Welcome

Topic :-Hybrid Vehicles-

A look at the future of Vehicles

GUIDED BY:-Mr.Pritesh P. Kevadiya

PREPAIR BY:-Krupal G. Munjani

Contents• What is a hybrid ?• A short history of hybrid vehicle• Why hybrid ?• Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle• Fuels use in hybrid vehicle• The types of hybrid electric vehicles• Technology Continued• Fuel cell• The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery• Advantages and disadvantages• Hybrid car models• Conclusion

What is a hybrid?

• Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power.

• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a combustion engine as well as an electric motor.

• If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all.

• Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles.

A short history of hybrid vehicle1904

Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor.Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles. Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed.

1997- 1999Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM( General Motors) followed by other main

car manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars.The first hybrid car launched by Toyota Prius for Japanese market only.

2004The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine

and the North American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to

47,000 for the U.S.

Why hybrid ?

• Hybrid vehicles produce much less emissions and use about 50% less fuel than the average new vehicle in the same class. (Partial-Zero emissions)

• Plug-in Hybrid vehicles eventually will be charged at parking locations using renewable energy. They will use at least half as much fuel as do hybrids.

• Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway.

• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).

• Emissions are greatly decreased.

• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.

• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.

• New materials can be implemented.

Basic Structure Of Hybrid Vehicle

• View of the components of the General Motors electric vehicle.

Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle

• The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the

electric motor.

• Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline

engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the

batteries as well as draw energy from them.

• The charger in a hybrid car is the charge the battery.

• Light weighting materials make light weight structure of car.

Fuels use in hybrid vehicle

Ethanol — Flex Fuel

Liquid Petroleum Gas(LPG)

Natural Gas

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Liquefied Natural Gas

Electric — Battery

Hydrogen

The types of hybrid electric vehicles

1. Series Hybrid electric vehicle.

2. Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.

3. Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.(Combine hybrid)

Series Hybrid electric vehicle• This is called a series hybrid system

because the power flows to the wheels in series.

• A series hybrid system can run a small-output engine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily, generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery.

• This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.

• Used for Trains, Buses, and large Trucks.

Fig. Series hybrid

Series Hybrid

Line diagram of series hybrid

Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle

• This is called a parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel.

• In a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilized according to the prevailing conditions.

• Used in Honda Insight and Civic hybrid cars.

Fig. Parallel hybrid

Parallel Hybrid

Line diagram of parallel hybrid

Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle

• This maximizes both series and parallel systems, it has two motors, and depending on the driving conditions, uses only the electric motor or the driving power from both the electric motor and the engine, in order to achieve the highest efficiency level.

• This system used in Toyota Prius and Ford Escape hybrids.

Fig. Series-parallel hybrid

Technology Continued

Panasonic Ni-MH battery

Toyota Prius Energy Monitor Ford Economy Monitor

• Computer displays provide real-time gas economy performance along with hybrid system diagnostic information.

• Ni-MH batteries are currently the energy storage medium of choice, but they will be soon replaced by vastly superior ultra-capacitors.

Fuel cell

• A fuel cell is a device that converts

the chemical energy from a fuel into

electricity through a chemical reaction

with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

• Fuel cells are different from batteries in

that they require a continuous source of

fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the

chemical reaction whereas in a battery

the chemicals present in the battery

react with each other to generate

an electromotive force (EMF).

• Fuel cells can produce electricity

continuously for as long as these inputs

are supplied.Hydrogen fuel cell

The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Advantages• Hold twice as much energy as lead

batteries

• Have a longer life cycle

• Require no maintenance

• The materials in them are far less toxic than the materials in regular car batteries.

Disadvantages • They can be heavy and bulky

• High price- as much as $5000 (300000rs).

• With sudden boom of hybrid cars, there is a supply shortage.

Toyota Prius

Honda Insight

Specification of Honda insight’s battery pack• 120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V) • Nickel metal hydride • 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates• The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery

life

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:-

• Better For The Environment

• Lower emissions & better mileage

• Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels

• Money saved

• Low maintenance

Disadvantages:-

• High cost

• More weight due to battery packs

• Risky in accidents

• Batteries are non-reusable

• Acceleration

• Disposal of batteries.

Hybrid car models

1997 Toyota Toyota Prius

1999 Honda Honda Insight

2003 Suzuki Suzuki Twin2004 Ford Ford Escape Hybrid

2005 Honda Honda Civic Hybrid

2009 BMW BMW X6 Active Hybrid

2010 Hyundai Hyundai Sonata Hybrid

Conclusion:-• A technology exists to build a future with a significant lower dependence

on fuel.

• Hybrids can play an important role in realizing this future, filling the gap between immediate improvements through conventional technology.

• Hybrids can help drive passengers vehicle fuel consumption and global warming.

Thank you