Historical Reference Frames of British Culture & Civilization CURS 5
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Transcript of Historical Reference Frames of British Culture & Civilization CURS 5
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THE EMPIRE & THE COMMONWEALTH, THE
EUROPEAN UNION, THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND &
NORTHERN IRELAND
1. The empire and Cmmn!ea"#h
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The Bri#i$h Empire was gradually built up over 4 centuries from the 16 th
century.
The British colonization began in:
- orth ! "outh #merica
- #frica$ #sia ! the %est &ndies.
'migrants from Britain settled in colonies such as the ("#$ #ustralia$
)anada$ "outh #frica ! ew *ealand.
By the 1+th century$ British imperial rule ! possessions embraced a
,uarter of the worlds population.
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&n the late 1+th! early /th centuries large colonies such as:
- )anada$ #ustralia$ ew *ealand ! "outh #frica
Became self-governing dominions ! eventually achieved
independence.
0any of their peoples were descendants of those settlers who
had emigrated from Britain in earlier centuries.
They regarded Britain as the mother country ! nurtured a
shared 2inship.
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1%1the British 'mpire became the British )ommonwealth of ations !
independence was gradually granted to other colonies.
1%'(&ndia ! 3a2istan became independent.
1%)*$and 1+6/s #frican territories became independent
0any islands of the %est &ndies became later independent.
The colonies could choose whether to brea2 all connections with the
colonial past or remain within the )ommonwealth as independent nations.
0ost of them decided to stay in the )ommonwealth.
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The pre$en# Cmmn!ea"#h a voluntary association of 5
independent states 7including Britain8.
&t does not have:
- written laws
- an elected 3arliament
- one political ruler.
There is evidence of past colonial rule in many of the countries:
- in education
- in legal system.
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The )ommonwealth
- has nearly 19 of the worlds population.
- comprises peoples of different religions$ races !
nationalities
They share a history of struggles for independence from
colonialism.
The )ommonwealth a family of nations.
7occasionally there are wars$ tensions and ,uarrels between these
family members8.
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The British monarch
- is its non-political head
- has varying constitutional rules in the different countries
- is a focal point of identification- has an important unifying ! symbolic function
as 2ept the )ommonwealth together in times of crisis !
conflict.
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The 3rime 0inisters 7or heads of state8 in )ommonwealth
countries meet every years under the auspices of the monarch
for )ommonwealth )onferences in different parts of the world.
&n ;ondon there is a )ommonwealth "ecretariat which
coordinates policy for the )ommonwealth$ in addition to many
)ommonwealth societies$ institutes$ libraries$ professional
associations ! university e
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)ommonwealth citizens still travel to Britain as immigrants$
students and visitors.
British emigration to )ommonwealth countries continues inreduced amounts.
'nglish remains the common language of the )ommonwealth
The )ommonwealth =ames 7athletics ! other sports8 are held
every 4 years.
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There are many >oint British9)ommonwealth programmes in:
- agriculture
- engineering
- health- education
British attempts to enter 'urope from the 1+6/s reduced the
importance to Britain of the organization.There is no longer the old sense of )ommonwealth solidarity and
purpose ! Britain has little in common with some )ommonwealth
nations.
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THE EUROPEAN UNION +EU
The ideal of a united 'urope$ strong in economic ! political
institutions$ became increasingly attractive to some 'uropean
statesmen after the "econd %orld %ar 71++-1+458.
1%)( were established the foundations for more integrated
'urope when 6 countries 7%est =ermany$ Arance$ Belgium$ the
etherlands$ ;u
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1%23 the member-states formed an internal or "ingle 'uropean
0ar2et$ in which goods$ services$ people ! capital could
move freely across national frontiers within what was then
called the 'uropean )ommunity.
4**' 5+C of British e
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The 'uropean )ouncil consists of government leaders who meet
several times a year to discuss ! agree on broad areas of policy.
The )ouncil of 0inisters is the principal policy-implementingand law-initiating body. &t is composed of Aoreign 0inisters from
the member states.
The )ommission 7under an appointed 3resident8 the centraladministrative force of the '($ proposing programmes and policy
to the )ouncil of 0inisters
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The 'uropean 3arliament 7in which Britain has ?E seats8 is
directly elected for a 5-year term on a party political basis from
the '(-wide electorate.
&t advices the )ouncil of 0inisters on )ommission proposals
&t determines the '( budget
&t e
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The )ourt of Dustice comprises appointed >udges from the
member states.
&t interprets '( laws ! treaties&t settles disputes concerning '( law
&t resolves conflicts between member-states and the '(.
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&n Britain all the ma>or political parties are pro-'uropean in the
sense of wanting to be in 'urope$ although there are opposition
groups in the ;abour ! )onservative parties.
The ;abour government:
wanted a strong 'urope in which Britain could play a central
role
was in favour of Britain entering the 'uropean commoncurrency 7euro8
proposed a common defence ! foreign policy for the '(.
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Arom 1+?$ responsibility for orthern &reland rested with the
British government in ;ondon 7direct rule8 after the orthern
&reland 3arliament was suspended.
There was little agreement with views including
'thnic
eligious
3olitical'conomic reasons
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The epublic of &reland
had to ma2e some concessions as the price for the agreement
was given a significant role to play in the resolution of the
orthern &rish situation.
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"inn Aein ! the
are committed to a united &reland and
argue that a ma>ority of all people 7orthern &reland ! theepublic of &reland8 must consent to any eventual proposed
solution.
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Fpinion polls in recent years indicate
# weariness by a ma>ority of the mainland British population with
both sides in orthern &reland.
they are in favour of &rish unification
they do not accept the ;abour governments strategy of British
withdrawal only with the consent of the ma>ority in orthern &reland.
# 0F& poll of people in main land Britain found that 6C ofrespondents believed that orthern &reland should remain in the (G
and 41C believed that the province should reunite with the epublic of
&reland.