Hybrid VehicleByKaran C. PrajapatiRachit SagarRavi Patel

Knowledge Corridor, Raisan, Gandhinagar-382007,Gujarat

Introduction IC engine invented by Nicholas Otto in

1861 Automobile Technology in 20th Century

Focus on Petrol and Diesel Engine.

Automobile Technology in 21st Century

Focus on Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Solar Vehicle and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

Working Principle of Hybrid Vehicle

Hybrid Electric VehicleA type of technology which indulges both

mechanical drive train and electric vehicle.

Classification of HEV

Complex Hybrid: There are two separate mechanical links obtaining a light transmission system and a flexible mounting.

Hybrid Solar Vehicle An integration of Hybrid Electric Vehicle and

Photo-Voltic Panels. This technology is also classified into four

types: - Series hybrid, Parallel Hybrid, Parallel-Series Hybrid and Complex Hybrid.

Basic Diagram of Series HSV

Plug-In Hybrid Electric VehicleNext Version of Hybrid Electric Vehicle 1) it can be plugged in to an electrical outlet

to be charged and 2) has some range that can be travelled on

the energy it stored while plugged in 3) gasoline-independent for daily commuting 4) can also be multi-fuel supplemented by

diesel, biodiesel or hydrogen

CASE STUDY OF TOYOTA PRIUS SERIES

Why Prius?Came out too early (1997), much

before environmental awareness became a mainstream issue.

Till now the most successful hybrid car ever made (Highest sales and best mileage).

Has inculcated an intelligent Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) rather than going on mainstream functioning directly.

First Generation PriusChallenges while making the first generation Prius. Life of Battery (7-10 years) Need for hybrid system High Performance engine for

charging the battery.

Solutions:-The battery pack is always charged

between 40%-60% for maximum efficiency.

The introduction of the “Toyota Hybrid System”.

Introduction of the Double Overhead Cam-Shaft (DOHC) engine in the vehicle.

Benefits of DOHC engine DOHC stands for Double Overhead

Cam shaft engine. DOHC allows the engine to have four

valves per cylinder. Hence higher power is produced as more air can be sucked and exhaust cam be removed at higher rate resulting in decrease in cycle completion time.

Working of Toyota Hybrid System

ComponentsPetrol Engine Two Motor Generators (MG1 & MG2).Power Control Unit (PCU).Power Split DeviceBattery

WorkingWhen the car starts it solely runs on

Electric Motor (MG2).When the car achieve higher speed the

petrol engine comes into play.The engine also operates a generator

with the help of a power split device which in turn drives the electric motor MG2.

This power splitting is controlled by the power control unit which manages the power for the maximum efficiency.

During braking the motor acts as a generator and the energy recovered is stored in the battery.

The battery doesn’t need any external charging.

If the battery is drained, the car is run on the petrol engine in “stand mode” which charges the battery.

AdvantagesVery less noise pollution at low

speeds.Lower level of CO2 emissions.High mileage City driving 5.6 L/100 km (17.8km/L) Highway driving 5.7 L/100 km (17.5km/L) Combined driving5.7 L/100 km (17.5km/L)

DrawbacksThe reversing of the car was

difficult at steeps.The rides where jerky at times.

Second generation: Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) It has an all electric Air conditioner. Hence

the engine can be turned off during standby cooling.

Torque of electrical motor is increased up to 14 % .

Inferior electrical losses. Improved charge capacity of the generator

(500V). New HV battery with superior power

density and 14% weight reduction.

Planetary Gear set is introduced

AdvantagesIncrease in mileage City driving 4.9 L/100 km (20.4km/L) Highway driving 5.2 L/100 km (19.23km/L) Combined driving 5.1 L/100km (19.60km/L)

Third generation: Hybrid synergy drive (HSD)

The internal combustion engine is a new more powerful 1.8-litre VVT-i Atkinson cycle petrol engine.

The electric motor MG2 is 20% more powerful (60kW vs. 50 kW) and 33% smaller.

The Ni-MH battery power has been increased to a maximum 27kW (+2kW), and has reduced size.

The PCU is 36% lighter, faster switching and cooling is employed for improved efficiency.

The Ni-MH battery power has been increased to a maximum 27kW (+2kW), and has reduced size.

The third generation Prius also has a planetary gear set called the ‘motor speed gear reduction’ for the MG1.

AdvantagesVery low CO2 emissions (89g/km).Very low noise level at low speeds. Mileage was overwhelming City driving 3.70 L/100 km (27.0km/L) Highway driving 3.90 L/100 km (25.6km/L) Combined driving3.90 L/100 km (25.6km/L)

DrawbackToo less noise level at low speed

caused accidents. This however was corrected by installing a noise producing device in the car.

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The PHEV has a 4.4Kwh Lithium ion battery which allows an all-electric range of 23 km.

The lithium-ion battery pack can be charged in 180 minutes at 120 volts or in 90 minutes at 240 volts.

AdvantagesThe Prius plug-in releases only

49gm CO2 emissions.Same mileage as that of 3rd

generation Prius.It has an all electric efficiency of

2.5L/100km (40km/L).The Battery can be charges at any

outlet.

Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles Hybrid cars use no energy during idle

state, they turn off and use less than petrol engines at low speeds.

At lower speeds i.e. in traffic no smog is emitted maintaining its sustainable advantage.

Hybrid cars offers greater mileage than other cars.

Noise pollution and emission of CO2 are considerably reduced.

Drawbacks of Hybrid Vehicles Hybrid cars are more expensive than

normal cars. Hybrid cars are much more complex in

construction and working than the IC engine cars.

Hybrid cars offer larger repair bills. Batteries are not yet much advanced so as

the car could run for a larger distance on batteries itself.

(Toyota is researching on making higher capacity Li-ion batteries)

THANK YOU

Its not about what you want…..Its about how bad you want it