Hydrosphere 3 rd Period. The Hydrosphere and the Water Cycle.
Hydrologic Cycle. Water is Ubiquitous! Biosphere- Water Cycle Hydrosphere Liquid waters of earth. 1....
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Transcript of Hydrologic Cycle. Water is Ubiquitous! Biosphere- Water Cycle Hydrosphere Liquid waters of earth. 1....
Biosphere- Water Cycle
Hydrosphere• Liquid waters of
earth.
1. Oceans2. Lakes3. Streams4. Glaciers
Atmosphere• Layer of gases
surrounding earth.
1. Clouds
2. Vapor
Earth is a closed system:
The water available on Earth , today, is the same water that has always been available and the only water that ever will be available!
Fresh Water
≤1 % of Earth’s water is available for the following:
• Support organisms such as: plants, bacteria, humans
• Support industry, agriculture• Provide a source of recreation • Hydropower plants- energy• Transportation• Habitats • Waste processing
Earth’s Water Budget
How the water is divided among:
• Ocean• Land• Atmosphere
Proportions of waterremains relatively
stable on Earth. Only the distribution
differs (tropical vs desert).
Water Cycle
The actual path any given water molecule follows
in a complete water cycle can be varied and
complex and may not follow the
exact path shown by a diagram.
Water is Always on the Move
From Atmosphere to Surface
1. Condensation2. Precipitation
From Surface to Atmosphere
1. Evaporation2. Transpiration3. Sublimation
Sublimation: from solid to gas without melting.
Snow or ice vapor
Evaporation
From liquid to vapor
• 80% of all water entering the atmosphere originates from the ocean.
• Transfers energy from the earth’s surface to the air above.
Latent energy: hidden heat energy
Latere- (Lat.) to lie hidden
Water Vapor
• Odorless, colorless gas that mixes with other gases in the atmosphere like N2 and O2. These gases make up 99% of the atmosphere.
• The amount of water vapor varies from less than 1% to 4% in the atmosphere.
Condensation
• Water vapor cools in the upper atmosphere to form drops or ice.
• Releases latent heat warming the air.
• The released heat may trigger storms.
CloudsA mass of liquid droplets or
frozen crystals.
1. Earth’s water transportation system.
in conjunction with wind
2. Determine how much of earth energy is absorbed.
block solar rays
3. Alters temperature of air on earth’s surface
traps heat on the surface
The process of evaporation and condensation purifies water
naturally.
Evaporation: only the water molecules leave the surface; the dissolved salts and other solids remain behind in solution.
Condensation: when the water vapor condenses again it is pure. It may become contaminated as it falls through the atmosphere: sulfates and nitric oxides( NOx)
cause acid precipitation.
Precipitation
Water droplets coalesce to form precipitation.
Gravity pulls it to the earths surface.• Hail• Rain• Sleet• Snow
Precipitation
Interception: falls on leaves or stems of plants.
Percolation: moves down into the soil and ground water.Runoff: does not infiltrate soil but
travels across the surface of land.
Ground Water Zones
1. Unsaturated- soil and water 2. Saturated- ground water
Vadose: soil moisture
Water table: divides the 2 zones.
Zone of Saturation
Aquifer- body of earth material that has the ability to hold and transport water.
• Unconfined- “open” connected to the surface above.
• Confined- “closed” sandwiched between dense impermeable layer of earth.
Groundwater Movement
• Replenished by percolation from zone of aeration downward to zone of saturation.
Recharge zone- where confined aquifer is exposed at the surface.
Groundwater flow
Seepage: ground water flows to a stream channel, lakes, and wetlands
Hydraulic conductivity- the measure of the ability of a material to transport water.
Water Issues
The amount of water on earth remains constant.
World population- 7.111 billion & growing
• 783 million people do not have access to clean water.
• 2.5 billion do not have access to adequate sanitation.
• Demand for food, space, energy and clean water continues to rise.
What can you do?