How is it possible?

a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet

Contains mixture of gases(O2 ), solids (dust, pollen, salt), and liquids (water vapor) circulated by winds What would happen if there was no

atmosphere? Cold nights Hot days

1-Balances the amount of heat absorbed and the amount of heat escaping back to space

This heat comes from the Sun

2-Protects life forms from Sun’s harmful rays

How was it created?

Pictionary: Steps to develop atmosphere

Time line: Volcanoes producing water vapor,

nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and

carbon dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean

photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere

MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and

carbon dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean

photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere

Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere

MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon

dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean

photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere

Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere

Plants were then protected from Sun and produced oxygen for respirating organisms

MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Time line: Volcanoes producing nitrogen and carbon

dioxide Cyanobacteria living in ocean

photosynthesized to release oxygen into atmosphere

Ozone came about from oxygen in atmosphere

Plants were then protected from Sun

78% - Nitrogen (N) 21% - Oxygen (O2) 1% - trace gases

Car emissions adds CO2 to the atmosphere Dangerous b/c CO2 is #1 greenhouse gas

Producing CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

characterized by abrupt temperature changes

Temp. changes due to difference in solar energy absorption

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Troposphere The inner most layer Weather, clouds, we are here Temperature decreases as you go up

Climbing a mountain

Tropopause Boundary between the troposphere and the

stratosphere Temperature stabilizes Limits mixing between the two layers

Stratosphere Ozone layer – global sunscreen

absorbs energy from the sun heating the air Aircraft flight in lower level

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Stratopause Boundary between the stratosphere and

mesosphere

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Mesosphere Meteoroids start to burn Noctilucent clouds

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Mesopause Boundary between mesosphere and

thermosphere

Ionosphere – a layer of electrically charged particles located between the mesosphere and the thermosphere

It allows radio waves to travel across the country to other cities

Thermosphere Auroras – reaction

between solar wind and magnetic field where e- are excited emitting photons of light

International Space Station

Exosphere Region where atoms and molecules can

escape gravity and exit into space Exosphere is the outer layer of the atmosphere in whichthe space shuttle flies.

Brain Pop Video on Atmosphere

OZONE

Ozone layer – a layer made of oxygen in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun

3 types of suns rays – UVA, UVB, UVC sunglasses block A and B ozone blocks C

Ultraviolet radiation – one type of energy that comes to the Earth from the Sun

Causes skin damage and cancer

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons – an air pollutant that destroys the ozone layer composed of Chlorine, Fluorine, and carbon, Used in some refrigerators, air conditioners

(Freon), aerosol cans (propellants), foam packaging

Good because non-flammable, odorless, cheap, nontoxic, non-corrosive

Page 432

Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs causing the depletion of ozone molecules leaving holes in the ozone layer

THE OZONE HOLE

Sun breaks down CFC creating a free Chlorine atom

That chlorine atom breaks up O3 (ozone) when the chlorine atom joins with 1 oxygen atom leaving 2 oxygen atoms together

The chlorine and oxygen molecule break up when come in contact with another free oxygen atom and the oxygen atoms hook-up

Now that free chlorine atom will find another ozone molecule to break apart

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Air pressure

The weight of the air/atmosphere above you causes air pressure.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Air density (# of air molecules in a given space) is greatest at the surface and decreases as you go up

Altitude and Air pressure

Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.

Altitude and Density

Measuring Air Pressure Tool used to measure air pressure is a barometer. Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury

in the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The air pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so the mercury is higher in the tube.

ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATOMOSPHERE

What happens to the heat from the sun? Absorbed by earth Reflected by the earth’s surface Absorbed by atmosphere Reflected by atmosphere

ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE Heat flows from high temperatures to

low temperatures Sun heats earth, earth heats atmosphere

Heat transfers through the atmospherein three ways: radiation, conduction,and convection

RADIATION

energy transferred in the form of rays or waves. Ex: holding your hand over a stove burner

CONDUCTION

the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another. Ex: burner warming pot

CONVECTION

the transfer of heat by the flow of material. Circulation of boiling water

Popping popcorn on the stove

Popping popcorn in electric popper

Microwave popcorn

What are the molecules doing?

Why does heat rise? When air is warmed, the molecules move

apart and the air becomes less dense. Air density decreases because there are

fewer molecules in one space.

What are the air molecules doing?

Why does cold air sink? cold air molecules move close together

becoming more dense

SO………

This creates convection currents which is how heat is distributed throughout the atmosphere

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

HYDROLOGIC (WATER) CYCLE

Hydrosphere – a term that describes all the water on earth’s surface

Evaporation/transpiration – sun’s energy causes water to change from a liquid to a gas

Precipitation – rain, sleet, snow, hail

Condensation – when the water vapor cools it changes back into a liquid

Label the Handout using this diagram

Air Movement

How is wind created?

Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface causes winds

AIR MOVEMENT

Radiation from sun is received on Earth in different amounts because its curved

The equator gets more radiation than the poles because the rays are more direct

Warmer less dense air rises and the cooler air falls creating convection currents

Convection currents

CORIOLIS EFFECT

Coriolis effect – causes moving air to turn left in the S. Hemisphere and turn right in the N. Hemisphere due to Earth’s rotation

Picture pg. 440, 441

Coriolis Effect Simulation

Trade winds – blow to the west as the cooled air flows back to the equator between 0˚ and 30˚N and S latitude Called the trade winds because early sailors used

the patterns to navigate the oceans.

Westerlies – between 30˚N and S latitude and 60˚N and S latitude blow from the west

Polar Easterlies – between 60˚N and S latitude to the N and S poles blow from the east away from poles

WINDS IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE

Jet Stream – narrow belts of strong winds that blow near the troposphere

LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS

Sea breezes- created during the day because land is warmed faster than water.

Land breezes – created during the night because water cools slower than land

LAND/SEA BREEZES