Hydrogen Fuel

Presented By:Abhale Deepak P. & Saif ShaikhT.Y B.Tech (Mechanical)Walchand College of Engineering,Sangli

Introduction Fossil and nuclear fuel reserves are becoming

increasingly limited, and the world's energy future will have to include several renewable alternatives to these failing resources.

The present reliance on energy from fossil fuels produces unwanted side effects: environmental pollution, carbon dioxide emissions that accelerate global warming.

Geopolitical tensions arising from the non uniform distribution of fossil resources throughout the world.

The challenge is to find highly efficient ways to produce, deliver, and use energy that enhance quality of life but do not threaten the environment and climate.

Status of Hydrogen TodayHydrogen is the most abundant element in

the universe, it does not naturally exist in its elemental form on Earth.

Pure hydrogen must be produced from other hydrogen-containing compounds such as fossil fuels, biomass, or water

Current leading technology for producing hydrogen in large quantities is steam reforming of methane gas.

PRODUCING HYDROGENThere are many viable means to produce H2. Some common methods are;1)steam reforming2)From coal3)Electrolysis4)Thermolysis5)Photocatalytic water splitting6)Bio-catalysed electrolysis

Storage and delivery Physical storage: liquefaction , compression, physisorptionChemical storage: metal hydrides, complex hydrides.

Suppliers currently transport hydrogen by pipeline or over roadways using tube trailers or cryogenic liquid hydrogen tankers.

For a given volume, hydrogen contains a smaller amount of useable energy than other fuels such as natural gas and gasoline. Because of its low volumetric energy density, hydrogen is comparatively more costly to transport and store.

Fuel cells Fuel cells now in development will

provide a new way to produce power, especially in transportation applications.

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices like batteries.

A fuel cell does not run down or require recharging.

Conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion .It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.

Fuel cell : Principle• A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte.

•Spurred by a catalyst, hydrogen oxidizes into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the electrode, which thereby becomes the anode. This buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the cathode.

•flow of electrons through a circuit that creates electricity.

•As the electrical current begins to flow, hydrogen protons pass through the membrane from the anode to the cathode, react with oxygen at the cathode to form water and heat.

Anode Reaction: H2 —> 2 H+ + 2 e-

Cathode Reaction: ½ O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- —> H2O

Types of fuel cellsDifferent types of fuel cells are classified by the kind of electrolyte used

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) : Perfluoro sulfonic acid. Alkaline (AFC) : Aqueous solution of KOH soaked in a matrix . Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) : Phosphoric acid soaked in a matrix.

Molten Carbonate (MCFC) : Solution of lithium, sodium, and/ or potassium carbonates, soaked in a matrix ‘

Solid Oxide (SOFC) : Yttria stabilized zirconia.

Uses:Stationary power generation

Residential

Transportation – No pollution

Portable power – Miniature Fuel Cells

Why hydrogenand fuel cells?

Physical Security

Reliability

Efficiency

Battery Replacement/Alternative.

Environmental Benefits

Why hydrogenand fuel cells?No dependence on foreign oilZero to near-zero levels of harmful

emissions .Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more

efficient than internal combustion engines.Very less noise generated .

Honda FCX Clarity

Disadvantages of hydrogen fuelMore energy to make hydrogen than you get

from it.

Hydrogen powered cars will not be able to store as much fuel as a normal car.

It is not a very good fuel for an internal combustion engine.

Will not perform as well in colder environments.

Future Scope Power Plants using direct solar & hydrogen fuel

cells.

The size and weight of current fuel cell systems must be reduced to attain market acceptance, especially with automobiles.

This does not exist today, but when technology catches up with the idea, we will see hydrogen being used in fuel cells for heating, cooling and electrical.

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