HIST 1003 Test 2 113 terms by theeviltree

Cardinal Mazarin ruled until 1661 over Louis XIV even though Louis XIVwas technically king at the time. Upon his death, LouisXIV declares "I am my own first minister" to proclaimhimself absolute ruler.

The Fronde Louis XIV was not ruler during the Fronde, but it stillmade a large impact on him. At one point a mobpassed through his bedroom to make sure the kingwas still in Paris and Louis XIV never forgot theexperience.

Kings must preserve order and control those whocause disorder

Louis XIV realizes to prevent the event during theFronde from ever happening again, he must makecertain his role as absolute leader and also keep thehigh nobles nearby and in check.

People (and states) respect kings with power Louis XIV learns from the Fronde that he must have anair of superiority about him to keep threats from bothoutside states and domestic uprisings in check.

Contract system (colonels) up to this point, king didn't raise an army, he paid acolonel to raise 1,000 men. So they'd get 500 goodsoldiers, then hundreds of weak, injured, mentallyderanged people. Also bred dissent and disobediencefrom different houses within the system. Louis XIVreplaces this system with a clearly defined militaryranking system.

Uniforms Without uniforms, desertion was common. Bluebecame the uniform color for the French army. By1700, all major powers in Europe wore color uniforms,taking after Louis XIV.

Recruiting standards Minimum height, weight, and strength. King's men incharge of recruiting

Training Louis XIV set up constant training and drills for army.

Discipline They'll live in barracks and will act as gentlemenoutside the barracks. "My subjects are more afraid ofmy own army than my enemy, that will end." (Louis XIVearly in his reign)

Clear order of ranks in the colonel system, one might get an order from ageneral, but if his family was of higher nobility thangeneral's, order sometimes got ignored. This wasinstituted to prevent dissent. Current day militaryranks are French ranks.

Army of 400,000 by 1715 When Louis XIV became ruler in 1661, army wasdisorganized rabble of 100k. When he died, welldisciplined army of 400k

Resistance from Parlements Parlements, law courts of the time, had lawsrestricting how much taxes the king could raise. As anabsolute monarch, Louis XIV had to respect the laws ofthe land, so he had to go to the Parlements to get thelaws changed. They could not rule against the king aslong as he was physically present.

King appointed officials; Intendants Louis XIV kept the old governing positions ashonorary, but set up his own king appointed officialsto raise taxes, recruit soldiers, and guarantee justice.

Nobility were undertaxed Nobility under Louis XIV were under taxed, but LouisXIV decided to let it be, as it would be more troublethan he was ready for to fix it and he wanted absolutesupport.

Economic development Louis XIV employed economic development (colonies,internal tariffs, building canals and roads, grantingmonopolies, encouraging business).

Sold gov't offices Louis XIV sold judge positions in Parlement to raisemoney.

"Gloire" Louis XIV believed a king is supposed to pursue glorythrough war. Of the 54 years he is in power (1661-1715), France is at war for 35 of them. Most of thesewars took place in North East in Spanish Netherlands /Belgium, nearby Paris. Louis XIV would sometimes go,taking friends and family with him to watch the war asspectacles, though he did not lead. He did not conquermuch. War of the time was siege and trench warfare,which had relatively low casualty counts.

Enemies: England, Holland, Austria, Spain, variousGerman states

Enemies fought Louis XIV because they were scared ofhim and the power he represented.

War of the Spanish Succession 1700-1715 The last war Louis XIV fought, this one was differentfrom the others which were mainly siege warfare. Warof the Spanish Succession did have large battles withlarge numbers of casualties, and Louis XIV nearly lost.Emergence of the great powers of EuropeAlso showed Louis XIV's pursuit of glory

"If a king does not win wars, he should at least buildgreat buildings"

Louis XIV builds palace of Versailles. He wanted tobuild a palace so spectacular even the biggest ofnobles (overmighty subjects) would be awed by it,knowing even they didn't have the wealth to buildsomething like that.

Stage away from Paris Palace built roughly 15 miles from Paris to avoid theevents of the Fronde (people coming through hisbedroom) ever happening again. He wanted to beaway from the "stinking, common people."

Routine of being king Louis XIV would get dressed by entire group of peoplewith different roles, watched by a hundred. Would eatalone at lunch on a big stage, but people would standbehind a rope to watch him eat.

Time to ask for favors When someone is putting on his right slipper, that isthe time to ask for favors. When someone is asking forfavors, others would turn away and pretend not tohear, except for one person taking notes. Louis 14might sometimes ask who the father or personneeding a favor, and would say "I don't know him." ifhe has not been at the palace watching louis. If anobleman is coming to the palace to watch, he's notout in the countryside plotting.

Greatest absolute monarch Louis XIV was the model of how to be an absolutemonarch, the other rulers of the time copied him andhis methods. His changes accelerated the growingpower of central government.

French became the language of civilized peopleeverywhere

After Louisx XIV, diplomats all the way up until WW2had to know French, replacing Latin, much like mostdiplomats today know English.

European state system Great powers are France, Britain, Austria, Russia,Prussia. France is politically dominant state during18th century (see Louis XIV)

Britain comprised of Scotland, England, Ireland, and Wales.

Act of Union Scotland agrees to become a single state with England,Ireland, and Wales in 1707

British Naval Power Since it's an island, army isn't as important, so Britainbuilds the greatest navy in the world, which lasts asthe greatest until 1930s

British commercial wealth Britain gets rich. They institute national debt as aninstrument of credit in 1693 and the Bank of Englandin 1694 to manage currency. Louis XIV couldn't do thisbecause France always defaulted on their debts, butBritain always paid, as many of its chief politicians andlawmakers were also investors in British bonds.

James II King of Britain from 1685-1688. He was determined toestablish absolutism and Catholicism in Britain.Overthrown in 1688 in "Glorious Revolution"

Glorious Revolution James II overthrown in 1688. Called glorious becausethere was little bloodshed relative to the recent civilwar that had ended in 1660. William of Orange andQueen Mary take over, and end any attempt atabsolutism. King and Parliament cooperated with oneanother.

Austria become a great power in 1660-1715 because of theirwars.

Absolutism in Austria created as a result of wars with France and the Turksto reform army and bureaucracy.

Austrian war with Turkey 1683-1699, Austria drove the Turks back to theBalkans. This war makes the big difference for Austriabecoming a great power. Austria in 17th centuryconquered more than any nation in Europe. After1699, Turks are in fear of Austrians, who hadmodernized their army to be like that of Louis XIV.Turks were not ready for the big, disciplinedorganizations.

Prussia as great power Up until 17th century, they were just House ofHohenzollern, Lutheran German princes.

Frederick William the Great Elector 1640-1688, grew up during the Thirty years war, lostlarge amounts of population to it, decided he couldnot let that happen again. He creates a small butefficient army, institutes absolutism with that army,and creates a bureaucracy to collect revenue. He isnot, however, a king.

Frederick I 1688-1713 First king of Prussia, although he is onlyking within Prussia and not within Brandenburgbecause Brandenburg is still part of the Holy RomanEmpire. He promoted being king as spectacle, with amagnificent palace and promotion of the arts,although he did not neglect the upkeep of an army.

Frederick William I 1713-1740, He is completely different from Frederick I.Cared only for the army. Created a huge army of 80kout of a population of only 3 million. Called the "RoyalDrill Sergeant" as he would take breaks to go drilltroops. He fought no serious wars and avoided mostactual conflict. Had Frederick II's friend executed whilehe was forced to watch after they attempted to fleethe country.

Potsdam Grenadiers Special elite force of Frederick William I. One must beover 6 feet and 5 inches tall to join.

Peter the Great 1689-1725. Before Peter, Russia was not consideredpart of Europe. He emphasized that Russia mustwesternize in order to survive the technological andmilitary superiority of the west. He makes St.Petersburg capitol as a "window to the west." He alsobrings in foreign craftsmen to improve Russia's tradeskills, as well as going on sabbatical himself to practicecarpentry incognito. He made Russian nobles dress inwestern fashions and start bringing their wives tocourt.

Russian Nobles Before Peter the Great, Russian women were keptcovered and confined to the household. Peter wantedthem brought to court and dressed like French. Healso made the Boyars shave their beards and wearpowdered wigs and jackets like the west.

Russian Coast Russia had no coast and no access to the Baltic Sea, soPeter the Great defeated Sweden to establish Russianlink to and strength on the Baltic Sea with a westernstyle army and navy.

Enlightenment Main ideas are absolutism and scientific revolution.Main output of scientific revolution is that the universeis not chaos and that the laws of the universe can belearned by humans.

Laws that govern human relationships As it had been established there were laws thatgoverned the universe, the next step is discerningnatural laws for human behavior.

Natural Laws Laws concerning human behavior that are discoveredby reason, examples being that cannibalism, childlabor in factories, and children between siblings arewrong. Jesuit missionaries did not try to changelifestyles like this, but Protestant missionaries do.Another note is that children working on a farm isconsidered completely natural.

Condorcet 1743-1794. Described in "Indefinite perfectibility of thehuman race" in his book "Progress of the HumanSpirit" which was published posthumously in 1795. Hebelieved that each generation was better off thanprevious (although not necessarily materially) by thefurther progression of logic and reason

John Locke 1623-1704. Government is a political contract betweenthe rulers and the ruled. People give up liberty forsecurity, rulers provide justice, security, and otherbenefits while ruled provide revenue, service, andloyalty. An apologist for the 1688 glorious revolution,Locke believed the ruled had the right to overthrowthe ruler if the contract had been violated.

"Natural rights" God given rights of life, liberty, and property that aruler must respect. Thomas Jefferson borrowed thisidea for American Revolution

Montesquieu 1689-1755. French anti-asbolutist thinker whoadvocated to separation of powers into executive,judicial, and legislative branches and into a national,provincial, and local level. He said that the British gov'twas the best gov't because it conformed most closelyto his model.

Jean-Jacques Russeau 1712-1778. "Social Contract" (1762), Gov't is not reallycontract between rulers and ruled, it's a contractwithin society. We do not surrender our freedom to aking, we surrender our freedom to each other. Thiscreates the social bond that unites us, which creates ageneral will on where society should go. However, hewas against majority rule because it left out a portionof society that the contract must include.

Philosophes Great writers of the Enlightenment. They write aboutideas in plain language that people can understand.Their papers are read most commonly in coffeehouseswhich become incredibly common in the 18th century.They represent the first time in western civilizationwhen someone can make a living as a writer.

Voltaire 1694-1778. Great prose writer whose main idea wasthe freedom of thought. He attacked the RomanCatholic Church and organized religion in general, andoften got in trouble with censors. As a result, hemoved to live just outside the borders of France, inSwitzerland, so he wouldn't be arrested. Consideredthe greatest of the Philosophes.

Enlightened Absolutism When absolute monarchs tried to rule with theprinciples of the enlightenment. It removed the idea ofdivine right, instead argued it was for the good ofsociety that they rule. Frederick II declared he was thefirst servant of the state. compared to Louis 14, theirpolicies are not very different, but they don't talkabout glory, spectacle, majesty. Instead, they talkabout effectiveness, improvement, etc. Atmosphere isdifferent.

Stressed secular nature of rule religious toleration, people could worship as theypleased. Frederick II invited muslims and builtmosques as long as they paid taxes. Catholic kingspersuaded the Pope to abolish the Jesuits in 1773

Introduced policies that were "reasonable" Got rid of traditions that were limiting progress,encouraged economic growth and education,attempting to do what is best for society.

Maria Theresa 1740-1780. Empress of Austria. As soon as she takespower, Prussia, France, and others declare war, andPrussia takes Silesia. Fought back and defeated all butPrussia, as she could not defeat Frederick II. ReformedAustria with army and bureaucracy, then social andeconomic reforms after 1763.

War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748. Prussia, France, other states declare waron Austria as soon as Maria Theresa takes over. Shefights off and defeats all but Prussia, lead by FrederickII. Forced to secede Silesia. As a result, she forcedestates to give her money for ten years and not meetso she could make a budget to reform army andbureaucracy in absolutist fashion to take back Silesia.

"Iron Fist in a velvet glove" Phrase used to describe Maria Theresa's politicalpolicies and her determination to defend Austria.

Seven years war 1756-1763 Maria Theresa put together an alliance withFrance and Russia and went to war with Frederick togreat, but she didn't win. After this war fails shereturns to make modern reforms in Austria

Austrian reforms after 1763 Maria Theresa's reforms after the seven years war.She modernized criminal and civil codes, regulatedserfdom, introduced public education, reformedpeasant conditions and economic policies, and workedto create an enlightened Catholic church. She did not,however, support religious tolerance, she was toodevout a Catholic, although she did support abolitionof Jesuits.

Joseph II 1765-1790. Co-ruler and successor of Maria Theresa.Perhaps most enlightened ruler, he implementedreligious tolerance even giving Jews full citizenship,created freedom of the press, abolished serfdom, andmade nobles and commoners equal under the law.

resistance to reforms Many nobles under Joseph II did not want their serfsfreed. Many Catholics did not want religious tolerance.And the free press not only praised Joseph II, but alsoat times criticized him.

Frederick II 1740-1786. Ruler of Prussia. Called Frederick the Greatbecause of his military genius. Enlightened reformswith religious tolerance, economic improvements,equality before the law, and public education. Didn'tgo as far as Joseph II, no free press, and kept serfs. Heliked Prussia social structure because it supported thearmy.

Catherine II 1762-1796. Called "the Great" because she expandedRussian empire. She had a great reputation amongenlightened writers. Began many reforms including:gathering information, codified laws, restrictedtorture, some religious tolerance, reformedbureaucracy.

Pugachev Revolt Violent peasant revolt in 1773-1774 that endedCatherine II's interest in enlightened reform.Afterwards, Catherine II gave nobles the right to buyand sell serfs.

Britains problems Role of Parliament: didn't have an absolutist society.Needed to pay for navy and subsidized soldiers,needed to collect taxes more efficiently.

Britain wanted americans to pay more for their owndefense

Americans did not provide enough in taxes andamerican militias were inadequate. Beginning in 1764,Britain tried to find a tax Americans would pay (tea,stamps). They failed.

American revolutionary events 1774 Continental Congress calls for boycott of BritishgoodsApril 1775 battles of lexington and Concord are firstopen engagements of armed conflict between Britainand colonies.July 4 1776, Declaration of Independence signed byContinental Congress.1781: decisive victory at Yorktown is last major landbattle in revolutionary war that prompts British gov'tto negotiate an end to the conflict.1783 Treaty of Paris ends the conflict between UnitedStates with its allies and Britain.

State Constitutions Declaration of Independence voided previous politicalcontract and created new constitutions in its place

France prior to 1787 Most advanced country in Europe, 24 million people,center for enlightenment.Society structure still fuedal (nobility, clergy, everyoneelse).Gov't was still absolute monarchy but growing feeble.American Revolution was a great victory butbankrupted French gov't.

Louis XVI 1774-1792 king of France during revolution.

Assembly of Notables called in 1787 to solve debt problem, met in Versailles,no solution found.

Parlement of Paris 1788 Asked if could raise taxes of nobility. Couldn't because it was against the law, but if youcould change the law then you could. (so they called,estates general)

Estates General 1789 Last time they met was 1614Met in 3 houses by class1st estate- clergy- 300 people2nd estate- nobility- 300 people 3rd estate- the rest- 600 peopleThere was disagreement over whether to vote byhouse or vote by individualsJune 17 - 3rd estate proclaims itself the NationalAssembly

Concerns in Paris Price of Bread (think of gas. Why do we have to paymore?)Belief that National Assembly alone could dealwith the price of bread.Worried that the King would close the NationalAssembly. Thought they needed weapons to protectthe National Assembly.

Fall of the Bastille July 14, 1789.Bastille was an armory and had a few prisoners thereas well, but not bad ones. A mob marches and demands weapons at the Bastille.Soldiers hear and join in and shoot the Bastille with acanon. The commander surrenders because he didn'twant bloodshed. The people don't care and went andkilled people, the mayor and the commander. Now is recognized as a national holiday.On July 15, National Assembly is recognized as themajor political institution of France.

Rising of the Peasants / "Great Fear" July 1789

Peasants hear about bastille and are scared thetownspeople are going to be armed and rob them andsteal their food. Peasants arm themselves but not with guns- withpitchforks and other tools. No one comes but they are still armed. They decide togo to the manner houses and destroy the records oftheir debt- who owes who, and how much $. (not likethe other peasant revolt where they burn places downand kill people. )

Night of August 4 1789. During the National Assembly meeting, anoblemen gets up and renounces his privileges, thenmore do so. Then some get up and remove their title,and more do so, and then tax exemptions. This abolished the social structure of France that builtup over centuries. "Feudalism is abolished"

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen Aug. 26, 1789inspired by the American bill of rights in theconstitutionNational Assembly starts working on a constitution1789-1791Created a constitutional monarchKing seems to approve

Flight to Varennes June 1791Louis XVI and family try to escape to Belgium. (Undercontrol of Austria and Mary Antoinette's brother,Leopold, and wants to be protected)Guards recognize them in Varennes and they arearrested. King all along has been plotting to escape and has notactually approved what the National Assembly hasbeen doing. They were brought back to Paris and put under arrestProved to the French and to foreign countries that theKing was in danger

Declaration of Pillnitz August 1791Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia warned Frenchnot to harm the king. A lot of people in the National Assembly saw it asthem threatening with war. So they said, lets threatentheir kings. France declares war on Austria and Prussia in 1792

New National Assembly met in October 1791People can't sit in assembly again after one termMore radical, debate what's going on.National Assembly called for new elections based onone man/one vote. Now any man can vote, beforethey had to own land.

September Massacres 1792• Looked for people who they thought were againstthe revolution and killed them

National Convention 1792 -1795proclaimed France a republic and put the king on trialfor treason.November: declared it would help other countries getrid of their kings.

January 21, 1793 France's King, Louis XVI, executed.

Committee of Public Safety April 179312 men, task was to defeat France's enemies at home(any opposed the revolution) and abroad and use allnecessary force to do so

Reign of Terror April 1793- July 1794Approx. 14,000 executed and 25,000 murderedLevee' en masse (draft, everyone will serve somehow) 1793- established the cult of reason1794- abolished the cult of reason created Festival ofSupreme Being. New calander: 12 months, 30 days each, 10 days aweek. Renamed months after seasons.Introduced the Metric System

Maximilien Robespierre 1754-1794Dominant influence on Committee of Public Safety,leader during Reign of Terror.Overthrown in July, 1794.

Directory 1795-1799Last gov't of French Revolution, lead to Napoleon.

Things to remember about French Revolution Revolution and fear of revolution become important inWestern CivilizationRevolutions starting to focus on social and economicproblems, not just politicalModern political vocabulary began with NationalAssembly (conservative right, radical left, etc)

Change from early modern to modern history period Constitutional ruleRole of common people in government (more peoplecan vote)Non-traditional leadership (few kings)Propaganda

"Whiff of grapeshot" 1795, Napoleon dispersed a crowd by request of theDirectory by shooting a few with large spread fire. Thisgot him noticed.

Commander of french army in Italy 1796, Directory made him commander of french armyin italy, fighting against austrians in 1796-97. in thosecampaigns, he beats austrians repeatedly, proving hisgenius as military commander.

Expedition to Egypt 1798-99.he is put in charge of expedition to Egypt (theythought England could be defeated by invading Egypt)1799, he receives a letter saying to come homebecause directory is falling apart and this is chance togain power.

Overthrowing the Directory he overthrows the Directory, establishes himself asman in charge. Literally walks into the parliament andkicks them out.

Remarkable Personality known for incredible knowledge, often knew morethan his ministers in their fields of expertise.

Napoleonic reforms in france He favors modern forward thinking for education,legality, etc. But he also doesn't care much forindividual liberty.Napoleon ends the 10 year period of turbulence.introduces reforms to make France the place he wantsit to be. Sets up Prefects, aka governors of provinceswho have all the power they need to collect taxes,recruit, etc. Prefects answer to Napoleon.This is government of France today, centralizedsystem.no more classes, everyone equal before the law.didn't care about birthright, only skillRationalizing the law based on natural law. There were5 law codes, most important of it is Napoleonic civilcode, which still has remnants in louisiana.Pope was brought to crown napoleon, but napoleontook the crown out of popes hands and crownedhimself. (1804) 'only man powerful enough to crownnapoleon is napoleon'

Conquests 1805-1807 -1805-1807 are his great wars where he basicallyconquers Europe.-couldn't get to Britain. Austria, Russia, and Prussiahad been defeated but still independent, notoccupied.

Territorial Changes Napoleon expands borders of France to Rome andHamburgHe creates client states out of Italy, Switzerland, andSpain1806 - Saw german structure as irrational, replaces itwith 35 larger states called Confederation of theRhine; eliminates Holy Roman Empire.

Great Rationalizer For Napoleon, every state must have:A constitutionModern lawsEquality before the lawAbolition of serfdomConfiscation of church property, abolition of monasticorders and church courtsAbolition of guildsEqual taxation(all reflections of the enlightenment)While these all reflect enlightenment, it's important toremember they also make raising revenue and armieseasier.

Continental Blockade 1812Napoleon is obsessed with defeating britainintroduced continental blockade to prevent entirecontinent from trading with britain, only way he saw todefeat britain. An effort to prevent all british goodsfrom reaching the continent. Tons of smuggling,uncooperative people, too big of a coastline.Baltic sea still controlled by British, so Russiacontinued to trade with british. Russia wouldn't stoptrading with britain, so he invades Russia

Invasion of Russia June 1812, Napoleon invades Russiawanted to defeat the army to force surrender.Problem was, Russian army wouldn't fight. It wouldstay ahead of napoleon's army, retreating ahead of it,destroying all useful farms, resources etc along theway.commander's didn't want to fight napoleon, he wastoo strong. Wanted to let weather and exhaustionbeat napoleon.

Battle of Borodino September 7 1812Czar and Czar advisors demand battle to stand andfight.Napoleon wins. Napoleon enters Moscow within aweek.

Alexander I Czar of Russia 1801-1825 during Napoleon's invasion.Simply does not respond to Napoleon's demand ofsurrender when he takes Moscow in September 1812.

Fire of September 15 Great fire breaks out in Moscow, burns most of thecity, leaving them very little resources in the city atNapoleon's disposal.

Evacuation of Moscow Napoleon orders evacuation of Moscow on October 191812, as it's starting to snow.

Retreat from Moscow One of the greatest horrors of history.by the time he returns to poland, he has an army of4,000 men after starting with 400,000.complete disaster.Napoleon leaves his army to raise new army back inFrance.100k survived, but only 4k were a legit army.About 100,000 of the original 600,000 total survived400,000 Russians perished, mostly from disease andexposure

"one long trail of human excrement, carcasses ofhorses, and bodies of dead men"

Phrase describing Napoleon's journey to and fromMoscow to show how horrible it was.

Wars of Liberation 1813-1814Europe wakes up and realizes Napoleons army hasbeen destroyedNapoleon's forced allies team up to fight him.Napoleon does raise a new army but it's brand new,lost most experienced soldiers. Napoleon at hisstrategic best at this point, but he simply has no moresoldiers.March 31, 1814 - allied forces march into ParisApril 6 - Napoleon abdicatedHe was made ruler of Elba in May, had army of 600men.

Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 Napoleon had changed the map of Europe soprofoundly that the Allies were not sure what to doLouis XVIII (1814-1824) became king of FranceDecided not to restore the Holy Roman Empire butkeep about 35 German statesFrance would be reconstituted under Louis 18 whowas brother of Louis 16. (Louis 17 was honorary titlegiven to Louis 16's son).Restored some old monarchies:SpainPapal StatesCreated some new ones:Kingdom of Poland (still controlled by Czar)Kingdom of the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium)Began to bicker over what the winners should get,mainly over Poland and Saxony. There is talk of war.

Napoleon's Return February 1815 talk of war among the AlliesMarch 1, 1815 Napoleon landed in FranceFrance rejoicedMarch 20 Napoleon entered ParisLouis XVIII would send king's army, but the frencharmy would join napoleons because they were all stillloyal to him.all talk and bickering ends, join up to defeat napoleon

Battle of Waterloo June 18, 1815, British + Prussian armies defeatNapoleonJune 22 Napoleon abdicated againExiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic where hedied in 1821Allies return quickly to sign Treaty of Vienna,September 1815