hyponymyhyponymy

By FeatherBy Feather

class 2 class 2

hyponymyhyponymy• what is hyponymy ?what is hyponymy ?• hyponym and hyponym and superordinatesuperordinate• Pseudo-hyponymy Pseudo-hyponymy • Quasi-hyponymyQuasi-hyponymy• General General superordinatessuperordinates• Benefit from learning hyponymyBenefit from learning hyponymy• supplementsupplement

definition definition • Hypo- ; Hypo- ; "below", "low", "below", "low", • In our text book, In our text book, hyponymy hyponymy involves us in the involves us in the

notion of notion of inclusioninclusion, that is to say, hyponymy is , that is to say, hyponymy is the relationship of inclusion. Inclusion refers tthe relationship of inclusion. Inclusion refers to including or being included.(o including or being included.( 上下义关系 上下义关系 ))

33rdrd Hyponym ( Hyponym ( 下义词下义词 ))

• Hyponym Hyponym is any of a group of is any of a group of specific specific tterms whose meanings are erms whose meanings are included inincluded in a a more more general term (general term (superordinatesuperordinate),),

• eg : spaniel(eg : spaniel( 长毛垂耳狗长毛垂耳狗 ) and terrier) and terrier（小猎狗） （小猎狗） are hyponyms of dog.are hyponyms of dog.

• Hyponym is also called subordinate Hyponym is also called subordinate

22ndnd implication rules of hyponym implication rules of hyponym

• In semantics hyponymy is described acIn semantics hyponymy is described according to unilateral implication(cording to unilateral implication( 单向包单向包含含 ))

language

English

Hyponym and superordinateHyponym and superordinate

• Whether a word is a hyponym or a supeWhether a word is a hyponym or a superordinate is determined by their relationsrordinate is determined by their relationship with other termship with other terms

• eg. flower & roseeg. flower & rose

flower & plantflower & plant

foodfood

meat vegetable fruit

pork beef cabbage potato apple peach

Pseudo-hyponymy(Pseudo-hyponymy( 假上下义关系假上下义关系 ))

• Not so strictly defined ; lax hyponymyNot so strictly defined ; lax hyponymy• It does not correspond to the implicatioIt does not correspond to the implicatio

n rule of hyponymy.n rule of hyponymy.• eg. goods -----eg. goods -----

doll knife bag necklace book watchdoll knife bag necklace book watch

Quasi-hyponymy(Quasi-hyponymy( 相似上下义关系相似上下义关系 ))

• it shows a way to link ait shows a way to link a• superordinate to its subordinates througsuperordinate to its subordinates throug

h h grammatical classes grammatical classes different from eadifferent from each otherch other 。。

• Eg. pencil------Eg. pencil------• write; study; picture; blue; blackwrite; study; picture; blue; black

General superordinatesGeneral superordinates

• General superordinates(General superordinates( 普通上义词普通上义词 ))• Eg. Items, objects, things , living things, Eg. Items, objects, things , living things,

creature creature

Benefit from learning hyponymyBenefit from learning hyponymy

• a better understanding in a better understanding in comprehensive reading comprehensive reading

• It helps us write excellent articles It helps us write excellent articles

a better understanding in a better understanding in comprehensive readingcomprehensive reading

• It was a spring without voice. On the It was a spring without voice. On the mornings that had once throbbed with mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens,doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other and scores of other bird bird voices there was now no sound; voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.woods and marsh.

exampleexample

• Only in the evenings, as the air cooled aOnly in the evenings, as the air cooled and the water darkened, and the surface nd the water darkened, and the surface was broken with the silver dances of the was broken with the silver dances of the rising shoals. Would you perhaps get a rising shoals. Would you perhaps get a bite or two, a baby perch(bite or two, a baby perch( 河鲈河鲈 ) sucking ) sucking at the worm, a roach(at the worm, a roach( 石斑鱼石斑鱼 ) no bigger ) no bigger than a sardine. than a sardine.

supplementsupplement

vegetation animal

animal fish bird insect

human animal

( 动物 )

（哺乳动物）

（除人以外的兽类）

living

The End

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