
n, IdpØ
Nnc
n-bps
S A
cß
v, Xri
q¿:
\m\
w tam\
w, 1998.
147146
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
3E3/12
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛`m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
B P
\-]
n-b-k
m-lnX
yw(P
opu
lar Literatu
re)
B\
pIm--e
nI]
kn-≤
o-I-c-W
-ß-fps
S ]
Nm-c
-Ww, K
Ÿ-i
m-em-
kw-L
-Øns
‚ ]
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ, A
tß
mf-antß
mfw D
b¿∂
ph∂
Kma
oW-h
m-b-\
-im-e
-Iƒ
C
h t
Icf-k
-aq-l
-Øn¬
F√
m hn`
m-
K-Ø
n¬s∏
´ P
\-ß
-fne
pw hmb
-\m-i
o-ew h
f¿Ø
n. Hm^
o-kp-I
-
fn¬
t]
mIp∂
kvX
oI-fn¬
amX
-a-√
, ]mS
Øp ]
Wns
b-Sp-°
p-
∂-h
-cne
pw ho´
-Ω-am-c
nepw h
o´p-t
Pm-e
n-°-mc
nepw h
mb\
Hgn-®
p-
Iq-S
m-\m-h
mØ H
∂mb
n amd
n. ae
-bm-f
-Øns
e N
ne ]
kn-≤
o-I-c-
W-ß
ƒ h
nZym`
ymkw
Ipd
™ h
mb-\
-°m¿
°p
hmb
n®pc
kn-
°m≥
-t]
m∂ k
hn-t
i-j
-X-I
-tfm-S
p-Iq-S
nb k
mlnX
y-hn-`
-h-ß
ƒ
[mc
m-f-amb
n \n¿
Ωn-®
p. G‰h
pw IqS
pX¬
Bƒ
°ms
c G
‰h
pw
Ipd
-™-k
-ab
w sI
m≠v B
lvf-mZ
n-∏n-°
pI F
∂-X
m-bn-c
p∂p
AØ
cw P
\-]
n-b-k
m-ln-X
y-Øn‚
s]
mXpk
z`m-h
w. Iog
mf-P
n-hn-
Xm-h
-ÿ-I
sf N
nXo-I
-cn®
v A\
p-Iº
DW
¿Ø
p-I, t
aml
-ßfpw
taml
-w-K
-ßfpw t
]a-ss\
-cm-i
y-ßfpw A
h-X
-cn-∏
n®v h
mb-\
-°m-
cps
S P
ohn-X
m-h-ÿ
-I-fps
S ]
-Xn-^
-e\
w k
rjvSn-°
pI ˛
Ch
-
bmW
v e£
yam°
nb-X
v.
F√
m I
e-I
-fne
pw e
fnX
hpw
Kuc-h
hp-a
mb -`n∂
[mc
-Iƒ
ImW
mw. H∂
v P-\
-]nb
Ie
bpw a
s‰m∂
v _p≤
n-Po-h
n-Ie
bpW
m-
Wv. Z
riy-I
-e-I
-fne
pw ih
y-I-e
-I-fne
pw Cu h
yXymk
w ImW
mw.
kml
n-Xyw, \
mS-I
w, kn\
n-a, k
wKoX
w X
pS-ß
nb F
√m I
e-I
-
fne
pw c≠
p coX
n-Ifpw I
mWm-h
p-∂X
mWv.
kl
-mb-I
-K-Ÿ
-ß-ƒ
1)tU
m. sI
. Aø
-∏-∏
-Wn-°
¿, \
mS-I
w, B[
p-\n-I
-a-e
-bm-f
-km-
ln-X
yN-cnX
w (F-U
n-‰¿ t
Um. s
I. F
w. tP
m¿P
v), tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1998.
2)M
artin Esslin (ed.), T
he Theatre of the A
bsurd, Penguin Books,
1961.
3)K
onstantin Stanislavsky, Selected
Work
s, (Com
piled by:
Oksana K
orneva), Moscow
: Raduga P
ublishers, 1984.
4)K
onstantin Stanislavsky, My L
ife in A
rt, (Translated from
Russian by G
. Ivanov Mum
jiev), Moscow
: Forein L
anguagesPublishing H
ouse,
5)John R
ussel Taylor, An
ger An
d A
fter, Great B
ritain: Penguin
Books, 1963.
6)John R
ussell Taylor, The P
enguin Dictionary of the T
heatre,
England: P
enguin Books, 1966.
149148
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
5)l
rZ-b
-Ip-a
mcn, I
mev]
-\n-I
-X, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: a
mXr`
qan, 2013.
6)F
w. Z£
n-Wm-a
q¿Ø
n, C
wK-foj
v I
mev]
-\n-I
-X, X
ncp-h
-\-
¥-]
pcw: t
I-cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1983.
7)F
kv.
Kp]
vX≥
\m-b
¿,
Aÿ
n-bps
S ]
q-°ƒ
, tI
m´b
w:
Un.k
n _pI
vkv, 1998.
8)A
lbert Mordell, T
he E
rotic Motive in
Literatu
re, New
York:
Collier B
ooks, 1962.
bqW
n‰v 2B
\p-I
m-en-I
-ß-fps
S h
f¿®
˛
P\
-]n-b
-t\
mh¬
˛
ss]
¶nf
n t\
m-h¬
˛]tab
w ˛ CX
n-hr-Ø
w ˛ BJ
ym-
\w ˛ `
mj ˛ k
maq-l
n-I-P
o-hn-X
w ˛ ]W
bw ˛ B
Z¿i
-
h-X
v°-cW
w ˛
IpS
pw-_-_
-‘-ß
ƒ ˛
aqe
y-NypX
n ˛
kml
n-Xy-Ø
ns‚
P
\m-[
n-]X
y-h-X
v°-cW
w ˛
F
¥p-
sI
m≠v P
\-]
n-b-amb
n F
¥p-s
Im≠
v hmb
\-°
m¿°
v
Xnc
-kv°
-cnt°
≠n-h
-cp∂
p ˛
ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
P
\-]
n-b-
km-l
n-Xy-Ø
ns‚
D]
-⁄m-X
mh
v ˛tI
c-f
-Øns
e
Ink
vXo-b
-Pn-h
nXw ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
]mS
mØss]
¶nf
n (t\
m-h¬
) ˛ ap´
Øph
¿°
n
a\
pjym \
o aÆ
m-Ip∂
p (t\
m-h¬
)˛ A
ø-t\
Øv
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m.- sI
. -Fw. -X
-c-I
≥, a
e-b
m-f-t\
m-h¬
kml
n-Xy-N
-cnX
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Ic-f-k
m-lnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 2005 (1978).
2)ap´
-Øp-h
¿°
n ]
Xn-∏
v, k
mln-X
y-te
m-Iw,
Xri
q¿:
tI
cf
kml
nXy
A°
m-Zan,
]pk
vXI
w 41
e°
w 6
(\-h
w-_¿ ˛
Unk
w-_¿ 2013).
3)R
.T.T
erry, Victorian
Pop
ular F
iction 1860 – 80, L
ondon:M
acmillan P
ress.
4)P
ramod K
. Nayar, States of S
entim
ent – E
xplorin
g the
Cu
ltures of E
motion
, Hyderabad: O
rient BlackS
wan, 2011.
P\
-]-nb
-km-l
nXyw a
e-b
m-f-Ø
n¬ G
sd ]
I-S-amb
n I≠
Xv
IY
m-km-l
n-Xy-Ø
nepw \
mS-I
-Øn-e
p-am-W
v. "XpS
¿°
-Y-I
ƒ' F
∂
t]
cn¬
1950˛70 Ifn¬
ae
-bm-f
-Ø-n¬
]N
-cn®
\o≠
-I-Y
-Ifpw
UnI
v‰I
vSoh
v t\
mh-e
p-Ifpw h
ym]-I
-amb
n Ah
-X-cn-∏
n® \
mS-I
-
ßfpw P
\]
n-b-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ k
z`mh
w Dƒ
s°
m-≈p-∂
-Xm-b
n-
cp-∂
p. F√
m-°m-e
Øpw P
\-]
n-b-k
m-ln-X
y-Øns
‚ a
mXr-I
-Iƒ
FSp-Ø
p-Im-
m-\p-≠
m-hpw.
ae
mbm-f
-Øn¬
]am-W
n-amc
pw \nc
q-]-I
-∑mc
pw Ah
-K-W
n-°p-
Itb
m \
n m-c
o-I-cn-°
p-Itb
m sN
bvX
P
\]
nb-k
m-ln-X
y-sØ
-
°p-d
n®v K
uc-h
-tØ
msS a
\-
n-em-°
p-I, G
Xm\
pw amX
r-I-I
-fn-
eqs
S A
h-b
psS k
hn-t
ij
XI
ƒ ]
Tn-°
pI, A
h k
aq-l
-Øn-\
v
GsX
-¶ne
pw Xc-Ø
n-¬ ]
tb
m-P-\
-s∏
-´n-´
pt≠
m F∂
p ]cn-t
im-
[n-°
pI-˛ A
sX
m-s°
-bmW
v Cu t
Img
vkp-s
Im≠
v e£
y-am-°
p-
∂-X
v.
bqW
n‰v 1P
\-]
n-b-k
w-kv°
m-cw,
P\
-]n-b
-km-l
nXyw
˛]W
-b-
Øns
‚ I
mev]
-\-I
-te
m-Iw˛
km[
m-c-W
-°-cps
S Db
n¿-
sØ
-gp-t
∂¬
∏v, -h
mb-\
m-io-e
w I
hnX
km[
m-c-W
-°m-
c-\
n-te
-°v˛ P
\-]
n-b-I
-hnX
˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
ca-W
≥ ˛ N
ß-º
pg
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
1)F
w. sI
. km\
p, \£
-X-ß
-fps
S t
]a-`m-P
\w, t
Im´
bw:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 2002.
2)]
nc-∏
≥tI
mSv apc
fn
(FU
n-‰¿),
Nß
-ºpg
P
∑-i
-Xm_
vZn
kvamc
-I-K
-Ÿw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:tI
cf K
Ÿ-i
m-em-k
-l-
I-c-W
-kwL
w, 2010.
3)tU
m. F
w. e
oem-h
-Xn,
ae
bmf
-I-h
nXmk
mln-X
y-N-cn-X
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
4)sI
. Fk
v. \mc
m-b-W
-]n≈
, Nß
-ºpg
Hcp ]
T-\
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1980.
151150
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Nne
Xv I
p‰m-t
\-h
-j-W
- kz-m-h
-ap-≈
-h-b
mWv. F
¥p-s
Im-
t≠
m B
i
mJ ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
th
≠X
th
cp-]
n-Sn-
°ms
X t]
mbn.
C°
m-eØ
pw I
p‰m-t
\z-j
-Wt\
m-h-e
p-
Iƒ
h
nh¿Ø
-\-ß
-fmb
pw k
zX-¥
-ß-fmb
pw ]
pd-Ø
p-
h-∂
p-sI
m-≠n-c
n°p-∂
p. I
p‰-I
r-Xy-ß
-fps
S te
mIw
˛
t]
X-I
-Y-I
-Y-I
-fns
e A
Xn-`
u-X
n-I-te
m-Iw˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
sU
hnƒ
(Ip-‰
m-t\
z-j-W
-t\
m-h¬
)
˛ tI
m´b
w ]pj
v]-\
mYv
A⁄
m-X-l
kvX
w (Ip-‰
m-t\
z-j-W
-t\
m-h¬
)
˛ \oe
-I-W
vT≥
]c-amc
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
1)sI
. Fw. \
tc-µ
≥, s
s]
¶nf
n kml
n-Xyw, i
≤, i
pI-]
pcw:
h≈
-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 2006.
2)A
rlie Russell H
ochschild, Th
e Man
aged H
eart: Com
mercial-
ization of H
um
an F
eeling, B
erkely: University of C
aliforniaP
ress, 1983.
3)D
anief Miller, M
aterial Cu
lture an
d M
ass Con
sum
ption
, Ox-
ford: Basil B
lackwell, 1987.
4)R
anjan Tripathy, R
eiterpretin
g Erotic L
iterature, N
ew D
elhi:S
wastik P
ublication,2012.
5)P
ramod K
. Nayar, P
ackagin
g Life: C
ultu
res of the E
veryday,
New
Delhi: S
age, 2009.
bpW
n‰v 5P
\-]
-nb-I
e F
∂ \
ne-b
n¬ \
mS-I
w -˛ kml
n-Xy-I
-e-
bp-s
Sb
pw Zri
y-I-e
-bp-s
Sb
pw taf-\
-w ˛ \mS
Iw i
‡-
amb
P\
-]n-b
-am-≤
y-a-w ˛s
]mX
p-kz-`
m-h-ß
ƒ ˛ d
nb-e
n-
k-Ø
ns‚
kao-]
-\w, k
maq-l
n-I-]
-iv\
-ßfps
S A
h-X
-
c-W
hpw t
NmZ
yw-sN
-øe
pw, cq£
]cn-l
m-kw, k
w`m-j
-
W-Ø
nse
Zz-b
m¿∞
w, I®
-h-S-k
m-≤y-X
-Iƒ
°n-W
-ßp∂
tN
cp-h
-Iƒ
˛
cmj
vSob
-amb
A
h-t_
m-[h
pw Dƒ
°m-
gvN
bpw \
evI
nb P
\-]
n-b-\
m-S-I
-߃
˛ P\
]n-b
-t\
m-
5)D
avid Glover, T
he Cam
bridge Com
panion to Popular F
iction,C
ambridge:
Cam
bridge University P
ress, 2012.
bqW
n‰v 3I
ogmf
-Po-h
nXw (low
-class life) ˛
`q]
-Ir-X
n, k
w`m-j
-
W-ssi
-en, P
ohn-X
-coX
n, kwk
v°mc
w P\
-]oX
n t\
Snb
t\
mh
-ep-I
-fps
S s]
mX
pkz`
mh
w ˛t
\mh
-ep-I
-fps
S
P\
]n-b
X N
e-®
n-Xmh
n-jv°
m-c-Ø
n-te
°v ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
I≈
-ns®
-√Ω
(t\
mh¬
) ˛ Pn.- h
n-th
-Im-\
µ≥
DΩ
(t\
m-h¬
) ˛ samb
vXp ]
Sn-b
Øv
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)F
≥.
-Irj
vW-]
n≈,
ssI
c-f
n-bps
S I
Y,
tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1992 (H∂
mw ]X
n∏v 1958).
2)tU
m. -tP
m¿P
v HmW
-°q¿
, t\
mh¬
, B[
p-\nI
ae
-bm-f
-km-
ln-X
yNcn-X
w ]
ÿm-\
-ß-fn-e
qsS, (F
Un‰
¿)
tU
m. sI
.
Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v, 1998.
4)tU
m. tP
m¿P
v Ccp-º
-bw, a
e-b
m-f-t\
m-h¬
]sØ
m-ºX
mw
\q‰
m-≠n¬
, tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1984.
5)P
am¬
sI
m®-ß
m-Sn, a
p…nw k
maql
yPoh
nXw a
e-b
m-f-t\
m-
h-e
n¬, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1998.
6)S
atyajit Ray, O
ur F
ilms T
heir F
ilms, H
yderabad: Orient
Longm
an, 1976.
7)John W
. Hood, B
eyond the World of A
pu – The F
ilms of Satyajit
Ray, H
yderabad: Orient L
ongman, 2008.
8)Janice A
. Radw
ay, Read
ing th
e Rom
ance: W
omen
Patriarch
yand P
opular Literature, C
hapel Hill: U
niversity of North C
arolinP
ublication, 1984.
bqW
n‰v 4a
e-b
m-f-Ø
n¬ 1950˛70 I
fn¬
hym]
-I-amb
n ]N
-cn-°
p--
Ib
pw XpS
-°-°
m-cmb
hmb
-\-°
msc h
√ms
X ]
tN
m-
Zn-∏
n-°p-I
bpw s
Nb
vX k
mlnX
yhn`m-K
-am-W
v Ip‰
m-t\
zj-
W-t\
m-h¬
. ae
bm-f
Øns
e B
Zy-I
met\
m-h-e
p-I-fn¬
153152
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
3)A
Sq¿
K]
m-e-I
rjvW
≥, k
n\na
kwk
v°m-c
w, tI
mgn-t°
mSv:
amX
r-`qa
n _pI
vkv, 2011.
4)P
n.]n.
cm-a
-N-µ
≥, te
m-I-k
n-\n-a
m-bm-X
Iƒ
, tI
m-gn-t
°mS
v:
en-U
v _p-I
v-kv, 2012.
5)h
n. Sn.
apc
-fn,
]ms
´m-c
p-°w,
tI
m´b
w: U
n. k
n. _
pIvk
v,
2013.
6). hn.S
n. ap-c
fn, K
m-\-c-N
-\-b
p-sS X
-®p-i
m-kv-X
w, tI
m-´b
w:
F-k
v]nk
nF-k
v, 2013.
7)h
nXp-c
t_
_n (k
-am-l
-c-W
w˛]T-\
w), tX
≥-I
p-Sp-°
,
Xn-c
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: s
a-e
n≥-U
_p-I
v-kv, 2008.
8)c-ta-i
v tKm-]
m-e-I
r-jvW
≥,
P-\
-]n-b
-kw-K
oXw,
tI
m-´b
w:
Un.k
n. _p-I
v-kv, 2013.
9)h
n.Sn. k
p-\n¬
, kw-K
o-X-\
n-L-≠
p, tI
m-´b
w: Un.k
n. _p-I
v-
kv, 2013.
h-e
p-I-fps
S s
]mX
p-kzm-`
m-h-Ø
n¬\
n∂v N
neL
-S-I
-ß-
fn¬
hyX
y-kvX
w N
ne P
\-]
n-b-k
n-\na
Iƒ
P
\-]
n-
b-k
n-\na
Hcp ]
tX
y-I-h
n-m-K
w t
Ic-f-Ø
-n¬ A
ºX
p-
I-fne
pw Adp-]
-Xp-I
-fn-e
pw P\
sØ
Gsd B
I¿j
n®
Ie
bmb
I
Ym-]
-kw-K
w ˛
\mS
-I˛k
n\n-a
m-Km-\
-߃
Ih
n-X-tb
m-Sp≈
_
lp-P
-\-Ø
ns‚
B
`n-a
p-Jy-Ø
ns‚
]X
n--e
-\w
ka-I
m-enI
tI
c-fo-b
-P-\
-k-aq-l
-Øn-s
‚
P\
-]nb
am≤
y-a-w s
Se
n-hn-j
≥ ˛
(hni
-Z-]
-T\
w)
1)\
nß-sfs∂
Iayq-W
n-Ãm°
n (\m-S
-Iw)
˛ tX
m∏n¬
`mk
n
2)P
ohn-X
-\uI
(kn-\
n-a / k
nUn e
`y-a
mWv) ˛
3)I
Ym-]
-kwK
w: Bb
nj ˛ k
mw_-i
nh≥
(knU
n e`y-a
mWv)
4)\
mS-I
˛kn-\
n-am-K
m-\-ß
ƒ
1)_
-en-I
p-So-c
ß-tf ˛ h
-b-e
m¿
2)am-a
-e-I
ƒ-°
-∏pd
-Øv a
-c-X
-I-∏
-´p-S
p-Øv
˛ ]n. `
m-kv-I
-c≥
3)\
o h-cq I
m-hy-t
Z-h
tX
! ˛ H.F
≥.h
n.
4)I
m-t‰ \
o ho-i
-cp-X
n-t∏
mƒ ˛ X
n-cp-s
\√
q¿
5)N
-µn-I
-bn-e
-en-b
p-∂p N
-µ-I
m-¥w
˛ io-I
p-am-c
≥ X
-ºn
6)k
q-cy-I
n-co-S
w ho-W
pS-™
p ˛ Kn-c
o-jv ]
p-Ø-t©
-cn
7)k
w-KoX
-ta A
-a-c-k
√m]
-ta ˛ b
q-k^
-en t
I-t®
-cn
8)]
-d-b
m≥ a
-d-∂
]-cn-`
-h-ß
ƒ ˛ d
-^o-I
v A-l
ΩZv
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. sI
. i
oIp-a
m¿,
Hcp
apJ
w ˛
P\
-]n-b
-\m-S
-I-th
-Zn-
bps
S a
nSn-∏
p-Iƒ
, tI
mgn-t°
mSv: e
n]n ]
_vvfn-t°
-j≥
kv, 2005.
2)D
avid Biaculli, T
eliliteracy- Tak
ing T
elevision S
eriously, N
ewY
ork: Syracus U
niversity Press, 2000.
155154
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
n‰v 1
am[
ya]
T-\
w
1.B
ib
hn\
nab
w˛ ]e
-Xcw B
i-b
-hn-\
n-a-tb
m-]m-[
n-Iƒ
.
`mj
Bi
bh
n\na
bam[
yasa∂
\ne
bn¬
mjI
≥
˛ am[
yaw ˛ t
imX
mhv F
∂ h
rØw ˛
`mj
mam[
ya-
Øns
‚ h
nImk
w ˛ hms
amg
n, hcsamg
n ˛
2.`mj
Wh
pw amk
v I
ΩyqW
nt°
j\
pw ˛
hm¿Ø
m
hn\
nab
߃
h
nfw_
cß
ƒ, Z
qXpI
ƒ, i
mk\
߃
,
tcJ
Iƒ
˛]k
wK
߃
, ]
t_
m[
\ß
ƒ,
kw`mj
Wß
ƒ, I
YmI
Y\
߃
˛ Kk
‰pI
ƒ ˛ ]
ck
yßfpw
]ª
nIv d
nte
j\
pw ˛
3.h
m¿Ø
mh
n\na
bk
t¶
Xß
ƒ ˛t^
mI
v aoU
n-b˛
B\
pIme
nI]
kn≤
oIcW
߃
˛
4.]
pkvX
I]
kn≤
oIcW
߃
, ˛ C
eI
vtS
mW
nIv
kt¶
Xß
ƒ˛ i
mhy, Z
riy, U
nPn‰
¬ k
t¶
Xß
ƒ˛
\h
am[
y-a-ß
ƒ. t
kmj
y¬ s
\‰v h
¿°
nMv s
sk
‰p-I
ƒ
˛ ]c-k
yhpw ]
ªnI
v dnte
-j-\
pw ˛
5.am[
y-aß
fpw k
wkv°
mch
pw ˛ P\
-]nb
kwk
vIm-c
w˛
A`n-]
mbcq]
o-I-c-W
w˛ k
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˛ ]X
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Ø/t
dU
n-
tb
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Se
n-hnj
≥ h
m¿Ø
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m-\-e
p-
Iƒ
, hnt\
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m-\-e
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˛
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n‰v 3
am[
y-a-w, `
mj, k
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1.ae
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sh
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nb k
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kml
n-Xyh
pw ka-I
m-enI
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fpw ˛ s
]mX
phmb
Ah
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m-I-\
w˛
2.]
X-]
-h¿Ø
-\h
pw ae
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n-Im-k
-hpw ˛ a
nj-W
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dn-a
m-cps
S k
w`m-h
-\ ˛ ]
X-`mj
˛ kma
m-\y-h
y-h-l
m-c-
`m-j
bpw a
m\-I
-`m-j
-bp-w ˛
3.C
‚¿s\
‰pw a
e-b
m-f-m-j
bpw˛ C
.-km-l
nXyw/s
sk
_¿
kml
n-Xyw ˛ `
mjm-k
m-t¶
-Xn-I
-Xb
pw ae
-bm-f
-hpw ˛
bqW
n‰v 4
Zri
y`mj
1.Zri
y-`m-j
bpw N
n”h
n⁄m-\
o-bh
pw N
n”w, t
ImU
v
F∂
o ]
cn-I
-ev]
-\-I
ƒ ˛
hmN
n-I-`m-j
bpw
Zri
y-`m-j
-
bpw
˛ U
nt\
m-t´-j
≥˛
sI
msW
m-t´-j
≥-˛
-an-Ø
v ˛
159158
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
16)sP
. h
n. h
nf-\
new,
B te
mIw
apX
¬ C
te
mIw
hsc,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq´v, 2003.
17)F
w.- hn. t
Xma
kv, a
m[y-a
-ßfpw a
e-b
m-f-k
m-ln-X
yhpw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: k
mw-kv°
m-cnI
]k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
-h-I
p-∏v, 2000.
18)sI
.-]n. h
nP-b
≥, ]
X-ß
ƒ h
nNn-X
-߃
, tI
m´b
w:
F≥
_n-F
kv, 1968.
19)]
v A
°m-Z
an, ]
X-`mj
, sI
m®n: 1983.
20)tPmb
v Xnc
p-aq-e
-]pc
w, hm¿
Ø, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf
mjm
C≥
kv‰n-‰
yq´v, 1997.
21)F
w.- sI
. tat\
m≥, k
z.te
., tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1973.
22)k
pIp-a
m¿ A
go-t
°mS
v, ae
-bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-h
n-a¿i
\w,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
24)h
n. cmP
-tKm-]
m¬,
sSe
n-hn-j
≥ tP
¿W
-enk
w, tI
m´b
w:
Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 2000.
25)a[
p Cd-h
-¶c, a
e-b
m-f-k
n-\n-a
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
26)h
n.- sI
. tP
mk^
v, kn\
n-ab
pw ]X
y-b-i
m-kvX
hpw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: k
mw-kv°
m-cnI
]k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
-h-I
p-∏v, 1997.
27)A
Sq¿
tKm]
m-e-I
r-jvW
≥, k
n\n-a
-bps
S t
emI
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq´v, 1983.
28)tI
mgn-t°
m-S≥
, Ne
-®n-X
m-kzm-Z
\w F
ßs\
?, tI
mgn-t°
mSv:
ae
-bmf
w ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1988.
29)h
nP-b
-Ir-j
vW≥
, Ne
-®n-X
-Øns
‚ s
]mc
pƒ, a
e-b
m-f-
kn-\
na, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq´v, 1984.
30)k
n\n°
v, ae
-bm-f
-kn-\
na h
meyw 1˛ 1967; h
meyw 2˛ 1968.
31)sF
. j¨
ap-J
-Zmk
v, kn\
n-a-b
psS h
gn-b
n¬, X
riq¿
: Id‚
v
_pI
vkv, 1990.
32)h
n. cmP
-Ir-j
vW≥
, Img
vN-b
psS A
im¥
n, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq´v, 1987.
33)B
¿.-h
n.-Fw. Z
nhm-I
-c≥
, IY
bpw X
nc-°
-Yb
pw, tI
mgn-t°
mSv:
He
ohv, 2005.
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)k
ztZ-i
m-`n-a
m-\
n cma-I
r-jvW
-]n≈
, h
rØm-¥
-]-X
-]-
h¿Ø
\w, X
riq¿
: awK
-tfm-Z
bw, 1926.
2)tU
m. hffn°
mhv t
aml
≥Zmk
v, ]›
nsamZ
bw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-
]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v, 2011.
3)F
w.Pb
cmP
v, ae
bmf A
®Sna
m[
yaw `qX
hpw
h
¿Ø
am\
hpw, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: a
mXr`
qan, 2013.
4)_
m_p s
Ndnb
m≥/ t
P°
_v s
Fk
°v I
mfna
Tw, ⁄
m\-
\nt
£]
w: ]
mTh
pw ]
T\
hpw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
]`mX
v
_p°
v luk
v, 2002.
5)tU
m. _m_
p sN
dnb
m≥, s
_©
an≥
s_
bve
n, 2009.
6)tU
m. h≈
n°mh
v taml
≥Zmk
v, cmP
ykamN
mcw H
cp ]
T\
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: k
mwkv°
m-cn-I
- ]-k
n-≤o-I
-c-W
-h-I
p-∏v, 1998.
7)P
n. ]nb
-Z¿i
≥, a
e-b
m-f-]
-X-]
-h¿Ø
\w: ]
mcw-
-kz-c
q]w,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1982.
8)P
n.-]n-b
-Z¿i
≥, a
mkn-I
m-]-T-\
-߃
, tI
m´b
w:
Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1974.
9)]
pXp-∏
≈n
cmL
-h≥
, tI
c-f-]
-X-]
-h¿Ø
-\-N
-cnX
w,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1998.
10)F
≥.- ]
n. -cm-t
P-µ
≥, t
^m¿
Øv F
tÃ
-‰ns
‚ a
cW
w,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: amX
r-`q-a
n, 2004.
11)h
n. B¿. a
m[-h
-ta-t\
m≥, a
mXr-`
qan ]
kn-≤
o-I-c-W
w, amX
r-
`q-a
n-bps
S N
cnX
w (`mK
w 1/ 1923--1935), tI
mgn-t°
mSv: a
mXr`
qan,
12)aq¿
t°
mØpI
p™-∏
, ae
-bm-f-a-t\
m-c-a-b
psS N
cn-X
w,
tI
m´b
w: ae
-bm-f
-a-t\
m-c-a, 1973.
13)sI
.- Fw. t
Kmh
n, BZn-a
p-ZW
w mc
-X-Ø
nepw a
e-b
m-f-Ø
nepw,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1998.
14)k
map-h
¬ h
¿§o-k
v/ k
maph
¬ s\
√n-a
p-Iƒ
, s_
©-an≥
s_
bve
n a
e-b
mfw A
®-Sn-b
psS ]
nXm-h
v, tI
m´b
w: Id‚
v
_pI
vkv, 1996.
15)tX
mak
v tP
°-_
v/ Sn.
th
Wp-t
Km-]
m¬,
\m´
p-hn-t
ij
w,
sI
m®n: t
Icf ]
v, A
°m-Z
-an, 1989.
161160
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
53)K
eval J. Kum
ar, Mass C
omm
un
ication in
Ind
ia.
54)P
ratish K. M
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ƒ ]
mNo\
XØ
z-Nn-¥
m-]-≤
-Xn-I
-fp-a
mbpw a
\»
mkvX
-
Nn¥
-I-fp-a
mbpw
_‘
s∏
´p
InS
n-°p-∂
p. B
[p-\
nII
mesØ
kzm[
o-\n®
aq∂
p ][
m\ N
n¥-m]
≤-X
n-I-fmW
v Um¿
hns
‚ ]
cn-
Wm-a
-kn-≤
m-¥w,
Imd
¬ am¿
In-k
ns‚
k
mºØ
n-I-i
mkvX
w,
t^
m-bn-U
ns‚
a\
-»mk
vXk
n≤m¥
w ˛ F∂
n-h. B
[p-\
n-I-a-e
-
b-mf
-\n-c
q]W
w ssh
-⁄m-\
n-I-te
m-IsØ
F√
m Nn¥
m]≤
Xn-
I-sfb
pw kzoI
cn-°
p-hm≥
-k∂
-≤-am-b
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
B[
p-\n-I
-km-l
n-Xy-c
q-]-ß
-fps
Sb
pw ]
ÿm-\
-ß-fp-s
Sb
pw
Bh
n¿`mh
hpw
hf¿®
bpw
Ncn-X
-]-c-amb
n h
ni-I
-e-\
-hn-t
[-b
-
am°
Ww. A
t\
Iw ]
ÿm-\
-߃
, At\
Iw N
n¥m-]
-≤-X
n-Iƒ
˛ F√
mw Imh
y-X--Ø
zNn-¥
-bps
S k
Xym-t
\z-j
-W-ß
ƒ. I
hn-X
-sb
-
°p-d
n®pw I
Ym-k
mln-X
y-sØ
-°p-d
n®pw \
mS-I
-sØ
-°p-d
n-®pw -a
m-
X-a-√
, F√
m- hn-⁄
-m\-i
mJ-I
fpw k
mln-X
y-\n-c
q-]-W
-Øn‚
m-
K-amb
n amd
n-bn-c
n°p-∂
p. k
mlnX
y]T\
w k
wkv-°
m-cnI
]T-\
-
amb
pw kmk
v°m-c
n-I-]
-T\
w NcnX
-]-T-\
-amb
pw amd
n-s°
m-≠n-c
n-
°p-∂
p. F
√m
ssh
⁄m-\
nI[
mc-I
-sfb
pw k
wtb
mPn-∏
n-®p-
sI
m≠v h
na¿i
-\-Ø
n-eqs
S H
cp X
\-X
p-Nn¥
m-]≤
Xn k
zmwio-I
-
\me
mw sk
a-Ã
¿
tI
mgvk
vtI
mUv
t]
cv
sI
Un‰
v
13 tI
m¿M
AL
4CO
13 k
mln-X
y-kn-≤
m¥w
(B-[
p-\n-I
w)5
14 tI
m¿M
AL
4CO
14h
nh¿Ø
\w:
XØ
zhpw ]
tb
m-Kh
pw5
15 tI
m¿M
AL
4CO
15 k
wkv-I
rXw (2)
5
16 sF
—nI
w MA
L4E
4/16A
hna
¿i
-\-k
n-≤m-¥
-߃
5
B t
Ic-fo-b
-Nn¥
C h
nizk
m-lnX
yw
D t
^mI
vte
m¿
Unk
¿t
-j≥
5
hmN
m-]-co£
2 …
….…
……
……
……
……
.B
sI
sI
Un‰
v =87
171170
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
7)tU
m. Fw. e
oem-h
-Xn, B
Zn-c
q-]-ß
ƒ k
mln-X
y-Øn¬
,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 1993.
bqW
-n‰v 2
\th
m∞m\
hna
¿i
\w
Zmt
¥-b
psS h
na¿i
-\k
¶e
v]w
ssi
en-, I
mhy-h
n-jb
w-
˛ ^ne
n∏v k
nUv\
n ˛ Ih
n-bps
S ]
hm-N
-I-X
zw,
Ih
n kj
vSmh
v tU
m. -tP
m¨k
≥ ˛ I
hn-b
psS
Poh
n-Xh
pw I
rXn-I
fpw
XΩ
n-ep≈
_‘
w, k
mlnX
yw
kZm-N
m-c-Ø
n\ph
nt[
bw ˛
Ime
v]-\
n-I-h
n-a¿i
\w ˛
kmaq-l
n-I-]
-›m-Ø
ew
˛F
¥mW
v I
me
v]-\
n-IX
,
Ime
v]-\
n-I-h
n-a¿i
-\-Ø
ns‚
A
Sn-ÿ
m-\-L
-S-I
-߃
,
]X
n`b
pw mh
-\b
pw, -ku-µ
-cyk
¶-ev]
-߃
: _\
-Ut‰m
tI
mt®
, dqt
m,
CΩ
m-\
p-h¬
I
m‚
v, s^
UdnI
v
jn√
¿˛h
neyw
_vtf°
v˛Du¿÷
w ]
[m\
w, `mh
-\,
Ih
n-bmW
v ]P
m]X
n˛th
¿U
vk-h
¿Ø
v˛`mh
-\-b
psS
]m[
m-\yw, I
mhy-`
mj k
m[m-c
-W°
m-c-t‚
-Xm-h
-Ww˛
tI
mf-dn-U
vPv˛
_nw_
-I-e
v]-\
, Cam-P
n-t\
-j\
pw m≥
kn-
bpw,
Ih
n-]-X
n`˛X
Øz-N
n-¥, t
hZ-i
mkvX
w˛C
h-b
p-
am-b
n-´p≈
_‘
w, hna
¿i
\w X
Øz-N
n¥b
psS `
mKw
˛`mh
-\-sb
-°p-d
n-®p≈
Imh
y-Z¿i
\w˛amX
yp B¿t\
m-
ƒU
v˛P
ohn-Ø
ns‚
h
na¿i
-\amW
v I
hnX
˛e
ntb
m
tSmƒ
tÃ
mbv˛
Ie
m-kn-≤
m-¥ß
ƒ˛I
e B
µ\
µ-Ø
n-
\p-t
h≠
n, I
e P
ohn-Ø
n-\p-t
h≠
n˛I
e-b
nse
Zp¿
K-
l-X
˛I
e-b
v°p-t
h-≠
Xv h
y‡
n-Xzw
, k
v^pS
-X,
Bfl
m¿∞
X˛sj
√n-˛
Ih
n-X-b
psS ]
Xn-t
cm[
w˛
Io‰
vkns
‚ k
Xy-k
u-µ
cyk
¶-e
v]-ß
ƒ ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)P
atricia Waugh (ed.) , L
iterary Th
eory and
Criticism
, New
Delhi: O
xford University P
ress, 2006.
2)D
avid Lodge (ed.), M
odern
Criticism
and
Th
eory, London:
Longm
an, 1988.
cn-°
pI F
∂-X
m-hW
w e£
yw. AX
n\v h
n`n-∂
]m›
m-Xy-k
m-ln-
Xy-k
n-≤m-¥
-ß-fps
Sb
pw XmØ
zn-I-N
n-¥-I
-fp-s
Sb
pw Bg-Ø
n-ep≈
]T-\
hpw A
]-K
-Y-\
hpw B
h-i
y-am-b
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
]mT
y-]-≤
-Xn-b
n¬ a
mXw H
Xp-ß
n-t∏
m-ImX
ncn-°
pI; I
n´m-h
p-
∂n-S
-tØ
mfw h
nh-cß
ƒ I
s≠
Øn a
\-
n-em-°
p-I; h
n]p-e
-amb
Imh
yte
mIX
Øzß
ƒ A
dn-b
pI; k
n≤m-¥
-ßsf ]
mtb
m-Kn-I
-
X-e
-Øn¬
]tb
m-P-\
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
pI C
sX
m-s°
-bmW
v B[
p-\nI
kml
n-Xy-k
n-≤m¥
]T\
w sI
m≠v e
£ya
m°p-∂
-Xv.
bqW
-n‰v 1
kml
n-Xy-c
q-]-ß
fpw ]
ÿm-\
-ßfpw
F∏
n-Iv, \
mSI
w, t\
mh¬
, Ndp-I
-Y, D
]-\
ym-kw,
Poh
-N-cn-X
w, Bfl
-I-Y
˛ ¢m
n-kw, t
dma
m-‚n-k
n-kw,
dnb
-en-k
w, \mN
z-d-e
n-kw,
k¿dnb
-en-k
w,
tk
mjy-e
nÃv d
nb-e
n-kw, F
Ivk
v]-j
-\n-k
w,
Cw]
-j-\
nkw, k
nw_e
n-kw, C
ta-Pn-k
w, UmU
m-bn-k
w,
^yq®
-dn-k
w, k¿dnb
-enk
w, tamt
Um-W
n-kw,
t]
mÃv t
amt
U-W
nkw ˛
_nw_
w, ]X
o-Iw, B
Zn-c
q-]-ß
ƒ, a
nØv ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. sI
. Fw. X
c-I
≥, ]
m›m-X
y-km-l
n-Xy-X
-Øz-i
m-kvX
w,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1990 (1974).
2)F
w. Pn. s
I. \
mb¿, k
mln-X
y-kw-⁄
m-tI
m-iw, t
Im´
bw:
Un.- k
n. -_p-I
vkv, 1996.
3)W
illiam H
enry Hudson, A
n In
trodu
ction to th
e Stud
y ofL
iterature, N
ew D
elhi: Quality P
ublishing Com
pany, 2001.4)
Rene W
ellek and Austin W
arren, Th
eory of Literatu
re,G
reat Britain: P
rnguin Books, 1963 (1949).
5)J. A
. Cuddon (R
evised by C. E
. Preston), Dictionary of L
iteraryT
erms &
Literary T
heory, B
ritaain: Prnguin B
ooks,1999 (1977).
6)Irving H
owe (ed.), L
iterary Mod
ernism
, New
York:
A F
awcett P
remier B
ook, 1967.
173172
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)D
avid Lodge (ed.), 20
th Cen
tury L
iterary Critisism
, London:
Longm
an, 1972.
2)W
ilbur S. S
cott, Five A
pp
roaches of L
iterary Criticism
, New
York: C
oollier Books, 1962.
3)I. A
. Richards, P
rincip
les of Literary C
riticism, L
ondon:R
outledge & K
egan, 1960 (1924).
4)I. A
. Richards, P
ractical Criticism
, London: R
outledge & K
egan,1964 (1929).
5)M
arx and Engels, O
n L
iterature an
d A
rt, Mosco: P
rogressP
ublishers, 1976.
6)F
w. F≥
. hnP
-b≥
, hm°
pw a\
- pw, t
Img
n-t°
mSv:
Ie
m-t£
-Xw, 1994.
7)s]
m^-k
¿ s
I.-F
w. Um\
n-b¬
, hna
¿i
\w: k
n≤m-¥
hpw
]tb
m-Kh
pw, tI
m´b
w: F≥
_n-F
-kv, 1991.
8)P
artha Sarathi M
isra, Introd
ution
to Stylistics –Th
eory and
Practice, H
yderabad: BlackS
wan, 2009.
9)F
w. tX
mak
v amX
yp, acp-`
q-an-b
n¬ h
nfn®
p ]d-b
p-∂-h
s‚
i_
vZw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
amf
p-_≥
]
_vfn-t
°,≥
kv,
2011
(2004).
10)_
me-N
-µ≥
hSt°
-SØ
v, hmb
-\-b
psS D
]-\
n-j-Ø
v,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: a
mfp-_
≥ ]
_vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2011 (1999).
bqW
-n‰v 4
\qX
-\-]
-h-W
-X-I
ƒ:
LS-\
m-hmZ
w (Structuralism), A
]-\
n¿Ω
mWw (D
econ-struction), k
vXo]
-£-h
mZw
(Fem
inism),
]cn-k
vXn-h
n-
a¿i
\w (E
cocriticism), l
ntÃ
m-dn-k
nkw (H
istoricism),
Nn”
-imk
vXw
(Sem
iotics), h
ymJ
ym-\
-imk
vXw
(Herm
anuitics), BJ
ym-\-i
mkvX
w (Narratology) - h
na¿i
-
\h
pw `mj
m-im-k
vXh
pw ˛ am¿
Iv-k
n-kh
pw kml
n-Xy-
\n-c
q-]-W
hpw ˛ A
t‚
m-Wntb
m Kmwj
n ˛ sk
m-kqq¿
˛
3)k
¿ ^
nen]
v knU
v\n, I
hn-X
-bvs°
mcp k
m[q-I
-c-W
w,
(]-cn-`
m-j) t
Um. s
I.- F
≥. F
gp-Ø
-—≥
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v,1999 (1987).
4)l
rZ-b
-Ip-a
m-cn, I
mev]
-\n-I
-X, t
Img
n-t°
mSv: a
mXr-`
q-an, 2013.
5)W
alter Pater, T
he R
enaissan
ce – Stud
ies in A
rt and
Poetry,
Briton: T
he Fontana L
ibrary, 1967.
6)Shelley, A
Defence of Poetry, T
he Selected Poetry and P
rose ofP
ercy Byssh
e Sh
elley, New
York: T
he Modern L
ibrary, 1951.
7)e
ntb
m tSmƒ
tÃ
m-bv, F
¥mW
v Ie
?, (hnh
¿Ø
\w:
sI
Sm-I
pfw I
cp-W
m-I-c≥
), tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
n-F-k
v, 1991.
8)A
ø-∏
-∏-W
n-°¿, A
¥-
-∂n-t
h-i
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw: t
Icf
`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2000.
9)F
w. hn. t
Zh
≥, t
Zh
-kv]
-µ-\
w, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
1999.
10)k
pIp-a
m¿ A
go-t
°m-S
v, ae
-bm-f
-km-l
nXyh
na¿i
\w,
ipI
-]pc
w: h≈
-tØ
mƒ h
nZym-]
o-Tw, 1981.
bqW
-n‰v 3
\h
-\n-c
q-]W
w --- ˛ ASn-ÿ
m-\-X
-Øz-ß
ƒ
sF
.-F.-d
n-®m¿
Uvk
v˛A
¿∞
-Øns
‚ A
¿∞
w, kml
n-
Xy-\
n-cq-]
-W-Ø
ns‚
X
Øz-ß
ƒ˛]
mtb
m-KnI
\nc
q-
]W
w˛Sn.- F
-kv. -F
-en-b
‰v˛
]mc
-º-cyh
pw hy‡
n-K-X
-
amb
P∑
-kn-≤
nbpw
˛t]
mƒh
-te
dn˛I
hnX
mj
-bp-s
S
Ie
, I
hnX
`mj
-bv°
p-≈-ns
e `mj
˛F
^v.
B¿.
eoh
vkv˛
kmwk
v°m-c
n-I-\
n-cq-]
Ww˛h
n¬_
¿ k
vtI
mv˛
hna
¿i
-\-Ø
ns‚
]©
-am¿
§-ß
ƒ ˛
[m¿
Ωn-I
-k-ao-]
-\w, a
\-»
m-kvX
-k-ao-]
-\w, k
maq-l
n-I-
k-ao-]
-\w,
cq]
-in-e
v]k
-ao-]
-\w,
BZn-c
q]-k
-ao-]
\w
˛
t]
mbvU
v, bpwß
v˛a\
- m»
mkvX
-Xzß
fpw k
mln-X
y-
hn-a
¿i
-\h
pw˛am¿
Ivk
nÃv k
uµ
-cy-i
mkvX
w: am¿
Ivk
v,
GwK
¬k
v, InÃ
-^¿ I
mUz¬
, GW
Ãv ^
nj¿, e
qbn
A¬
Øq-k
¿ ˛
175174
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)Sn. h
n. a[
p, \h
-am¿
Ivk
nÃv k
maq-l
y-hn-a
¿i
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
2)k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥, k
wkv°
m-c-Ø
ns‚
cmj
vSo-b
w, tI
mgn-t°
mSv:
eoU
v _pI
vkv, 2013.
3)k
ztZ-i
m-n-a
m\n s
I. c
ma-I
r-jvW
-]n-≈
, kzt
Z-i
m-n-a
m-\n-b
psS
KŸ
-\n-c
q-]-W
-߃
k
mln-X
y-te
-J-\
-ƒ,
Xri
q¿:
tI
cf
kml
nXy A
°m-Z
-an, 1991.
4)k
n. ]n. A
Nyp-X
-ta-t\
ms‚
\nc
q-]-W
-߃
, (kº
m-Z\
w,
]T-\
w) Sn. S
n. ]`m-I
-c≥
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm
C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 1994 (1989).
5)s]
m^. F
w. AN
yp-X≥
, ]m›
mXyk
mlnX
yZ¿i
-\w,
tI
m´b
w: Fk
v.-]n.-k
n.-F-k
v., 1991 (1962).
6)T
erry Eagleton, T
he Illu
sions of P
ostmod
ernism
, Britain:
Blackw
ell Publishers, 1967 (F
irst published 1996).
7)S
heldon Pollock (ed.), L
iterary Cu
ltures in
History – R
econ-
struction from South A
sia, New
Delhi: O
xford University Press,
2003.
8)W
illiam K
. Wim
satt & C
leanth Brooks, L
iterary Criticism
- AS
hort H
istory, New
Delhi: O
xford & IB
H P
ublishing Co., 1964
(1957).
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)P
eter Barry, B
eginn
ing T
heory – A
n In
trodu
tion to literary
and
cultu
ral theory, N
ew Y
ork: Manchester U
niversityP
ress,1995.
2)W
ilfred L. G
uerin (ed.), A H
andbook of Critical A
pproaches toL
iterature, N
ew Y
ork: Oxford U
niversity Press, 1992.
3)C
.- Fw. -F
-kv. \
ºq-X
n-cn-∏
mSv, s
Xc-s™
-SpØ
]_
-‘-ß
ƒ,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).
4)k
®n-Z
m-\-µ
≥ (F
-Un-‰
¿),
kvX
o]-T-\
-ß-ƒ
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
t_
m[n, 1990.
5)sP
. tZh
n-I, k
vXoh
m-Zw, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn _
pIvk
v, 2000.
6)k
n.- _n. k
p[m-I
-c≥
, DØ
-cm-[
p-\n-I
-X, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn.
_pI
vkv, 2000.
7)sI
. i
mc-Zm-a
-Wn,
kvX
o k
vXoh
m-Zw
kvX
ohn-t
am-N
-\w,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
8)h
n¿P
n-\nb
hpƒ
^v, k
z¥-am-s
bmc
p apd
n, hnh
¿Ø
\w:
_n.-F
w.kpl
d, t
Im´
bw: U
n. kn. _
pIvk
v, 2013.
9)h
n.- kn. i
oP≥
, hna
¿i
-\m-fl
Ik
n≤m-¥
w, tI
m´b
w:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1999.
10)k
n.- cm-t
P-µ
≥, ]
mTh
pw s]
mcp-f
pw, FS-∏
mƒ: h
≈-tØ
mƒ
hnZ
ym-]o-T
w, hnX
-cW
w: tI
m´b
w: F≥
_n-F
-kv, 2014.
11)k
n. cmt
P-µ
≥, s
kmk
yq¿ L
S-\
m-hm-Z
-Øns
‚ B
Nmc
y≥,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v, 2002.
12)th
Wp-t
Km-]
m-e-∏
-Wn-°
¿, t
\mw t
Nmwk
vIn, X
riq¿
:
hni
z-Z¿i
\ ]
kn-≤
o-I-c-W
w, 1987.
bqW
-n‰v 5
kwk
v°m-c
-]-T\
w
eqb
n A
į
q-k¿,
antj
¬ ^
qt°
m, Zdn-Z
, e
Im≥
,
Pqe
nb I
ntÃ
-h, s
Sdn C
uKnƒ
-´≥
, Kmb
Xn k
v]nh
m-
°v, F
tU
z¿U
v sk
bvZv -˛ t
]mÃ
v sI
mtfm-W
n-b-e
nkw
(Postcolonialism)
177176
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
n‰v 1F
¥mW
v hnh
¿Ø
\w? --
˛ hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
]k
-‡nb
pw ]m[
m\yh
pw
˛ cq]
-a-\
p-kcn-®
p≈ h
n`-P
\w: G
I-`mj
mhnh
¿Ø
\w
(Intra-lingual translation),h
yXy-k
vX-`m-j
-bns
e h
nh¿Ø
\w
(Inter-lingual translation) -N
n”m-¥
ch
nh¿Ø
\w (Inter- sem
iotic translation)
k¿§m-fl
-I-h
n-h¿-Ø
\w (T
ranscreation)
kz`
mh-a-\
p-kcn-®
p≈ h
n`-P
\w:
Imc
y-am-X
-]-cn-`
mj (P
ragmatic translation)
kuµ
-cym-fl
-I-]
-cn-
mj (A
esthetic-poetic traslation)
hwi
o-b-]
-cn-`
mj (E
thnographic transalation)
`mj
m-tI
-µn-X
-]-cn-`
mj (L
inguistic translation).
hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
k
hn-t
i-j
-X-I
ƒ˛h
nh¿Ø
\w
imk
vXtam
Ie
tb
m ssI
hn-c
ptX
m?˛h
nh¿Ø
\w
hymJ
ym\w˛sa®
-s∏
´ h
nh¿Ø
\w˛]
fin-X
-]-cn-tX
m-
j-hmZ
w (Scholarly method), \
nI-tj
m-]-e-hmZ
w (Touchstonem
ethod) , ]›
m-Xvh
nh¿Ø
\w (B
ack translation) ˛]
cn-`
m-jb
v°p h
g-ß
mØ ]
Z-ß
ƒ, h
mIy-ß
ƒ,
ssi
en-I
ƒ, ]
tb
m-K-ß
ƒ˛
Untranslatability -
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. F≥
. C. h
niz-\
mYø
¿, h
nh¿Ø
-\-h
n-Nm-c
w, Xnc
p-h-\
-
¥-]
pcw: t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰q´
v, 1996.
2)F
w. ]
n. k
Zm-i
n-h≥
, `mj
bpw
]cn-`
m-j-b
pw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-
]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰q-´
v, 2008.
3)tU
m. sI
. hn. t
Xma
-kv/ t
Um. a
mXyp a
p´-Ø
v, hnh
¿Ø
-\
-hn-N
n-¥-\
w, tI
mgn-t°
mSv: e
n]n ]
_v-fn-t°
-j≥
kv, 2014 (2009).
4)R
ichard W B
rislin (ed.), Tran
slation – A
pp
lications an
dR
esearch, N
ew Y
ork: Gardner P
ress, 1976.
5)K
. Karunakaran and M
. Jayakumar (ed.), T
ranslation
as
Code: M
AL
4CO
14
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
hnh
¿Ø
-\w: X
Øzh
pw ]tb
m-Kh
pw(T
ranslation
: Th
eory and
Practice)
kma
q-ln-I
hpw k
mwkv°
m-cn-I
hpw c
mjvS
o-bh
pw kml
n-Xy-
]-ch
pamb
A¥
m-cm-j
vS-_
-‘-ß
-fps
S h
yXyk
vX-am-\
-ß-fp≈
Hcp ]
me-amW
v hnh
¿Ø
-\w. h
n\n-a
-b-cw-K
Øv k
w-h
n-®p-s
Im-≠
n-
cn-°
p-∂ a
m‰-ß
ƒ h
y‡-nP
ohn-X
Øne
pw cmP
y߃
XΩ
n-ep≈
kl
-h¿Ø
n-Xz-Ø
nepw
AZv`p-X
-I-c-amb
]
cn-h
¿Ø
-\-ß
-fmW
v
krj
vSn°
p-∂-X
v. hn\
n-ab
w hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-eqs
S F
∂ A
h-ÿ
-
bn¬
F
Øn-b
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
Poh
n-X-Ø
ns‚
F
√m
cwK
-ß-fne
pw
hnh
¿Ø
\w B
h-i
y-amb
n h∂
n-cn-°
p-∂p. A
Xns
‚ A
`m-h
-Øn¬
Bi
-b-h
n-\n-a
bw A
km-≤
y-am-W
v F∂
Ah
ÿb
mWp-≈
-Xv.
hnh
¿Ø
\w k
¶o¿
Æamb
sh
√p-h
n-f-I
ƒ D
b¿Ø
p-∂ H
cp
`mj
m-imk
v-X-]
-In-b
-bm-W
v. h
nh¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
X
mØ-zn-I
hpw
]mt
bm-K
n-I-h
p-amb
Ah
-ÿ-I
-sf-°
p-dn®
v kma
m-\y-a
mbn a
\-
n-
em-°
pI;
ae
bmf
-Øn¬
\n∂
v C
wKvfo-j
n-te
°pw
CwK
v-fo-j
n¬
\n∂
v ae
-bm-f
-Øn-te
°pw h
nh¿Ø
\w s
Nø
m\p≈
Ign-h
v kº
m-
Zn-°
pI; B
h-i
y-sa-¶
n¬ h
nh¿Ø
\w s
Xmg
n-emb
n kzoI
-cn-°
p-
hm\
p≈ - a
m¿§-\
n¿t±i
w \e
vIpI
F
∂n-h
-bmW
v hnh
¿Ø
\w:
XØ
zhpw ]
tb
m-Kh
pw F∂
tI
mgvk
v sI
m≠v e
£y-a
m-°p-∂
Xv.
hnh
¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
tZi
o-bh
pw A¥
¿t±-i
o-b-h
p-amb
Dt±i
ye-
£y-ß
-sfb
pw h
n]p-e
-amb
sX
mgn¬
k
m≤y-X
-Isfb
pw I
pdn®
v
Nn¥
n-°ph
m\pw
IqS
pX¬
]
T-\
-ß-fnte
°pw
At\
zj-W
-ß-fn-
te
°pw
Xnc
nbm-\
pw h
nZym¿
∞n-I
ƒ°
v ]
tN
m-Z\
w \
evI
m≥
A≤
ym-]-I
¿ i
≤n-t
°-≠
-Xm-W
v.
179178
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
bqW
n‰v 3h
nhn-[
-]mT
-ß-fps
S ]
cn-`
m-jI
ƒ -˛ i
≤n-t
°≠
mj
m
L-S-I
-߃
˛cq]
-Xp-e
y-Xm-]
-cn-`
mj (F
ormal equivalent
tranlation), N
e-\
m-fl-I
Xp-e
yXm]
cn-`
mj
(Dynam
icequivalent translation)
˛i
mkvX
-IrX
n-I-fps
S ]
cn-
mj˛
kmt
¶-X
n-I-]
-Z-ß
fps
S ]
cn-mj
˛k
mln-X
y-Ir-X
n-I-fps
S
]cn-`
mj˛I
hn-X
m-]-cn-`
m-j, \
mS-I
-]-cn`
m-j, I
Ym]
cn-
`mj
, ]_
-‘-]
-cn-`
mj˛]
tb
m-K-ß
-fp-s
Sb
pw ssi
en-
I-fp-s
Sb
pw ]cn-`
m-j˛]
c-k
y-ß-fps
S ]
cn-`
mj ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)(H
cpk
wLw
te
J-I
¿),
hnh
¿Ø
\w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
tI
c-f-`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
q´v, 1977.
2)k
n. hn. h
mkp-t
Z-h
-`-´-X
ncn, X
¿P
p-a-b
psS X
mt°
m¬,
amt
h-e
n-°c: k
vssI
_pI
v ]_
vfn-t
j-gvk
v, 2004.
3)tU
m. sI
.-hn. t
Xma
-kv, h
nh¿Ø
-\h
pw Bi
-b-h
n-\n-a
-b-h
pw,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: en]
n ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2014 (2009).
4)Jam
es Holm
es, Jose Lam
bert & R
aymond van D
en Break
Literature and T
ranslation, B
elgium: A
cademic Publishing
Com
pany, 1976.
5)E
. V. R
amakrishnan, L
ocating In
dian
Literatu
re – Texts,
Traditions, T
ranslations, Hydearbad: O
rient BlackSw
an, 2011.
6)S
usan Bassnett, T
ranslation Studies, London: R
outledge, 1988.
7)E
dith Grossm
an, Why T
ranslation Matters, H
yderabad: Orient
BlackSw
an,2011.
bqW
n‰v 4N
ß-º
p-g-b
p-sSb
pw tI
kcn
F.-
_m-e
-Ir-j
vW-]
n-≈-
bps
Sb
pw hnh
¿Ø
-\-k
¶-e
v]-\
-߃
˛
Fgp-Ø
-—≥
, F.- B
¿. c
m-P-cm-P
-h¿Ω
, \me
m-∏m´
p \mc
m-b-
W-ta
t\m≥
, CS-∏
≈n I
cpW
m-I-c-tat\
m≥, F
≥. -s
I. -
Zm-t
am-Z
-c≥
˛ Ch
-cps
S ]
cn-`
mjmc
oXn-I
ƒ ˛
Syn
thesis: A
Search
for New
Gestalt, N
ew D
elhi: Bahri
Publications, 1988.
6)R
avinder Gargesh / K
rishna Kum
ar Gosw
ami (ed.), T
ranslationan
d In
terpretation
, Hyderabad: O
rient Longm
an, 2007.
7)G
. Gopinathan / S
. Kandasw
ay (ed.), Prob
lems of T
ranslation,
Allahabad: L
okbhasati Prakashan, 1993.
bqW
n‰v 2h
nh¿Ø
-\-]
-Inb
˛]
mTw, ]
mTh
ni-I
-e\
w: ]Zw,
hmI
yw, h
mIy-L
-S-\
, ssi
en,
Be
-¶mc
n-I-]
-tb
m-Kw,
_nw_
w, ]X
o-Iw, ]
m‡-\
-]-X
o-Iw, a
nØv, B
ib
w
˛ aqe
-]m-T
-Øns
‚ h
ymI-cW
w, e£
y-]m-T
-Øns
‚
hymI
-c-W
w, aqe
-]m-T
-Øn¬
\n∂
v e£
y-]m-T
-Øn-te
-°p≈
hnh
¿Ø
\ k
aaq-e
yX (Translation equivalency), ]
mTh
pw
kwk
v°m-ch
pw˛h
nh¿Ø
-\h
pw k
wk
v°m-ch
pw˛
hnh
¿Ø
-\h
pw Xmc
-X-ay-k
m-ln-X
yhpw ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. hn. -B
¿. ]
t_
m-[-N
-µ≥
, hnh
-¿Ø
-\-Ø
ns‚
`mj
m-
im-k
vX-`q-a
nI, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `
mjm C
≥k
v‰n-‰
yq-
´v, 1974.
2)k
vIdn-b
k°
-dn-b
& P
b k
pIp-a
m-c≥
(F-U
n-‰-¿), X
¿÷
a˛
kn≤
m-¥h
pw ]tb
m-Kh
pw ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
, ]k
m-[-I
¿ ˛
Nß
-\m-t
»cn: X
m]k
w, tI
m´b
w: Id‚
v _pI
vkv, 1997.
3)E
ugene A.N
ida / Charles R
. Taber (ed.), Th
e Th
eory and
Prac-
tice of Tran
slation, L
eiden: Published for the B
ible Societies
By E
. J. Brill, 1974.
4)S
ujith Mukherjee, T
ranlation
as Discovery an
d O
ther E
ssays,
New
Delhi: A
llied Publishers, 1981.
5)T. V
inoda / V. G
opal Reddy (ed.), Studies in T
ranslation – Theory
and
Practice, N
ew D
elhi: Prestige, 2000.
6)G
J V P
rasad (ed.), Tran
slation an
d C
ultu
re – Ind
ian P
erspec-
tives, New
Delhi: P
encraft International. 2010.
181180
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
F∂
t\
mh-e
ns‚
tU
m.B¿.-C
.B-j
dps
S h
nh¿Ø
\w˛
‘‘Me G
rand
ad A
d A
n E
leph
ant!’’
(BZys
Ø c
≠v A
≤ym-b
w amX
w.)
Acp‘
Xn t
dmb
n-bps
S T
he G
od of S
mall T
hin
gs F∂
t\
mh-e
ns‚
]nb
, F. F
kvs
‚ "I
p™p-I
m-cy-ß
-fps
S
HmtS-X
-ºp-c
m≥
' F
∂ h
nh¿Ø
\w.
(ssZh
-Øns
‚
kz¥
w \mS
v F∂
A≤
ymbw a
mXw.)
k-l
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)D
r. K. R
amachandran N
air (ed.), Selected
Poem
s of Ku
maran
Asan
, Trivandrum
: University of K
erala, 1975.
2)h
oW-]
qhv ˛ i
Xm-_
vZn-k
vam-c
-I-∏
-Xn∏
v, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n.
_pI
vkv, 2007.
3)A
\n¬
h≈
-tØ
mƒ (F
-Un-‰
¿), h
oW-]
qhv ]
T-\
-߃
,
ae
-bm-f
-hn-a
¿i
w 19, ae
-bmf
-tI
c-f-]
-T-\
-hn-
mKw, I
men-°
‰v
k¿∆
-I-e
m-im-e
: ]k
n-≤o-I
-cW
hn`
m-Kw, 2007.
4)Tagore, C
ollected P
oems an
d P
lays of Rab
ind
ranath
Tagore,
New
Delhi: R
upa Co, 2008 (F
irst Published 1936)..
5)Smt
Km-d
ns‚
KoX
m-RvP
en (I
m-hy-]
-cn-`
mj), k
pµcw [
\p-h
-
®-]
p-cw,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
]nb
-Z¿i
n\n
]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v
sk
mssk
‰n, 2011.
6)]
n. tk
ma-\
m-Y≥
, hnh
¿Ø
-\-]
-T-\
-߃
, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2014.
7)T
he Writings of M
.T.V
asudevan Nair, T
ransalted by V.A
bdullaand G
eetha Krishnankutty, H
yderabad: Orient B
lackSwan, 2010.
8)R
. E. A
sher and Acham
ma C
handrasekaran (Tr.), “ M
e Grandad
`Ad
An
Elep
han
t!’’, New
Delahi: P
enguin Books, 1992.
(First P
ublished by University of E
dinburgh Press 1980)
9)tU
m. B¿.- C
.- B-j
¿, _
jo¿
Ir-X
n-I-fps
S h
nh¿Ø
\w ˛
Nne
N
n¥-I
ƒ, (h
nh-¿-Ø
\w:
tU
m.- F
-kv.
-th
-em-b
p-[≥
),
ae
-bm-f
-`m-j
m-km-l
n-Xy-]
-T-\
-߃
, tI
m´b
w: Un.- k
n. -_p-
Ivk
v, 1989.
10)Arundhati R
oy, The G
od of Small T
hings, , New
Delhi: IndiaInk,
1997.
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)amX
yp B¿t\
mƒU
ns‚
tl
ma¿ h
nh¿Ø
-\--ß
sf°
p-dn-®
p≈
hna
¿i
\w˛A
Xn\
v F^
v. U_
vfnb
q. \yqa
ms‚
adp-]
Sn ˛
Mathew
Arnold, O
n T
ranslatin
g Hom
er/O
n T
ranslatin
g Hom
er - Last W
ords
(Original Text - S
ee Internet)F. W
. New
man, H
omeric T
ranslation
in T
heory an
d P
ractice(A
Rep
ly to Math
ew A
rnold
) (Original Text S
ee Internet)
2)N
ß-º
p-g-b
psS ]
cn-
m-j-I
ƒ: N
ß-º
p-g-b
psS ]
Zy-I
r-X-nI
ƒ
(`mK
w c≠
v), tI
m´b
w: Fk
v]n-k
nF-k
v, 1990. (kp[
mw-K-Z,
tZh
-KoX
, Znh
y-Ko-X
w, bh
-\n-I
, \n¿
hr-X
n XpS
-ßnb
H-‰-sb
m-
‰-°
r-Xn-I
ƒ°
v Nß
-ºpg
Fgp-X
nb B
ap-J
-߃
t\
m°p-I
.
kº
q¿Æ
-Ir-X
n-Ifn¬
B
ap-J
-߃
F
SpØ
p am‰n-b
n-cn-
°p∂
p.)
3)tI
k-cn-b
psS ]
cn-`
m-j-I
ƒ:
tam∏
-km-ß
v˛kvX
obps
S P
ohnX
w (t\
m-h¬
)
t]
mkv]
¿ s
adnt
a˛I
m¿sa≥
(t\
m-h¬
)
C_
vk≥
˛ t]X
-߃
(\m-S-I
w)
(Cu I
rXn-I
-fps
S Bap-J
-߃
t\m°
p-I)
4)tU
m.Sn.]
n. kpI
p-am-c
≥, \
ncq-]
-I-\
mb t
Ik
-cn,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1987.
bqW
-n‰v 5(a
qe-h
p-amb
n HØ
p-t\
m°n h
ni-Z]
T-\
-Øn\
v)
Ipa
m-c-\
m-ims
‚ h
oW-]
q-hv˛
Pn.-
Ip-a
m-c-]
n-≈-b
psS
CwK
vfoj
v hnh
¿Ø
-\w˛
The F
allen Flow
er -sI
. Pb
-Ip-a
m-dns
‚ C
wKvfoj
v hnh
¿Ø
\w
The Fallen
Flower
Smt
Km-d
ns‚
KoX
m-RvP
en
(Imh
y-]-cn-`
mj)˛k
p-µcw
[\
p-h-®
-]pc
w (BZys
Ø 25 J
fi-ß
ƒ)
Fw. S
n. hmk
p-tZ-h
≥ \
mb-cps
S "I
mgvN
' F∂
sN
dpI
Y-
bps
S C
wKvfoj
v ]cn-`
mj ˛ Insight.
ssh°
w apl
-Ω-Zv_
-jo-dns
‚ ""‚
pp∏q-∏
m-s°
m-cm-t\
≠m¿
∂v''
183182
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
4CO
15
Fw. F
. ae
-bmf
w ˛ `m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kwk
vIrX
w (t]-∏
¿ 2)
SK
T.4E12 B
AS
IC S
AN
SK
RIT
II
(For N
on- Sanskrit M
ain Courses only)
Unit-1
-D
rama – M
adhyamavyayoga
Unit-II
-D
ramturgy – D
efinition of ten rupakas(D
asarupaka Chapter III)
Unit-III
-P
urpose of Poetry and D
ivision of Kavya
(Kavyaprakasa I)
Pattern
of Qu
estion P
aper:
Part A
Dram
aI
Essay (one out of tw
o)1x20 =
20 Marks
IIA
nnotate (any four out of six)4x5 =
20 Marks
IIIExplain verses fully (four out of six)
4x5 =20 M
arksP
art BD
ramturgy
IVA
nswer in a pargraph each
4x2.5 = 10 M
arks(any four out of six)
Part C
Poetics
VA
nswer in a paragraph each 4x2.5 =
10 Marks
(any four out of six) … 80 M
arksR
eference:
Bhasa – M
adhyamavyayoga
Mam
mata - K
avyaprakasa
11)A
cp-‘
Xn
tdmb
v, I
p™p-I
m-cy-ß
-fps
S HtS-X
-ºp-c
m≥,
(hnh
¿Ø
-\w) ]
nb F
. Fk
v. , tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
2011.
12)R
ichard W. B
rislin (ed.), Tran
slation – A
pp
lication an
d R
e-search
, New
York: G
ardner Press, 1976.
185184
Fw.-F
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Code: M
AL
4E4/16
Fw. F
. ae
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w ˛`m-j
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
A h
na¿i
-\-k
n-≤m-¥
-߃
(Critical T
heories)
km-aq-l
n-Ii
mk
vX-ß
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\n∂
pw am\
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hnj
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-
fn¬
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pw e`n-°
p∂ A
dn-h
p-Iƒ
]tb
m-P-\
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n kaq-l
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sØ
bpw k
wkv°
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bpw h
ni-I
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w sN
øp∂
Nn¥
m-]-≤
-
Xn-b
mWv h
na¿i
\X
Øzw. A
Xn\
v hyX
y-kvX
-amb
DZv-h
hpw N
cn-
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pap≈
c≠
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pw c≠
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mln-X
y-hn-a
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q]-
s∏
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m-W
v. X
Øz-N
n-¥-b
n¬ h
na¿i
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Øzw
F
∂
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md¬
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n-s‚
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^mb
n-Un-s
‚b
pw -kn-≤
m-
¥-ß
-fn¬
\n∂
mWv ]
tN
m-Z\
w Dƒ
s°
m-≠-X
v. a\
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ns‚
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‰h
pw h
enb
X
S
w ]
Xy-b
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v F
∂
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pe¿Ø
p-∂p.
sl
¿_
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am¿
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v, X
ntb
m-U¿ A
tU
m¿tW
m, amI
vkv tl
m¿°
vsa¿,
hmƒ
´¿ s
_©
-an≥
, FdnI
v ^w ˛ F
∂o ]
m¶v^
¿´v k
n≤m¥
-
°q´
m-bva-b
mWv h
na¿i
-\X
Øzs
Ø Hcp
Nn¥
m-]-≤
-Xn-b
mbn
XØ
z-h-X
v°-cn-®
-Xv. B
[p-\
n-I-h
n-a¿i
-\X
Øzw
tP
m¿P
v e
q°m-
Ivk
ns\
bpw
At¥
m-Wnt
bm
Kmwj
nsb
bpw
t]
mse
X
s∂
P¿K≥
sl
¿_
¿amk
v Dƒ
s∏
-Sp∂
c≠
mw X
e-ap-d
-bn¬
ss∏
´
^m¶
-v^¿´v ]
fin-X
-∑m-s
cb
pw k
zm[o-\
n-®n-´
p-≠v. sl
¿_
¿am-
Vedabandhu - R
asabharati
K. P. N
arayana Pisarodi – B
haratamuniyude N
atyasasthram(M
alayalam T
ranslation)
M. S
. Menon
- Paurasthyanatakadarsanam
N. V
. P. Unithiri – S
amskritasahityavim
arsam
N. P. U
nni – Natyasastra (E
d. & T
r.)
187186
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
]cn-N
-b-s∏
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.
kml
n-Xy-Ø
n¬ a
m¿I
vkn-k
-Øns
‚ ]
k-‡
n.
ae
-bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-Ø
n¬ A
Xns
‚ k
zm[o-\
w.
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)]
n. tKmh
n-µ-∏
n≈, C
. Fw. F
kpw a
eb
mfk
-ln-X
y-hpw,
tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 2006.
2)]
n.sI
.tKm]
m-e-I
r-jvW
≥, ]
ptcm-K
-a\
kml
n-Xy-]
-ÿm-\
w
˛ \ng
epw s
hfn-®
hpw, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an,
1987.
3)]
n. tKmh
n-µ-∏
n≈, a
m¿I
vknk
v‰v k
uµ
-cy-i
mkvX
w ˛ DZv`-
hh
pw hf¿®
bpw, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: kwL
w ]k
m-[-\
w, 1987.
4)C
.-Fw.-F
-kv. \
ºq-X
n-cn-∏
m-Sv, s
Xc-s™
-SpØ
]_
-‘-ß
ƒ,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).
5)L
enin
On
Literatu
re and
Art, M
oscow: P
rogress Publishers,
1967.
6)D
. Laing, T
he M
arxist Th
eory of Art, S
ussex, 1978.
bqW
n‰v 2
LS-\
m-hm-Z
hpw L
S-\
m-\-¥
-c-h
m-Zh
pw
(Structu
ralism an
d P
ost-Structu
ralim)
Ccp-]
-Xmw-\
q-‰m-≠
nse
G
‰h
pw k
zm[o\
w sN
ep-Ø
nb
]ÿ
m\w
^©
vNn¥
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m-¿ X
pS-ß
n-sh
® L
S-\
m-hmZ
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amW
v. k
q-d
n-s‚
`mj
m-ivk
vX-Ø
n¬-\
n∂v DZv`-h
n®X
m-
sW
¶ne
pw -am-\
-hi
mkvX
sØ
bms
I Htc-sb
mcp
coX
n-
imk
vXØ
n¬ (m
ethodology) HX
p°n h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øm≥
LS-\
m-hmZ
w ian-°
p-∂p. L
S-\
m-hm-Z
-Øns
‚ ]
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a\
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tK
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nepw
]-mK
v `m-j
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mcps
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sk
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pw sN
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1966˛ ¬ A
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pw 1970˛Ifne
pw \mS
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p ]I
cw h
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e N
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te
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kwk
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p-P-\
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qNn∏
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p≈ N
ne tN
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pw ]
pXn-b
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sI
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∂n-c
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p.
Cu t
Img
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cp-]
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q-‰m-≠
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m-\-N
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-
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cb
pw Ah
-cps
S N
n¥m-]
-≤-X
n-I-sfb
pw kma
m-\y-a
mbn ]
cn-
N-b
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p-∂p.
bqW
n‰v 1
am¿
Ivk
nkw
Imd
¬ a
m¿I
vkns
‚b
pw GwK
¬k
n-s‚
bpw h
nNm-c
-ß-fn¬
\n∂
v ]tN
m-Z\
w sI
m≠ H
cp N
n¥m-]
-≤-X
n-bmW
v am¿
Ivk
n-
kw. ]
Ir-X
n-bp-s
Sb
pw Ncn-X
-Øns
‚b
pw uX
n-I-X
-Øz-N
n-
¥,
cmj
vSo-b
-Øns
‚ X
Øz-h
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w, cmj
vSo-b
-amb
kmº
Øn-I
X ˛
Ch
-bps
S k
wK-l
-amW
v am¿
Ivk
n-kw.
AX
v ]sØ
m-ºX
mw \q‰
m-≠ns
e G
‰h
pw kzm[
o\w s
Ne
p-
Ønb
Hcp _
u≤
n-I-i
-‡n-b
mWv.
eq°
m-Ivk
v, tK
mƒU
vam≥
, s_
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, A
tU
m¿tW
m,
hne
yw-kv, s
Sdo C
uKn¬
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189188
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
][
m-\-amb
pw \S-°
p-∂-X
v. e°
m¨ a
\-
n-s\
-°p-d
n-®p≈
]T-\
-Øn¬
k
mln-X
y]ch
pw k
mwkv°
m-ccnI
-hp-a
mb
At\
Iw ]
tcm-£
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-\-I
sf D
t]
m-b-K-s∏
-Sp-Ø
n-bn-
p-≠v.
Ah
k¿dn-b
-en-k
-hp-a
m-bp≈
At±-l
-Øn-s
‚ _
‘-sØ
-
bmW
v ImW
n-°p-∂
-Xv. e
°ms
‚ a
m\-k
n-Im-]
-K-Y
-\-Ø
n¬
Zdn-U
-bps
S A
]-\
n¿Ω
m-Wh
pw (Deconstruction) s
l¿a\
yq-
´nI
vkpw (H
ermeneutics) k
wtb
m-Pn-®
p-h-cp∂
p.
t^
mbn-U
v, bpß
v, eI
m≥, F
dnI
vt^
mw XpS
-ßn-b
-h-cps
S
]≤
-Xn-I
ƒ k
mam-\
y-amb
n ]cn-N
-b-s∏
-Sp-I
.
am\
-kn-I
m-]-K
-Y\
w ae
-bm-f
-Øns
e k
¿Km-fl
-I-I
r-Xn-I
-
fn¬
˛ am\
-kn-I
m-]-K
-Y\
\nc
q-]W
w ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)S
igmund F
reud, Art an
d L
iterature, E
ngland: Penguin B
ooks,1985.
bqW
n-‰v 4
kvX
ohmZ
w
(Fem
inism
)
kml
n-Xyh
pw Ie
-Ifpw ]
pcp-j
-tI
-µ-nX
-am-s
W∂
pw kvX
o-
Isf°
p-dn®
v ]d-b
p-tº
mƒ t
]me
pw kvX
oI-fps
S I
mgv∏
m-
Sne
√ A
h-X
-cn-∏
n-°p-∂
sX
∂pw ]
pcp-j
-ta-[
m-hn-X
z--Øns
‚
ta¬
t°
mbvab
mWv F
hn-s
Sb
pw ImW
p-∂sX
∂p a
p≈ H
cp
hmZ
w ]m›
m-Xy-\
m-Sp-I
-fn¬
cq]
-s∏
-Sp-I
-bp-≠
m-bn. A
Xns
‚
^e
-a-mb
n Poh
n-X-Ø
nepw X
pS¿∂
v kml
n-Xyw, \
mS-I
-th
-
Zn, Z
r-iy-I
-e-I
ƒ, k
n\na
XpS
-ß-nb
F√
m ]ÿ
m\-ß
fn-
epw k
vXo-h
m-Z-N
n¥b
pw kvX
ohmZ
hna
¿i
\h
pw cq]
-s∏
SpI
-
bp-≠
m-bn. C
∂v k
vXoh
mZw A
Xni
‡amb
Hcmt
Kmf
]-
ÿm-\
-amb
n h
f¿∂
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
kvX
ohmZ
kml
n-Xyh
pw
kvX
ohm-Z
-\n-c
q-]-W
hpw a
e-b
m-f-Ø
n¬ ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)K
. K. R
uthven, Fem
inist L
iterary Stud
ies – An
Introd
uction
,C
ambridge: C
ambridge U
niversity Press, 1991 (F
irst edition1984).
F∂
]Zw ]
cn-N
-b-s∏
-Sp-Ø
n-b-tX
msS L
S-\
m-hm-Z
-Øn-s
‚
hna
¿i
\w F
∂ \
ne-b
n¬ L
S-\
m-\¥
--c-hmZ
w cq]
-s∏
--Sp-I-
bp-≠
m-bn. L
S-\
m-\¥
c-h
mZw A
¿∞
-Øns
‚ A
\n¿
hm-c
y-
amb
_l
p-kz-c
-Xsb
∏-‰nb
pw Nm©
-ey-s
Ø-∏
-‰n-b
pap≈
Hcp
hyh
lm-c
w IqS
n-bm-I
p-∂p.
k
q¿,
tdma
≥ b
mt°
m-_vk
¨,
_m¿
Øv,
Zdn-U
X
pS-
ßn-b
-h-cps
S ]
≤-X
n-Iƒ
kma
m-\y-a
mbn ]
cn-N
-b-s∏
-Sp-I
.
LS-\
m-hm-Z
hpw L
S-\
m-¥-c-h
m-Zh
pw ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)tU
m. ]n. s
I. t
]m°
¿, B
[p-\
n-tI
m-Ø-c-X
-bps
S t
Ic-fo-
b-]
-cn-k
-cw, I
men-°
‰v b
qW-n-th
¿k
n‰n: s
ev‰v _
pIvk
v, 1996.
2)tU
m. k
n. cmt
P-µ
≥,
]mT
hpw
s]
mcpf
pw, h
≈-tØ
mƒ
hnZ
ym]o-T
w, tI
m´b
w: F≥
_n-F
-kv, 2014 (1998).
3)D
avid Lodge (E
d.), Mod
ern C
riticism an
d T
heory, L
ondon:L
ongman, 1988.
4)P
eter Barry, B
eginn
ing T
heory – A
n In
trodu
ction to literay
and
cultu
ral theory, M
anchester and New
York: M
anchesterU
niversity Press, First Indian reprint 1999 (First published 1995).
5)Irving H
owe, L
iterary Mod
ernism
, New
York: A
Faw
cettP
remier, 1967.
6)Terry E
agleton, Postm
odern
ism, U
SA
: Blackw
ell Publishers,
1996.
bqW
n‰v 3
am\
-kn-I
m-]-K
-Y-\
XØ
zw
(Psych
oanalytical T
heory)
am\
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m-]-K
-Y-\
-k-ao-]
-\-ß
ƒ k
mln-X
y-Øne
pw I
e-
Ifne
pw ]X
n-^-e
n-°p∂
At_
m-[-a-\
- ns
\ h
yXy-k
vX-
ab
cq]
-ß-fn¬
h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øm≥
i
an-°
p-∂p.
a\
-
»mk
vX-h
n-i-I
-e-\
-hn-a
¿i
\w
Ie
m-]-c-amb
k
¿§
m-fl-
IX
sb
bpw A
t_
m-[-a-\
- ns
‚ ]
h¿Ø
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pw Ipd
n-
®p≈
t^
m-bvU
ns‚
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p-Isf B
[m-c
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v
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Code: M
AL
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Fw. F
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(Kerala T
hought)
]e
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mcI
fp≈
tI
cfob
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jW
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sh
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u tI
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amb
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u ]
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pw.
bqW
n‰v 1\
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pIƒ
, k
kyN
cnX
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w˛R
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th
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bmZ
n˛N
nIn’
mhn⁄
m\w˛h
mkvX
phnZy.
KW
nXw, `
‡n]
ÿm\
w ˛
2)tU
m. Pm≥
kn s
Pb
nwkv (N
o^v F
Un-‰
¿), s
^an-\
nkw
(c≠
p `mK
w), X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `mj
m C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v,
2000.
3)F
. sI
. cma
-Ir-j
vW≥
/ sI
. Fw. t
hW
p-tKm-]
m-e≥
kvX
ohn-
tam-N
\w ˛ N
cnX
w kn≤
m¥w k
ao-]
-\w, ]
ø-∂
q¿: \
b\
_pI
vkv, 1989.
4)K
oX,
IÆ
m-Sn-I
ƒ DS-b
v°p-∂
-sX
-¥n\
v? X
riq¿
: I
d‚
v
_pI
vkv, 1997.
bqW
n-‰v 5
tI
mf-\
n-bm-\
-¥c]
-T-\
-߃
/ hwi
ob]
-T-\
-߃
(Postcolon
ial Stud
ies / Race Stu
dies)
bqt
dm-]
y≥ t
Imf
-\n-I
-c-W
-Øns
‚ k
zm[o-\
-Ø-°
p-dn®
v ]Tn-
°p-h
m\pw h
ni-I
-e\
w sN
øp-h
m-\p≈
at\
m-`mh
w kml
n-
Xy-]
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-ß-fn¬
BtKm-f
-hym-]
-I-amb
n hf¿∂
p-h-∂
n-p-≠
v.
FtU
z¿U
v sk
bvZns
‚ H
mdn-b
‚-e
nkw (O
rientalism 1978)
F∂
K
Ÿw
tI
mf-\
n-bm-\
-¥-c-]
-T-\
-߃
°v A
Sn-Ø
-d-
bmb
n amd
n. coX
n-imk
vXØ
ns‚
]Zm-h
-en-I
ƒ D
]-tb
m-Kn®
p
]d-b
p-I-b
m-sW
¶n¬
, XmX
zn-I-amb
kwh
m-Z-ß
-fmb
B[
p-
\nI
m-\-¥
-cX
(P
ostmodernity),
A]
-\n¿
ΩmW
w (D
econ-struction) , e
Im-s
‚ a
m\-k
n-Im-]
-K-Y
\w (L
acanian psycho-analysis)
qt°
m-bps
S h
yh-l
mc-h
n-i-I
-e\
w (Foucaultian
discourse analysis) ˛F∂
n-h-b
p-amb
n _‘
-s-∏
´p-t
]m-I
m-\p≈
]-h
-W-X
-bmW
v tI
mf-\
n-bm\
-¥-c-X
z]T\
w I
m´p-∂
-Xv.
tI
mf-\
o-bm-\
-¥-c-]
-T-\
-߃
ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
˛
hwi
o-b-]
-T-\
-߃
ae
-bm-f
-Øn¬
˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)K
. N. P
anicker, Colon
ialism, C
ultu
re, and
Resistan
ce, New
Delhi: O
xford University P
ress, 2007.
2)Zne
o]v c
mPv, \
h-N
-cn-X
-hm-Z
w, tI
m´b
w: Un. k
n. _pI
vkv,
2000.
193192
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
hn.S
n.˛I
pdnt
bSØ
p X
mXn:
kmwk
vImc
nI \
th
m-
∞m\
\mb
nI.
bqW
n‰v 4B
[p\
nIss[
jW
nIX
˛
kzt
Zi
m`na
m\
n cmaI
rjvW
]n≈
˛tI
kcn,
Ip´
n-
Irj
vWamc
mcv,˛I
p‰n∏
pg I
rjvW
-∏n≈
, _
mcnÃ
¿
F.s
I.]
n≈˛ s
I. Z
mtamZ
c≥
, Fw. t
Kmh
nµ≥
, Fw.
F≥
. h
nPb
≥ ˛,
kpI
pam¿ A
got
°mSv˛
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I.
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vW≥
,˛ Sn.]
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≥
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Z]
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w)
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te
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w. F≥
. hnP
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got
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v
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. hn. h
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v
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Code: M
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Fw. F
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orld L
iterature)
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nh¿Ø
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ƒ, t
Img
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v, 1990.
2)k
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m-\-µ
≥,
]Ø
v \
ho-\
-I-h
n-X-I
ƒ,
]ø
-∂q¿
: \
b\
_pI
vkv, 1989.
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. Eliot, S
elaected P
rose, (ed.) John Hayw
ard, Great B
riton:
Penguin B
ooks, 1963.
b¬
, B^
n-°≥
, ssN
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v, hnb
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v XpS
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e ]
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te
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nX)
te
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S k
a-I
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\-X
bps
S ]
iv\
-
߃
˛ kaql
w t\
cn-S
p∂ s
h√
p-hn-f
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˛
199198
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
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6)te
mI-I
-Y-I
ƒ (-t
\m-_
¬ k
Ωm-\
m¿l
-cps
S I
Y-I
ƒ),
]ø
-∂q¿
: kao£
m _pI
vkv, 1990.
7)A
leksandar Hem
on (ed.), Best E
urop
ean F
iction 2012, P
refaceby N
icole Krauss, L
ondon: Dalkey A
rchive Press, 2011.
8)Jorge L
uis Borges, L
abyrin
ths – S
elected Stories an
d O
ther
Writin
gs, New
York: A
New
Directions B
ook, 1964.
bqW
n‰v 3(t
\m-h
¬)
hni
z-t\
m-h-e
ns‚
NcnX
w˛h
niz-t\
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p-I-fps
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e-b
mf
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˛te
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mh¬
km-l
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nse
B[
p-\n-
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1)G
Im-¥
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≥)
˛ K_
n-tb
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v
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kv. t
he
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2)h
ni∏
v (t
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≥)˛
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v l
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¨
˛
(hnh
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. ]n. t
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^v)
3)l
na-`qa
n (Pm-∏
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mcn I
hm-_
Ø ˛
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w.-Sn.-F
≥. \
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kl
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b¬
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nb am¿I
zn-kv,
GI
m-¥
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S 10
0
h¿j
߃
, -hnh
¿Ø
\w: t
Um. F
kv. t
he
m-bp-[
≥, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 1884.
2)\
yp´v l
mwk¨
, h
ni-∏
v, h
nh¿Ø
\w:
H.-]
n. tP
mk-^
v,
Xri
q¿: t
Icf k
mlnX
y A°
m-Z-an, 1996.
3)b
kp-\
mcn I
hm-_
-Ø, l
na-`q-a
n, hnh
¿Ø
\w: F
w.-Sn.-F
≥.
\mb
¿, t
Img
nt°
mSv: i
nJ ]
ªn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1986.
4)B
¿. h
n. Fw. Z
nhm-I
-c≥
, ]nb
-∏´ K
mt_
m, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
amX
r-`qa
n, 2010. (K_
n-tb
¬ K
m¿k
nb a
m¿-tI
z-kns
‚ P
ohn-
X-I
-Y)
4)Jam
es Scully (ed.), M
odern
Poets on
Mod
ern P
oetry, Great
Briton: C
ollins, 1966.
5)Irving H
owe (ed.), L
iterary Mod
ernism
, New
York:
A F
awcet P
remier B
ook, 1967.
bqW
n‰v 2(s
Ndp-I
-Y)
G‰h
pw h
f¿®
-]
m-]n®
k
mln-X
y-cq-]
w ˛
sN
dp-I
-Y-
bps
S N
cnX
w, \
ho-\
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, kuµ
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‚ e
mfnX
yw
˛ s]
mcp-f
ns‚
Kl
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-T\
w)
1)aq∂
v X]
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jy)
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mbv
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mSv (P
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mk
van≥
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vkvanØ
v(hnh
¿Ø
\w: F
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n. apl
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I A
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-Kmh
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w. Sn.-h
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Z-h
≥ \
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4)X
ev]
(sa-I
vknt
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kv]
m\n-j
v)˛l
zm≥ dqƒ
t^
m
(hnh
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\w: h
n. ]n. i
nh-I
p-am¿
)
5)A
h-k
m-\sØ
Ce
(A-ta-cn-°
)˛H.s
l≥
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¿Ø
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n. taml
-\-I
p-amc
n)
kl
m-b-I
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:
1)tSmƒ
tÃ
mbv I
Y-I
ƒ, ]
cn-
mj: F
w. Znh
y, Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
Nn¥
]_
vfn-t
j¿k
v, 2012.
2)te
mII
-Y, h
nh¿Ø
-I¿: F
w.-Sn.-h
m-kp-t
Z-h
≥ \
mb¿,
F≥
.-]n.-a
p-l-Ω
-Zv, ]
m∏n-t
bm¨
, 2001.
3)te
mI-I
-Y, F
Un-‰
¿: t
Um. s
I. A
ø-∏
-∏-W
n-°¿, t
Im´
bw:
Un. k
n. _pI
vkv, 2000.
4)sX
c-s™
-SpØ
A
ºX
v I
Y-I
ƒ,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw:
kwÿ
m\_
me-k
m-lnX
y C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2005.
5)t_
m¿l
kv I
Y-I
ƒ, h
nh¿Ø
\w: h
n. ]n. -i
-in-I
p-am¿
,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-]
pcw: s
db
v≥t_
m, 2005.
201200
Fw.-F
. ae
-bmf
w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)e
qPn ]
ncm-¥
-te
m, Bdp I
Ym-]
mX-ß
ƒ \
mS-I
-IrØ
ns\
-
tØ
-Sn, -]
cn-`
mj: P
n. i¶
c-∏
n≈, X
riq¿
: tI
cf k
mlnX
y
A°
m-Z-an, 1989.
2)I
md¬
N
m∏I
v, B
¿b
q-B¿ (t
dm-k
wkv b
qW-n-t
h¿k
¬
tdmt
_m-S
vkv), h
nh¿Ø
\w: F
w. tX
mak
v amX
yp, Xnc
p-h-\
-
¥-]
pcw: a
mfp-_
≥ ]
ª-t°
-j≥
kv, 2014 (1991).
3)X
u^
oJp¬
l°
nw, Igp-X
-®-¥
(\me
v GI
m-¶-\
m-S-I
-߃
),
]cn-`
mj: t
Um. F
w. Fw. _
jo¿
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: en]
n
]ª
n-t°
-j≥
kv, 2002.
4)M
artin Esslin, T
he T
heatre of th
e Ab
surd
, England: P
enguinB
ooks, 1968.
5)Shukry A
yyad and Nancy W
itherspoon, Reflections and D
eflec-tion
s – A Study of the C
ontemporary A
rab Mind T
hrough itsL
iterary Creations, E
gypt: Foreign C
ultural Information D
epart-m
ent, 1986.
bqW
n‰v 5B
fl-I
-Y F
∂ k
mln-X
y-cq-]
-Øns
‚ k
zcq]
w t
emI
-
km-l
n-Xy-Ø
nse
anI
® B
fl-I
-Y-I
ƒ˛
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kX
ym-t\
z-j-W
w Xs∂
˛
(hni
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-T\
w)
km≥
an-t
j-e
ns‚
IY
˛ BI
vsk
¬ a
pt¥
(]cn-`
mj: F
≥. ]
n. A_
vZp¬
\mk
¿)
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)B
Ivsk
¬ a
pt¥
, km≥
an-t
j-e
ns‚
IY
˛ Hcp t
UmI
vS-
dps
S A
km-[
m-c-W
-kva-c-W
-Iƒ
, tI
mgn-t°
mSv: a
mXr-
q-an, 2007
(2004)
2)tU
m. sI
.- Fw. t
Pm¿
Pv, P
oh-N
-cn-X
-km-l
n-Xyw, t
Im´
bw:
\mj
-W¬
_p°
v Ãmƒ
, 1982 (1964).
5)F
kv.- P
-b-N
-µ≥
\mb
¿, t
dmk
mZ-e
-߃
, tI
mgn-t
°mS
v:
amX
r-`qa
n _pI
vkv, 2010.
6)ssh
°w a
pc-fn, _
p°vsj
¬^
v, tI
m´b
w: Un.- k
n. _pI
vkv,
-2012.
7)]
n.- sI
. cmP
ti
-J-c≥
, \
c-I
-Øns
‚ `q]
-S-ß
ƒ ˛
te
mI-
t\
m-h-e
nse
k©
m-c-ß
ƒ, t
Im´
bw: a
mXr-
qan _
pIvk
v, 2010.
8)h
niz-a
-lm-K
-Ÿ-ß
ƒ, (h
meyw H
∂v, c
≠v), X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
tI
c-f-`mj
m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 1977 (1983).
9)M
alcom B
radbury (ed.), Novel T
oday, G
reat Briton: F
ontanaP
ress, 1990.
10)M
artin Seymour-Sm
ith, Fifty E
uropean Novels, L
ondon: Barnes
and Noble, 1980.
bqW
n‰v 4(-\
m-S-I
w)
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kl
m-b-I
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-߃
:
1)R
ichard M. D
orson (ed.), Folk
lore and
Folk
life, Chicago:
University of C
hicago Press, 1972.
2)A
lan Dundes, T
he Stu
dy of F
olklore, P
rentice Hall, 1964.
3)A
lan Dundes, Interpreting F
olklore, Bloom
ington: Indiana
University P
ress, 1980.
4)D
an Ben – A
mos, F
olklore in
Con
text, New
Delhi: S
outh Asian
Publishers, 1982.
5)D
an Ben – A
mos and K
enneth S. G
oldstien, Folk
lore – Perfor-
man
ce and
Com
mu
nication
, Mouton: T
he Hague, 1975.
6)P
etre J. Clauss and F
rank J. Korom
, Folk
loristics and
Ind
ianF
olklore, U
dupi Regional R
esearch Centre, 1991.
7)cmL
-h≥
]ø
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v, t^
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pcw: t
Icf
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m C≥
Ãn-‰
yq-´v, 2012.
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v? Ft∏
mƒ F
hn-s
S-
sh
-®mW
v AX
v \S-°
p-∂X
v? AX
ns‚
Dt±i
yw F¥
v?
˛ Ch
hy‡
am-°
Ww˛tZi
n-bmb
F√
m hms
amg
n hg-
°ß
sfb
pw ]
cn-K
-Wn-°
m≥
k
m[
n-°m-Ø
-Xn-\
m¬
]mX
n-\n-[
y-kz-`
m-h-\
-ap≈
GX
m\pw P
\p-
p-Isf ]
cn-
N-b
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
nbm¬
aX
n-bm-h
pw˛h
msam-g
n-h-g-°
Øns
e
A°
m-Z-an-I
-P-\
p- p-I
ƒ˛B
Jym-\
-cq]
w˛KZym-J
ym\w
˛]
ZymJ
ym\w˛KZym-J
ym\w: ]
pcm-h
rØw, s
FX
n-lyw,
\mt
Sm-S
n-°-Y
, A\
p-`-h
-IY
, \mt
Sm-S
n-]v^
enX
w ]
Zym-
Jym\
w. hnh
n-[-b
n\w I
YmK
m\-ß
ƒ ˛ B
Jym-\
-cq-]
-a-
√mØ
h
msam-g
n-h-g-°
-߃
˛
\mS
≥]
m´v,
IS-¶
-Y,
]gs©
m-√v, \
mtSm-S
n-`mj
˛tZi
n-bmb
DZml
cW
-߃
FSpØ
pIm´
n Ah
sb
tZi
n-bmb
P\
p v F
∂ c
oXn-
bn¬
hni
-ZoI
cn-°
Ww˛G
sX
ms°
P\
p- p-I
ƒ a
e-
bm-f
-km-l
n-Xy-I
r-Xn-I
ƒ°
v ASn-ÿ
m-\-am-b
n-Øo-c
p∂p
˛ GsX
ms°
IrX
n-I-fn¬
hms
am-g
n-h-g-°
-P\
p- p-I
-fps
S
kzm[
o\w I
mWmw ˛ h
ne-b
n-cp-Ø
Ww˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)R
ichard M. D
orson (ed.), Folk
lore and
Folk
life, Chicago:
University of C
hicago Press, 1972.
2)D
an Ben-A
mos, F
olklore G
enres, A
ustin: University of Texas,
1976.
3)D
an Ben – A
mos, F
olklore in
Con
text, New
Delhi: S
outh Asian
Publishers, 1982.
4)F
w. hn. h
njvW
p-\-º
q-Xn-c
n, t^
mIvte
m¿ \
nL-≠
p,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw : t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v.
k-ß
fpw
Hmt
cm-∂
n\pw A
hm-¥
-c-h
n-`m-K
-߃
A
h-
bmW
v t^
mIvte
m¿ P
\p
v ]
pcm-h
rØw h
msamg
nhg-
°-Ø
n-\p-≈
-nse
Hcp P
\p-
m-Wv. \
mtSm-S
n-\rØ
w cwK
m-
hn-j
vIm-c
-Øns
e H
cp P
\p-
m-Wv. C
u c
oXn-b
n¬ ]
[m-
\-s∏
´ t^
mIvte
m¿ P
\p-
p-Isf ]
cn-N
-b-s∏
-SW
w ˛
]pc
m-hrØ
w, sF
Xn-l
yw, \mt
Sm-S
n-°Y
C
h F
ßs\
]c-k
v]cw h
yXy-mk
-s∏
-´n-c
n-°p∂
p \
mtSm-S
n°fnb
pw
\mt
Sm-S
n-\m-S
-Ih
pw X
Ωn-e
p≈ k
mPmX
yssh
Pm-X
y-
߃
˛P\
p- p-I
ƒ k
m¿∆
-eu-I
n-Ih
pw tZi
nbpw
˛ as‰m-
cpX
c-Ø
n¬ ]
d-™
m-¬ A
°m-Z
-an-I
-amb
P\
p- p-I
fpw
tZi
n-bmb
P\
p- p-I
fpw
˛DZm-l
-cW
w: tX
m‰w]
m´v a
e-
bm-f
-Øn¬
amX
w e`n-°
p-∂X
v A
Xm-b
n-cn-s
°-Ø
s∂
AX
v ]
pcm-h
r-Ø-I
-Ym-K
m-\h
pw (m
ythological ballad)B
Wv. ]
[m-\
-s∏
´ P
\p-
p-Iƒ
˛A
Xns
‚ t
Zi
n-bmb
Bh
n-jvI
r-X-cq-]
-߃
˛tZi
n-bps
S [
¿Ω
w, k
µ¿`w
apX
-emb
hni
-Z-L
-S-I
-߃
˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)D
an Ben-A
mos, F
olklore in
Con
text, New
Delhi: S
outh Asian
Publications, 1982.
2)D
an Ben-A
mos, F
olklore G
enre, A
ustin: University of Texas,
1976.
3)P
arades Am
erico and Richard B
ouman, T
oward
s New
Persp
ec-tives in
Folk
lore, Austin: U
niversity of Texas, 1972.
4)cmL
-h≥
]
ø-\
m-Sv,
t^
mIvte
m¿ k
¶-e
v]-\
ßfpw
kt¶
-
Xß
fpw, ]
ø-∂
q¿: F
v. Fv. F
w. ]_
vvfn-t°
-j≥
kv, 1999.
5)cmL
-h≥
]ø
-\mS
v (F-U
n-‰¿), t
Ic-f-t^
m-Ivte
m¿, ]
ø-∂
q¿:
F^
v. F^
v. Fw. ]
_vvfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 1996.
bqW
-n‰v 3t
^mI
vte
m-dns
‚
qcn-
m-Kh
pw hms
am-g
n-h-g-°
-ß-fmW
v
\ne
-hn-e
p≈ h
msam-g
n-h-g-°
-ßsf ]
cn-N
-b-s∏
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pI
˛ tI
c-f-Ø
nse
tZi
n-bmb
hms
am-g
n-h-g-°
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p- pI
sf
B c
oXn-b
n¯
s∂
hni
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p-I, A
°m-Z
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P\
p-
209208
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
Fw.-F
. ae
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w: `mj
bpw k
mln-X
yhpw
s]
mdm´
p \
mS-I
w, I
pd-Ø
n-bm´
w, tI
m¬°
fn,
H∏
-\,
XpS
-ßnb
h a
X-\
n-c-t]
£ c
wKm-h
n-jv°
m-c-cq-]
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v.
]W
n-b-\
r-Øw, I
º-f-\
r-Øw, C
cn-f
-\r-Ø
w, Bcy-Ω
m-
e-\
m-SI
w ˛ XpS
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At\
Iw c
q]ß
ƒ B
Zn-h
m-kn-
Iƒ
°n-S
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p≠v.
cwK
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‰h
pw
][
m-\-∏
´ Hcn-\
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v \
mS≥
I-fn-I
ƒ˛F
√m
]mb
-
°m¿
°pw I
fn-I
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v, B¨
s]
¨ h
yXym-k
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p-≠v.
ASp-°
f D
]-I
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apX
¬ \
mep-s
I-´p-h
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p≈
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n uX
n-I-k
w-k-°
m-c-ß
ƒ t
Ic-fo-b
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n-Øn¬
˛ hnh
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n-ep≈
]W
n-bm-b
p-[-ß
ƒ˛
tI
cfo-b
-
cps
S k
zXzs
Ø \
ne-\
n-dp-Ø
p-∂X
n¬ B
Nm-c
-߃
°pw
hni
zm-k
-߃
°pa
p≈ ]
¶v˛
hgn-b
n¬ I
-≠p-a
p-´p-
tº
mgp≈
ss\
an-j
n-Iamb
BN
mc-ß
ƒ a
pX¬
Znh
kw
apg
p-h≥
\o≠
p-\n-e
v-°p∂
BN
m-c-ß
ƒ, h
nizm-k
-߃
˛ DZm-l
-c-W
ßfn-e
qsS P
\p-
p-I-fps
S _
‘w˛C
h-
bvs°
√mw k
mln-X
y-hp-a
m-bp≈
_‘
w ˛
kl
m-b-I
-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)R
ichard M. D
orson (ed.), Folk
lore and
Folk
life, Chicago:
University of C
hicago Press, 1972.
2)D
an Ben – A
mos, F
olklore in
Con
text, New
Delhi: S
outh Asian
Publishers, 1982.
3)F
w. hn. h
njvW
p-\-º
q-Xn-c
n, \mt
Sm-S
n-hn-⁄
m-\ob
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw : t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v.
4)F
w. hn. h
njvW
p--\º
q-Xn-c
n, \mS
≥I
-fn-I
fpw h
nt\
m-Z-ß
fpw
(]-cn-j
v°-cn®
]
Xn-∏
v), X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w: tI
cf `mj
m
C≥
Ãn‰
yq´v.
5)F
.-sI
.-\-º
ym¿,
tI
c-f-Ø
nse
\
mS≥
Ie
Iƒ
, tI
m´b
w:
F≥
_n-F
-kv, 1989.
6)_
me-I
r-jvW
≥ s
Imø
m¬, t
Ic-f-Ø
nse
Ie
m-cq-]
-߃
,
IÆ
q¿: e
nJnX
w _pI
vkv, 2008.
7)F
w. hn. h
njvW
p-\-º
q-Xn-c
n, \mS
≥ I
e-I
ƒ \
mS≥
]m´
p-Iƒ
,
tI
mgn-t
°mS
v: ]q¿
Æ ]
_-fn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2006.
5)F
w. hn. h
njvW
p-\-º
q-Xn-c
n, \mt
Sm-S
n-hn-⁄
m-\ob
w,
Xnc
p-h-\
-¥-c-]
pcw : t
Icf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq´
v.
bqW
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mtamg
nhg-°
sØ
At]
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v a‰v a
q∂p h
n`m-K
߃
˛ Iq´
m-bvam-c
w-Km-h
n-jvI
m-cw,
uX
n-I-k
w-kv°
m-cw, B
Nm-
cß
fpw h
nizm-k
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cwK
m-hn-j
vImc
w sI
m≠v k
º-
∂-amW
v tI
cfw
˛ sX
°p
apX
¬ h
S-°
p-hsc A
\p-
jvTm-\
w, A\
p-jvTm-\
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w, \mt
Sm-S
n-\m-S
Iw F
∂nh
[mcmfw
˛]
mX
n\n[
ykz`
mh
tØ
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cn-N
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tX
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msam-g
n-hg-°
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D≠
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h
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p-dn®
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nh-cW
w
tN
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≠nh
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dnb
Nn∏
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mWn a
pX¬
16
sI
´p-h
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p≈ `
uX
n-I-k
w-kv°
mcwtI
cf-Ø
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v.
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v. C
h
t\
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sb
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hne
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kl
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amb
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v. AX
v CS-t»
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r-Xn-I
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S∂
ph∂
p. orality to literacy. F∂
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w ]qX
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pw AX
mWv ]
qXw F
∂v ÿ
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pw
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p˛
literacy to orality - Cu c
oXn-b
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vte
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Ωn-e
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kl
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-K-Ÿ
-߃
:
1)W
. J. Ong; O
rality to Literacy
2)D
an Ben – A
mos and K
enneth S. G
oldstein, Folk
lore Perfor-
man
ce and
Com
mu
nication
, Mouton: T
he Hague, 1975.
3)E
lizabath C. Fine, T
he Folklore T
ext from P
erformance to P
rint,B
loomington: Indian U
niversity Press, 1984.
4)R
ichard M. D
orson (ed.), Folk
lore in th
e Mod
ern W
orld,
Mouton: T
he Hague, 1978.
5)tU
m. F
.-sI
. \
ºym¿
, h
S-°
≥s]
-cp-a
, X
ncp-h
-\-¥
-]pc
w:
tI
cf `
mjm C
≥Ã
n-‰yq-´
v, 2013.
6)s]
m^. _
n.- ap-l
-ΩZv A
l-Ω
Zv, t
^mI
vte
m¿ k
wkv°
mc-
]-T-\
-߃
, IÆ
q¿: k
ab
w ]_
vfn-t
°-j
≥k
v, 2014.
7)cmL
-h≥
]ø
-\m-S
v (F-U
n-‰¿), t
Ic-f-t^
m-Ivte
m¿, ]
ø-∂
q¿:
t^
mIvte
m¿ s
^te
mkv H
m^v a
e-_
m¿ (S
-Ãv), 1997.
7)M
annarakkal Dasan, T
HE
YY
AM
– Patron
age Ap
prop
riationand
Interp
olation, K
annur: Kannur U
niversity, 2012.