Housing Finance Chartbook - Urban Institute...John Walsh Research Assistant Caitlin Young Research...
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April 2020 A MONTHLY CHARTBOOK HOUSING FINANCE POLICY CENTER HOUSING FINANCE AT A GLANCE
Transcript of Housing Finance Chartbook - Urban Institute...John Walsh Research Assistant Caitlin Young Research...
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April 2020
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A MONTHLY CHARTBOOK
HOUSING FINANCE POLICY CENTER
HOUSING FINANCEAT A GLANCE
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ABOUT THE CHARTBOOK
The Housing Finance Policy Center’s (HFPC) mission is to produce analyses and ideas that promote sound public policy, efficient markets, and access to economic opportunity in the area of housing finance. At A Glance, a monthly chartbook and data source for policymakers, academics, journalists, and others interested in the government’s role in mortgage markets, is at the heart of this mission.
We welcome feedback from our readers on how we can make At A Glance a more useful publication. Please email any comments or questions to [email protected].
To receive regular updates from the Housing Finance Policy Center, please visit here to sign up for our bi-weekly newsletter.
HOUSING FINANCE POLICY CENTER STAFF
Laurie GoodmanCenter Vice President
Alanna McCargoCenter Vice President
Jim ParrottNonresident Fellow
Jun ZhuNonresident Fellow
Sheryl PardoAssociate Director of Communications
Karan KaulSenior Research Associate
Michael Neal Senior Research Associate
Jung ChoiResearch Associate
Sarah StrochakResearch Analyst
John WalshResearch Assistant
Caitlin YoungResearch Assistant
Alison Rincon
Director, Center Operations
mailto:[email protected]://www.urban.org/newsletters
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CONTENTSOverview
Market Size OverviewValue of the US Residential Housing Market 6Size of the US Residential Mortgage Market 6Private Label Securities 7Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities 7
Origination Volume and Composition First Lien Origination Volume & Share 8
Mortgage Origination Product TypeComposition (All Originations) 9Percent Refi at Issuance
9Cash-Out Refinances
Loan Amount After Refinancing 10Cash-out Refinance Share of All Originations 10Total Home Equity Cashed Out 10
Nonbank Origination ShareNonbank Origination Share: All Loans 11Nonbank Origination Share: Purchase Loans 11Nonbank Origination Share: Refi Loans 11
Securitization Volume and CompositionAgency/Non-Agency Share of Residential MBS Issuance 12Non-Agency MBS Issuance 12Non-Agency Securitization 12
Credit Box
Housing Credit Availability Index (HCAI)Housing Credit Availability Index 13Housing Credit Availability Index by Channel 13-14
Credit Availability for Purchase LoansBorrower FICO Score at Origination Month 15Combined LTV at Origination Month 15DTI at Origination Month 15Origination FICO and LTV by MSA 16
Nonbank Credit BoxAgency FICO: Bank vs. Nonbank 17GSE FICO: Bank vs. Nonbank 17Ginnie Mae FICO: Bank vs. Nonbank 17GSE LTV: Bank vs. Nonbank 18Ginnie Mae LTV: Bank vs. Nonbank 18GSE DTI: Bank vs. Nonbank 18Ginnie Mae DTI: Bank vs. Nonbank 18
State of the Market
Mortgage Origination Projections & Originator ProfitabilityTotal Originations and Refinance Shares 19Originator Profitability and Unmeasured Costs 19
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Housing SupplyMonths of Supply 20Housing Starts and Home Sales 20
Housing Affordability National Housing Affordability Over Time 21Affordability Adjusted for MSA-Level DTI 21
Home Price IndicesNational Year-Over-Year HPI Growth 22Changes in CoreLogic HPI for Top MSAs 22
First-Time HomebuyersFirst-Time Homebuyer Share 23Comparison of First-time and Repeat Homebuyers, GSE and FHA Originations 23
Delinquencies and Loss Mitigation Activity Negative Equity Share 24Loans in Serious Delinquency/Foreclosure 24Loan Modifications and Liquidations 24
GSEs under Conservatorship
GSE Portfolio Wind-DownFannie Mae Mortgage-Related Investment Portfolio 25Freddie Mac Mortgage-Related Investment Portfolio 25
Effective Guarantee Fees & GSE Risk-Sharing Transactions Effective Guarantee Fees 26Fannie Mae Upfront Loan-Level Price Adjustment 26GSE Risk-Sharing Transactions and Spreads 27-28
Serious Delinquency RatesSerious Delinquency Rates – Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA & VA 29Serious Delinquency Rates – Single-Family Loans & Multifamily GSE Loans 29
Agency Issuance
Agency Gross and Net IssuanceAgency Gross Issuance 30Agency Net Issuance 30
Agency Gross Issuance & Fed PurchasesMonthly Gross Issuance 31Fed Absorption of Agency Gross Issuance 31
Mortgage Insurance ActivityMI Activity & Market Share 32FHA MI Premiums for Typical Purchase Loan 33Initial Monthly Payment Comparison: FHA vs. PMI
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Related HFPC Work
Publications and Events 34
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COVID-19 Flips 2020 Mortgage Market Expectations
In a remarkably short time period, COVID-19 has dramatically altered the course of broad mortgage market metrics. At the end of 2019, trends in mortgage applications suggested that, over the course of 2020, purchase mortgage originations would rise and refinance originations would decrease. As the full effect of COVID-19 became more apparent, refinancing applications leaped, purchase applications plummeted, and the mortgage market expectations established at the beginning of this year were reversed.
Historical and forecasted originations by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) are shown on page 19 of this Chartbook. To measure changes in mortgage market expectations, we average Fannie Mae’s and the MBA’s January estimates, along with Freddie Mac’s December estimate, of 2019 mortgage originations as well as their forecast of originations in 2020. We then compare what they thought would happen in 2020 with the projections in their most recent April forecasts.
Over 2019, purchase mortgage applications held largely steady, supported by lower mortgage rates and strong labor market conditions (figure above). It was expected that rates would stay low and the economy would remain strong, raising purchase mortgage originations in 2020 (table below). By contrast, refinancing originations were expected to be lower in 2020, since refinance applications had begun to decline in the latter half of 2019 (figure above).
The impact of COVID-19 was first manifested by the drop in Treasury and mortgage rates in January, with primary mortgage rates falling. Lower rates along with still strong labor market conditions and housing equity growth boosted applications for both purchase and refinance mortgages by 11 and 88 percent respectively over the first month of this year.
As COVID-19’s impact became clearer, purchase mortgage applications plunged, falling 36 percent since February to a level last seen in 2015 (figure above). Refinance applications rose 116 percent to the highest level since at least 2011. Although refinance applications have receded in recent weeks, they remain elevated. Amidst these developments, mortgage market expectations have reversed, purchase origination volume is now expected to fall in 2020 while refinance volume is expected to be higher (table above).
COVID-19’s impact goes well beyond simply reversing expectations for the mortgage market. COVID-19 has infected nearly every part of the mortgage market’s structure, from lending standards in the primary market to investor liquidity in the secondary market, particularly in the non-agency sector, and the health of independent mortgage banks which account for about two-thirds of new agency origination.
The federal policy response has been swift, with Congressional action through the CARES Act providing borrower forbearance and the Federal Reserve purchasing large amounts of agency mortgage-backed securities. However, further actions are needed, including a servicing advance facility to aid the independent mortgage bankers as they struggle to access the funding that is needed to continue to make payments to investors in the wake of widespread forbearance, as well as a financing facility for non-agency securities.
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
• The Urban Institute’s Housing Credit Availability Index stood at 5.3 percent in Q4 2019, unchanged from Q3 2014 (Page 13).
• CAS and STACR spreads widened significantly in March 2020, reflecting investor expectations of higher defaults and credit losses owing to COVID-19 (Page 28).
• The Federal Reserve, as part of its efforts to stabilize the financial markets, purchased $292.2 billion in Agency MBS in March 2020, 178.2% of gross issuance and the largest volume of purchases in a single month (Page 31).
INTRODUCTION
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Mortgage Applications Index
Refinance Mortgage Applications (2020) Refinance Mortgage Applications (Up to 2019)
Purchase Mortgage Applications (2020) Purchase Mortgage Applications (Up to 2019)
Refinance Applications Index, March 16 1990=100 Purchase Applications Index, March 16 1990=100
Source: Mortgage Bankers Association.
Forecast of Mortgage Originations, Billions of Dollars
Forecast Month 2019 2020
Total Purchase Refinance Total Purchase Refinance
Dec. 2019/Jan. 2020 $2,120 $1,266 $853 $1,986 $1,336 $650
April 2020 $2,282 $1,279 $1,003 $2,432 $1,148 $1,311
Year-over-Year Change
Forecast Month 2019 2020
Total Purchase Refinance
Dec. 2019/Jan. 2020 -6% 6% -24%
April 2020 7% -10% 31%
Source: Author’s calculations from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and MBA.
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MARKET SIZE OVERVIEWThe Federal Reserve’s Flow of Fund Report has indicated a gradually increasing total value of the housing market, driven primarily by growing home equity since 2012. The Q4 2019 numbers show that while total home equity was steady this quarter at $19.7 trillion, mortgage debt outstanding grew slightly from $11.1 trillion in Q3 to $11.2 trillion in Q4 2019, bringing the total value of the housing market to $30.9 trillion, 20.7 percent higher than the pre-crisis peak in 2006. Agency MBS account for 61.6 percent of the total mortgage debt outstanding, private-label securities make up 3.9 percent, and unsecuritized first liens make up 30.0 percent. Home equity loans comprise the remaining 4.5 percent of the total.
OVERVIEW
Debt,household mortgages,
$9,833
$6.88
$3.35
$0.44$0.50
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Composition of the US Single Family Mortgage Market
Agency MBS Unsecuritized first liens Private Label Securities Home Equity loans
Sources: Federal Reserve Flow of Funds, eMBS and Urban Institute. Last updated April 2020.Note: Unsecuritized first liens includes loans held by commercial banks, GSEs, savings institutions, credit unions and other financial companies
$11.2
$19.7
$30.9
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($ trillions)Debt Equity Total value
Value of the US Single Family Housing Market
Sources: Federal Reserve Flow of Funds and Urban Institute. Last updated April 2020.Note: Single family includes 1-4 family mortgages. The home equity number is grossed up from Fed totals to include the value of households and the non-financial business sector.
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MARKET SIZE OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
As of February 2020, our sample of first lien mortgage debt in the private-label securitization market totaled $325 billion and was split among prime (13.7 percent), Alt-A (33.1 percent), and subprime (53.3 percent) loans. In March 2020, outstanding securities in the agency market totaled $7.0 trillion, 42.3 percent of which was Fannie Mae, 28.1 percent Freddie Mac, and 29.6 percent Ginnie Mae. Ginnie Mae has had more outstanding securities than Freddie Mac since June 2016.
0.040.110.17
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Private-Label Securities by Product Type
Prime Alt-A Subprime
Sources: CoreLogic, Black Knight and Urban Institute.
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($ trillions)Fannie Mae Freddie Mac Ginnie Mae Total
Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
February 2020
March 2020
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OVERVIEW
ORIGINATION VOLUMEAND COMPOSITION
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First Lien Origination Volume
GSE securitization FHA/VA securitization PLS securitization Portfolio
Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
For full-year 2019, first lien originations totaled $2.38 trillion, up from the full year 2018 volume of $1.63 trillion. The share of portfolio originations was 35.9 percent in 2019, a significant jump from the 30.0 percent share in 2018. The 2019 GSE share was down at 42.9 percent, compared to 45.7 percent for the full year 2018. The FHA/VA share fell to 19.3 percent in 2019, as compared to 22.6 percent in 2018. Private label securitization comprised 1.9 percent of origination volume in both 2019 and 2018, it remains a fraction of its share in the pre-bubble years.
$0.853$0.046$0.458$1.018
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Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
(Share, percent)
35.9%
1.94%
19.3%
42.9%
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MORTGAGE ORIGINATION PRODUCT
TYPEThe 30-year fixed-rate mortgage continues to remain the bedrock of the US housing finance system, accounting for 81 percent of new originations in February 2020. This share has increased over the last decade as the share of other products has shrunk. The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage, predominantly a refinance product, accounted for 10.8 percent of new originations in February 2020, while the ARM share accounted for 3.4 percent. Since late 2018, while there has been some month-to-month variation, the refinance share (bottom chart) has generally grown for both the GSEs and Ginnie Mae as interest rates have dropped. As rates have continued to drop in the wake of COVID-19, we expect the refinance share to continue to climb.
OVERVIEW
PRODUCT COMPOSITION AND REFINANCE SHARE
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Product CompositionFixed-rate 30-year mortgage Fixed-rate 15-year mortgage Adjustable-rate mortgage Other
Sources: Black Knight, eMBS, HMDA, SIFMA and Urban Institute. Note: Includes purchase and refinance originations.
February 2020
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Percent Refi at IssuanceFreddie Mac Fannie Mae Ginnie Mae Mortgage rate
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.Note: Based on at-issuance balance. Figure based on data from March 2020.
Mortgage ratePercent refi
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CASH-OUT REFINANCESOVERVIEW
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$ billions
Equity Take-Out from Conventional Mortgage Refinance Activity
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.Note: Data as of February 2020.
Q4 2019
When mortgage rates are low, the share of cash-out refinances tends to be relatively smaller, as refinancing allows borrowers to save money by taking advantage of lower rates. But when rates are high, the cash-out refinance share is higher since the rate reduction incentive is gone and the only reason to refinance is to take out equity. The cash-out share of all refinances grew from 45 percent in the third quarter of 2019 to 48 percent in the fourth quarter. While the cash-out refinance share for conventional mortgages may seem high at 48 percent, equity take-out volumes are substantially lower than during the bubble years. The cash-out refi share of all agency lending has fallen in the first two months of 2020, likely due to the increased rate refinance activity from borrowers taking advantage of historically low rates.
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FHA VA Freddie Mac Fannie Mae
Sources: Freddie Mac and Urban Institute.Note: These quarterly estimates include conventional mortgages only.
Cash-out Refi Share of All Originations
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Sources: Freddie Mac and Urban Institute.Note: Estimates include conventional mortgages only.
Loan Amount after Refinancing
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Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute. Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
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Nonbank Origination Share: All Loans
All Fannie Freddie Ginnie
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All Fannie Freddie Ginnie
Nonbank Origination Share: Refi Loans
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AGENCY NONBANK ORIGINATION SHARE
OVERVIEW
Nonbank Origination Share: Purchase Loans
The nonbank share for agency originations has been rising steadily since 2013, standing at 69 percent in March 2020. The Ginnie Mae nonbank share has been consistently higher than the GSEs, falling slightly in March 2020 to 86 percent. Fannie and Freddie’s nonbank shares both grew in March 2020 to 65 and 53 percent, respectively (note that these numbers can be volatile on a month-to-month basis.) Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac all have higher nonbank origination shares for refi activity than for purchase activity.
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
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Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute.
Non-Agency MBS Issuance
$11.46$53.23$21.02$9.42$16.38
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SECURITIZATION VOLUME AND COMPOSITION
OVERVIEW
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Agency share Non-agency share
Agency/Non-Agency Share of Residential MBS IssuanceThe non-agency share of mortgage securitizations has increased gradually over the post-crisis years, from 1.83 percent in 2012 to 5.0 percent in 2019. Through March of 2020, the non-agency share was 3.97 percent, and we expect it to go lower in the months ahead, as the non-agency market has been largely dormant due to dislocations caused by COVID-19. Non-agency securitization volume totaled $111.52 billion in 2019,an increase relative to 2018’s $100.55 billion total. But there is a change in the mix. Alt-A and subprime securitizations have grown, while scratch and dent securitizations have fallen since the same period last year. Non-agency securitizations continue to be tiny compared to pre-crisis levels.
Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute.Note: Based on data from March 2020. Monthly non-agency volume is subject to revision.
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Monthly Non-Agency Securitization
Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute.
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PercentTotal default risk
Borrower risk
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HOUSING CREDIT AVAILABILITY INDEX
CREDIT BOX
The Urban Institute’s Housing Credit Availability Index (HCAI) assesses lenders’ tolerance for both borrower riskand product risk, calculating the share of owner-occupied purchase loans that are likely to go 90+ days delinquent over the life of the loan. The HCAI Index stood at 5.3 percent in Q4 2019, unchanged from the previous quarter. There was a small drop in credit availability in all three channels, and a small increase in the market share of the government channel, which is relatively higher risk than the other channels. More information about the HCAI is available here.
Q4 2019
All Channels
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1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Percent Total default risk
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Sources: eMBS, CoreLogic, HMDA, IMF, and Urban Institute.Note: Default is defined as 90 days or more delinquent at any point. Last updated April 2020.
Q4 2019
The GSE market has expanded the credit box proportionately more than the government channel in recent years, although the GSE box is still much narrower. In Q3 2018, the index reached 3 percent for the first time since 2008, and then continued to increase in the following two quarters, reaching 3.07 percent in Q1 2019. HCAI declined in Q2, Q3 and Q4 of 2019, standing at 2.70 percent in Q4 2019..
http://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/housing-credit-availability-index
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HOUSING CREDIT AVAILABILITY INDEX
CREDIT BOX
Government Channel
Portfolio and Private Label Securities Channels
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Sources: eMBS, CoreLogic, HMDA, IMF, and Urban Institute.Note: Default is defined as 90 days or more delinquent at any point. Last updated April 2020.
The total default risk the government channel is willing to take bottomed out at 9.6 percent in Q3 2013. It has gradually increased since then, although it was down slightly at 11.46 percent in Q4 2019, from 11.6 percent in Q3 2019.
The portfolio and private-label securities (PP) channel took on more product risk than the government and GSE channels during the bubble. After the crisis, PP channel’s product and borrower risks dropped sharply. The numbers have stabilized since 2013, with product risk fluctuating below 0.6 percent and borrower risk in the 2.0-3.0 percent range. Borrower risk decreased in the fourth quarter of 2019, and now stands at 2.59 percent, down from 2.72 percent in Q3 2019. Total risk in the portfolio and private-label securities channel stood at 2.60 percent in Q4 2019.
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CREDIT AVAILABILITY FORAccess to credit remains tight, especially for lower FICO borrowers. The median FICO for current purchase loans is about 40 points higher than the pre-crisis level of around 700. The 10th percentile, which represents the lower bound of creditworthiness to qualify for a mortgage, was 647 in February 2020, which is high compared to low-600s pre-bubble. The median LTV at origination of 95 percent also remains high, reflecting the rise of FHA and VA lending. Although current median DTI of 39 percent exceeds the pre-bubble level of 36 percent, higher FICO scores serve as a strong compensating factor. Since this data is from February 2020, it does not reflect any of the subsequent credit tightening due to the effects of COVID-19.
CREDIT AVAILABILITY FOR PURCHASE LOANS
CREDIT BOX
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LTV
Combined LTV at Origination
Sources: Black Knight, eMBS, HMDA, SIFMA, CoreLogic and Urban Institute.Note: Includes owner-occupied purchase loans only. DTI data prior to April 2018 is from CoreLogic; after that date, it is from Black Knight.Data as of February 2020.
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Mean 90th percentile 10th percentile Median
-
16
CREDIT AVAILABILITY FORCREDIT AVAILABILITY BY MSA FOR PURCHASE LOANS
CREDIT BOX
Credit has been tight for all borrowers with less-than-stellar credit scores—especially in MSAs with high housing prices. For example, the mean origination FICO for borrowers in San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA is approximately 773. Across all MSAs, lower average FICO scores tend to be correlated with high average LTVs, as these MSAs rely heavily on FHA/VA financing.
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
Sa
n F
ran
cisc
o-R
ed
wo
od
Cit
y-S
ou
th S
an
Fra
nci
sco
CA
Sa
n J
ose
-Su
nn
yv
ale
-Sa
nta
Cla
ra C
A
Oa
kla
nd
-Ha
yw
ard
-Be
rke
ley
CA
Ne
w Y
ork
-Je
rse
y C
ity
-Wh
ite
Pla
ins
NY
-NJ
Sa
n D
ieg
o-C
arl
sba
d C
A
Lo
s A
ng
ele
s-L
on
g B
ea
ch-G
len
da
le C
A
Se
att
le-B
ell
ev
ue
-Ev
ere
tt W
A
De
nv
er-
Au
rora
-La
ke
wo
od
CO
Bo
sto
n M
A
Min
ne
ap
oli
s-S
t. P
au
l-B
loo
min
gto
n M
N-W
I
Na
ssa
u C
ou
nty
-Su
ffo
lk C
ou
nty
NY
Ch
ica
go
-Na
pe
rvil
le-A
rlin
gto
n H
eig
hts
IL
Po
rtla
nd
-Va
nco
uv
er-
Hil
lsb
oro
OR
-WA
Pit
tsb
urg
h P
A
Ne
wa
rk N
J-P
A
Wa
shin
gto
n-A
rlin
gto
n-A
lex
an
dri
a D
C-V
A-M
D-W
V
Co
lum
bu
s O
H
St.
Lo
uis
MO
-IL
Ph
ila
de
lph
ia P
A
Cin
cin
na
ti O
H-K
Y-I
N
Sa
cra
me
nto
--R
ose
vil
le--
Ard
en
-Arc
ad
e C
A
Ph
oe
nix
-Me
sa-S
cott
sda
le A
Z
Ka
nsa
s C
ity
MO
-KS
Cle
ve
lan
d-E
lyri
a O
H
Ch
arl
ott
e-C
on
cord
-Ga
sto
nia
NC
-SC
Da
lla
s-P
lan
o-I
rvin
g T
X
Ba
ltim
ore
-Co
lum
bia
-To
wso
n M
D
Ta
mp
a-S
t. P
ete
rsb
urg
-Cle
arw
ate
r F
L
La
s V
eg
as-
He
nd
ers
on
-Pa
rad
ise
NV
Atl
an
ta-S
an
dy
Sp
rin
gs-
Ro
swe
ll G
A
Orl
an
do
-Kis
sim
me
e-S
an
ford
FL
Ho
ust
on
-Th
e W
oo
dla
nd
s-S
ug
ar
La
nd
TX
Mia
mi-
Mia
mi B
ea
ch-K
en
da
ll F
L
Fo
rt W
ort
h-A
rlin
gto
n T
X
De
tro
it-D
ea
rbo
rn-L
ivo
nia
MI
Sa
n A
nto
nio
-Ne
w B
rau
nfe
ls T
X
Riv
ers
ide
-Sa
n B
ern
ard
ino
-On
tari
o C
A
Origination LTVOrigination FICO
Origination FICO and LTV
Mean origination FICO score Mean origination LTV
Sources: Black Knight, eMBS, HMDA, SIFMA and Urban Institute.Note: Includes owner-occupied purchase loans only. Data as of February 2020.
-
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute. Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
745
756
737
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
Jul-
14
Se
p-1
4
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Ma
r-1
5
Ma
y-1
5
Jul-
15
Se
p-1
5
No
v-1
5
Jan
-16
Ma
r-1
6
Ma
y-1
6
Jul-
16
Se
p-1
6
No
v-1
6
Jan
-17
Ma
r-1
7
Ma
y-1
7
Jul-
17
Se
p-1
7
No
v-1
7
Jan
-18
Ma
r-1
8
Ma
y-1
8
Jul-
18
Se
p-1
8
No
v-1
8
Jan
-19
Ma
r-1
9
Ma
y-1
9
Jul-
19
Se
p-1
9
No
v-1
9
Jan
-20
Ma
r-2
0
Agency FICO: Bank vs. NonbankAll Median FICO Bank Median FICO Nonbank Median FICOFICO
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
Jul-
14
No
v-1
4
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
All Median FICO
Bank Median FICO
Nonbank Median FICO
Ginnie Mae FICO: Bank vs. Nonbank
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
Jul-
14
No
v-1
4
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
All Median FICO
Bank Median FICO
Nonbank Median FICO
GSE FICO: Bank vs. Nonbank
17
CREDIT BOX
AGENCY NONBANK CREDIT BOX
FICO FICO
Nonbank originators have played a key role in expanding access to credit. In the GSE space, FICO scores for banks and nonbanks have nearly converged; the differential is much larger in the Ginnie Mae space. FICO scores for banks and nonbanks in both GSE and Ginnie Mae segments increased over the course of 2019 and early 2020, due to increased refi activity; this activity is skewed toward higher FICO scores. Comparing Ginnie Mae FICO scores today versus five years ago (late 2014), FICO scores have risen significantly for the banks, while those of the non-banks were roughly constant; this reflects a sharp cut-back in FHA lending by many banks. As pointed out on page 11, banks comprise only about 14 percent of Ginnie Mae originations.
761760760
705
684681
-
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute. Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
66687072747678808284868890
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
GSE LTV: Bank vs. Nonbank
All Median LTV Bank Median LTV
Nonbank Median LTV
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
All Median LTV Bank Median LTV
Nonbank Median LTV
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
All Median DTI Bank Median DTI
Nonbank Median DTI
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
Ma
r-1
4
Jul-
14
No
v-1
4
Ma
r-1
5
Jul-
15
No
v-1
5
Ma
r-1
6
Jul-
16
No
v-1
6
Ma
r-1
7
Jul-
17
No
v-1
7
Ma
r-1
8
Jul-
18
No
v-1
8
Ma
r-1
9
Jul-
19
No
v-1
9
Ma
r-2
0
GSE DTI: Bank vs. NonbankAll Median DTI Bank Median DTI
Nonbank Median DTI
18
CREDIT BOX
AGENCY NONBANK CREDIT BOX
Ginnie Mae LTV: Bank vs. Nonbank
Ginnie Mae DTI: Bank vs. Nonbank
LTV LTV
DTIDTI
The median LTVs for nonbank and bank originations are comparable, while the median DTI for nonbank loans is higher than for bank loans. From early 2017 to early 2019, there was a sustained increase in DTIs, which has partially reversed beginning in the spring of 2019. This is true for both Ginnie Mae and the GSEs, for banks and nonbanks. As interest rates increased, DTIs rose, because borrower payments were driven up relative to incomes. As rates fell during most of 2019 and thus far in 2020, DTIs fell as borrower payments declined relative to incomes.
-
19
STATE OF THE MARKET
MORTGAGE ORIGINATION PROJECTIONS
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the MBA estimate 2020 origination volume to be between $2.35 and $2.52 trillion, higher than the $1.68-$1.77 trillion in 2018 and the $2.17 to $2.37 trillion in 2019. The increase in the 2020 origination volume is due to expectations of very strong refinance activity. All three groups expect the refinance share to be 8-12 percent higher than in 2019, based on continued low rates in the wake of COVID-19.
Total Originations and Refinance Shares Originations ($ billions) Refi Share (percent)
PeriodTotal, FNMA
estimateTotal, FHLMC
estimateTotal, MBA
estimateFNMA
estimateFHLMC
estimateMBA
estimate
2019 Q1 334 355 325 32 37 30
2019 Q2 540 565 501 33 36 29
2019 Q3 716 700 651 47 47 42
2019 Q4 708 755 696 55 58 55
2020 Q1 618 607 563 58 58 54
2020 Q2 700 541 798 61 60 54
2020 Q3 613 626 600 53 48 50
2020 Q4 589 578 495 51 48 32
2016 2052 2125 1891 49 47 49
2017 1826 1810 1760 36 37 35
2018 1766 1700 1677 30 32 28
2019 2298 2375 2173 44 46 41
2020 2520 2351 2426 56 56 49
2021 2459 2369 1899 47 44 26
Sources: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Mortgage Bankers Association and Urban Institute.Note: Shaded boxes indicate forecasted figures. All figures are estimates for total single-family market. Regarding interest rates, the yearly averages for 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were 3.8, 4.0, 4.6, and 3.9 percent. For 2020, the respective projections for Fannie, Freddie, and MBA are 3.3, 3.3, and 3.4 percent.
2.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dollars per $100 loan
Originator Profitability and Unmeasured CostsIn January 2020, Originator Profitability and Unmeasured Costs (OPUC) stood at $2.59 per $100 loan, much lower than the 2013 peak, but higher than late 2018/early 2019 levels. OPUC, formulated and calculated by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, is a good relative measure of originator profitability. OPUC uses the sales price of a mortgage in the secondary market (less par) and adds two sources of profitability; retained servicing (both base and excess servicing, net of g-fees), and points paid by the borrower. OPUC is generally high when interest rates are low, as originators are capacity constrained due to refinance demand and have no incentive to reduce rates. Conversely, when interest rates are higher and refi activity low, competition forces originators to lower rates, driving profitability down.
Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, updated monthly and available at this link: http://www.ny.frb.org/research/epr/2013/1113fust.html and Urban Institute. Last updated January 2020.Note: OPUC is a is a monthly (4-week moving) average as discussed in Fuster et al. (2013).
http://www.ny.frb.org/research/epr/2013/1113fust.htmlhttp://www.ny.frb.org/research/epr/2013/1113fust.html
-
3.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
Months of supply
20
SERIOUS DELINQUENCY RAHOUSING SUPPLYSTATE OF THE MARKET
Housing Starts and Homes Sales
Housing Starts, thousands Home Sales. thousands
YearTotal,FNMA
estimate
Total, FHLMC
estimate
Total, MBA
estimate
Total, NAHB
estimate
Total, FNMA
estimate
Total, FHLMC
estimate
Total, MBA
estimate
Total, NAHB
estimate*
2016 1174 1170 1177 1177 6011 6010 6001 5385
2017 1203 1200 1208 1208 6123 6120 6158 5522
2018 1250 1250 1250 1250 5957 5960 5956 5357
2019 1290 1250 1298 1300 6022 6000 6022 5437
2020 1169 1280 1197 1230 5139 5100 5956 4890
2021 1258 N/A 1380 1341 5894 6100 6545 5562
Sources: Mortgage Bankers Association, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, National Association of Home Builders and Urban Institute.Note: Shaded boxes indicate forecasted figures; column labels indicate source of estimate. *NAHB home sales estimate is for single-family structures only, it excludes condos and co-ops. Other figures include all single-family sales.
Months of Supply
March 2020Source: National Association of Realtors and Urban Institute. Data as of March 2020.
Strong demand for housing in recent years, coupled with historically low new home construction has led to a low—3.4 months—supply of for-sale homes in March 2020. This level is below the 3.9 months in March 2019. Pre-crisis it averaged 4.6 months. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the MBA, and the NAHB forecast 2020 housing starts to be 1.17 to 1.28 million units, slightly behind 2019 levels. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the MBA predict total home sales of 5.10 to 5.96 million units in 2020, also below 2019 levels.
-
HOUSING AFFORDABILITYSTATE OF THE MARKET
Home prices remain affordable by historic standards, despite price increases over the last 7 years, as interest rates remain relatively low in an historic context. As of February 2020, with a 20 percent down payment, the share of median income needed for the monthly mortgage payment stood at 23.1 percent; with 3.5 down, it is 26.6 percent. Since February 2019, the median housing expenses to income ratio has been slightly lower than the 2001-2003 average. As shown in the bottom picture, mortgage affordability varies widely by MSA.
National Mortgage Affordability Over Time
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Fe
b-0
2
No
v-0
2
Au
g-0
3
Ma
y-0
4
Fe
b-0
5
No
v-0
5
Au
g-0
6
Ma
y-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
No
v-0
8
Au
g-0
9
Ma
y-1
0
Fe
b-1
1
No
v-1
1
Au
g-1
2
Ma
y-1
3
Fe
b-1
4
No
v-1
4
Au
g-1
5
Ma
y-1
6
Fe
b-1
7
No
v-1
7
Au
g-1
8
Ma
y-1
9
Fe
b-2
0
Mortgage affordability with 20% down
Mortgage affordability with 3.5% downMedian housing expenses to income
Average Mortgage Affordability with 3.5% down (2001-2003)
Average Mortgage Affordability with 20% down (2001-2003)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Sa
n F
ran
cisc
o-R
ed
wo
od
Cit
y-S
ou
th S
an
Fra
nci
sco
; CA
Sa
n J
ose
-Su
nn
yv
ale
-Sa
nta
Cla
ra; C
A
Sa
n D
ieg
o-C
arl
sba
d; C
A
Oa
kla
nd
-Ha
yw
ard
-Be
rke
ley
; CA
Lo
s A
ng
ele
s-L
on
g B
ea
ch-G
len
da
le; C
A
Mia
mi-
Mia
mi B
ea
ch-K
en
da
ll; F
L
Se
att
le-B
ell
ev
ue
-Ev
ere
tt; W
A
Riv
ers
ide
-Sa
n B
ern
ard
ino
-On
tari
o; C
A
Na
ssa
u C
ou
nty
-Su
ffo
lk C
ou
nty
; NY
De
nv
er-
Au
rora
-La
ke
wo
od
; CO
Po
rtla
nd
-Va
nco
uv
er-
Hil
lsb
oro
; OR
-WA
Sa
cra
me
nto
--R
ose
vil
le--
Ard
en
-Arc
ad
e; C
A
La
s V
eg
as-
He
nd
ers
on
-Pa
rad
ise
; NV
Bo
sto
n; M
A
Ne
w Y
ork
-Je
rse
y C
ity
-Wh
ite
Pla
ins;
NY
-NJ
Ne
wa
rk; N
J-P
A
Orl
an
do
-Kis
sim
me
e-S
an
ford
; FL
Ph
oe
nix
-Me
sa-S
cott
sda
le; A
Z
Wa
shin
gto
n-A
rlin
gto
n-A
lex
an
dri
a; D
C-V
A-M
D-W
V
Da
lla
s-P
lan
o-I
rvin
g; T
X
Ta
mp
a-S
t. P
ete
rsb
urg
-Cle
arw
ate
r; F
L
Ho
ust
on
-Th
e W
oo
dla
nd
s-S
ug
ar
La
nd
; TX
Sa
n A
nto
nio
-Ne
w B
rau
nfe
ls; T
X
Ch
ica
go
-Na
pe
rvil
le-A
rlin
gto
n H
eig
hts
; IL
Ch
arl
ott
e-C
on
cord
-Ga
sto
nia
; NC
-SC
Ba
ltim
ore
-Co
lum
bia
-To
wso
n; M
D
Fo
rt W
ort
h-A
rlin
gto
n; T
X
Atl
an
ta-S
an
dy
Sp
rin
gs-
Ro
swe
ll; G
A
Min
ne
ap
oli
s-S
t. P
au
l-B
loo
min
gto
n; M
N-W
I
Co
lum
bu
s; O
H
Ka
nsa
s C
ity
; MO
-KS
St.
Lo
uis
; MO
-IL
Cin
cin
na
ti; O
H-K
Y-I
N
Ph
ila
de
lph
ia; P
A
Cle
ve
lan
d-E
lyri
a; O
H
Pit
tsb
urg
h; P
A
De
tro
it-D
ea
rbo
rn-L
ivo
nia
; MI
Mortgage affordability with 20% downMortgage affordability with 3.5% down
Mortgage affordability index
Mortgage Affordability by MSA
Sources: National Association of Realtors, US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, American Community Survey, Moody’sAnalytics, Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey, and the Urban Institute.Note: Mortgage affordability is the share of median family income devoted to the monthly principal, interest, taxes, and insurance payment required to buy the median home at the Freddie Mac prevailing rate 2018 for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage and property tax and insurance at 1.75 percent of the housing value. Data for the bottom chart as of Q2 2019.
21
-
3.764.65
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
22
MSA
HPI changes (%)
% above peak2000 to peak
Peak totrough
Trough to current
United States 75.3 -25.4 55.4 15.9
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ 127.9 -22.5 45.3 12.6
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA 179.6 -38.1 90.3 17.7
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL 67.1 -38.4 44.0 -11.3
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 32.4 -35.3 81.0 17.1
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 148.9 -28.3 38.9 -0.5
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 29.3 -6.6 48.3 38.6
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 113.1 -51.1 101.6 -1.5
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 175.0 -51.6 92.1 -7.1
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX 26.4 -7.2 68.3 56.2
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 69.1 -30.6 60.8 11.6
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA 90.5 -33.1 108.9 39.7
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 34.1 -12.1 92.7 69.3
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 123.1 -24.4 21.1 -8.5
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 148.3 -37.5 81.3 13.2
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA 163.1 -35.2 67.2 8.3
Sources: Black Knight HPI and Urban Institute. Data as of February 2020. Note: This table includes the largest 15 Metropolitan areas by mortgage count.
Changes in Black Knight HPI for Top MSAsAfter rising 55.4 percent from the trough, national house prices are now 15.9 percent higher than pre-crisis peak levels. At the MSA level, ten of the top 15 MSAs have exceeded their pre-crisis peak HPI: New York, NY; Los Angeles, CA; Atlanta, GA; Houston, TX; Dallas, TX; Minneapolis, MN; Seattle, WA; Denver, CO, San Diego, CA, and Anaheim, CA. Two MSAs particularly hard hit by the boom and bust—Chicago, IL and Riverside, CA—are 11.3 and 7.1 percent, respectively, below peak values.
HOME PRICE INDICESSTATE OF THE MARKET
National Year-Over-Year HPI Growth Year-over-year home price appreciation was 3.76 percent in January 2020, same as December 2019, as measured by Zillow’s hedonic index. According to Black Knight’s repeat sales index, year-over-year home price appreciation declined slightly to 4.65 percent in February 2020. Although housing affordability remains constrained, especially at the lower end of the market, recent declines in rates serve as a partial offset. These numbers do not reflect the effect of the pandemic. With purchase activity down considerably, as no one can shop for a home in the traditional way, it is reasonable to assume prices would soften in the months ahead.
Sources: Black Knight, Zillow, and Urban Institute. Note: Data as of January 2020 for Zillow and February 2020 for Black Knight.
Black Knight HPI
Zillow HVI
Year-over-year growth
-
23
FIRST-TIME HOMEBUYERSSTATE OF THE MARKET
48.4%
82.1%
54.9%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
First-Time Homebuyer Share
GSEs FHA VA
In February 2020, the FTHB share for FHA, which has always been more focused on first time homebuyers, grew slightly to 82.1 percent. The FTHB share of VA lending increased in February, to 54.9 percent. The GSE FTHB share in February was up from January to 48.4 percent. The bottom table shows that based on mortgages originated in February 2020, the average FTHB was more likely than an average repeat buyer to take out a smaller loan, have a lower credit score, and higher LTV, thus
Sources: eMBS, Federal Housing Administration (FHA ) and Urban Institute.Note: All series measure the first-time homebuyer share of purchase loans for principal residences.
Comparison of First-Time and Repeat Homebuyers, GSE and FHA Originations
GSEs FHA GSEs and FHA
Characteristics First-time Repeat First-time Repeat First-time Repeat
Loan Amount ($) 258,893 280,248 227,145 241,204 244,826 273,740
Credit Score 745 757 673 677 714 744
LTV (%) 87 80 95 94 91 82
DTI (%) 35 36 43 44 39 38
Loan Rate (%) 3.92 3.85 3.9 3.81 3.91 3.84
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.Note: Based on owner-occupied purchase mortgages originated in February 2020.
February 2020
-
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2007Q3-Q4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Q1-Q3
Number of loans (thousands)Loan Modifications and Liquidations
Hamp Permanent Mods
Proprietary mods completed
Total liquidations
Sources: Hope Now and Urban Institute.Note: Liquidations include both foreclosure sales and short sales. Last updated March 2020.
STATE OF THE MARKET
DELINQUENCIES AND LOSS MITIGATION ACTIVITY
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
4Q
00
4Q
01
4Q
02
4Q
03
4Q
04
4Q
05
4Q
06
4Q
07
4Q
08
4Q
09
4Q
10
4Q
11
4Q
12
4Q
13
4Q
14
4Q
15
4Q
16
4Q
17
4Q
18
4Q
19
Percent of loans 90 days or more delinquent
Percent of loans in foreclosure
Percent of loans 90 days or more delinquent or in foreclosure
Sources: Mortgage Bankers Association and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
4Q
10
3Q
11
2Q
12
1Q
13
4Q
13
3Q
14
2Q
15
1Q
16
4Q
16
3Q
17
2Q
18
1Q
19
4Q
19
Negative Equity Share
Negative equity Near or in negative equity
Sources: CoreLogic and Urban Institute.Note: Loans with negative equity refer to loans above 100 percent LTV. Loans near negative equity refer to loans above 95 percent LTV. Last updated March 2020.
Loans in and near negative equity continued to decline in 4Q 2019; 3.5 percent now have negative equity, an additional 0.8 percent have less then 5 percent equity. Loans that are 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure have also been in a long decline, falling to 1.76 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019. New loan modifications and liquidations (bottom) have continued to decline. Since Q3, 2007, total loan modifications (HAMP and proprietary) are roughly equal to total liquidations. Hope Now reports show 8,644,182 borrowers received a modification from Q3 2007 to Q3 2019, compared with 8,871,863 liquidations in the same period.
Loans in Serious Delinquency/Foreclosure
24
-
25
Both GSEs continue to contract their retained portfolios. Since February 2019, Fannie Mae has contracted by 18.1 percent and Freddie Mac by 7.6 percent. They are shrinking their less-liquid assets (mortgage loans and non-agency MBS) faster than they are shrinking their entire portfolio. The Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac portfolios are now both well below the $250 billion maximum portfolio size; they were required to reach this terminal level by year end 2018. Fannie met the target in 2017, Freddie met the target in February 2018.
GSE PORTFOLIO WIND-DOWNGSES UNDER CONSERVATORSHIP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
($ billions)
FHLMC MBS in portfolio Non-FHLMC agency MBS Non-agency MBS Mortgage loans
Sources: Freddie Mac and Urban Institute.
Freddie Mac Mortgage-Related Investment Portfolio Composition
Current size: $202.2 billion2018 cap: $250 billionShrinkage year-over-year: 7.6 percentShrinkage in less-liquid assets year-over-year: 15.3 percent
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
($ billions)
FNMA MBS in portfolio Non-FNMA agency MBS Non-agency MBS Mortgage loans
Fannie Mae Mortgage-Related Investment Portfolio Composition
Current size: $144.6 billion2018 cap: $250 billionShrinkage year-over-year: 18.1 percentShrinkage in less-liquid assets year-over-year: 20.6 percent
February 2020
February 2020
Sources: Fannie Mae and Urban Institute.
-
26
GSES UNDER CONSERVATORSHIP
EFFECTIVE GUARANTEE FEES
Fannie Mae Upfront Loan-Level Price Adjustments (LLPAs)
LTV (%)
Credit Score ≤60 60.01 – 70 70.01 – 75 75.01 – 80 80.01 – 85 85.01 – 90 90.01 – 95 95.01 – 97 >97
> 740 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.75 0.75
720 – 739 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
700 – 719 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50
680 – 699 0.00 0.50 1.25 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.50
660 – 679 0.00 1.00 2.25 2.75 2.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
640 – 659 0.50 1.25 2.75 3.00 3.25 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75
620 – 639 0.50 1.50 3.00 3.00 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.50 3.50
< 620 0.50 1.50 3.00 3.00 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.75 3.75
Product Feature (Cumulative)
Investment Property 2.125 2.125 2.125 3.375 4.125 4.125 4.125 4.125 4.125
Sources: Fannie Mae and Urban Institute.Last updated March of 2019.
57.0
55.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4Q
09
2Q
10
4Q
10
2Q
11
4Q
11
2Q
12
4Q
12
2Q
13
4Q
13
2Q
14
4Q
14
2Q
15
4Q
15
2Q
16
4Q
16
2Q
17
4Q
17
2Q
18
4Q
18
2Q
19
4Q
19
Guarantee Fees Charged on New AcquisitionsFannie Mae single-family average charged g-fee on new acquisitions
Freddie Mac single-family guarantee fees charged on new acquisitions
Basis points
Sources: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mae and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
Fannie Mae’s average g-fees charged on new acquisitions rose from 55.9 bps in Q3 2019 to 57.0 bps in Q4, while Freddie’s remained constant at 55.0 bps. After closing in to less than 1 bpapart in Q3 for the first time in the last three years, the g-fees separated to 2 bps in Q4 2019. Today’s g-fees are markedly higher than g-fee levels in 2011 and 2012, and have contributed to the GSEs’ earnings; the bottom table shows Fannie Mae LLPAs, which are expressed as upfront charges.
-
GSE RISK-SHARING TRANSACTIONS
Sources: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Urban Institute. Note: Classes A-H, M-1H, M-2H, and B-H are reference tranches only. These classes are not issued or sold. The risk is retained by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. “CE” = credit enhancement.
27
GSES UNDER CONSERVATORSHIP
Fannie Mae – Connecticut Avenue Securities (CAS)
Date TransactionReference Pool Size
($ m)Amount Issued ($m)
% of Reference Pool Covered
2013 CAS 2013 deals $26,756 $675 2.5
2014 CAS 2014 deals $227, 234 $5,849 2.6
2015 CAS 2015 deals $187,126 $5,463 2.9
2016 CAS 2016 deals $236,459 $7,392 3.1
2017 CAS 2017 deals $264,697 $8,707 3.3
2018 CAS 2018 deals $205,900 $7,314 3.6
January 2019 CAS 2019 - R01 $28,000 $960 3.4
February 2019 CAS 2019 - R02 $27,000 $1,000 3.7
April 2019 CAS 2019 - R03 $21,000 $857 4.1
June 2019 CAS 2019 - R04 $25,000 $1,000 4.0
July 2019 CAS 2019 - R05 $24,000 $993 4.1
October 2019 CAS 2019 - R06 $33,000 $1,300 3.9
October 2019 CAS 2019 - R07 $26,600 $998 3.8
November 2019 CAS 2019 - HRP1 $106,800 $963 0.9
January 2020 CAS 2020 - R01 $29,000 $1,030 3.6
February 2020 CAS 2020 - R02 $29,000 $1,134 3.9
March 2020 CAS 2020 - SBT1 $152,000 $966 0.6
Total $1,649,572 $46,601 2.8
Freddie Mac – Structured Agency Credit Risk (STACR)
Date TransactionReference Pool Size
($ m)Amount Issued ($m)
% of Reference Pool Covered
2013 STACR 2013 deals $57,912 $1,130 2.0
2014 STACR 2014 deals $147,120 $4,916 3.3
2015 STACR 2015 deals $209,521 $6,658 3.2
2016 STACR 2016 deals $183,421 $5,541 2.8
2017 STACR 2017 deals $248, 821 $5,663 2.3
2018 STACR 2018 deals $216,581 $6,055 2.8
January 2019 STACR Series 2019 – DNA1 $24,600 $714 2.9
February 2019 STACR Series 2019 – HQA1 $20,760 $640 3.1
March 2019 STACR Series 2019 – DNA2 $20,500 $608 3.0
May 2019 STACR Series 2019 – HQA2 $19,500 $615 3.2
May 2019 STACR Series 2019 – FTR1 $44,590 $140 0.3
June 2019 STACR Series 2019 – HRP1 $5,782 $281 4.9
July 2019 STACR Series 2019 – DNA3 $25,533 $756 3.0
August 2019 STACR Series 2019 – FTR2 $11,511 $284 2.5
September 2019 STACR Series 2019 – HQA3 $19,609 $626 3.2
October 2019 STACR Series 2019 – DNA4 $20,550 $589 2.9
November 2019 STACR Series 2019 – HQA4 $13,399 $432 3.2
December 2019 STACR Series 2019 – FTR3 $22,508 $151 0.7
December 2019 STACR Series 2019 – FTR4 $22,263 $111 0.5
January 2020 STACR Series 2020 – DNA1 $29,641 $794 2.7
February 2020 STACR Series 2020 – HQA1 $24,268 $738 3.0
February 2020 STACR Series 2020 – DNA2 $43,596 $1,169 2.7
March 2020 STACR Series 2020 – HQA2 $35,066 $1,006 2.9
Total $1,467,052 $39,617 2.2
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been laying off back-end credit risk through CAS and STACR deals and through reinsurance transactions. They have also done front-end transactions with originators and reinsurers, and experimented with deep mortgage insurance coverage with private mortgage insurers. FHFA’s 2020 scorecard requires the GSEs to transfer a significant amount of credit risk to private markets. This is a departure from the 2019 scorecard, which required risk transfer specifically on 90% of new acquisitions. Fannie Mae's CAS issuances since inception total $1.65 trillion; Freddie's STACR totals$1.47 trillion. Note that there has been no new issuance since the massive spread widening in March 2020.
-
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fe
b-1
7
Ap
r-1
7
Jun
-17
Au
g-1
7
Oct
-17
De
c-1
7
Fe
b-1
8
Ap
r-1
8
Jun
-18
Au
g-1
8
Oct
-18
De
c-1
8
Fe
b-1
9
Ap
r-1
9
Jun
-19
Au
g-1
9
Oct
-19
De
c-1
9
Fe
b-2
0
Ap
r-2
0
2014/15 Low Index 2016 Low Index
2017 Low Index 2018 Low Index
28Sources: Vista Data Services and Urban Institute. Note: Data as of April 15, 2020.
GSE RISK-SHARING INDICESGSES UNDER CONSERVATORSHIP
The figures below show the spreads on the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 indices, as priced by dealers. Note the substantial spread widening in March 2020. This reflects investor expectations of higher defaults and potential credit losses owing to COVID-19. The 2015 and 2016 indices consist of the bottom mezzanine tranche in each deal, weighted by the original issuance amount; the equity tranches were not sold in these years. The 2017 and 2018 indices contain both the bottom mezzanine tranche as well as the equity tranche (the B tranche), in all deals when the latter was sold.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Fe
b-1
8
Ap
r-1
8
Jun
-18
Au
g-1
8
Oct
-18
De
c-1
8
Fe
b-1
9
Ap
r-1
9
Jun
-19
Au
g-1
9
Oct
-19
De
c-1
9
Fe
b-2
0
Ap
r-2
0
2017 B Index 2017 M Index
2018 B Index 2018 M Index
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fe
b-1
7
Ap
r-1
7
Jun
-17
Au
g-1
7
Oct
-17
De
c-1
7
Fe
b-1
8
Ap
r-1
8
Jun
-18
Au
g-1
8
Oct
-18
De
c-1
8
Fe
b-1
9
Ap
r-1
9
Jun
-19
Au
g-1
9
Oct
-19
De
c-1
9
Fe
b-2
0
Ap
r-2
0
2015 Vintage Index 2016 Vintage Index
2017 M Index 2018 M Index
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fe
b-1
7A
pr-
17
Jun
-17
Au
g-1
7O
ct-1
7D
ec-
17
Fe
b-1
8A
pr-
18
Jun
-18
Au
g-1
8O
ct-1
8D
ec-
18
Fe
b-1
9A
pr-
19
Jun
-19
Au
g-1
9O
ct-1
9D
ec-
19
Fe
b-2
0A
pr-
20
2014/15 High Index 2016 High Index
2017 High Index 2018 High Index
Low Indices High Indices
By Vintage 2017 and 2018 Indices
28
-
29
SERIOUS DELINQUENCY RATESGSES UNDER CONSERVATORSHIP
Serious delinquency rates for single-family GSE loans, FHA loans and VA loans grew slightly in Q4 2019, in line with the seasonal pattern. GSE delinquencies remain just above their 2006-2007 level, while FHA and VA delinquencies (which are higher than their GSE counterparts) are well below 2006-2007 levels. GSE multifamily delinquencies have declined post-crisis and remain very low.
0.07%
0.08%
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Percentage of total loans
Serious Delinquency Rates–Multifamily GSE LoansFannie Mae Freddie Mac
Sources: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Urban Institute.Note: Multifamily serious delinquency rate is the unpaid balance of loans 60 days or more past due, divided by the total unpaid balance.
February 2019
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fannie Mae Freddie Mac FHA VA
Sources: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, MBA Delinquency Survey and Urban Institute. Note: Serious delinquency is defined as 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process. Not seasonally adjusted. FHA and VA delinquencies are reported on a quarterly basis, last updated February 2020. GSE delinquencies are reported monthly, last updated April 2020.
Serious Delinquency Rates–Single-Family Loans
3.47%
1.92%
0.65%0.60%
-
30
Agency Gross Issuance Agency Net Issuance
AGENCY GROSS AND NET ISSUANCE
AGENCY ISSUANCE
Issuance Year
GSEs Ginnie Mae Total
2001 $885.1 $171.5 $1,056.6
2002 $1,238.9 $169.0 $1,407.9
2003 $1,874.9 $213.1 $2,088.0
2004 $872.6 $119.2 $991.9
2005 $894.0 $81.4 $975.3
2006 $853.0 $76.7 $929.7
2007 $1,066.2 $94.9 $1,161.1
2008 $911.4 $267.6 $1,179.0
2009 $1,280.0 $451.3 $1,731.3
2010 $1,003.5 $390.7 $1,394.3
2011 $879.3 $315.3 $1,194.7
2012 $1,288.8 $405.0 $1,693.8
2013 $1,176.6 $393.6 $1,570.1
2014 $650.9 $296.3 $947.2
2015 $845.7 $436.3 $1,282.0
2016 $991.6 $508.2 $1,499.8
2017 $877.3 $455.6 $1,332.9
2018 $795.0 $400.6 $1,195.3
2019 $1,042.6 $508.6 $1,551.2
2020 YTD $319.9 $160.2 $480.1
2020 YTD% Change YOY
104.2% 102.6% 103.7%
2020 Ann. $1,279.6 $640.9 $1,920.6
Agency gross issuance was $480.1 billion through the first three months of 2020, more than double the volume through March 2019. The sharp increase is due to the refinance wave, which did not begin in earnest until Q2, 2019. Net issuance (which excludes repayments, prepayments, and refinances on outstanding mortgages) totaled $91.6 billion in the first three months of 2020, up 419.7 percent from the same period in 2019.
Sources: eMBS and Urban Institute.Note: Dollar amounts are in billions. Data as of March 2020.
Issuance Year
GSEs Ginnie Mae Total
2001 $368.40 -$9.90 $358.50
2002 $357.20 -$51.20 $306.10
2003 $334.90 -$77.60 $257.30
2004 $82.50 -$40.10 $42.40
2005 $174.20 -$42.20 $132.00
2006 $313.60 $0.20 $313.80
2007 $514.90 $30.90 $545.70
2008 $314.80 $196.40 $511.30
2009 $250.60 $257.40 $508.00
2010 -$303.20 $198.30 -$105.00
2011 -$128.40 $149.60 $21.20
2012 -$42.40 $119.10 $76.80
2013 $69.10 $87.90 $157.00
2014 $30.5 $61.6 $92.1
2015 $75.1 $97.3 $172.5
2016 $127.4 $125.8 $253.1
2017 $168.5 $131.3 $299.7
2018 $149.4 $112.0 $261.5
2019 $197.8 $95.7 $293.5
2020 YTD $67.1 $24.5 $91.6
2020 YTD% Change YOY
167.2% 26.2% 105.7%
2020 Ann. $268.4 $97.9 $366.4
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31
AGENCY GROSS AND NET ISSUANCE BY MONTH
AGENCY ISSUANCE
AGENCY GROSS ISSUANCE & FED PURCHASES
0
50
100
150
200
250
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
($ billions)
Monthly Gross Issuance
Freddie Mac Fannie Mae Ginnie Mae
March 2020Sources: eMBS, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Urban Institute.
While FHA, VA and GSE lending have dominated the mortgage market since the crisis, there has been a change in the mix. The Ginnie Mae share of new issuances has risen from a precrisis level of 10-12 percent to 32.4 percent in March 2020. This share increase reflected both increases in the purchase share and in the refi share.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350($ billions)
Fed Absorption of Agency Gross Issuance
Gross issuance Total Fed purchases
On March 23, 2020, in response to the market dislocations caused by the coronavirus pandemic, the Fed announced they would purchase Treasuries and agency MBS in an amount necessary to support smooth functioning markets. This resulted in the largest single month of Fed purchases ever—in March 2020, the Fed purchased a total or $292.2 billion, corresponding to a Fed absorption of gross issuance of 178.2 percent. Prior to this, the Fed was winding down its MBS portfolio. From Oct 2014 to Sep 2017, the Fed ended its Great Recession era MBS purchase program, but was reinvesting funds from mortgages and agency debt into the mortgage market, absorbing 20-30 percent of agency gross issuance. The portfolio wind down started in October 2017, with the Fed allowing a pre-established amount of MBS to run off each month. From Oct 2017 to Sep 2018, the Fed was still reinvesting, but by less than the prepayments and repayments. In Oct 2018, the amount of MBS permitted to run off each month hit the $20 billion cap, leading to very small purchase volume between Q4 2018 and February 2020.
Sources: eMBS, Federal Reserve Bank of New York and Urban Institute.Mar. 2020
292.2
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32
MORTGAGE INSURANCE ACTIVITY
AGENCY ISSUANCE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
MI Market Share Total private primary MI FHA VA
Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
$110
$76$75
$260
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1Q
11
2Q
11
3Q
11
4Q
11
1Q
12
2Q
12
3Q
12
4Q
12
1Q
13
2Q
13
3Q
13
4Q
13
1Q
14
2Q
14
3Q
14
4Q
14
1Q
15
2Q
15
3Q
15
4Q
15
1Q
16
2Q
16
3Q
16
4Q
16
1Q
17
2Q
17
3Q
17
4Q
17
1Q
18
2Q
18
3Q
18
4Q
18
1Q
19
2Q
19
3Q
19
4Q
19
($ billions) Total private primary MI FHA VA Total
MI Activity
Sources: Inside Mortgage Finance and Urban Institute. Last updated February 2020.
Mortgage insurance activity via the FHA, VA and private insurers increased from $151 billion in Q4 2018 to $260 billion in Q4 2019, a 71.8 percent increase. In the fourth quarter of 2019, private mortgage insurance written decreased by $8.18 billion, FHA increased by $8.00 billion and VA increased by $10.61 billion from the previous quarter. During this period, the VA share grew from 26.1 to 29.1 percent and the FHA share also grew, from 26.6 to 28.6 percent. The private mortgage insurers share fell significantly, from 47.3 to 42.3 percent compared to the previous quarter.
-
33
MORTGAGE INSURANCE ACTIVITY
AGENCY ISSUANCE
FHA MI Premiums for Typical Purchase Loan
Case number dateUpfront mortgage insurance premium
(UFMIP) paidAnnual mortgage insurance
premium (MIP)1/1/2001 - 7/13/2008 150 50
7/14/2008 - 4/5/2010* 175 55
4/5/2010 - 10/3/2010 225 55
10/4/2010 - 4/17/2011 100 90
4/18/2011 - 4/8/2012 100 115
4/9/2012 - 6/10/2012 175 125
6/11/2012 - 3/31/2013a 175 125
4/1/2013 – 1/25/2015b 175 135
Beginning 1/26/2015c 175 85
Sources: Ginnie Mae and Urban Institute.Note: A typical purchase loan has an LTV over 95 and a loan term longer than 15 years. Mortgage insurance premiums are listed in basis points. * For a short period in 2008 the FHA used a risk based FICO/LTV matrix for MI. a
Applies to purchase loans less than or equal to $625,500. Those over that amount have an annual premium of 150 bps.b
Applies to purchase loans less than or equal to $625,500. Those over that amount have an annual premium of 155 bps.c
Applies to purchase loans less than or equal to $625,500. Those over that amount have an annual premium of 105 bps.
FHA premiums rose significantly in the years following the housing crash, with annual premiums rising from 50 to 135 basis points between 2008 to 2013 as FHA worked to shore up its finances. In January 2015, President Obama announced a 50 bps cut in annual insurance premiums, making FHA mortgages more attractive than GSE mortgages for the overwhelming majority of borrowers putting down less than 5%. The April 2016 reduction in PMI rates for borrowers with higher FICO scores and April 2018 reduction for lower FICO borrowers has partially offset that. As shown in the bottom table, a borrower putting 3.5 percent down with a FICO of less than 720 will find FHA financing to be more financially attractive, borrowers with FICOs of 720 and above will find GSE execution with PMI to be more attractive.
AssumptionsProperty Value $250,000Loan Amount $241,250LTV 96.5Base Rate
Conforming 3.45FHA 3.63
Initial Monthly Payment Comparison: FHA vs. PMI
FICO 620 - 639 640 - 659 660 - 679 680 - 699 700 - 719 720 - 739 740 - 759 760 +
FHA MI Premiums
FHA UFMIP 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
FHA MIP 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
PMI
GSE LLPA* 3.50 2.75 2.25 1.50 1.50 1.00 0.75 0.75
PMI Annual MIP 1.86 1.65 1.54 1.21 0.99 0.87 0.70 0.58
Monthly Payment
FHA $1,291 $1,291 $1,291 $1,291 $1,291 $1,291 $1,291 $1,291
PMI $1,547 $1,483 $1,448 $1,361 $1,316 $1,279 $1,238 $1,213
PMI Advantage -$256 -$192 -$156 -$69 -$25 $13 $53 $78
Sources: Genworth Mortgage Insurance, Ginnie Mae, and Urban Institute. FHA rate from MBA Weekly Applications Survey. Conforming rate from Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey.Note: Rates as of March 2020.Mortgage insurance premiums listed in percentage points. Grey shade indicates FHA monthly payment is more favorable, while blue indicates PMI is more favorable. The PMI monthly payment calculation does not include special programs like Fannie Mae’s HomeReady and Freddie Mac’s Home Possible (HP), both offer more favorable rates for low- to moderate-income borrowers.LLPA= Loan Level Price Adjustment, described in detail on page 25.
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Projects
The Mortgage Servicing Collaborative
Housing Credit Availability Index (HCAI)
Access and Affordability
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Projects
Mortgage Markets COVID-19 Collaborative
Reducing the Racial Homeownership Gap
Global Markets Analysis Report
Publications
The Impact of the Coronavirus on Mortgage RefinancingsAuthors: Laurie Goodman, Aaron KleinDate: April 15, 2020
Avoiding a COVID-19 Disaster for Renters and the Housing MarketAuthors: Laurie Goodman, Dan MagderDate: April 13, 2020
Community Reinvestment Act April 8, 2020 Comment LetterAuthors: Laurie Goodman, Ellen Seidman, Jun ZhuDate: April 10, 2020
A Liquidity Vehicle for Mortgage Servicing Advances Is in Consumers' Best InterestAuthors: Karan KaulDate: April 9, 2020
The Potential and Limits of Black-owned BanksAuthors: Michael Neal, John WalshDate: March 17, 2020
The Termination of LIBOR: An Update on Implications for the Mortgage MarketAuthors: Laurie Goodman, Ed GoldingDate: March 4, 2020
Housing Supply ChartbookAuthors: Michael Neal, Laurie Goodman, Cait YoungDate: January 16, 2020
Blog Posts
The Pandemic is Shrinking the Mortgage Credit BoxAuthors: Michael Neal, Laurie GoodmanDate: April 17, 2020
COVID-19 Policy Responses Must Consider the Pandemic’s Impact on Young Renters and Renters of ColorAuthors: Jung Choi, Jun Zhu, Laurie GoodmanDate: April 7, 2020
The CARES Act Eviction Moratorium Covers All Federally Financed Rentals—That’s One in Four US Rental UnitsAuthors: Laurie Goodman, Karan Kaul, Michael NealDate: April 2, 2020
The Price Tag for Keeping 29 Million Families in Their Homes: $162 BillionAuthors: Karan Kaul, Laurie GoodmanDate: March 27, 2020
We Must Act Quickly to Protect Millions of Vulnerable RentersAuthors: Jung Choi, Laurie Goodman, Jun ZhuDate: March 25, 2020
Is the 2020 Toolkit for Helping Homeowners in Crisis Better Than What We Had in 2008?Authors: Karan Kaul, Laurie GoodmanDate: March 20, 2020
Institutional Investors Brought Higher Home Prices and Lower Vacancies to the Housing RecoveryAuthors: Cait YoungDate: March 5, 2020
However You Measure It, Parents of White College Graduates Are about 10 Times Wealthier Than Their Black CounterpartsAuthors: Jung ChoiDate: February 28, 2020
Why Do Black College Graduates Have a Lower Homeownership Rate Than White People Who Dropped Out of High School?Authors: Jung Choi, Laurie GoodmanDate: February 27, 2020
Evidence Shows Military Service Reduces the Racial Homeownership GapAuthors: Sarah Strochak, Jung Choi, Laurie GoodmanDate: February 26, 2020
Upcoming events:See our events page for information on upcoming events.
PUBLICATIONS AND EVENTSRELATED HFPC WORK
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http://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/mortgage-servicing-collaborativehttp://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/housing-credit-availability-indexhttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/access-and-affordabilityhttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/home-mortgage-disclosure-act-datahttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/mortgage-markets-covid-19-collaborativehttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/reducing-racial-homeownership-gaphttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/projects/global-markets-analysis-reporthttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/impact-coronavirus-mortgage-refinancingshttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/avoiding-covid-19-disaster-renters-and-housing-markethttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/community-reinvestment-act-april-8-2020-comment-letterhttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/liquidity-vehicle-mortgage-servicing-advances-consumers-best-interesthttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/potential-and-limits-black-owned-bankshttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/termination-libor-update-implications-mortgage-markethttps://www.urban.org/research/publication/housing-supply-chartbookhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/pandemic-shrinking-mortgage-credit-boxhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/covid-19-policy-responses-must-consider-pandemics-impact-young-renters-and-renters-colorhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/cares-act-eviction-moratorium-covers-all-federally-financed-rentals-thats-one-four-us-rental-unitshttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/price-tag-keeping-29-million-families-their-homes-162-billionhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/we-must-act-quickly-protect-millions-vulnerable-rentershttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/2020-toolkit-helping-homeowners-crisis-better-what-we-had-2008Institutional Investors Brought Higher Home Prices and Lower Vacancies to the Housing Recoveryhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/however-you-measure-it-parents-white-college-graduates-are-about-10-times-wealthier-their-black-counterpartshttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/why-do-black-college-graduates-have-lower-homeownership-rate-white-people-who-dropped-out-high-schoolhttps://www.urban.org/urban-wire/evidence-shows-military-service-reduces-racial-homeownership-gaphttps://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center/events
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Copyright March 2020. The Urban Institute. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute. The Urban Institute is a nonprofit, nonpartisan policy research and educational organization that examines the social, economic, and governance problems facing the nation.
Acknowledgments
The Housing Finance Policy Center (HFPC) was launched with generous support at the leadership level from the Citi Foundation and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Additional support was provided by The Ford Foundation and The Open Society Foundations.
Ongoing support for HFPC is also provided by the Housing Finance Innovation Forum, a group of organizations and individuals that support high-quality independent research that informs evidence-based policy development. Funds raised through the Forum provide flexible resources, allowing HFPC to anticipate and respond to emerging policy issues with timely analysis. This funding supports HFPC’s research, outreach and engagement, and general operating activities.
The chartbook is funded by these combined sources. We are grateful to them and to all our funders, who make it possible for Urban to advance its mission.
The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Funders do not determine research findings or the insights and recommendations of Urban experts. Further information on the Urban Institute’s funding principles is available at www.urban.org/support.
Housing Finance Innovation Forum Members as of April 2020
Organizations400 Capital ManagementAGNC Investment Corp.Arch Capital GroupAssurantBank of America Citizens BankEllington Management GroupFICOGenworth Mortgage InsuranceHousing Policy Council Ivory HomesMGICMortgage Bankers AssociationMr. Cooper National Association of Home BuildersNational Association of RealtorsNational Foundation for Credit CounselingOcwenPretium PartnersPulte Home MortgageQuicken LoansRiskSpanTwo Harbors Investment Corp.Union Home MortgageU.S. Mortgage Insurers VantageScoreWells Fargo
IndividualsKen
