Stable Angina and Silent IschemiaBB (LINI 1)lower BP, reduce symptoms of angina, improve mortality, and reduce cardiac output, heart rate, and AV conduction. The reduced inotropy and heart rate decrease myocardial oxygen demandinclude smoking cessation, management of diabetes, lipid lowering, antiplatelet agents, exercise training, and weight reduction in obese patientsIf angina and BP are not controlled by BB therapy alone, or if BBs are contraindicated,severe reactive airway disease, severe peripheral arterial disease, high-degree AV block, or the sick sinus syndrome long-acting, dihydropyridine type CCBs (LINI 2) may be used. CCBs decrease total peripheral resistance, which leads to reduction in BP and in wall tension. CCBs also decrease coronary resistance and enhance poststenotic coronary perfusion

HEART FAILUREeffective therapy with ACEIs, BBs, and diuretics.

STAGEPREVIEWTREATA NYHA CLASS Ihigh risk for HF but no demonstrableclinical symptoms or LV dysfunctionfastidious risk factor management to controlBP (ACEIs), hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia. B NYHA CLASS Ireduced LV function(ejection fraction [EF] < 40%) in otherwise asymptomaticindividualsACEIs and BBs C NYHA CLASS II-IIImanifest LV dysfunction andovert symptoms, and in these individualsACEIs and BBs, Loop diuretikD NYHA CLASS IVACEIs and BBs, Loop diuretik, inotropic drugs, implantable defibrillators,biventricular pacemakers, mechanical-assist devices,or transplantation,

DMThiazide-type diuretics (LINI 1) are beneficial in diabeticsworsen hyperglycemia, but this effect tended to be small and did not produce more CV events compared with the other drug classesKombinasi ACEIs (LINI 2)reduction in combined MI, stroke, and CVD death of about 25% and reduction in stroke by about 33%delay the deterioration in GFR and the worsening of albuminuriaBB (LINI 2 MULTITERAPI, ACS)less effective in preventing stroke than an ARBadverse effects on glucose homeostasis in diabetics, including worsening of insulin sensitivity and potential masking of the epinephrine-mediated symptoms of hypoglycemia, these problems are usually easily managed and are not absoluteCCB dihidropiridine (LINI 2 MONOTERAPI)reducing the incidence of ischemic cardiac events, reduce CVD events, stroke prevention and in retardation of the development of albuminuria.

Keluhan klasik DM berupa: poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia, danpenurunan berat badan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan sebabnya

CKDACEI (LINI 1) positive predictors of outcome were lower SBP levels, lower albumin excretion ratio (AER)ARB (LINI 2)Kombinasi Loop Diuretik (LINI 2)

CKDCKD is defined as either (1) reduced excretory function with an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (approximately corresponding to a creatinine of > 1.5 mg/dL in men or > 1.3 mg/dL in women) or (2) the presence of albuminuria (>300 mg/d or 200 mg/g creatinine).

CVDantitrombolitik kecuali tissueplasminogen activator (t-PA) --> iskemik stroke

CVDThe risk of clinical complications of cerebrovascular diseaseincluding ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and dementia increases as a function of BP levels