ILLUMINATION (Student Version)
Transcript of ILLUMINATION (Student Version)
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ILLUMINATION
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CONTENTS1. Course Outcomes and
Program Outcomes
2. Learning
Outcomes
3. Types of
Lighting andUnits
4. Natural andArtificial Lighting
5. Cost comparisonbetween Fluorescent
Lamp and Bulb
6. Lighting
ControlStrategies
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CO2: Explain the applicationof electrical and mechanicalequipment, safety precautionand control of the building.
PO1: Ability to acquire andapply basic knowledge ofscience, mathematics and
engineering.
This chapter address CO 2 & PO 1 :
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Lesson Outcomes
By the end of this session, students should be able to:
a. List and describe between natural and artificial
lighting.b. Differentiate between natural and artificial lighting.
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Control of Lighting & Their Usage
1. Types of Lighting
There are two (2) types
________ lighting and ________ lighting A room or a building can be supplied by natural or
artificial lighting or mixed of both.
It is more economical to supply & design with max
usage of natural lighting, thus saving the cost ofenergy.
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3. Natural Lighting Directly from _____________________ by them Usually referred to daylightcoming through awindow
either fixed or adjustable
If a building uses only natural lighting during the day,
amount needed depends upon Daylight Factor (D.F) D.F depends upon:
i. _____________
ii. __________________________
iii. ____________________
iv. _________________ If natural lighting cannot fulfill requirement of D.F,
artificial lighting must be added.
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4. Artificial Lighting _________________ (i.e light from bulbs & candles) Unlike natural lighting, artificial lighting is controllable Design of artificial lighting depends upon:
i. Extent of usage, alone or supplement to artificial
lightingii. _________________iii. _________________iv. Aesthetic (i.e colour, form & effects)
v. ____________vi. Weight of lamp units + componentsvii. Maintenance (i.e longevity & accessibility)
viii. ______________
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Types of lamp
i. Tungsten Filament or Incandescent
uses fine tungsten wire as _________.
when filament resists current, thentemperature rise, light out.
rating : 5W
1500W & last for1000hrs
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a) ______________ lamps
Incandescent lamps have relatively ______lives (typically 1000 to 2000 hoursof use) and are the least efficient of common light sources.
Only about 15 percent of the energy they use comes out as light the rest
becomes heat.
produce a pleasant color that is similar to natural sunlight.
Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy but the most expensive tooperate.
Reduced-wattage incandescent produce about the same light output butconsume less energy than standard bulbs.
b) ___________________
Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp that has become increasingly
popular in recent years. produce a ________, more intense light than standard incandescentand are
typically used for decorative, display or accent lighting.
Halogen spotlights also have good focusing ability in small areas.
They are about twice as efficient as regular incandescent lamps and last twoto four times longerthan most incandescent lamps.
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Incandescent lamps
Tungsten-halogen
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c) Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) aresimilar in operation to standard
fluorescent lamps but are manufacturedto produce colors similar to incandescentlamps.
They are available in a range of types andsizes to meet most applications including
downlighting, ambience, task and generalspace lighting.
CFLs are about four times as efficient asincandescent and last up to 10 timeslonger. Lamp ballast combinations that
replace incandescent in standard fixturesare substantially more expensive thantheir incandescent counterparts.
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ii. Discharge Lamps
operated by passing electricity (current)through a gas or vapour.
disadvantages: take time for fullbrightness
advantages: last longer & better lights
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two types:
a) High pressure mercury discharge lamps
- use ________ vapour & 5 mins to full brightness.- Orange yellow.
-Install at __________, road junctions, high risk
area
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High-intensity discharge (HID)
This category of high output light sourcesthat includes mercury vapor, metal
halide, high-pressure sodium and low-pressure sodium lighting. As withfluorescent lights, HID lights require a ballast for proper lamp operation.
The efficiency of HID sources varies widely from mercury vapor with anefficiency almost as low as incandescent to low-pressure sodium which isamong the most efficient light sources.
Color rendering varies widely from the bluish cast of mercury vapor lamps tothe distinctly yellow light of low-pressure sodium.
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b) Low pressure sodium discharge lamps- use sodium vapour & 15 mins to full brightness- white to bluish. Installed as street lighting.
iii. Tubular Fluorescent Lampsuses low pressure mercury vapour
coating will provide various emitting light colours.available in long tube with straight, oval, compact &
circular.
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Cost Comparison of Incandescent and Fluorescent
LampsLamp Type Energy Costs First Cost Maintenance Costs
Incandescent Much _______ Lower __________
Fluorescent Much ________ Higher ___________
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Lighting Control Strategies
Control of lighting systems ranges from the most basic and familiar manual wallswitch to sophisticated computer control lighting management systems. Modernadvances on occupant sensing and day lighting add additional cost-effective optionsfor managing lighting systems. Forms of automatic lighting control include:
Time clocks and photocells simple, reliable and cost-effective methods of controlling lighting systems.
Occupancy sensors sound and heat-sensing technology used to detect the presence of people in a space and turn lights
off when spaces are unoccupied. They include delays and logic systems to avoid false or too frequentturning off of light fixtures.
Dimming technologies include common manual dimming switches as well as more sophisticated technology that
automatically reduce light output according to the availability of daylight or other ambient light.While dimming of incandescent lamps is common, dimming of fluorescent fixtures can only beaccomplished if they have ballasts designed specially for dimming applications.
Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures in perimeter areas next to windows or under skylights in
response to natural outdoor light entering the building. Daylighting controls are available incontinuous dimming and stepped reduction models.
Automated lighting management systems provide centralized computer control of lighting systems.
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THE END.