HOLOPHANE Lighting Fundamentals HL 862

7/27/2019 HOLOPHANE Lighting Fundamentals HL 862

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HOLOPHANE Lighting Fundamentals

Lighting basics

Light sources

Lamp characteristics

Photometry

Calculations

Lighting quality

HL-862 7/99


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2

HOLOPHANE Index Introduction

Holophane Mission Statement:

Provide lighting products and solutions, givingour customers the greatest value through superior:

visibility

energy efficiency

reliability

quality

service

Page

Introduction 2

Holophane Research and Development 3

Lighting Basics 6

Luminous FluxLuminous IntensityIlluminanceLuminanceMetric conversionsLight Sources-Lamp Characteristics 7

IncandescentFluorescentHigh Intensity DischargeMercuryMetal HalideHigh Pressure SodiumLow Pressure SodiumQuartz

Photometry 9

Candlepower Distribution CurveCoefficient of UtilizationIsofootcandle ChartSpacing CriteriaMethods of Calculating Levels of Illuminance 10

The Zonal Cavity Method of Calculating Average Illuminance Levels

Calculating Average Illuminance using the Utilization CurvePoint Calculations using Candlepower DataPoint Calculations using Isofootcandle Chart

Lighting Quality 16

Visual Comfort IlluminationEquivalent Sphere Illumination

Selection of Level of Illuminance 17

Illumination is light falling on a surfacemeasured in footcandles. Distributedwith an economic and visual plan, itbecomes engineered lighting andtherefore, practical illuminance.

A lighting designer has four majorobjectives:

1. Provide the visibility required basedon the task to be performed and theeconomic objectives.

2. Furnish high quality lighting byproviding a uniform illuminance leveland by minimizing the negative effectsof direct and reflected glare.

3. Choose luminaires esthetically

complimentary to the installation withmechanical, electrical and maintenancecharacteristics designed to minimizeoperational expense.

4. Minimize energy usage whileachieving the visibility, quality andaesthetic objectives.

There are two parts to the solution ofa design problem. One is to selectluminaires which are designed tocontrol the light in an effective andenergy efficient manner. The other isto apply them to the project with all

the skill and ingenuity the designercan bring to bear from his ownknowledge and all the reliable sourcesat his disposal.

This primer has been developed togive the designer a useful summary ofbasic lighting principles. It givesimportant data and practicalinformation on how to apply them. Itoffers the assistance of the Holophanetechnical sales force who haveCALAPro application software andLSAC economic analysis software attheir disposal. The facilities and staffof the Holophane Technical SupportGroup are also available.

In addition, it prefaces a selection ofquality lighting products that use thebest design and manufacturingtechniques of illumination science andtechnology available today. Their useassures the ultimate in lighting quality,economy, light distribution, energyefficiency and glare control.


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3 HOLOPHA

Reasearch & Development

The high caliber performancecharacteristic of Holophaneluminaires is a result of quality in

concept, research, develop-mentand execution. This depends ona staff with ability and integrity,along with the physical plant andequipment, to carry on their

work. The following are somebrief aspects of the moreimportant activities and facilities

vital to the creation of qualityHolophane lighting products.

Photometers (A/B)A full scaleradial photometer (A) with a

radius of 25 that will accom-modate up to an 8 long or 5square luminaire. There arephotocells along the arc at every 21/2, starting at 0 (nadir) up to

180 and a single cell spinningmirror photometer with aneffective test distance of 25. Each

luminaire that is tested is rotatedto measure up to 72 planes ofdata. The systems are fullyautomated so the photocellreadings are sent directly to aninhouse computer (B) whichgenerates Photometric TestReports used for calculation andanalysis. Photometric data isavailable in IESNA format on disksfor use in CALAPro and otherlighting application programs.

Electric and ballast laboratoryA heavy current laboratory tosimulate various field power andload situations. Ballasts aredesigned and tested to ensure

that they operate withinapplicable American NationalStandards design limits. A

properly designed ballast willoptimize its own life while pro-viding full lamp life and output.

Thermal laboratory (C) Heattesting facility where luminairesand components are subjectedto heat conditions well in excessof their normally expectedexposure under field use. Whilethis laboratory is used forresearch and development ofluminaires, a significant part of

its activities is directed to themeeting and maintenance ofUnderwriters Laboratoriesrequirements.

A

B

C


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4

HOLOPHANE Research & Development

Sound laboratory (D)Ananechoic (non-echoing) soundroom that has been isolated from

extraneous sounds. The soundpower is measured over each 1/3of an octave band through theaudible spectrum from 20 to20,000 hertz. The values are

weighted according to astandard hearer, then a LightingSystem Noise Criterion (LSNC) isestablished for a given room andlayout.

Vibration laboratory (E)Stability of equipment under a

variety of vibration loadings isrigorously tested to meetspecifications and field-useconditions. This assures productreliability when luminaires andpoles are subjected to various

wind conditions.

Water spray facilities (F)Resistance to water penetration isevaluated in this closed cycle

water spray system. Luminairescan be tested for standard ULwet-location and outdoor marinesuitability; also, a special 100gallon per minute, 100 psicapacity can be used to test suchsevere conditions as those foundin tunnels.

CAD system (G)A ComputerAided Design system is used forthe precise design of optical andfixture components to assure

precise light control andmanufacturing tolerances from allthe elements which make up theluminaire assembly.

Electronics laboratoryAcomplete facility for the design,development and testing of

electronic components of aluminaire. All designs arethoroughly life tested to assurefull service life and performance.

Light and Vision institute (H)A facility for teaching principlesof lighting design and calculationas well as a center for theconsideration of lightingproblems in consultation withrecognized experts in the field.

Seminars on energy conservation,

lighting for retail and roadwaylighting are conducted together

with schools for electricalconsultants, distributors and utilitypersonnel. Contact your localHolophane representative forschedule.

DH

E

F

G


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5 HOLOPHAN

Lighting demonstrationcenter (I) In this laboratory,complete luminaires and systems

are installed for measurementand visual evaluation ofperformance. The room is highlyflexible and mounting heightscan be altered to duplicate

various lighting conditions.

Outdoor lighting laboratory(J/K)A street and parking lotarea arranged for the measure-ment and visual evaluation of a

variety of lighting systemsincluding signage. Outdoor

architectural, historical andmunicipal luminaires may alsobe examined in an adjacentpark-like setting

Technical Support Group (L)A computer equippeddepartment, staffed with

professional lighting designersand engineers, to aid consultantsand users in reaching theirlighting decisions. Thedepartment uses the CALAProlighting analysis program for allof their lighting designs.

Optical laboratory (M)Avisual evaluation facility to aidin the optical design of high

quality light control elements ofHolophane luminaires.

Materials laboratory (N)Afacility for the testing ofmaterials for strength, corrosionresistance and other propertiesrelated to luminaires.

Model shop (O)A completewood and metal working shopfor the preparation of models -and working prototypes of

luminaires under design.

I K

L O

J

M

N


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6

An understanding of some of thefundamental terms in lightingtechnology is basic to good designpractice. The more important termsand concepts are reviewed here forthis purpose.

Luminous flux Luminous flux isthe time rate of flow of light asmeasured in lumens. It is a measureof the total light emitted by a sourceand is most commonly used formeasurement of total lamp output.

Luminous intensityThe candela isthe unit of intensity (I) and isanalogous to pressure in a hydraulicsystem. it is sometimes called

candlepower and describes theamount of light (lumens) in a unit ofsolid angle. This unit of solid angleis called the steradian. It will beseen from figure 1 that while thelight travels away from the sourcethe solid angle covers a larger andlarger area; but the angle itselfremains the same, as does theamount of light it contains. Intensitytherefore, in a given direction isconstant regardless of distance.

I= (lumens)(steradians)

Illuminance (E) Illuminance is thequantity of light reaching a unit areaof surface and is measured infootcandles or lux. It is defined byintensity (), in candelas, directedtoward point P divided by thesquare of the distance (D) from thesource to the surface.

E= ID2

As the area covered by a given solidangle becomes larger with distancefrom the source, the included lightflux remains the same. Theillumination density of light on thesurface decreases, therefore, as the

inverse square of the distance. Thisforniula holds only if the receivingsurface is perpendicular to thesource direction. If light is incidentat some other angle, the formulabecomes:

E= I cos

D2

where E = illumination infootcandles (fC) or lux

I = intensity in candela (cd) towardpoint P

D = distance in feet or meters

0 = angle of incidence

Luminance (L) Luminance, oftencalled brightness, is the namegiven to what we see. Brightnessis a subjective sensation varyingfrom very dim or dark to verybright. Objectively it is referred to as

luminance, defined as intensity in agiven direction divided by aprojected area as seen by theobserver. Luminance is usuallyreferred to in one of two ways,either pertaining to a luminaire or toa surface.

The direct luminance or brightnessof luminaires at various angles of

view is a major factor in the visualcomfort evaluation of an installationusing those luminaires. In general, itis desirable to minimize thebrightness of ceiling mountedluminaires at the high verticalangles, 60-90. When the intensityis in candelas, and the projected

area is in meters, the unit ofluminance is candelas per squaremeter (cd/m2).

Exitance (M) It is often desirable tocalculate the amount of lightreflected from room surfaces. Manyroom surfaces are diffuse in natureand as a result the correct term touse is Exitance (M), Where:Existance = illuminance x reflectionfactor

M = E x p

Where E = Illuminance infootcandles

p = the reflection factor of thesurface expressed as the fractionof light reflected over incidentlight

M = the resulting exitance infootcandles

Metric systemAs the U.S.A. movestoward conversion to the metricsystem to conform with the scientificfields and the rest of the world, our

illumination engineering, willconvert to the International Systemof Units (SI). Only the termsinvolving length or area, illuminanceand luminance, are affected.Illuminance (E) is stated in lux inthe metric System. lfc= 10.76 lux.Luminance (L) is stated in nits in themetric system.

HOLOPHANE Lighting Basics

D

I

P

90

50

00

50

00

80

5067 84 100 125 172

Minimum lamp voltage

Ballastcharacteristic curve

Maximumlamp voltage

Minimumlamp wattage

Maximum lamp wattage


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One of the first decisions in thedesign of a good lighting system isthe choice of a light source. Anumber of light sources areavailable, each with its own uniquecombination of operatingcharacteristics. A few of the lampcharacteristics that a lightingdesigner should consider whenchoosing a light source includeefficacy, or lumens per watt; color;lamp life; and lamp lumendepreciation, or the percent ofoutput that a lamp loses over its life.

Although there are hundreds oflamps on the market today, they canbe categorized by construction and

operating characteristics into threegroups: incandescent, fluorescentand high intensity discharge (HID).HID lamps can be grouped into fourmajor classes: high pressure sodium,metal halide, mercury and lowpressure sodium.

IncandescentAn incandescentfilament lamp is the light sourcemost commonly used in residentiallighting. Light is produced in thissource by a wire or filament beingheated to incandescence by a flow

of current through it. The short lifeand low efficacy (lumens per watt)of this source limits its use mostly toresidential and decorativecommercial lighting. Efficacy varies

with wattage and filament type, butgenerally ranges from 15 to 25lumens per watt for general servicelamps.

The incandescent source does,however, produce a highly accepted

warm color rendition. It is moreconvenient than other light sourcesbecause it can be run directly online current and therefore does notrequire a ballast. It can also bedimmed using relatively simpleequipment. It is also available indifferent bulb sizes, shapes anddistributions to add a decorativetouch to an area.

FluorescentThe fluorescent lampproduces light by activating selectedphosphors on the inner surface ofthe bulb with ultraviolet energy

which is generated by a mercury,arc. Because of the characteristics ofa gaseous arc, a ballast is needed tostart and operate fluorescent lamps.

The advantages of the fluorescentlight source include improvedefficacy and longer life thanincandescent lamps. Efficiencies forfluorescent lamps range anywherefrom 45 to 90 lumens per watt. Theirlow surface brightness and heatgeneration make them ideal foroffices and schools where thermaland visual comfort are important.

The disadvantages of fluorescent

lamps include their large size for theamount of light produced. Thismakes light control more difficult

which results in a diffuseshadowless environment. Their usein outdoor areas becomes lesseconomical because light output ofa fluorescent source is reduced atlow ambient temperatures. Also,although fluorescent efficacy ishigher than that of an incandescentlamp, higher lumens per watt often

can be achieved by high pressuresodium or metal halide lamps.

High Intensity Discharge (HID)High intensity discharge sourcesinclude mercury, metal halide, highpressure sodium (HPS) and lowpressure sodium lamps. Light isproduced in HID sources through agaseous arc discharge using a

variety of elements. Each HID lampconsists of an arc tube whichcontains certain elements ormixtures of elements which whenan arc is created between theelectrodes at each end, gasify andgenerate visible radiation.

The major advantages of HIDsources are their high efficacy inlumens per watt, long lamp life andpoint source characteristic for goodlight control. Disadvantages includethe need for a ballast to regulatelamp current and voltage as well asa starting aid for HPS and the delayin restriking instantly after amomentary power interruption.

7 HOLOPHAN

Light Sources Lamp Characteristics


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HOLOPHANE

8

Mercury (MV) The mercury sourcewas the first HID lamp developed,filling the need for a more efficient,

yet compact, high output lamp.When first developed, the majordisadvantage of this lamp was itspoor color rendition. The color ofthe deluxe white lamp, is greatlyimproved through use of aphosphor coated bulb wall.

The life of mercury lamps is good,averaging 24,000 hours for mostlarger wattage lamps. However,because the output diminishes sogreatly over time, economicoperational life is often muchshorter. Efficacy ranges from 30 to60 lumens per watt, with the higher

wattages being more efficient thanthe lower wattages.

Like other HID lamps, starting of amercury lamp is not immediate.Starting time is short, though, taking4-7 minutes to achieve maximumoutput depending upon the ambienttemperature.

Metal halide (MH) Metal halidelamps are similar in construction tomercury lamps with the addition of

various other metallic elements inthe arc tube. The major benefits ofthis change are an increase inefficacy to 60 to 100 lumens per

watt and an improvement in colorrendition to the degree that thissource is suitable for commercialareas. Light control of a metal halidelamp is also more precise than thatof a deluxe mercury lamp since lightemanates from the small arc tube,not the total outer bulb of thecoated lamp.

A disadvantage of the metal halide

lamp is its shorter life (7,500 to20,000 hrs) as compared to mercuryand high pressure sodium lamps.Starting time of the metal halide lampis approximately the same as formercury lamps. Restriking, after a

voltage dip has extinguished thelamp, however can take substantiallylonger, ranging from 4 to 12 minutesdepending on the time required forthe lamp to cool.

High pressure sodium (HPS) Inthe 1970s, as increasing energycosts placed more emphasis on the

efficiency of lighting, high pressuresodium lamps (developed in the1960s) gained widespread usage.

With efficacies ranging from 80 to140 lumens per watt, these lampsprovide about 7 times as much lightper watt as incandescent and abouttwice as much as some mercury orfluorescent. The efficacy of thissource is not its only, advantage. AnHPS lamp also offers the longest life(24,000 hrs.) and the best lumenmaintenance characteristics of allHID sources.

The major objection to the use ofHPS is its yellowish color. It is idealfor most industrial and outdoorapplications.

Low pressure sodium (LPS) Lowpressure sodium offers the highestinitial efficacy of all lamps on the

market today, ranging from 100 to180 lumens per watt. However,because all of the LPS output is inthe yellow portion of the visiblespectrum, it produces extremelypoor and unattractive colorrendition. Control of this source ismore difficult than other HIDsources because of the large size ofthe arc tube. Average life of lowpressure sodium lamps is 18,000hours. While lumen maintenancethrough life is good with LPS, thereis an offsetting increase in lamp

watts reducing the efficiency of thislamp type with use.

Light Sources Lamp Characteristics


9/24HOLOPHAN

9

Photometry

PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORTHOLOPHANE CORPORATIONHOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTERNEWARK, OHIO 43055

DISTRIBUTION DATA

VERTICAL

ANGLE

CANDLE

POWER ZONAL

LUMENS

ZONAL

LUMENS

ZONAL

DEGREES

TOTAL

EFFIC.

OUTPUT DATATEST OF HOLOPHANE

BL2X250MHXXM PRISMGLO MENTOR

POSITION OF LAMP Set Position

LAMP 250W Coated MH LUMENS 23000

WATTS 250 BULB TYPE E-28

TEST DISTANCE 25 ft. S.C. 1.8

TESTED BY CERTIFIED BY

MANAGEROFENGINEERING

TEST NO.

fc

cc

w

RCR

01234567

89

10

030 30

6060

90 90

120 120180150 150

42343

.99 .99 .99 .92 .92 .92 .79 .79 .79 .85 .80 .77 .78 .75 .72 .67 .64 .62 .73 .67 .61 .68 .62 .57 .58 .54 .50 .63 .56 .50 .59 .52 .47 .50 .45 .41 .56 .48 .42 .52 .45 .39 .44 .39 .34 .49 .41 .35 .46 .38 .33 .39 .33 .29 .44 .36 .30 .41 .33 .28 .35 .29 .25 .39 .31 .26 .36 .29 .24 .31 .26 .22

.35 .28 .23 .33 .26 .21 .28 .23 .19 .32 .25 .20 .30 .23 .19 .26 .20 .17 .29 .22 .18 .27 .21 .17 .24 .18 .15

0 23055 2236 213

10 2142

15 2158 61220 2140

25 2153 99730 230635 2451 154040 264545 2771 2146

50 261655 2212 198560 172465 1324 131570 1015

75 818 86580 72485 677 73990 67595 745 813

105 1063 1124115 1917 1903125 2063 1851135 1646 1275145 1252 786

155 881 408165 572 162175 431 41180 341

0-30 1822 8.930-60 5671 27.760-90 2919 14.2

0-90 10411 50. 890-180 8363 40.80-180 18774 91. 6

20%

80% 70% 50%

50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 0%

600 CD/DIV

Coefficient of Utilization

Isofootcandle chart

150W HPS at (10) 3.05m mountingTest No. 34673

HOUSESIDE

STREET SIDE

Ratio=Distancealo

ng/Mountingheight

Coefficientsofultiliz

ation(dashedcurves)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

02 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

.1

.2

.5

1

2

5

Ratio = Distance across/Mounting height

.8

.7

.6

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1

0

The term Photometry is used todefine any test data whichdescribes the characteristics of aluminaires light output. The mostcommon type of photometric dataincludes candlepower distributioncurves, spacing criteria, luminaireefficiency, isofootcandle charts,coefficient of utilization andluminance data. The purpose ofphotometry is to accurately describethe performance of a luminaire toenable the designer to select thelighting equipment and to design afixture layout which best meets theneeds of the job.

Following is a review of the more

frequently used types ofphotometric data.

Candlepower distribution curve(Figure 1) The photometricdistribution curve is one of thelighting designers most valuabletools. It is a cross sectional mapof intensity (candelas) measured atmany different angles. It is a twodimensional representation andtherefore shows data for one planeonly. If the distribution of the unitis symmetric, the curve in one

plane is sufficient for allcalculations. If asymmetric, such aswith street lighting and fluorescentunits, three or more planes arerequired. In general, incandescentand HID reflector units aredescribed by a single vertical planeof photometry. Fluorescentluminaires require a minimum ofone plane along the lamp axis, oneacross the lamp axis and one at a45 angle. The greater the departurefrom symmetry, the more planesare needed for accurate

calculations.

Coefficient of utilization (Figure 2)A coefficient of utilization refers tothe ratio of lumens which ultimatelyreach the work plane to the totallumens generated by the lamp. CUfigures are necessary for calculatingaverage illuminance levels, and areprovided in one of two ways: a CUtable or a utilization curve. Autilization curve is usually providedfor units intended for outdoor use orunits with a distribution radicallyasymmetric. A CU table is providedfor units which are used primarilyindoors, where the zonal cavitymethod of calculation applies. Use ofCU data will be discussed in thesection covering calculation methods.

Isofootcandle chart (Figure 3)Isofootcandle charts are often usedto describe the light pattern when afixture produces a distribution otherthan symmetric. These charts arederived from the candlepower dataand show exact plots or lines ofequal footcandle levels on the workplane when the fixture is at adesignated mounting height. Use ofisofootcandle charts in determiningilluminance at designated points

will be discussed in the point

calculations section.Spacing criteria Spacing criteriaprovides the designer withinformation regarding how far apartto space luminaires and maintainacceptable illumination uniformityon the work plane. Criteria forspacing is generally conservative i.e.,it takes into account the directcomponent of illumination only andignores the indirect component oflight which can contributesignificantly to the uniformity.

However, used within its limits,Spacing Criterion can be useful. Touse the spacing criterion, multiplythe net mounting height (luminaireto work plane) by the spacingcriteria number. This ratio is usedpredominantly with the zonal cavitymethod of calculation. Since thereare many assumptions built into thezonal cavity method, the designershould be aware of the assumptions.

Figure 3

Candlepower curve

Figure 2

Figure 1


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HOLOPHANE

10

Methods of calculatingilluminance

In order to design a luminaire layoutwhich best meets the illuminance

and uniformity requirements of thejob, two types of information aregenerally needed; averageilluminance levels and illuminancelevels at a given point. Calculationof illuminance at specific points isoften done to help the designerevaluate the lighting uniformityespecially when using luminaires

where maximum spacingrecommendations are not supplied

or where task lighting levels must bechecked against ambient.

If average levels are to becalculated, two methods can be

applied.1. For indoor lighting situations, thezonal cavity method is used withdata from a coefficient of utilizationtable.

2. For Outdoor lighting applications,a coefficient of utilization curve isprovided and the CU is read directlyfrom the curve and the standardlumen formula is used.

The following two methods can beused if calculations are to be doneto determine illuminance at onepoint.

1. If an isofootcandle chart isprovided, illuminance levels may beread directly from this curve.

2. If sufficient candlepower data isavailable, illuminance levels may becalculated from this data using thepoint to point method.

The following sections describethese methods of calculation.

Calculations


11/24HOLOPHAN

11

Zonal Cavity Method

The zonal cavity method is the cur-rently accepted method for calculat-ing average illuminance levels forindoor areas unless the light distri-bution is radically asymmetric. It isan accurate hand method forindoor applications because it takesinto consideration the effect thatinterreflectance has on the level ofilluminance. Although it takes intoaccount several variables, the basicpremise that footcandles are equalto flux over an area is not violated.

The basis of the zonal cavitymethod is that a room is made upof three spaces or cavities. Thespace between the ceiling and the

fixtures, if they are suspended, isdefined as the ceiling cavity; thespace between the work plane andthe floor, the floor cavity; andthe space between the fixtures andthe work plane, the room cavity.

Once the concept of these cavitiesis understood, it is possible to cal-culate numerical relationshipscalled cavity ratios, which can beused to determine effectivereflectance of the ceiling and floorand then to find the coefficient of

utilization.There are four basic steps in anycalculation of illuminance level:

1. Determine cavity ratio2. Determine effective cavity

reflectances3. Select coefficient of utilization4. Compute average illuminance

level

Step 1:Cavity ratios may be determined bycalculating using the following for-mulas:

Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) =5 hcc (L+W)

L x W

Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) =5 hrc (L+W)

L x W

Floor Cavity Ratio (FCR) =5 hfc (L+W)

L x W

Where:hcc = distance in feet from lumi-

naire to ceiling

hrc = distance in feet fromluminaire to work plane

hfc = distance in feet from workplane to floor

L= length in feet of room

W= width in feet of room

An alternate formula for calculatingany cavity ratio is:

2.5 x height of cavity x

Cavity Ratio = cavity perimeterarea of cavity base

Step 2:Effective cavity reflectances must be

determined for the ceiling cavityand for the floor cavity. These arelocated in Table A (pg. 12) underthe applicable combination ofcavity ratio and actual reflectanceof ceiling, walls and floor. Note thatif the luminaire is recessed orsurface mounted, or if the floor isthe work plane, the CCR or FCR

will be 0 and then the actual reflec-tance of the ceiling or floor will

also be the effective reflectance.The effective reflectance valuesfound will then be pcc (effectiveceiling cavity reflectance) and pfc(effective floor cavity reflectance).

Step 3:With these values of pcc, pfc, andpw (wall reflectance), and knowingthe room cavity ratio (RCR) previ-ously calculated, find the coefficientof utilization in the luminaire coeffi-cient of utilization (CU) table. Notethat since the table is linear, linearinterpolations can be made forexact cavity ratios or reflectancecombinations.

The coefficient of utilization foundwill be for a 20% effective floorcavity reflectance, thus, it will benecessary to correct for the previ-ously determined pfc. This is doneby multiplying the previouslydetermined CU by the factor fromTable B (pg.13).

CU final = CU (20% floor) x Multi-plier for actual pfc. If it is otherthan 10% or 30% then interpolateor extrapolate and multiply by thisfactor.

Step 4:Computation of the illuminancelevel is performed using the stan-dard lumen method formula.

# of fixtures x lamps perfixture x lumens per

Footcandles = lamp x CU x LLF(maintained) area in square feet

hcc

hrc

hfc Floor

Workplane

Luminaires

Ceiling Ceiling Cavity

Room Cavity

Floor Cavity


12/24

Table APer cent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance for various reflectance combinations.

% Ceiling

or floor 90 80 70 50 30 10reflectance

% Wall 90 70 50 30 80 70 50 30 70 50 30 70 50 30 70 50 30 10 50 30 10reflectance

Cavity ratio0.2 89 88 86 85 78 78 77 76 68 67 66 49 48 47 30 29 29 28 10 10 090.4 88 86 84 81 77 76 74 72 67 65 63 48 47 45 30 29 28 26 11 10 090.6 87 84 80 77 76 75 71 68 65 63 59 47 45 43 30 28 26 25 11 10 080.8 87 82 77 73 75 73 69 65 64 60 56 47 44 40 30 28 25 23 11 10 081.0 86 80 75 69 74 72 67 62 62 58 53 46 43 38 30 27 24 22 12 10 08

1.2 85 78 72 66 73 70 64 58 61 57 50 45 41 36 30 27 23 21 12 10 071.4 85 77 69 62 72 68 62 55 60 55 47 45 40 35 30 26 22 19 12 10 07

1.6 84 75 67 59 71 67 60 53 59 53 45 44 39 33 29 25 22 18 12 09 071.8 83 73 64 56 70 66 58 50 58 51 42 43 38 31 29 25 21 17 13 09 062.0 83 72 62 53 69 64 56 48 56 49 40 43 37 30 29 24 20 16 13 09 06

2.2 82 70 59 50 68 63 54 45 55 48 38 42 36 29 29 24 19 15 13 09 062.4 82 69 58 48 67 61 52 43 54 46 37 42 35 27 29 24 19 14 13 09 062.6 81 67 56 46 66 60 50 41 54 45 35 41 34 26 29 23 18 14 13 09 062.8 81 66 54 44 65 59 48 39 53 43 33 41 33 25 29 23 17 13 13 09 053.0 80 64 52 42 65 58 47 37 52 42 32 40 32 24 29 22 17 12 13 09 05

3.2 79 63 50 40 65 57 45 35 51 40 31 39 31 23 29 22 16 12 13 09 053.4 79 62 48 38 64 56 44 34 50 39 29 39 30 22 29 22 16 11 13 09 053.6 78 61 47 36 63 54 43 32 49 38 28 39 29 21 29 21 15 10 13 09 043.8 78 60 45 35 62 53 41 31 49 37 27 38 29 21 28 21 15 10 14 09 044.0 77 58 44 33 61 53 40 30 48 36 26 38 28 20 28 21 14 09 14 09 04

4.2 77 57 43 32 60 52 39 29 47 35 25 37 28 20 28 20 14 09 14 09 044.4 76 56 42 31 60 51 38 28 46 34 24 37 27 19 28 20 14 09 14 08 044.6 76 55 40 30 59 50 37 27 45 33 24 36 26 18 28 20 13 08 14 08 044.8 75 54 39 28 58 49 36 26 45 32 23 36 26 18 28 20 13 08 14 08 045.0 75 53 38 28 58 48 35 25 44 31 22 35 25 17 28 19 13 08 14 08 04

HOLOPHANE

12

Zonal Cavity Method

When the initial illuminance levelrequired is known and the number offixtures needed to obtain that level isdesired, a variation of the standardlumen formula is used.

maintainedfootcandles desired

# of luminaires = x area in sq. ft.lamp/fixture xlumen/lamp x

CU x LLF

The total light loss factor (LLF)consists of two basic factors, lamp lu-men depreciation (LLD) and luminairedirt depreciation (LDD). If initiallevels are to be found, a multiplier of1 is used. Light loss factors, alongwith the total lamp lumen output varywith manufacturer and type of lampor luminaire and are determined byconsulting the manufacturerspublished data.

Occasionally, other light loss factorsmay need to be applied when theyare applicable. Some of these are,ballast factor, luminaire ambienttemperature, voltage factor and roomsurface dirt depreciation.


13/24

Table BMultiplying factors for other than 20 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance

% Effectiveceiling cavity 80 70 50 30 10reflectance, pcc

% Wallreflectance, 70 50 30 10 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10

pWFor 30 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent = 1.00)

Room cavityratio1 1.092 1.082 1.075 1.068 1.077 1.070 1.064 1.059 1.049 1.044 1.040 1.028 1.026 1.023 1.012 1.010 1.0082 1.079 1.066 1.055 1.047 1.068 1.057 1.048 1.039 1.041 1.033 1.027 1.026 1.021 1.017 1.013 1.010 1.0063 1.070 1.054 1 042 1.033 1.061 1.048 1.037 1.028 1.034 1.027 1.020 1.024 1.017 1.012 1.014 1.009 1.0054 1.062 1.045 1.033 1.024 1.055 1.040 1.029 1.021 1.030 1.022 1.015 1.022 1.015 1.010 1.014 1.009 1.0045 1.056 1 038 1.026 1.018 1.050 1.034 1.024 1.015 1.027 1.018 1.012 1.020 1.013 1.008 1.014 1.009 1.0046 1.052 1.033 1.021 1.014 1.047 1.030 1.020 1.012 1.024 1.015 l.009 1.019 1.012 1.006 1.014 1.008 1.0037 1.047 1.029 1.018 1.011 1.043 1.026 1.017 l.009 1.022 1.013 1.007 1.018 1.010 1.005 1.014 1.008 1.0038 1.044 1.026 1.015 1.009 1.040 1.024 1.015 1.007 1.020 1.012 1.006 1.017 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.0039 1.040 1.024 1.014 1.007 1.037 1.022 1.014 1.006 1.019 1.011 1.005 1.016 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.00210 1.037 1.022 1.012 1.006 1.034 1.020 1.012 1.005 1.017 1.010 1.004 1.015 1.009 1.003 1.013 1.007 1.002

For 10 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent=1.00)

Room cavityratio1 .923 .929 .935 .940 .933 .939 .943 .948 .956 .960 .963 .973 .976 .979 .989 .991 .9932 .931 .942 .950 .958 .940 .949 .957 .963 .962 .968 .974 .976 .980 .985 .988 .991 .9953 .939 .951 .961 .969 .945 .957 .966 .973 .967 .975 .981 .978 .983 .988 .988 .992 .9964 .944 .958 .969 .978 .950 .963 .973 .980 .972 .980 .986 .980 .986 .991 .987 .992 .996

5 .949 .964 .976 .983 .954 .968 .978 .985 .975 .983 .989 .981 .988 .993 .987 .992 .9976 .953 .969 .980 .986 .958 .972 .982 .989 .977 .985 .992 .982 .989 .995 .987 .993 .9977 .957 .973 .983 .991 .961 .975 .985 .991 .979 .987 .994 .983 .990 .996 .987 .993 .9988 .960 .976 .986 .993 .963 .977 .987 .993 .981 .988 .995 .984 .991 .997 .987 .994 .9989 .963 .978 .987 .994 .965 .979 .989 .994 .983 .990 .996 .985 .992 .998 .988 .994 .99910 .965 .980 .965 .980 .967 .981 .990 .995 .984 .991 .997 .986 .993 .998 .988 .994 .999

HOLOPHAN

13

Zonal Cavity Example

Four lamp Prismawrap luminaire coefficients of utilization-zonal cavity methodSpacing Criterion 1.4

pcc 80% 70% 50% 30% 10%pw 70% 50% 30% 10% 70% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10%

0 .78 .78 .78 .78 .75 .75 .75 .75 .70 .70 .70 .66 .66 .66 .62 .62 .621 .72 .69 .67 .64 .69 .67 .65 .63 .63 .61 .59 .59 .58 .56 .56 .55 .532 .66 .62 .58 .55 .64 .60 .56 .53 .56 .54 .51 .53 .51 .49 .50 .48 .473 .61 .55 .51 .47 .59 .54 .50 .46 .51 .47 .44 .48 .45 .43 .46 .43 .414 .57 .50 .45 .41 .55 .48 .44 .40 .46 .42 .39 .44 .40 .38 .41 .39 .365 .52 .45 .39 .35 .50 .43 .38 .35 .41 .37 .34 .39 .36 .33 .37 .34 .326 .48 .40 .35 .31 .47 .39 .34 .31 .37 .33 .30 .36 .32 .29 .34 .31 .287 .45 .36 .31 .27 .43 .35 .30 .27 .34 .29 .26 .32 .28 .25 .31 .27 .258 .41 .33 .27 .23 .40 .32 .27 .23 .30 .26 .23 .29 .25 .22 .28 .24 .229 .38 .29 .24 .20 .36 .28 .23 .20 .27 .23 .20 .26 .22 .19 .25 .21 .1910 .35 .26 .21 .18 .34 .26 .21 .18 .25 .20 .17 .24 .20 .17 .23 .19 .16

RCR

Example:A typical lecture hall is 60' long and30' wide with a l4 ceiling height.Reflectances are ceiling 80%, walls30%, floor 10%. Four lampPrismawrap (coefficients of utilizationshown below) is to be used on 4'stems and the work plane is 2' abovethe floor. Find the illuminance level ifthere are 18 luminaires in the room.

Solutions:

(l) Calculate cavity ratios as follows:

CCR= 5(4)(30+60) =1.030 x 60

RCR= 5(8)(30 + 60) =2.030 x 60

FCR= 5(2) (30+60) =5.030 x 60

(2) In Table A, look up effectivecavity reflectances for these ceilingand floor cavities, pcc for the ceilingcavity is determined to be 62% while

pfc for the floor cavity is 10%.

(3) Knowing the room cavity ratio(RCR), it is now possible to find thecoefficient of utilization for thePrismawrap luminaire in a roomhaving an RCR of 2.0 and effectivereflectances as follows:

pcc = 62%; pw = 30%; pfc = 20%. Byinterpolation between boxed num-bers in the table this CU is .55. Note

that this CU is for an effectivereflectance of 20% while the actualeffective reflectance of the floor pfcis 10%. To correct for this, locate theappropriate multiplier in Table B forthe RCR already calculated (2.0). It is.962 and is found by interpolatingbetween the boxed number in TableB for 70% pcc, 30% pw, and 50% pcc,30% pw at an RCR of 2.0.

Then:CU final = .55 x .962 = .53

Note that all interpolations only needto be of the approximate eyeballtype giving a credible degree of

accuracy to the calculation.

(4) Illuminance level can now be cal-culated if we know the number ofunits to be used and the lamp lumenrating.

# of fixtures x lamps/fixture

FC initial = x lumens/lamp x CUarea

FC initial = 18 x 4 x 3150 x .5360 x 30FC initial = 67

Check spacing of luminaires.

A possible arrangement for thesefixtures is three columns of sixfixtures spaced ten feet on center ineach direction. The Spacing Criterionis 1.4, making the maximum allow-able spacing 11 .2-feet. The actualspacing is less than the maximumallowable spacing, therefore theillumination on the work planeshould be uniform.


14/24

HOLOPHANE

14

Lumen Method and Example

Calculating average illuminancelevels using a utilization curveThe standard lumen method formula

is also used to calculate average illu-minance levels when CUs are takenfrom a utilization curve.

lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaire x # luminaires

Footcanales = x CU x LLF

(maintained) area in square feet

To calculate the number of luminairesneeded to produce the desired foot-candles, the following formula is used:

maintained footcandlesdesired x area in sq. ft.

# of luminaires=lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaire x CU x LLF

A variation of this formula, which isused mostly for roadway lighting,calculates how far apart the fixturesmust be spaced to produce the neces-sary average illuminance.

lamp lumens x CU x LLF

Spacing = Avg. MTD FC x width ofRoad

A utilization curve shows the percentof light which falls onto an area

having a designated width and aninfinite length. This width is expressedon the utilization curve in terms of aratio of the width of the area to theluminaire mounting height.

A CU is found by reading across thebottom axis to this ratio, up until thedashed CU line is intersected, thenacross to the right hand axis, to readthe value of the CU. Separate CUs aregiven for the area to the street sideand area to the house side of thefixture and may be used to findillumination on the roadway orsidewalk areas or added to find thetotal light on the street in the case ofmedian mounted luminaires.

Example:A roadway 24 ft. wide is to be lightedto an average maintained illumination

level of 1.0 fc. Holophane Mongoose

MV400HPNC6 is to be used. They willbe mounted on 30 ft. poles which areset back 36 ft. from the road. Find thespacing required.

lamp lumens x CU x LLF

Spacing = Avg. MTD FC x width ofRoad

SolutionThe CU is determined by reading fromthe chart #l the intersection of the

distance across/mounting height withthe CU and hence horizontally to theCU axis.

Chart 1The CU for the roadway area only isdetermined by subtracting the CU ofthe setback area from the CU of thetotal area of both roadway andsetback. The width of the total area is60 feet ( 2.0 M.H.) and the width ofthe setback is 36 feet (1.2 M.H.). From

the CU curve (see chart 1 ) we findthat the corresponding CUs are .52and .3. Deducting the second from thefirst we get a CU of .22. Inserting thisCU into the standard lumen methodformula results in a spacing of 371feet.

Spacing = 50,000 x .22 x .81 = 371 ft.1.0 x 24

Typic

al

Spacing

Roadwa

yEastB

ound

30 Pole

36

Setback24

Cat. No. MV400HP00NC6 - RE-248400W Clear HPS/Test No. 49730

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

.80

.70

.60

.50

.40

.30

.20

.10

05 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Ratio = Distance Across/Mounting Height

Ratio=DistanceAlong/MountingHeight

CoefficientofUtilization(Dashed

Cu

rves)

House Side Street Side

1

2

.2

.5

.001 .002

.005

.01

.02

.05


15/24HOLOPHAN

15

Point Calculations and Examples

Point calculations usingcandlepower dataThis method is especially useful in thedetermination of variation ofillumination levels and the uniformityof illumination provided by a lightingdesign. It is most frequently used inheavy industrial and design whereinterreflections are not a consideration.

The point-by-point method accuratelycomputes the illuminance level at anygiven point in an installation bysumming up the illuminationcontributions to that point from everyluminaire individually. It does notaccount for contributions from othersources such as reflection from walls,

ceiling, etc. For accuracy thecalculation distance from source topoint of calculation should be at leastfive times the maximum luminairedimension. Using the photometricdistribution for the unit we maycalculate values for specific points asfollows for horizontal surfaces.

fc = candlepower x CosD2

Example:A single 400W HPS Prismpackluminaire is mounted 26 above a

work plane. it is desired to find theinitial horizontal illumination at apoint 15 to one side of the luminaire.See figure 2.

Solution:

Since fc = candlepower x CosD2

we need to determine the angle yand look up the cp at this angle. Wealso must determine the distance D.Since D2 = a2 + h2

D2 = (15)2 + (26)2

D = 30

and tangent =ah

= arc tangent 1526

= 30

Then we can determine thecandlepower of this luminaire from the

cp curve, figure 3, to be, 18936 (cp).

The illumination then is:

fc = 18936 x Cos 30 = 18.2 fc(30)2

When many point calculations mustbe done by hand a variation of the

basic formula is somewhat moreuseful.

fc = Candlepower x cos3

h2

This version of the formula lets usdeal with only the net mountingheight of the fixtures andcandlepower angles and eliminatesthe necessity to calculate eachseparate distance D.

Point calculations using theisofootcandle chartThe isofootcandle chart can also beused to find the illumination at aspecific point. It is found by definingthe horizontal distance from thefixture to that point in terms of a ratiof distance to mounting height, thenlooking up that ratio on the chart. Ifthe actual mounting height of thefixture is different than theisofootcandle chart mounting height,a correction factor must be appliedusing the following formula:

correction factor = chart MH2

actual MH2

Example:

Using the same layout and fixtures aswere used in example on page 14determine the illuminance level,between the two units, on the outsidedge of the road using Chart 1.

Solution:From either fixture, point A is 60 feeto the street side (2.0 M.H.) and 143feet down the street (4.8 M.H.).Looking at the isofootcandle curve,

we find that the footcandle line athat point is the .30 fc curve. This isthe contribution from one luminaire

and should be summed with othercontributions for total footcandles.Since the isofootcandle chartmounting height is the same as ourmounting height, no furthercorrection is necessary.

Computer programsPoint by point calculations can betime consuming. Several computerprograms are available that performsuch calculations for many analysispoints and luminaires in a fractionof the time necessary to do thesame calculations by hand.

igure 2

Luminaire

D

h=26

a = 15

Elevation

Luminaire Calculation Point+

Plan

PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORTHOLOPHANE CORPORATIONHOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTERNEWARK, OHIO 43055

DISTRIBUTION DATA

ZONAL

LUMENS

ZONAL

DEGREES

TOTAL

EFFIC.

OUTPUT DATA

TESTED BY CERTIFIED BY

TEST NO.

030 30

6060

90 90

120 120180150 150

42181

PP5K400HP00XXJ39

Set Position

400W Clear HPS

40 0

25 FT.

50000

E-18

1.4

TEST OF HOLOPHANE

POSITION OF LAMP

LAMP

WATTS

TEST DISTANCE

LUMENS

BULB TYPE

S.C.

0 168805 16774 1601

10 1761115 19672 557620 20262

25 20286 938930 1893635 16925 1063240 1419945 10411 8063

50 636755 3256 292160 129665 732 72770 574

75 417 44180 30185 219 23990 5795 35 38

105 46 48115 64 63125 77 69135 141 109145 574 360

155 867 402165 14 4175 18 2180 7

0-30 30-60 60-90 0-9090-180 0-180

VERTICALANGLE

CANDLEPOWER

ZONALLUMENS

1656721616 140739591 109640686

33.143.2 2.879.2 2.281.4

2500 CD/DIV


16/24

HOLOPHANE

16

Lighting Quality

Achieving the required illuminancelevel does not necessarily ensuregood lighting quality. The quality as

well as the quantity of illuminance isimportant to produce a comfortable,productive, aesthetically pleasinglighting environment. The quality ofthe lighting system refers, but is notlimited to, aspects of lighting suchas proper color, good uniformity,proper room surface luminances,adequate brightness control andminimal glare.

Research has suggested that thelighting system can effect usersimpressions of visual clarity, spa-ciousness and pleasantness. Thesefeelings occur in spaces that areuniformly lighted with emphasis onhigher luminances on room surfaces.

The improved user satisfaction fromsuch spaces may or may not have

any effect on worker performance.However, given two lighting systems

with equal lifetime costs, lighting

systems which provide improvedworker satisfaction should beconsidered.

User satisfaction is often consideredin the design of offices and commer-cial spaces, but ignored in industrialspaces. However, the industrial en-

vironment should be designed toprovide a high quality visual envi-ronment, yielding improved workersatisfaction. This can be accom-plished by using lighting systems

which produce the properluminance on ceilings and walls.

The photo below illustrates twolighting systems in the same indus-trial environment. Both lightingsystems provide the same quantityof horizontal illuminance on the

work plane. The system on the rightprovides little uplight, resulting inthe typical cavern effect associated

with industrial spaces. The system atleft provides uplight and improvesthe luminance of the ceiling and

vertical surfaces. This system canprovide workers with a feeling ofincreased spaciousness. The uplightcomponent also tends to improve

work plane illuminance uniformity,possibly yielding improved feelingsof visual clarity.

Any lighting design should considerthe impressions of the user of thespace. The photograph belowindicates that even an industrialenvironment can be improved withthe hope of providing better

working conditions and improvedsatisfaction for the worker.

Prismatic Glass (left) Aluminum Reflector (right)


17/24HOLOPHAN

17

The following procedure is thecurrently accepted method of theIlluminating Engineering Society ofNorth America for determining thelevel of maintained illuminanceneeded to perform a given task.This method takes into consider-ation the factors which mostcommonly contribute to theseeability of the task. It provides arange of illuminance levels for agiven task, then defines a targetilluminance level from within thatrange by the use of weightingfactors which have beendetermined through research oflighting performance needs.

The following conditions arefactored into this method:1. The task to be performed2. The details of the object to be

viewed3. The age of the observer4. The importance of speed and/oraccuracy for visual performance5. The reflectance of the back-ground material

This method, then, allows thedesigner to use his own evaluationof the environmental conditions to

select the target illuminance level.Step 1:Determine the type of activity for

which the level of lighting is to beselected.

Step 2:Select the appropriate illuminancecategory by one of the followingmethods:

A.When the visual task is definedby one of the typical taskcategories, choose the appropriateilluminance category from Table E.

B. If a specific task cannot be es-tablished, the illuminance categorymay be determined from thegeneric task descriptions listed inTable C.

Step 3:Establish illuminance target value.Once the illuminance category ischosen, an exact illuminance level

may be determined from within thisrange. These levels are establishedon Table D by matching the appro-priate user, room, and task charac-teristics with the previouslydetermined illuminance category.

Because the intention of thismethod is to factor in thepreviously listed five conditions, itis not applicable to certain areas.Therefore, it will be noted thatspecific footcandle levels, rather

than ranges, are given for these en-vironments.

These levels should be used as a

guide for the designer. Absolutevalues cannot and should not beassigned to cover all situations. It isrecognized that other installationcircumstances may alter the neces-sary level to higher or lower fig-ures; the final discretion resting

with the designer.

Table C

I. Illuminance categories and illuminance values for generic types

of activities in interiors

Ranges of illuminances

Type of activity Illuminance Reference work-plane

categoryLux Footcandles

Public spaces A 20-30-50 2-3-5with darksurroundings

Simple orientation B 50-75-100 5-7.5-10 General lightingfor short temporary throughout spacesvisits

Working spaces C 100- 150-200 10-15-20where visualtasks are onlyoccasionallyperformed

Performance of D 200-300-500 20-30-50visual tasks

of high contrastor large size

Performance of E 500-750-1000 50-75-100 Illuminance on taskvisual tasks ofmedium contrastor small size

Performance of F 1000-1500-2000 l00-150-200visual tasks oflow contrast orvery small size

Performance of G 2000-3000-5000 200-300-500visual tasks oflow contrast andvery small sizeover a prolongedperiod Illuminance on task

obtained by a combination of generaland local (supple-mentary lighting)

Selection of level of Illuminance


18/24

HOLOPHANE

18

Selection of Level of Illuminance

Table D Illuminance values, maintained, in footcandles, for a combination ofilluminance categories and user, room and task characteristics (for illumi-nance in lux, multiply by 10).

a. General lighting throughout roomWeighting factors Illuminance categories

Average of occupants Average room surface A B Cages reflectance (percent)

Under 40 Over 70 2 5 1030-70 2 5 10Under 30 2 5 10

40-55 Over 70 2 5 1030-70 3 7 15Under 30 5 10 20

Over 55 Over 70 3 7 1530-70 5 10 20Under 30 5 10 20

b. Illuminance on taskWeighting factors Illuminance categories

Average of Demand for Task backgroundworkers ages speed and/or reflectance D E F G**

accuracy* (per cent)Under 40 NI Over 70 20 50 100 200

30-70 20 50 100 200Under 30 30 75 150 300

I Over 70 20 50 100 20030-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 30 75 150 300

C Over 70 30 75 150 300

30-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 30 75 150 30040-55 NI Over 70 20 50 100 200

30-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 30 75 150 300

I Over 70 30 75 150 30030-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 30 75 150 300

C Over 70 30 75 150 30030-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 50 100 200 500

Over 55 NI Over 70 30 75 150 30030-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 30 75 150 300

I Over 70 30 75 150 30030-70 30 75 150 300Under 30 50 100 200 500

C Over 70 30 75 150 30030-70 50 100 200 500Under 30 50 100 200 500

*NI = not important, I = important, and C = critical**Obtained by a combination of general and supplementary lighting

Table ECommercial, institutional, andpublic assembly interiors

Type of activity IlluminanceCategory orlevel (fc)

AuditoriumsAssembly CSocial activity B

BanksLobby-general C

Writing area DTellers stations E

Conference roomsConferring DCritical seeing (referto individual task)

DraftingMylar, vellum or tracingpaper (high contrast) ELow contrast FBlueprints E

Exhibition halls C

Garages (see parking)

LibrariesReading areas(see reading)Book stacksactive D

Audiovisual areas andaudio/listening areas D

Merchandising spacesCirculationHigh activity 30Medium activity 20Low activity 10


19/24HOLOPHAN

19


MerchandisingHigh activity 100Medium activity 75Low activity 30

OfficesGeneral and privateoffices (see reading)Lobbies, lounges andreception areas C

ReadingXerograph,

mimeograph DCRT screens B#3 pencil and softerleads E#4 pencil and harderleads FBall-point pen D8 and 10 point type DGlossy magazines DNewsprint D

SchoolsClassrooms(see reading)

Science laboratories EShops (see part III,industrial group)

Stairways C

Interior industrial areas


Aircraft maintenanceGeneral 75Instruments, radio,electrical 150Upholstery 100Parts inspection 100Paint shop 100

Aircraft manufacturingRough bench work 50Drilling, riveting,screw fastening 75Medium bench work 100

final assembly 100Assembly

Simple DModerately difficult EDifficult FVery difficult G

Automobile manufacturingFrame assembly 50Chassis, body andcomponent assembly 100Final assembly 200

Bakeriesgeneral D

Breweries D

Canning and preservingContinuous-beltCanning ESink canning EHand packing DInspection F


Chemical plants (see Petroleum andchemical plants)

Cloth products (see alsotextile mills)

Cutting and sewing GPressing F

Corridors B

Electrical equipmentManufacturing

Impregnating D

Insulating: coil winding EElectrical generating stationsInterior (see also Nuclearpower plants)

Boiler platforms BBurner platforms CCoal handling system BCoal pulverizer CCondensers, deaeratorFloor, evaporatorFloor, heater floors BControl rooms D

Main control boards D

Auxiliary controlpanels DOperators station E

Tunnels or galleries,piping and electrical B

Turbine buildingOperating floor DBelow operating floor CWater treating area D


20/24

HOLOPHANE

20


Flour millsRolling, sifting,Purifying EPacking DProduct control F

Forge shops E

FoundriesAnnealing (furnaces) DCore makingfine FCore making medium EInspectionfine

Inspectionmedium FPouring E

Hangars (see aircraft)manufacturing)

InspectionSimple DModerately difficult EDifficult FVery difficult G

Iron and steel manufacturing

Open hearthStock yard 10Charging floor 20Hot Top 30Stripping yard 20Skull cracker 20

Rolling millsBlooming, slabbing,hot strip, hot sheet,coal strip, plate 30pipe, rod, tube, wiredrawing 50

Tin plate millsTinning andgalvanizing 50

InspectionBlack plate, bloomand billet chipping 100


Machine shopsRough bench ormachine work DMedium bench ormachine work,ordinary automaticmachines roughgrinding, mediumbuffing and polishing EFine bench ormachine work fineautomatic machines,medium grinding, fine

buffing and polishing GMaterials handling

Wrapping, packing,labeling DPicking stock,classifying DLoading, inside truckbodies andfreight cars C

Nuclear power plant (see alsoElectric generating stations)

Auxiliary building,

uncontrolled accessareas CControlled accessareas count room ELaboratory E

Health physics office FMedical aid room FHot laundry DStorage room CEngineered safetyfeatures equipment D


Diesel generatorbuilding D

Fuel handling buildingOperating floor DBelow operating floor C

Off gas building CRadwaste building DReactor building

Operating floor DBelow operating floor C

Paper manufacturingBeaters, grinding,

calendering DFinishing, cutting,trimming, paper-making machines EHand counting, wetend of papermachines EPaper machine reel,Paper inspections,and laboratories FRewinder F


21/24HOLOPHAN

21


Parking areas (see parking areas inoutdoor facilitiessection)

Petroleum and chemicalplants

Loading, unloading, andcooling water pumphouses

Pump area 5General control area 15Control panel 20

Boiler and air

compressor plantsIndoor equipment 20Outdoor equipment 5

Tank fields (wherelighting is required)

Gaging area 1Manifold area 5

Loading racksGeneral area 5Tank car 10Tank trucks, loadingpoint 10

Electrical substationsand switch yardsOutdoor switchyards 2Generalsubstation(outdoor) 2

Power plants (see electricstations)

PhotoengravingEtching, staging,blocking D

Routing, finishing,proofing, tint layingmasking E

Rubber goodsmechanicalGeneral 50Plasticating, milling,Banbury 30

Inspection 200


Rubber tire manufacturingBanbury 30Calendering

General 30Letoff and windup 50

Tire buildingGeneral 50At machines 150

CuringGeneralAt molds 75

InspectionGeneral 100

SawmillsSecondary log deck BHead saw (cuttingarea viewed bysawyer) EHead saw outfeed BMachine in-feedsbull edger, resaws,edgers, trim, hulasaws, planers) B

Main mill floor (baselighting) ASorting tables DRough lumbergrading DFinished lumbergrading FDry lumberwarehouse (planer) CDry kiln coiling shed BChipper infeed B


Sheet metal worksMiscellaneous

machines, ordinarybench work E

Steel (see iron and steel)

Storage rooms orwarehousesInactive BActive

Rough, bulky items CSmall items D

Textile millsStock dyeing, tinting DSorting and grading(wool and cotton) EOpen picking, cardingdrawing, combing DFabric production FFinishing

Fabric preparation(desizing, scouring,bleaching, singeing,mercerization anddying) D

Fabric finishing(calendering,sanforizing, suedincchemical treatment) EInspection G

Tobacco productsDrying, stripping DGrading and sorting F

Toilets and wash rooms C

Warehouse

(see storage rooms)


22/24

HOLOPHANE

22


Building exteriorsEntrances

Active (pedestrianand/or conveyance) 5Inactive (normallylocked, infrequentlyused) 1Vital locations orstructures 5Building surrounds 1

Bulletin and poster boardsBright surroundings

Light surfaces 50Dark surfaces 100

Dark surroundingsLight surfaces 20Dark surfaces 50

Coal yards (protective) .2

Electric generatingstationsexterior

Boiler areasCatwalks, generalarea 2Stairs and platforms 5Ground level areas

including precipi-tators, FD and IDfans, bottom ashhoppers 5

Fuel handlingBarge unloading, cardumper, unloadinghoppers, truckunloading, pumps,gas metering 5Conveyors 2Coal, storage piles,ash dumps .2


HydroelectricPowerhouse roof,stairs, platform andintake decks 5

SubstationHorizontal generalarea 2Vertical tasks 5

Transformer yardsHorizontal generalarea 2Vertical tasks 5

Turbine areasBuilding surrounds 2Turbine and heaterdecks, unloadingbays 5

Highways(see roadways)

Loading and unloadingplatforms 20

Lumber yards 1

Parking areasOpen parking

For vehicular trafficLow activity .5Medium activity 1High activity 2

For pedestriansecurityLow activity .8Medium activity 2High activity 4

Covered parkinggeneral 5


Prison yards 5

Railroad yardsRetarder, hump and carrider classificationyards

Switch points 2Body of yard 1Hump area (vertical) 20

RoadwaysCommercial

Freeways .6Major 2

ResidentialMajor 1Collector .6

Ship yardsGeneral 5Ways 10Fabrication areas 30

Storage yardsActive 20Inactive 1


23/24HOLOPHAN

23

Sports and recreational areas

Activity Class Area Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Verticalof play footcandles uniformity footcandles

uniformity(max/min) (max/min)

Outdoor

Baseball & I Infield 150 1.5 100 1.5Softball Outfield 100 1.5 70 2.0

II Infield 100 1.5 70 1.7Outfield 70 1.7 50 2.5

III Infield 50 2.0 40 Outfield 30 2.5 25

IV Infield 30 3.0 25 Outfield 20 3.5 15

American I Playing 100 1.5 80 Football II Area 50 2.0 40

III Including 30 2.5 IV End Zones 20 3.0

Soccer I Playing II Area 50 1.5 35 III 30 2.0 25 IV 20 3.0 15

Tennis I Within 125 1.2 II Lines 60 1.5

40 1.7 30 2.0

Handball II Playing 30 2.0 20 IV Area 15 3.0 10

Ice Hockey II 50 2.0 40 III 30 2.0 20 IV 20 3.0 15

Indoor

Basketball I 100 1.5 100 1.5II Playing 75 2.1 III Area 50 3.0 IV 30 3.0

Tennis I Within 125 1.2 II Boundary 75 1.5 III Lines 50 1.7 IV 40 2.0

Racquetball I 100 1.5 75 & Squash II 75 2.0 50

III 50 2.5 30

Ice Hockey I 125 2.0 100 II 100 3.0 75 III 75 4.0 50 IV 50 4.0 25

These recommendations are takenfrom publication number RP-6-88,published by the Illuminating Engi-neering Society of Basketball NorthAmerica. For information on otherrecreational areas or for detaileddiscussion of these recommendations,please refer to RP-6-88 or contact yourHolophane representative .

Table 1 Class of Play and FacilitiesFacility Class

I II III IV

International X

National X

Professional X

College X X

Semi-Professional X X

Sports clubs X X

Amateur leagues X X

High schools X X

Training facilities X X

Elementary schools X X

Recreational events X

Social events XClass I - Facilities with spectator capacity of 5000 to 200,000Class II - Facilities with spectator capacity of 5000 or lessClass III - No special provision for spectatorsClass IV - Social or recreational, i.e. noncompetitive


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HOLOPHANE

Holophane Corporation, 214 Oakwood Ave., Newark,OH 43055 / Holophane Canada, Inc. 294 Walker Drive,Unit #3, Brampton, ON Canada L6T 4Z2 / HolophaneEurope Limited, Bond Ave., Milton Keynes MK1 1JG,England./ Unique Lighting Solutions, 13/30 HeathcoteRoad, Moorebank, NSW 2170 Australia/ Holophane, S.A.de C.V., Apartado Postal No. 986, Naucalpan de Juarez,53000 Ed d M i

Contact your local Holophane salesrepresentative for application assistance, andcomputer-aided design and cost studies. Forinformation on other Holophane products andsystems, call the Customer Service Center at740-345-9631. In Canada call 905-793-3111 orfax 905 793 9597

Limited Warranty and Limitation of LiabilityRefer to the Holophane limited materialwarranty and limitation of liability on thisproduct, which are published in the Terms andConditions section of the current priceschedule, and is available from our localHolophane sales representative

HOLOPHANE Lighting Fundamentals HL 862

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