I. New France

II. The Dutch and Swedish

III. Problems in Europe: Reformation

IV. English Challenge

V. Restoration Colonies

VI. English Civil Wars (begins chp 3)

Chapter 2The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America

Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain

22 slides

Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain

Chapter 2The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America

I. New Francea. Early French Explorers

a. Samuel Champlain: St Lawrence

b. Many were late teens to early 20s

b. Explored / Settled Areasa. Acadia/Nova Scotia

b. 1608: est Quebec city

Frontier of inclusion

Religious

Tended to look toward West for expansion, trade and a future – NOT toward France.

Established outposts along Great Lakes and St Lawrence river

c. MissionExports / Wealth

d. Religion

II. Dutch and Swedish

a) Dutch more active than French in 17th century.

b) Dutch (Netherlands) sought colonies to relieve overpopulation, and profit.

c) Republicanism

i) The East and West India Companies

1602 Dutch East India Company chartered (born/begun)

1621 Dutch West India Company chartered

Trading company

DUTCH:DUTCH:

ii) New Netherland-Seaport

-Pluralistic society

-Danes, Finns, Germans, Scots, Norwegians

-Similarity with French and English

-Established vast patroonships (1630s)

-French later established seigneuries

-English later established estates

SWEDISH:SWEDISH:

a) Flemish refugees from Spanish war and Swedes

b) Arrived in America in 1638

c) Founded New Sweden

d) Initially more Calvin – religious and more Flemish

e) Initially Dutch and Swedes united in war against Spain.

f) Swedish control fell to Dutch and eventually Dutch fell to the English

III. Problems in Europe: ReformationGERMANY:Martin Luther – German

SWITZERLAND:John Calvin –

Christian ReligionEssential doctrine: absolute depravity of man after Fall of Adam and

impossibility of salvation except for those few, the Elect, predestined by God to salvation. Rejected Catholic tenants: papal supremacy, veneration of Saints, clerical celibacy

ENGLAND

Protestant Reformation argued that a person could find salvation through faith alone!

Spread to England with Henry VIII

Church of England and Henry VIII1527 cut ties to RomeHenry sat at the head of the Church, Protestant.

What to do with the wifeHe didn't have a problem with majority of rules BUT wanted official sanction to dispose of wife

Elizabeth I: most responsible for defining Protestant reformation in England

England had problems at time: money and Spain

Privateers

1588 English victory over Spanish Armada

She dies 1603, James I becomes king.

With the English victory … England starts to move about on the Atlantic.

Why they left Europe and where they went

Why they left:

COLONIESThe English

Roanoke VA 1587John White

Jamestown 1607John Smith

The FrenchQuebec / Lower Canada

Samuel de Champlain

The SpanishFloridaCentral and South AmericaSW of current US

Others

Dutch / Swedes: Delaware / NY area

Where they went:

Plymouth was first English colony, founded by pilgrims, religious dissenters.

Pilgrims were English separatists who believed Anglican est so corrupt they had to start their own church.

1620, 102 people set sail from Plymouth England on board the Mayflower.

Plymouth Colony and Mayflower Compact

IV. English Challenge

MASSACHUSETTES BAY COMPANY:

Ideal of Puritans was to establish a city upon a hill.

1629, Royal Charter granted to group of wealthy Puritans who created the MA Bay Comp.

Between 1629-1643, 20,000 people.

Puritans.Puritans split into two groups. Salvation came from God’s covenant of grace.

Those who believed that needed changes could be accomplished within the church (known as non-separatists).

Pilgrims:1st colonists of New England. Believed that the Anglican church tenets stood in the way of pure religion as defined by Biblical teachings.

Puritan Values: Social/Cultural

Religious-Most followed dictates of Church of England (similar in some respects to Catholicism)-Calvinism-Emphasized; hard work, work ethic

Puritan missionaries vis a vis indians.John Eliot

View of Indians

– Economy• Didn’t have soil for tobacco, forced to diversity: fish,

lumber, farming. Shipping fleets were built

– Education• 1647, when town had more than 50 families, had to

build a school.. Harvard in 1636. Connecticut enacted similar laws.

• Puritan attitudes toward Virginians (1640s)

• Virginian attitude toward Puritan

• Puritans and Virginians on Quakers

• Quakers on new Englanders:

New EnglandTobacco, Expansion and Warfare

Figures for tobacco1617; VA exported 10 tons1618: VA exported 25 tons1628: VA exported 250 tons

Required labor forceRequired labor force:Indentured servants¾ of English migrants to Chesapeake In exchange for cost of transportation, worked for 7 years (2-7 years).

Headright system: 50 acres per

Indians

Indians:Indians:

Powhattan IndiansInitially Powhattan Indians assisted English settlers.

For 15 years they coexisted despite poor treatment by settlers to Indians.

1614: Pocahontas

PowhatanPowhatan died

Chief OpechancanoughOpechancanough

- 1622 assault on Jamestown – Good Friday.

1644 – Opechancanough FINAL assault to push back settlers

1645

1685

V. Restoration Colonies

Charles II – restored to throne.

Carolina

Pennsylvania

New York

Middle Colonies:

New York

Pennsylvania

VI. English Civil Wars

England’s civil wars wages 1640s, Royal power/authority over colonies virtually collapsed.

During civil wars, trade was redirected. Rather than London, Amsterdam became the largest trading partner.

Few English politicians paid much notice to the colonies. They were ignored or …

Salutary neglect

REVIEW TERMS:

Joint Stock Company

Covenant

Compact

Charter

Christianity:

Catholicism

Protestantism: Lutheranism Anglicanism

Republicanism v. Monarchism

Reformation

Merchantilism

Salutary Neglect

Patroonships

Seigneurs