Health and Safety Education, Prevention, Promotion in Agriculture
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Transcript of Health and Safety Education, Prevention, Promotion in Agriculture
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Health and Safety Education, Prevention,
Promotion in Agriculture
Risto Rautiainen, MS
Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health
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Aims
• Review Ag at Risk Goals
• Review recent educational programs
• Assess program effectiveness
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
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Agriculture at Risk RecommendationsLegislative • 1.2.4. Provide a National Clearinghouse and health
information network Education 2. Develop Clearinghouse; identify, collect, list, store,
disseminate info on materials and organizations3. Develop comprehensive set of materials, curriculum 6. Improvement of educational programs for at-risk
populations:• Evaluation of methodologies used to educate at-risk
populations, and initiation of new educational programs• Use of set-asides from workers compensation funds for
health and safety training• Increase the number of training programs through
currently established mechanisms
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Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health Feasibility Study, 1995. Participation in Health and Safety Activities in Iow a and Surrounding States
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Extension FFA Healthcare Other
None
Other
OHS training
First aid training
Info for media
Phone consultation
Personal consultation
Conferences
School programs
Day camps
Displays
OHS meetings
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Clearinghouse - Dissemination of Educational Materials
Videos
Books
Booklets
Brochures
Fact sheets
Websites
Displays
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Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health – Clearinghouse Project 1996-99 (Rautiainen et al, 2000)
• 4316 Materials identified• 230 Publishers• Format: videos (1,162), booklets/brochures
(886), abstracts (704), fact sheets (423), slides (175), books (162), and electronic resources (111).
• Topics: Machinery (699), chemicals (566),injuries (364), special populations (309)
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Great PlainsCenter for Agricultural Health - Clearinghouse Project Publishing Year of Identified Educational Materials (n=1550)
020406080
100120140160180200
Publishing year
Numb
er of
matr
ials
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South Carolina Farm Leaders for Agricultural Safety and Health (FLASH)
Program. Harper (1998):
• Post-workshop focus groups and interviews
• Local community educational programs were carried out; educational materials were distributed to 100 local leaders and educators
• No significant change in attitudes or knowledge of farm safety
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Media Campaigns
• Radio
• TV
• Farm Journals
• Newspapers
• Local papers
• Internet
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Information Campaign, Iowa, 1992; messages through radio, newspapers, safety publications. Rodriguez (1997)
• Baseline and follow-up phone survey of 460 farmers
• Awareness: mean score increased from 67.25 to 68.88, p=0.035
• Concern: mean score increased from 78.50 to 79.91, p=0.011
• Behavior: mean score increased from 73.01 to 74.17, p=0.020
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Educational Events
Fairs
Trade shows
Day camps
Meetings
Seminars
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Cass Youth Safety Fair, Cass County Iowa, September 1991. Clarahan (1995)
• Ages 8-15 years
• Pre- and post-tests administered on the day of event
• 27% increase in correct responses to farm safety questions
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Farm Safety Day Camp, Colorado, 1991. Schmeising (1991)
• 4th-6th grades
• Pre- and post-tests in participants’ schools
• Correct responses to questions on farm safety topics increased, depending on topic, from 58-77% compared to pre-tests
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Farm safety day camps, Fruita & Montrose, Colorado, summer 1992. Buchan (1993)
• Ages 4-17 years
• 15-month post-intervention telephone survey of parents
• Increase in knowledge acquisition ranged from 45 -100%; behavioral changes ranged from 31- 84.5%
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Community Family Farm Seminars, Iowa, 1995. Burgus (1997)
• Evening programs on farm safety
• Post-seminar questionnaires
• Participants expressed the intention to adopt behavior changes
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Farm-Church Partnership Project. Reed (1994)
• Farm safety fair in rural church setting• Post questionnaires and informal interviews• Farm walk-about checklist completed after
returning home and turned in to local feed store for discount
• Over 50% of participating families indicated that they incorporated safety changes on their farms
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Health and Safety Training
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Tractor Certification Programs, WI. Wilkinson (1993)
• 14-15 years or age• Pre and post surveys of youth and parents• 15% increase in exposure to non ROPS
tractors• Carrying extra riders increased slightly • Youth riding as an extra rider decreased• 9% increase in inspections of tractors • Parents reported that their child’s knowledge
and behavior improved.
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Indiana 4-H Tractor Program. Carrabba (2000)
• 4-6 two hour educational meetings• Regional and state tractor operator contest• Group of >100 participants studiedParticipants showed: • More tractor exposure time but not more
injuries• More ROPS and seatbelt use• higher scores in starting, driving, obstacle
course, dismounting, etc.
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Safety training for farmer-loggers, Sweden. Jansson (1988)
• 15 one-day courses with demonstrations over a 3-week period, took place in the forest
• Post-intervention survey of participants and telephone survey of controls
• 71% reported a change in working methods • Use of protective leg guards increased from
65% to 90%; 40% of controls used them• Use of protective boots changed from 65% to
85%; 40% of controls used them
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Health and Safety Networks
• Membership
• Information
• Other services
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Saskatchewan agricultural health and safety network. Hagel et al (1999)
• Established 1988
• 21,500 members, 38% of SK farmers
• $10 CAD annual fee
• Educational materials, events, consultation, seminars, health screenings, website
• Strong participation demonstrates need
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Farm Hazard Identification Programs
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Farm Safety Walkabout, Iowa. Hawk (1995)
• Conducted 1990-91• Groups: extension/FFA, health professional,
and farm families on their own• Pre-test- post-test• Each group had significant change in
behavior scores (p<0.001)• Having a professional help administer the
program on the farm improved effectiveness
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Agricultural Safety and Health Best Management Practices Manual (BMP). Legault and Murphy (2000)
• Hazard audits on the farm, standard assessment method
• Baseline and post intervention audits on 150 PA farms
• 3 groups; BMP, education, control
• BMPM group reduced hazards most
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Comprehensive Occupational Health Service Programs
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Certified Safe Farm Program, Iowa, Nebraska. Donham et al. (2000)
• Health Screening, Education, On-farm safety review, Rebate ($200/year)
• >125 intervention, >125 control farms• Follow-up of health outcomes and exposures
Preliminary results:• Some reductions in self reported numbers of
health outcomes and serious injuries • Improvements in farm safety review scores• Reductions in dust, gas, noise exposures
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Reindeer husbandry safety, Finland. Pekkarinen (1992)
• Conducted in Lapland, 1985-87• Questionnaire identified high risk behaviors;
herders were educated at health exams and by letter about 34 safety recommendations
• Pre/post questionnaires• Herders implemented an average of 5.8
measures per herder in 1987• Injury incidence decreased from 21
injuries/1000 work days in 1985 to 12/1000 work days in 1987
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West Jutland Study, Denmark. Carstensen (1998)
• Randomized intervention of 200 farms• Intervention group had a farm inspection and
one-day safety course• Injury surveillance and behavior checks• Intervention: reduction from 33.4 to 20.1
injuries per 100,000 work hours (p<0.05); improvement in behaviors for 66 work routines
• Control: no reduction in injury incidence, no improvement in behaviors
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National model for farmer’s occupational health services, Finland. Husman (1990)
• Model evaluation study 1979-88• Farm visit or interview, recommendations,
education, clinical physical exam, follow-up every two years
• Pre/post intervention survey of participants and controls
• Increase in knowledge and use of PPE• No improvement in working conditions, e.g.
changes in engineering and work practices
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Conclusions• Universities, Extension, Ag Centers, and
national organizations have Clearinghouse functions but no single major clearinghouse exists
• Materials were developed in the early 1990’s; many are available through NIOSH/NASD
• Many materials were duplicative and are currently in need of update.
• Education is necessary but education alone is not adequate – works well as part of comprehensive programs
• Education relies on repeating the message and constantly developing new approaches
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Conclusions (Cont.)• Most educational program evaluation
studies showed some degree of success.
• Evaluation methods were limited to pre/post test design.
• Most studies measure self reported knowledge, attitude or behaviors – not injuries or illnesses
• Knowledge -> attitude -> behavior -> reduced injuries/illnesses?
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Agriculture at Risk RecommendationsLegislative • 1.2.4. Provide a National Clearinghouse and health
information network B-Education 2. Develop Clearinghouse; identify, collect, list, store,
disseminate info on materials and organizations B-3. Develop comprehensive set of materials, curriculum C6. Improvement of educational programs for at-risk
populations:• Evaluation of methodologies used to educate at-risk
populations, and initiation of new educational programs C• Use of set-asides from worker compensation funds for
health and safety training F• Increase the number of training programs through
currently established mechanisms B-
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Recommendations
• Develop a National Action Plan for Health and Safety Education
• Develop a National Clearinghouse for Agricultural Health and Safety Resources
• Enhance National and State information dissemination networks for farmers
• Evaluate model educational and informational programs and use sound evaluation methods to assess the effectiveness
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