HDI of India 2009

Human Development Record of India:

A Critical Assessment

Nikita Kale Rakesh MahadikGowri Shankar

Human Development & Measurement 3 – 6

H D I & India 7 – 9

India = Facts, Figures & Numbers 10 – 13

Balance Sheet of Human Development of India 14 – 15

Economic Attainments 16 – 17

Selected Indicators: HPI, GDI, Remittances, Immigrants, Emmigrants, Climate Change

18 - 27

Way Ahead 28 – 29

Wednesday, April 12, 2023 Human Development 2

A Broad-based Consensus To View Human Development In Terms Of, At Least, Three Critical Dimensions Of Well-being. These Are Related To Longevity — The Ability To Live Long And Healthy Life; Education — The Ability To Read, Write And Acquire

Knowledge; Command Over Resources —The Ability To Enjoy A Decent

Standard Of Living And Have A Socially Meaningful Life.

Human Development Is Not Only Growth In Income, Wealth Or Consumption But The Expansion Of Human Capabilities.

Efficient And Effective Governance Is Critical For Improving The Pace Of Human Development In The Country.

Human Development

Wednesday, April 12, 2023 3Human Development


HDI World Profile, 2007Source: www.wikipedia.org

HOW IS HDI Measured


The Human Development Index (HDI) Is A

Summary Measure Of A Country's Human

Development. It Measures The Average

Achievements In A Country In Three Basic

Dimensions:

1. A Long And Healthy Life, As Measured

By Life Expectancy At Birth;

2. Access To Knowledge, As Measured By

The Adult Literacy Rate And The

Combined Gross Enrolment Ratio In

Education;

3. A Decent Standard Of Living, As

Measured By GDP Per Capita In

Purchasing Power Parity(ppp) in US$.

• These Three Dimensions Are Then Standardized To Values Between 0 And 1, And The Simple Average Is Taken To Arrive At The Overall HDI Value In The Range 0 To 1.

• Countries Are Then Ranked On The Basis Of This Value With A Rank Of 1 Representing The Highest HDI Value.


HOW IS HDI Measured

Source: HDR India 2007

The Human Development Index Trends Tell An Important Story In That Respect. Between 1980 And 2007 India's HDI Rose By 1.33% Annually From 0.427 To 0.612 Today.

HDI Scores In All Regions Have Increased Progressively Over The Years Although All Have Experienced Periods Of Slower Growth.


India :: Some findings - Human Development Index


Source: HDR

India 2001

• The Process Or Progress Of Development, In Any Society, Should Ideally Be Viewed And Assessed In Terms Of What It Does For An Average Individual.

• It Has To Be Seen In Terms Of The Benefits And Opportunities That It Generates For People And How These Are Eventually Distributed — Between Men And Women, The Well Off And Deprived And Across Regions.


India :: Some findings - Human Development Index

• India’s Human Development Index (HDI) Of 0.619 Puts It Just Below Equatorial Guinea (0.642) And Solomon Islands (0.602).

• India’s Life Expectancy Of 63.7 Years Is Sandwiched Between Comoros (64.1) And Mauritania (63.2), While Malawi And Rwanda Have Higher Adult Literacy Than India.

• India Was Ranked 126 By The HDR 2006, A Rung Higher Than The Previous Year’s 127.

• This Year, It Continues To Be Dubbed A Country At Medium Level Of Human Development.


The Human Development Report For 2008-09 Has Been Released By The UNDP And There Are Few Surprises.

India By The Numbers 2008 [January 2009]

• Population: 1.140.3 Billion• Yearly Increase: 17 Million• Median Age: 25.1 Years• Average Life Expectancy: 68.6

Years• Average Fertility Rate: 2.7

Children Per Woman• Literacy Rate: 61 %• Population In Rural Areas:

700 Million• Homes Without Electricity: 30

%


• Population living on less than $1 a day: 300 million

• Internet users: 80 million• Mobile phone subscribers: 200

million• Telephone landlines: 38.76

million• GDP: $2.966 trillion US• Unemployment rate: 7.2 per cent• Inflation: 7.2 per cent• Exports: $155 billion US• Officially recognized languages:

18


India By The Numbers 2008 [January 2009]


HDI Value Life Expectancy At Birth Adult Literacy Rate Combined Gross Enrolment Ratio GDP Per Capita

(Years) (% Ages 15 And Above) (%) (PPP Us$)

1. Norway (0.971) 1. Japan (82.7) 1. Georgia (100.0) 1. Australia (114.2) 1. Liechtenstein (85,382)

132. Bhutan (0.619) 126. Turkmenistan (64.6) 118. Congo (Democratic Republic Of The) (67.2) 132. Madagascar (61.3) 126. Cape Verde (3,041)

133. Lao People's Democratic Republic

(0.619)

127. Lao People's Democratic Republic

(64.6)119. Egypt (66.4) 133. Trinidad And

Tobago (61.1) 127. Guyana (2,782)

134. India (0.612) 128. India (63.4) 120. India (66.0) 134. India (61.0) 128. India (2,753)

135. Solomon Islands (0.610) 129. Yemen (62.5) 121. Ghana (65.0) 135. Morocco (61.0) 129. Viet Nam (2,600)

136. Congo (0.601) 130. Togo (62.2) 122. Rwanda (64.9) 136. Nepal (60.8) 130. Nicaragua (2,570)

182. Niger (0.340) 176. Afghanistan (43.6) 151. Mali (26.2) 177. Djibouti (25.5) 181. Congo (298)

HDI in India : A Fact File

Balance Sheet – Human Development India


Variable Progress DeprivationPopulation The Population Of Our Country Has

Increased From 361 Millions In 1951 To 1027 Millions In 2001 (As On 1st March, 01).

The Country Has Been Ranked As 128th Among A Set Of 162 Countries In The Human Development Index Of 0.612 In 2007.

Health The Expectation Of Life Has Increased From 42 Years In 1951 To 62 Years In Recent Years.

The Total Number Of People Affected With HIV Is About 4.1 Million. The Proportion Of Delivery Attended By Health Professionals Is Only 42.5 Percent. The Maternal Mortality Ratio Is 408 Per 100,000 Live Births.


Variable Progress Deprivation

Health Male And Female Literacy Rate Has Increased From 25 And 7.9 Percent In 1951 To 75 And 52 Percent Respectively In 2001.

There Are About 200 Million Illiterates In Our Country. The Quality Of Education, Particularly Technical

Education Needs To Be Expanded.

Regional Disparity The States Like Kerala, Tamil Nadu Has Made Significant Progress In Social Dimension While The States Like Maharashtra And Punjab Became Economically Stronger.

The States Like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan And Uttar Pradesh And Orissa, Constitute More Than 50 Per Cent Of India’s Population And Are On A Very Low State Of Development, and Both Socially And Economically.

Balance Sheet – Human Development India

• Human Poverty: Focusing On The Most Deprived In Multiple Dimensions Of Poverty

• The HPI-1 Value Of 28.0% For India, Ranks 88th Among 135 Countries For Which The Index Has Been Calculated.

• By Looking Beyond Income Deprivation, The HPI-1 Represents A Multi-dimensional Alternative To The $1.25 A Day (PPP US$) Poverty Measure.

• The HPI-1 Measures Severe Deprivation In Health By The Proportion Of People Who Are Not Expected To Survive To Age 40.


Economic Attainments & HDI

Economic Attainments & HDI


Poverty Ratio Has Declined From 44 Per Cent In 1983 To 26 Per Cent In 2000; Decline In Nineties Faster Than In Eighties.

Source: HDRIndia 2001

Source UNDP HDR 2009

Human Poverty IndexProbability of not surviving to

age 40Adult illiteracy rate

People not using an improved water source

Children underweight for age

(HPI-1) (%) (% ages 15 and above) (%) (% aged under 5)

1. Czech Republic (1.5)

1. Hong Kong, China (SAR) (1.4)

1. Georgia (0.0) 1. Barbados (0) 1. Croatia (1)

86. Djibouti (25.6) 103. Bolivia (13.9) 118. Congo (32.8) 74. Kyrgyzstan (11) 135. Yemen (46)

87. Cambodia (27.7) 104. Bhutan (14.2) 119. Egypt (33.6)75. Syrian Arab Republic (11)

136. Timor-Leste (46)

88. India (28.0) 105. India (15.5) 120. India (34.0) 76. India (11) 137. India (46)

89. Ghana (28.1) 106. Yemen (15.6) 121. Ghana (35.0) 77. China (12) 138. Bangladesh (48)

90. Malawi (28.2) 107. Papua New Guinea (15.9) 122. Rwanda (35.1) 78. Samoa (12)

135. Afghanistan (59.8) 153. Lesotho (47.4) 151. Mali (73.8) 150. Afghanistan (78)

Selected Indicators Of Human Poverty In India


The GDI Compared To The HDI – A Measure Of Gender Disparity


GDI as % of HDI Life expectancy at birth Adult literacy rate Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio

(years) 2004 (% ages 15 and older) 2004 2004

Female as % male Female as % male Female as % male

1. Mongolia (100.0%) 1. Russian Federation (121.7%) 1. Lesotho (122.5%) 1. Cuba (121.0%)

137. U A E (97.2%) 151. Côte d'Ivoire (104.7%) 121. Sudan (72.8%) 140. Senegal (90.0%)

138. Sierra Leone (97.1%) 152. Malta (104.7%) 122. Guinea-Bissau (72.5%) 141. Sudan (89.3%)

139. India (97.1%) 153. India (104.7%) 123. India (70.9%) 142. India (89.3%)

140. Sudan (97.0%) 154. Africa (104.4%) 124. Eritrea (69.6%) 143. Burundi (89.3%)

141. Benin (97.0%) 155. Occupied Palestinian Territories (104.4%) 125. Congo (66.8%) 144. Congo (89.1%)

155. Afghanistan (88.0%) 190. Swaziland (98.0%) 145. Afghanistan (29.2%) 175. Afghanistan (55.6%)

Source: UNDP HDR 2009

Some findings –

The human development index gives a more complete picture than income


Source: Inda HDR, 2001

HDI developed by 24% in ’80s & another 26% in ’90s.

Where are we?• The Mid-1970s Almost All Regions

Have Been Progressively Increasing Their HDI Score .

• East Asia And South Asia Have Accelerated Progress Since 1990.

• Central And Eastern Europe And The Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), Following A Catastrophic Decline In The First Half Of The 1990s, Has Also Recovered To The Level Before The Reversal.

• The Major Exception Is Sub-saharan Africa. Since 1990 It Has Stagnated, Partly Because Of Economic Reversal But Principally Because Of The Catastrophic Effect Of HIV/AIDS On Life Expectancy


• Remittances, Which Are Usually Sent To Immediate Family Members Who Have Stayed Behind, Are Among The Most Direct Benefits From Migration; Their Benefits Spread Broadly Into Local Economies.

• They Also Serve As Foreign Exchange Earnings For The Origin Countries Of Migrants.

• However, Remittances Are Unequally Distributed. Of The Total US$370 Billion Remitted In 2007, More Than Half Went To Countries In The Medium Human Development Category Against Less Than One Per Cent To Low Human Development Countries. In 2007, US$35,262 Million In Remittances Were Sent To India. Average Remittances Per Person Were US$30, Compared With The Average For South Asia Of US$33. (See Table 6 For More Details.)

Remittances


Table 6: Remittances

Total Remittance Inflows

Remittances Per Capita

(US$ Millions) (Us$)

1. Luxembourg 3,355

67. Sri Lanka 131

98. Bangladesh 41

102. Pakistan 37

1. India 35,262 106. India 30

15. Bangladesh 6,562126. Iran (Islamic Republic

Of)16

17. Pakistan 5,998 133. Maldives 10

151. Maldives 3

157. Burundi 0 157. Burundi 0


Origin of migrantsEmigration

rate (%)Major continent of

destination for migrants(%)

1. Antigua and Barbuda

45.3 Asia 46.6

53. Afghanistan 10.6 Asia 91.4

146. Pakistan 2.2 Asia 72.5

156. Iran (Islamic Republic of)

1.3 Northern America 39.6

169. India 0.8 Asia 72

180. Maldives 0.4 Asia 38.9

181. Mongolia 0.3 Europe 40.7

Emigrants



Immigrants


Destination Of Migrants Immigrant Stock (Thousands) Destination Of Migrants Immigrants As A Share Of

Population (%) 2005

1. United States 39,266.50 1. Qatar 80.5

70. Bhutan 5.7

144. Maldives 1.1

153. Bangladesh 0.7

7. India 5,886.90 158. India 0.5

12. Pakistan 3,554.00 167. Afghanistan 0.4

20. Iran 2,062.20

180. Maldives 3.2

182. Vanuatu 1 182. China 0

Fighting Climate Change

• As A Result Of Past Emissions Of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) And Other Greenhouse Gases (GHGS), The World Is Now On Course For Future Climate Change. This Year’s Human Development Report Identifies 20C As The Threshold Above Which Irreversible & Dangerous Climate Change Will Become Unavoidable.

• It Also Explains Why We Have Less Than A Decade To

Change Course And Start Living Within A Sustainable Global Carbon Budget Identified At 14.5 Gigatonnes Of CO2 (Gt CO2) Per Annum For The Remainder Of The 21st Century.


• Currently, Emissions Are Running At Twice This Level. If These Trends Continue, The Carbon Budget Will Be Set For Expiry During The 2030's,

&• Setting In Motion Processes That Can Lead To

Temperature Increases Of 5ºc Or Above By The End Of This Century---roughly Similar To Temperature Changes Since The Last Ice Age 10,000 Years Ago.


Fighting Climate Change

PROGRESS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

•Certain Factors Need To Be Followed To Achieve More Effective Utilization Of Resources Such As

–Decentralization Of Public Services To Local Government’s;–Provision Of Appropriate Complementary Inputs &– Effective & Efficient Allocation Of Available Resources.

•Government Has To Undertake Programs Of Accelerating Economic Growth To Match With Human Development Growth So That It Can Reap The Benefits Of Better Human Development In Terms Of Higher Productivity.


PROGRESS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

As Suggested By The Human Development ReportIndia Should Follow A Pattern Of Development Which Should Promote 1. Employment Generating Growth;2. Equitable Growth;3. Participatory Growth;4. Grass Root Growth;5. Sustainable Growth.

If Such A Pattern Of Development Is Fostered, Then It Would Be Possible To Avoid Lopsided Development.


Thank You

HDI of India 2009

Health & Medicine

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