Gujarat Journal of Extension Eductiongjoee.org/pdf/volume/Volume_20_21.pdf · 2015-01-06 · to the...

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Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Directorate of Extension Education

Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand-388110, Gujarat, INDIA

Gujarat Journal of

Extension EductionVol. : XX-XXI

Year :2009-2010

For the Authors....Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is the official publication of Gujarat Society of Extension Education. It publishes original research paper in the field of extension education and allied fields.

Submission of manuscript :

An author belongs to Gujarat state would like to publish his/her paper in Gujarat Journal of Extension Education should be submitted his/her manuscript to associate editor of their Western /Northern / Southern or Middle Gujarat region and for the authors out side of the Gujarat state should be submitted his/her manuscript directly to Chief Editor. Two hard copies of the manuscript should be submitted along with the soft copy preferably in the form of CD, Rich Text Format or Microsoft Word format. The length of the manuscript should be typed in double space and not exceed than 10 typed pages with the year of research actually done.

Submission of final manuscript:

The submitted manuscript will be evaluated by the editorial members and referees for their suitability. The manuscript will be sent back to the author to carry out the changes or modifications as suggested by the editorial members. The final manuscript has to be submitted only through e-mail to following e-mail address: [email protected].

Arrangement of manuscript : Title, Name of author/s (Complete address with e-mail address), Abstract (About in 150 words), Introduction, Methodology, Findings & Discussion, Conclusion and References.

The manuscript should be printed on A4 size paper format with a provision of top, right and bottom of 2.5 cm space. The left margin must be of 4 cm. Title and all major heading should be centre aligned, capital and in 14 point size while, running mater should be justified and typed in Times New Roman font of 12 point size. Table should be prepared by using the table facility of Microsoft word and should not more than five tables. Only computer generated charts/graphs/ figure or photographs which must be submitted in JPEG files will be accepted.

Policies:

Author must append the certificate along with his/her manuscript about the matter has not been sent for publication in other journal/magazine. Article forwarded to the editor for publication are understood to be offered to the Gujarat Journal of Extension Education exclusively. It is also understood that the authors have obtained the necessary approval of their concerns department, institution, faculty or even co-author/s. The Editorial board takes no responsibility for facts or opinion express in the journal, which rest entirely with the author/s thereof.

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Society of Extension Education, Anand

GujaratHAPPY TO ANNOUNCE

SHRI KHUSHALBHAI REVABHAI PATEL

MEDAL -CUM -CASH PRIZE

FROM: APRIL - 1992

For the Students of B. Sc. (Agri.) Of GAU

Extension is too often merely seen as a means of spreading scientific and technical innovations and technology transfer.

There is rarely a “one size fits all” solution to address the mix of technical, economic, commercial, social and environmental aspects of diverse farming systems. Now farmers are more interested to have information on market, credit facilities and consumer demand in addition to appropriate technology related to fast transmission to the clientele.

The essence of agricultural extension is to facilitate interplay and nurture synergies within a total information system involving agricultural research and education.

Extension system in India has undergone major changes since the late 1990s in governance structure, capacity, organization and management including advisory methods. The changes involve the decentralization of extension services at local level, adoption of pluralistic modes and promoting the participatory extension approaches.

We need to develop innovative and contemporary extension models, approaches and methods which can fit in diverse agri-rural environment and help in agricultural development and ensure livelihood security of the country.

The Gujarat journal of Extension Education published by Society for Extension Education, Gujarat is a multidisciplinary national journal that publishes scientific articles concerned with all aspects of extension education in general and agricultural extension in particular. The Journal is peer reviewed and committed to timely publication of original research and reviewed articles. The journal is designed mainly to serve researchers, dealing with extension research. The Journal maintains strict refereeing procedures through its editorial policies in order to publish papers of only the highest quality.

The current issue of the journal contains 36 research papers covering a wide spectrum of topics ranging from development of diffusion models to effectiveness of extension services. I hope that the readers will find them useful and interesting. These articles will also be useful to the planners, executives and policy makers engaged in agricultural development.

At this juncture, I congratulate all the extension educationists and members of the editorial board for their sincere efforts and hard work for quality publications of this issue.

MESSAGE

President SEEG & Director of Extension EducationAnand Agricultural University, Anand

Dr. P. P. Patel

Editor words....

For more than fifty years, the discipline of agricultural extension has helped our nation in increasing

food production and attaining self sufficiency. Recent developments in technology generation, advances in

information and communication technology, liberalised economy, vast growth of NGOs as well as new rural

scenario call for serious thinking and debate on future role of agricultural extension. Today’s ‘agricultural

extension’, is in a transition stage and has to be face a complex agricultural situation of not only meeting

our future food requirements, but also has to confront issues like sustainable development, environmental

degradation, energy efficiency, export of farm produce and rapidly changing interests and requirements of

rural people. Further with the advent of communication and information revolution the methodology of

extension needs improvement. The advances in training and educational methodology call for introduction

of participatory technique and experiential learning. One can go in listing such changes having implications

on teaching and research in agricultural extension.

Obviously, if we want to maintain the well being of the discipline of agricultural extension, one has

to make a lot of changes. The foremost are which needs attention is the changes in curriculum of courses

leading of M.Sc. and Ph.D. in agricultural extension as well as producing new text-books incorporating new

developments.

The professionals of extension education have to meet and discuss this issue and make M.Sc. and

Ph.D. programmes in agricultural extension relevant to the present and the future needs of Indian agriculture.

There are many also desire new inputs from areas like management, educational and communication

technology, rural development and andragogy. There are some who desire higher inputs from subject

matter disciplines of agriculture. A consensus which will be of beneficial to the future manpower in extension

education has to be reached. Nevertheless, we should not create a situation where someone could ‘fifty years

ago we had innovative extension professionals and laggard farmers, but now the situation is reverse, we have

innovative farmers and laggard extension professionals’

I take this opportunity to acknowledge for cooperation provided by associate editors Dr. Sunil R. Patel, Dr. P. R.

Kanani, Dr. G. R. Patel and Dr. K. D. Solanki who have help me a lot to solder this responsibility and in bringing

out this issue of the journal. I am extremely appreciating the support provided by Secretary, Dr. J. K. Patel

throughout the period of publication of this issue.

The paper included in this issue of journal contains a wide spectrum of topics ranging from scale

development to effectiveness of extension services. I hope that the readers will find them useful and interesting.

Rajesh Dilip Pandya Chief Editor,GJEE & Executive Councilor (Western Zone), ISEE. [email protected]

SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE

NO.

1DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE TO MEASURE INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT AMONG EMPLOYEES OF AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIESSunil R. Patel, M. S. Trivedi and J. K. Patel

7

2A SCALE TO MEASURE KNOWLEDGE OF DAIRY FARMERS REGARDING IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES P.M. Bhatt and H. B. Patel

10

3DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE TO MEASURE ATTITUDE OF DEMONSTRATED PADDY GROWERS TOWARDS SRI TECHNIQUE OF PADDY CROPBorole Pravin, Arun Patel and M.C.Patel

15

4A TEST TO MEASURE FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF POST HARVEST TECHNIQUES OF GROUNDNUT CROP M. G. Chavda, M.N.Popat , S.L Varmora and B.A. Parmar

18

5 IMPACT OF KRISHI MAHOTSAVArti N. Soni and C. D. Pandya 22

6IMPACT OF SHORT TERM VOCATIONAL TRAINING ON ELECTRICAL MOTOR REWINDING AND HOUSE WIRING V.M.Modi and J.K.Patel

25

7 INTEGRATED HORTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME : AN IMPACT ANALYSISM.N. Popat, Daxa G. Kotadia and V.J. Savaliya 28

8IMPACT OF PROFESSIONALISM ON COOPERATIVES SECTORR.M. Naik, R.B. Patel, H.V. Pandya and C.G. Intwala 33

9 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TRAINING REGARDING SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION OF BRINJALG.R. Patel, N.M. Chauhan and B.M. Tandel 36

10 IMPACT OF TRAINING REGARDING PACKAGE OF PRACTICES ON SOYBEAN GROWERS N. M. Chauhan and C. D. Pandya 39

11 COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR KRISHI JIVAN FARM MAGAZINEV.J. Savaliya and M. N. Popat 41

12FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF KAGZILIME PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY BY THE FARMERSD. B. Patel , K. A. Thakkar and K.S. Patel

45

13 KNOWLEDGE OF Bt AND NON Bt COTTON GROWERS S. P. Dalvi and R. B. Patel 48

14PERCEPTION OF FARMERS ABOUT SELECTED ASPECTS OF VIDEO-CONFERENCE PROGRAMME P. M. Bhatt and S. M. Patel

50

15 A STUDY ON AWARENESS ABOUT SOIL HEALTH CARD P.M. Bhatt, H. B. Patel and B. M. Patel 53

16 ADOPTION OF HYBRID CASTOR CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY BY THE CASTOR GROWERSR.C. Prajapati, M.R. Prajapati and R.R. Prajapati 55

17 DETERMINANTS IN ADOPTION OF MODERN COTTON CULTIVATION PRACTICESP. J. Joshi, N. B. Chauhan and K. F. Patel 59

«Mkkh Gujarat Journal of Extension EductionVol. : XX-XXI Year :2009-2010

18ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF TRIBAL FARMERS ABOUT IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICESB.S. Patel, U.M. Patel and J. K. Patel

61

19ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS ABOUT KHARIF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYV .M. Patel, J. J. Mistry and K. A. Thakkar 64

20ADOPTION DYNAMICS OF PIGEON PEA GROWERS IN RELATION TO INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTA.C.Patel, J.B.Patel and U.A.Patel

67

21RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON GROWERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCYA. A. Darandale and P. M. Bhatt

70

22DETERMINATION OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON EXTENT OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OCCURRED IN TRIBAL AREA OF SOUTH GUJARATG. R. Patel and R.B. Patel

72

23RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL MAIZE GROWERS AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING A.D. Darandale, N.V. Soni and P. P. Patel

75

24RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAFED MUSLI GROWERS WITH AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ITS CULTIVATION G.G. Chauhan, R.M. Naik, H.V. Pandya and C.G. Intwala

77

25 AWARENESS OF FARM WOMEN ABOUT HUMANNUTRITIONDipal N. Soni and K. B. Kamaliya 79

26OPINIONS TOWARDS CHANGE IN THESIS STYLE TO SAVE NATURAL RESOURCES THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGYN.V. Soni , Mahesh R. Patel and J. K. Patel

82

27ROLE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN PADDY AND SUGARCANE CULTIVATIONP. B. Pawar , M. R. Bhatt and R. D. Pandya

86

28 PARTICIPATION OF TRIBAL FARM WOMEN IN DAIRY AND POULTRY FARMING R.R.Prajapati, K.A.Thakkar and M.R.Prajapati 91

29FACTORS AFFECTING THE ATTITUDE OF THE WOMAN RESEARCH SCHOLARS TOWARDS THE USE OF COMPUTER FOR THEIR EMPOWERMENT B.M.Christian and N.B.Chauhan

95

30 MARKETING CONSTRAINTS AS PERCIVED BY BANANA GROWERSA.R. Makwan, J.K. Patel and B. D. Patel 99

31PROBLEMS FACED BY THE MEMBERS OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETYR.A. Dabhi, N. V. Soni and J.K. Patel

103

32CONSTRAINTS FACED BY CHILLI GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGYB. D. Patel, Sunil R. Patel and M. R. Bhatt

107

33CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE MUSTARD GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES M. P. Suthar, C. D. Pandya and K. F. Patel

110

34 IMPEDIMENTS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED ONION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYN.B. Jadav, P.R. Kanani and D.V. Patel 112

35CONSTRAINTS FACED IN ADOPTION OF MODERN PRACTICES OF COTTON CULTIVATION BY THE FARMERS P. J. Joshi, N. B. Chauhan and K. F. Patel

115

36MANAGERIAL AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF MILK PRODUCERS’ COOPERATIVES IN TRIBAL AREA OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICTV. B. Patel, K. A. Thakkar and R. R. Prajapati

118

Guj. J. Extn. Edu. XX-XXI 2009-2010

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DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE TO MEASURE INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT AMONG EMPLOYEES OF AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES

Sunil R. Patel1 M. S. Trivedi2 and J. K. Patel3

ABSTRACT

Interpersonal conflict among employees is of vital concern for the organization. Here an effort was made to develop a scale which can measure interpersonal conflict among employees at three levels: 1. Interpersonal conflict with superiors 2. Interpersonal conflict with colleagues and 3. Interpersonal conflict with subordinates. Among the techniques available, ‘scale product method’ was chosen to develop the scale.

INTRODUCTION

Conflict exists within an organization and is endemic irrespective of whether or not it is desirable. Much of time is dealt with conflict in its various forms. In this situation, for any organization to be more effective and productive incessantly, it is of vital importance for the organization to know the extent of conflict among its employees and conflict management approaches adopted by them so that on the basis of these, effective organizational strategies can be worked out.

In the organizational context, interpersonal conflict inclusive of both- affective as well as substantive aspects of conflict is of major concern and is quiet natural among the employees. In other words, interpersonal conflict comprising task conflict (related to task or function or process) as well as relationship conflict (related to personality or emotional issues) existing among the employees is of vital concern for the organization. Since no ready made scale was available to measure such conflict, an effort was made here to develop the scale which can measure the interpersonal conflict among the employees of Agricultural universities of Gujarat and on that basis; strategies to manage such conflict can be worked out.

METHODOLOGY

It was thought to develop a scale which can

measure interpersonal conflict among employees at three levels: 1. Interpersonal conflict with superiors 2. Interpersonal conflict with colleagues and 3. Interpersonal conflict with subordinates. Hence, it was decided to develop three separate scales.

Among the techniques available, ‘scale product method’ was chosen which combines the Thurston’s techniques of equal appearing interval scale (1946) for selection of item and Likert’s technique of summated rating (1932) for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949).

Item collection

Initially, large number of statements reflecting interpersonal conflict with superiors, colleagues and subordinates were collected from relevant literature and constructed through discussion with experts and extension personnel. The statements thus selected were edited on the basis of criteria shown by Edwards (1957) and at last, 15, 16 and 16 statements for interpersonal conflict with superior, colleagues and subordinates, respectively were selected as they were found to be non-ambiguous.

Judge’s rating of attitudinal statements

Seventy slips of these statements were distributed among 70 selected experts of four Agricultural Universities of Gujarat as well as

1Assistant Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand, [email protected] Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand3Assistant Extension Educationist, Dept. of Extension Education,BACA, AAU, Anand


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Extension Education Institute, Anand Agricultural University. The judges were asked to judge the degree of unfavourableness or favourableness of each statement for its inclusion in the final scale on the five point equal appearing interval continuum. Out of these experts, 50 experts returned the statement after duly recording their judgments and were considered for the analysis.

Determination of scale values

The scoring on five point rating scale was made by assigning score ranging from 1 (for strongly unfavourable) to 5 (for strongly favourable). Based on the judgment, the median value of the distribution for each of 30 statements was calculated by using following formula:

i P

Pb - 0.50 L SW

×+= Where, S = the median or scale value of the statement

L = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls

Pb = the sum of the proportion below the interval in which the median falls.

Pw = the proportion within the interval in which the median falls i = the width of the interval which is assumed to be equal to 1.0 (one).

The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out for determination of ambiguity involved in the statement.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

When there was a good agreement among the judges in judging the degree of unfavourableness or favourableness of a statement, Q value was observed smaller than the scale value, but when there was relatively little agreement among the judges, Q value was observed bigger than the scale value. Only those items were selected whose (median) scale value were greater than Q values. However, when a few items had the same scale values, items having lowest Q value were selected. Based on the scale (median) and Q values, 8, 9 and 9 statements were finally selected to constitute the scale to measure interpersonal conflict with superiors, colleagues and subordinates, respectively. The final format of scale was as under.

Table 1 : Scale to measure interpersonal conflict with superiors

Sr. No.

Statements ‘S’ value

‘Q’ value

1 Superiors are very cooperative and supportive 3.98 1.1

2 Deadlines are given without considering individual’s ability to cope up 3.9 2.15

3 Superiors ignore the interpersonal aspects of work and the feelings of employees.

3.58 2.41

4 I have to work under vague directions or orders. 3.64 2.12

5 Superiors assign two or more simultaneous roles which are difficult to perform. 3.9 2.37

6 Superiors provide heavy workload to sincere employees than others. 4.23 1.77

7 Superiors are unappreciative of the work done by me. 3.68 2.76

8 I like the democratic ways in which the superiors behave with me. 4.19 1.57

Pb


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Table 2 : Scale to measure interpersonal conflict with colleagues

Sr. No.


‘Q’ value

1 Colleagues provide whole hearted cooperation for various organizational tasks.

4.19 1.68

2 Colleagues don’t understand interpersonal feelings. 2.90 2.363 My ambitions remain unfulfilled because of blockage created by colleagues. 3.56 2.434 It gives me much pain when I come to know that my colleague does

something against me in secret.3.76 2.02

5 We have a lot of differences over such matters as who should do what jobs. 3.40 2.266 Colleagues rarely help me because they actually want me to be looked bad in

the eyes of management.2.93 2.57

7 Blind after too much aspiration, my colleague behaves in a rude manner with me.

3.08 2.24

8 Colleagues stealthily make out the way to excel. 3.30 1.809 We colleagues enjoy working together. 4.15 1.71

Table 3 : Scale to measure interpersonal conflict with subordinates

Sr. No.


‘Q’ value

1 Subordinates knowingly ignore the instructions given to be followed. 3.65 2.672 Subordinates are ever ready to do the task as I assign. 3.94 2.013 Subordinates feel envy for my superior position. 3.17 2.924 Subordinates are unable to keep pace with the momentum as I want. 3.69 2.075 Subordinates are all the way helpful in attaining organizational goals. 3.92 2.066 Differences in opinion take the form of verbal confrontation with subordinates. 3.41 2.027 I feel, I will come into open conflict with my arrogant and rude subordinates. 2.95 2.338 I am fully satisfied with my subordinates. 4.07 2.09

Reliability of the scale

The reliability of these scales was also measured by employing Test-retest method which was found to be 0.8882, 0.8125 and 0.8638 in case of scale to measure interpersonal conflict with superiors, with colleagues and with subordinates, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The scales developed to measure extent of interpersonal conflict of employees with their superiors, colleagues and subordinates are reliable and valid. Hence the same can be used by other investigators elsewhere in the context of State Agricultural University or for other organizations with due modifications.

REFERENCES

Edwards, A. L. (1957). Techniques of attitude scale construction. Vekils, Feffer and Simons Private Ltd., Bombay.

Eysenck, K. J. and Crown, S. (1994). An experimental study in opinion-attitude methodology.

Likert, R. A. (1932). A technique for measurement of attitude. Psychology, New York, pp: 140.

Thurston, L. L. (1946). The measurement of attitude. American J. of Sociology. Chicago University Press, 39-50.


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INTRODUCTION

In rural areas of Anand district, the farmers along with agriculture also maintain one or two milch animals under two-tier production system and maintain them on the by-products of the agricultural produces. Because of limited resources available with the farming community, expected improvement in the milk production per animal is yet to be achieved. However, the availability of latest scientific knowledge of dairy farming, based on four pillars namely, innovative breeding, balanced feeding, excellent management and well supervised health control of cattle and buffaloes, is the key issue for maximization of milk production. With this in view, an attempt was made to develop a scale which can scientifically measure knowledge of dairy farmers towards improved animal husbandry practices

METHODOLOGY

Knowledge is a body of understood information possessed by an individual. For the purpose of this study, knowledge was operationalised as the information and understanding of the dairy farmer regarding improved practices of animal husbandry. For measuring the knowledge level, a knowledge test was constructed and standardized.

I Item selection

In initial stage of developing the scale, a large

number of statements about improved animal husbandry practices were collected from relevant literature, subject matter specialists and experts. Care was taken to ensure that no crucial practice is left out. Finally, 91 items covering all aspects of improved animal husbandry practices were selected to form initial test battery. To control bias if any, these items were framed in the objective form of questions.

II Item analysis

The item analysis used by Jha and Singh (1970) was carried out with three kinds of indices viz., “index of item difficulty”, “index of item discrimination” and “index of item validity”. For this purpose, the items were administered to 48 respondents of Anand district selected at random. Each item was given the score of 1 or 0 for the dichotomized response of ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ and for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer respectively. Thus, maximum score an individual could obtain was 91 and minimum was 0.

The scores obtained by 48 respondents individually were arranged in descending order and the respondents were divided into six equal groups (of eight respondents) viz., G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 arranged in descending order of total score obtained by them. For item analysis, the middle two groups namely G3 and G4 were eliminated retaining only the four terminal groups with high scores (G1 and G2) and with low scores (G5 and

A SCALE TO MEASURE KNOWLEDGE OF DAIRY FARMERS REGARDING

IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES P.M. Bhatt1 and H. B. Patel 2

ABSTACT

The present study was taken up in the year 2005-2006 to develop a scale which can scientifically measure the knowledge of dairy farmers towards improved animal husbandry practices. From 91 statements, 49 statements were selected in the final format of the scale to measure knowledge of the dairy farmers. The reliability co-efficient is 0.96, which is highly significant.

1. Director, Distance Education, AAU, Anand 2. Programme Coordinator, KVK, Devataj, AAU, Anand


11

G6). Scores of these groups ranged as follows:

Group Score out of 91

G1 74 - 57

G2 57 - 49

G5 41 - 36

G6 36 - 25

The data pertaining to the correct responses for all the items in respect of these four groups were tabulated for calculating item discrimination and item validity indices.

III Item selection

The selection of the items for knowledge test about improved practices of animal husbandry was made on the following criteria.

(a) Item difficulty index (P)

The index of difficulty (P) was worked out as the percentage of the respondents answering an item correctly. The assumption in this item index of difficulty was that the difficulty is linearly related to the level of respondents’ knowledge about improved practices of animal husbandry. When a respondent answered an item, it was assured that the item was less difficult than his ability to cope with it.

The index of the item difficulty indicates the extent to which an item is difficult. An item should neither be so easy that all persons can pass it nor should it be so difficult that none can pass it.

The items with difficulty P values ranging from 20 to 80 were considered for final selection of the knowledge test battery. It was calculated by following formula:

No. of respondents answered correctly P = --------------------------------------------------- X 100 Total number of respondents

(b) Discrimination index (E 1/3)

The second criterion for item selection was the discrimination index indicated by E 1/3 value for an item. The function of item discrimination index is to find out whether an item

really discriminates a well-informed respondent from poorly informed respondent. In the present study, the items with E 1/3 values ranging from 0.15 to 0.85 percent were considered for the final selection in the knowledge test.

Discrimination index E1/3 was worked out by using following formula. 1 (S1 + S2) - (S5 + S6)E --- = --------------------------- 3 N/3

Where, S1, S2, S5 and S6 are the frequencies of correct answer in the group G1, G2, G5 and G6, respectively.

N = Total number of respondents in the item analysis (48).

(c) Biserial correlation

Biserial correlation is used for the test item validation, when the criterion of validity is regarded as internal consistency i.e, the relationship of total score to a dichotomized response to any given item. Keeping this in view, the Biserial correlation of each of the items was calculated, and the significance of the Biserial correlation coefficient was tested with the help of formula used by Guilford (1965). The items which were found significant at 5 per cent level of significance were retained in the final format of the knowledge test battery.

Mp-Mq pq Biserial Correlation (r bis) = -------------- x -------- 6t z

Where,

Mp = Mean of x values for higher group in dichotomized variable

Mq = Mean of x values for lower group in dichotomized variable

p = Proportion of cases in higher group

q = Proportion of cases in lower group

z = Ordinate of the unit normal distribution curve with surface equal to 1.0 at the point of division between segments containing p and q proportion of the cases.


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Σ ( Xi - `x )2

6 t = ––––––––– = standard déviation

( n - 1 )

Testing the significance of r bis

The co-efficient of Biserial correlation was tested for significance by using the following formula as given by Guilford (1965).

(d) Representative items of the test

Though the aforesaid criteria were the main considerations for the final selection of the knowledge items, care was taken not to eliminate the important aspect, if any.

Finally, 49 items were selected, which formed the actual (final) format of the knowledge test. The items are presented in Appendix-I.

(e) Reliability and validity of the knowledge test

The reliability of the test was examined by employing test-retest method. The values of

correlation coefficient (r= 0.96) was found to be highly significant indicating that the test was reliable. The reliability coefficient was calculated with the help of Rulon’s formula used by Guilford (1965).

The validity of the test items was tested by the method of Biserial correlation coefficient. The items with highly significant Biserial correlation coefficient at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of probability indicated the validity of the items in relation to the knowledge test designed to measure the knowledge of farmers regarding improved practices of animal husbandry.

(f) Method of scoring knowledge

The test consisted of 49 items concerning improved practices of animal husbandry. The respondents can be asked to give correct or incorrect, yes or no or a specific answer to some direct questions. The total knowledge score may then be calculated by summing up score of correct answers. The range of score obtained by the respondents can vary from 0 to 49. The final format of the scale is presented in Appendix -I

Appendix -I

Sr. No. Items Yes/ NoA Improved breeds

Which are the important exotic breeds of cattle?

1 Kankrej

2 Jersey

3 HF

4 What are the possible ways by which animals can be bred? A------- B------- C --------

B Management at calving and Calf rearing

5 Is bedding of paddy fodder necessary during calving time? 6 At what time the naval cord should be removed? 7 When should colostrums be given to a calf after birth?

Within 45 minutes/ 2 hours/ after placental exposure 8 If mother does not produce colostrums, what should be given to new

born calf? Egg yolk/ others animal colostrums9 Can a “milk replacer” be used for a calf?


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Sr. No. Items Yes/ No10 After how many days of birth, should we practice for dehorning a calf?

After 3 / 7 / 15 daysWhich vaccines are given to calf?

11 FMD 12 HS 13 BQ 14 Is deworming necessary? 15 Up to what stage of pregnancy, one should milk an animal?C Feeding practices/Nutrition

16 How should the dry and green fodder be given? Chopped / without chopped

17 How much green fodder should be given to a milch animal during a day? ------kg/day

18 How much dry fodder should be given to a milch animal during a day? ------kg/day

19 What amount of water a does milking animal require per day? 10/ 20/30 liter

20 How much concentrate should be given to milch animal producing ? 5 liters milk/day/ 1.5kg+40% of milk or 3kg+40% of milk

21 How much salt is added in concentrate? (A) 5-7gm (B) 15-20gm22 How much mineral mixture should be given to milking/pregnant animal

everyday? (A) 5-10gm (B) 20-30gmD Breeding practices/Reproduction23 After how many days the buffalo/cow normally repeats its heat cycle?

(1)20-21 days (2) 40-45 days24 What are the symptoms of a buffalo/cow being in heat/estrus?

A ----------- B ------------- C--------------25 What is the correct time for breeding after coming in heat? 26 When should the buffalo/cow be bred after calving?

A.30day B. 45days27 What is the average period of gestation in buffalo/cow?E Diseases control/Health care

What are the contagious diseases commonly found in this region?28 Pneumonia 29 Diarrhoea 30 Viral

Give name of normal diseases that occur in animal.31 FMD 32 HS 33 Gastric

Give vaccination time for following diseases 34 FMD ------------------- month


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Sr. No. Items Yes/ No35 HS ------------month 36 BQ -----------------month 37 Give the name of ecto-parasites which are harmful to animals?

………………., …………………, ……………..Can human gets infection of following diseases from animals?

38 T.B. 39 Anthrax 40 Brucellosis F Management and milking practices

41 Which is the ideal roof material for animal shed? 42 Should the milking process be done by only one person? 43 With what do you clean the udder before milking?44 If an animal gives daily more than 15 liters of milk, how often should it

be milked? Twice a day /Thrice a day45 In how many minutes the milking procedure should be completed?

3 / 5 / 9 minutes46 Is it advisable to milk with one rear and one front teat? 47 What is good in milking to keep thumb in stripping or art of stripping?G Marketing48 Should the animals be purchased after clinical check up? 49 Will a normal performing animal fetch better price or better looking ani-

mal will fetch better price?

C = Correct IC = Incorrect

REFERENCES

Jha, P. N. and Singh, K. N. (1970). A test measure farmer’s knowledge about high yielding variety programme. Interdescipline, 7 (1): 65-67.

Guilford, J. P. (1965). Psychometric methods. TNH. Ed., Tata- Mc- Grow Hill Books Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

SELF IMAGES : SociableE : EfficientL : LongSightedF : FellowshipI : IndustriousM : MadureA : ActualG : GoodwillE : Entrepreneur


15

INTRODUCTION

SRI (System of Rice Intensification) technology of paddy cultivation is innovative one and is of interest because of its potential to achieve higher yield at lower cost of production along with saving of water. Considering the importance of this new technology, demonstrations to paddy growers were given by Main Rice Research Station, Nawagam, Anand Agicultural University to paddy growing farmers of nearby area. In this regard, effort was made to construct and standardize the scale to measure the attitude of these demonstrated paddy growing farmers towards SRI technique.

METHODOLOGY

Among the techniques available for construction of scale, the methodology suggested by Likert (1932) and Edward (1957) was used in this study. The technique chosen to construct the attitude scale was of “Scale Product Method” which combines the technique of Equal Appearing Interval Scale of Thurston (1946) for selection of the items and Likert’s techniques of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale.

1 Item collection

The items making up an attitude scale are known as statements. A statement may be defined as anything that is said about a psychological object. As a first step in the developing the scale, large number of statements about SRI technique were collected from the relevant literature and discussion through experts of SRI technique and Extension personnel. The statements thus collected were edited on the basis of the suggested criteria and finally 19 statements were selected for scale construction.

2 Judge’s rating of attitude statements

In order to judge the degree of “Unfavorableness” to “Favorableness” of each statement on the five point equal appearing interval continuum, a panel of 50 judges was selected. The judges selected for the study comprised Extension educationist, Agronomists and experts with considerable practical experience in SRI technique from the Anand Agricultural University and Navsari Agricultural University. The judges were visited personally along with letter of instructions to guide them for rating the statements

DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE TO MEASURE ATTITUDE OF DEMONSTRATED PADDY GROWERS TOWARDS

SRI TECHNIQUE OF PADDY CROP

Borole Pravin1, Arun Patel2 and M.C.Patel3

ABSTRACT

SRI technique of paddy cultivation has potential to achieve higher yield at lower cost of production along with saving of water and therefore it is desirable on part of paddy growers to adopt SRI technique. Adoption of SRI technique becomes easier once the paddy growers cultivate favorable attitude towards that. In this context, effort was made to develop and standardize the scale to measure attitude of demonstrated paddy growers towards SRI technique of paddy cultivation.

1 P.G.student, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, Gujarat. 2 Director, Extension Education Institute, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 3 Assistant professor, Home science collage, Anand Agricultural University, Anand


16

3 Determination of scale and quartile value

The five points of the rating scale were assigned scores ranging from 1 for most unfavorable and 5 for most favourable. On the base of judgment, the median value of the distribution and the Q value for the statement concerned was calculated, the inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out for determination of ambiguity involved in the statement.

4 Final statements for attitude scale

When there was a good agreement among the judges in judging the degree of agreement or

disagreement of a statement, Q was smaller compared to the value obtained; and when there was relatively little agreement among the judges, it was reverse. Only those items were selected whose median (scale) values were greater than Q values. However, when a few items had the same scale values, items having lowest Q value were selected. Based on the median and Q values, 10 statements were finally selected to constitute attitude scale which is presented in Table-1. The scale values were ranging from 1.3 to 4.5 with0.5 class intervals.

Table-1: Final statements of the scale to measure attitude of the Demonstrated paddy growers towards SRI technique.

Sr. No.

Final Statement SA A UD D SDA

1In my opinion, SRI technique in paddy cultivation gives higher yield.

2I think that application of SRI technique in paddy cultivation is complicated.

3 In my opinion, more skills are necessary in SRI technique. 4 The application of SRI technique in paddy is very risky. 5 It is easy to adopt SRI technique in paddy cultivation.

6I think , the yield in SRI technique is more as compared to conventional method.

7 The use of SRI technique is wastage of money.

8SRI technique cannot be adopted by the illiterate paddy growers.

9 SRI technique is better way for sustainable agriculture. 10 In my opinion, SRI technique is more laborious. .

SA = strongly agree, A = agree, UD = un decided, D = disagree, SD = strongly disagree

5 Reliability of the scale

A scale is reliable when it consistently produces the same results when applied to the same sample. In the present study, split-half method of testing reliability was used. The 10 statements were divided into two halves with five odd numbered statements in one half and other five even numbered statements in the other. These were administered to 25 respondents. Each of the two sets of statements was treated as a separate scale

and then these two sub-scales were correlated. The co-efficient of reliability was calculated by the Rulon’s formula (Guilford, 1954), which came to. 0.86.

6 Content validity of the scale

The present scale satisfied the content Validity as the content (statements) was determined through thorough discussion with extension educationists, academicians and experts with practical experiences of SRI technique.


17

7 Scoring system

By using this scale, the responses can be collected on five points continuum viz, strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with respective weights of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 for favourable statements and with respective weights of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for the unfavuorable statements.

REFERENCES

Edwards, A. L. (1957). Techniques of attitude scale construction. Vekils, Feffer and Simons Private Ltd., Bombay.

Eysenck, K. J. and Crown, S. (1994). An experimental study in opinion-attitude methodology.

Guilford, J.P., 1954, Psychometric Methods, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Co. Ltd., Bombay, pp. 55-60.

Likert, R. A. (1932). A technique for measurement of attitude. Psychology, New York, pp: 140.

Thurston, L. L. (1946). The measurement of attitude. American J. of Sociology. Chicago University Press, 39-50.


18

A TEST TO MEASURE FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF POST HARVEST TECHNIQUES OF GROUNDNUT CROP

M. G. Chavda1 M.N.Popat2 , S.L Varmora3 and B.A. Parmar4

ABSTRACT

This knowledge test could be used effectively for measuring groundnut growers knowledge about post harvest techniques of groundnut crop. Consequently the categorization of groundnut growers could be made on the basis of their knowledge level. Extension strategies viz. training programme, diffusion and communication of technology for speedy adoption may be planned according to knowledge level of groundnut growers

1 Asstt. Prof., Extn. Edu., AEEE, CAET, JAU, Junagadh.2 Prof. & Head of Dept. Extn. Edu. JAU, Junagadh.3 & 4 Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agril. Statistics, JAU, Junagadh

INTRODUCTION

Groundnut is the most important cash crop of Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. There is a lot of scope for increasing the groundnut production per hectare. However, the yield of groundnut crop is very low, because majority of the groundnut growers do not know and do not adopt improved groundnut post harvest techniques. The knowledge of the farmers plays an important role in adoption of post harvest techniques. Groundnut cultivation in this area is constrained by inadequate, uncertain and erratic rainfall, infestation of storage pests and disease, including losses during post harvest operation. Considering the above fact, it was thought worthwhile to study the knowledge of the growers about groundnut post harvest techniques.

METHODOLOGY

For measuring the knowledge level of groundnut growers with respect to post harvest techniques, it is essential to develop the standardized knowledge test. Knowledge means those behavior and test situations which emphasizes the remembering either by recognition or recall of ideas, material or phenomena (Bloom et al 1955).

Efforts were made to develop a standardized knowledge test which can measure the level of

knowledge regarding groundnut post harvest techniques. The method of item analysis used by Jha and Singh (1970) was followed so as to yield three kinds of indices viz., item difficulty, item discrimination, and item validity. The collected items were administered to the 60 respondents at random from the village of the area under study. For each respondent, the total score was worked out by giving the score of 1 or 0 for the dichotomized response of correct or incorrect and for yes or no answers, respectively. Thus, the total score secured by an individual respondent of 61 items for correct or yes answer was the knowledge score. The scores thus obtained by the 60 respondents were arranged separately from highest to the lowest in magnitude.

These 60 respondents were divided into six equal groups each of five and were arranged in descending order of the total scores obtained by them. For the item analysis, the middle two groups were eliminated keeping four extreme groups with high and low scores. Selection of items for final format for the knowledge test was based on the following criteria:

Item difficulty index

The index of difficulty was worked out as the percentage of the respondents answering an


19

item correctly. The items with “P” value (item difficulty index) ranging from 15 to 85 were considered for final selection of the knowledge battery.

Discrimination index

The item with E1/3 value above 0.20 and below 0.80

were considered for final selection.

(S1 + S2) - (S5 + S6)

E1/3 = ----------------------------------------

N/3

Where: S1, S2, S5 and S6 are the frequencies of

correct answers in the four groups

(G1, G2, G5 and G6) respectively after eliminating

two middle groups.

N= Total member of respondents in the item

analysis sample.

Bi serial correlation

The bi serial correlation (rbis) for each of the items

was calculated and tested by using the formula

given by Guilford.

Mp - Mq PQ

r bis = -------------- x -------

σt Y

Where: Mp= Mean of x value for higher group in

dichotomized variable.

Mq= Mean of x value of lower group in dichotomized

variable.

P = Proportion of cases in higher group.

Q = Proportion of cases in lower group.

Y = Ordinate of the unit normal distribution curve

with surface equal to 1.0 of the point of division

r bis = Bi serial correlation

The assumptions made for bi serial correlation are

Y is normally distributed and the regression of Y on

X is linear.

Test of significance of rbis by ‘t’ test

σ2t = ∑ ( Xi - X )2 /N

SE of rbis = √PQ / Y√N

‘t’ = rbis / SE of rbis

Where: σ2t = Population Variance

σt = Population standard deviation

SE of rbis = Standard Error for bi serial correlation

The items found significant at 5 percent level

of significance were relined in the final format

of the knowledge test. Thus, in light of the

criteria described above, 39 items were finally

selected which formed the actual format of

the knowledge test and is represented in

Appendix - I

Reliability and validity of test

To know the reliability of knowledge test, split half

method (r= 0.93) was used. For testing the validity,

bi serial correlation (rbis) was considered. Highly

significant bi serial correlation co-efficient (rbis)

proved the validity of the items included in the

test battery.

REFERENCES

Bloom, B.S. ,M. Engolnardt, E. Eruot, W. Hill and D.R.

Krathawal (1965)

Texonomy of Educational objective. The Cognitive

Domin. New York, Orient Logmans

Jha, P.N. and Singh, K.N. (1970) A Test to measure

Farmers Knowledge about

High Yielding Variety Programme. Interdiscipline 7

(1): 65 -78


20

Appendix - I

Final format of knowledge test to measure farmers knowledge about groundnut post harvest techniques

A Knowledge on plant drying

1 Groundnut bunches should be dried till pods moisture content is reduced at least 8 to 9 per cent. C / IC

2 Groundnut plant should be dried as per recommendation of ring practices. C / IC

3 We can judge completed drying procedure of groundnut with used rattling sound of pods when shaken. C / IC

4 We can judge completed drying procedure with pressed pods and easily split into two cotyledons. C / IC

B Knowledge on threshing

5 More quantity of groundnut dry plant bunches should not be fed in the thresher. C / IC

6 Don’t smoke at the time of threshing. C / IC

7 Thresher should be operated with cover all running part of pulley, fan, belt, etc. C / IC

8 What is to be done when pods are broken at the time of threshing? ……………

9 What is to be done when pod comes with unclean at the time of threshing? ……………

10 How many labours are needed for threshing of groundnut? Please tick mark following figure. 5,6,7,8

C Knowledge on cleaning and grading

11 Which power is used of practices for the grading of groundnut pods? ……………

12 Which procedure is used for the classification of groundnut pods? ……………

13 Which procedure is used to find out of shelling percentage? ……………

14 How much oil percentage does groundnut kernel have? ……………

15 How can you reduce free fatty acid? ……………

16 Less maturity of groundnut is one factors for losses of pre-storage quality. C / IC

17 Which are the main factors for losses of pre-storage groundnut? ……………

D Knowledge on Storage

Why are the following practices used by the farmers for groundnut storage ?

18) Groundnut storage in loose heap in the corner of house. ……………

19) Gunny bags are used for the storage of groundnut ……………

20) Groundnut must be stored half feet high on platform on the floor of a room .……………

21) Groundnut stored in gunny bags with arrange cross line on platform. ……………


21

22 Arrange heap of gunny bags of groundnut from two feet distance of wall in the storeroom. ……………

23 Which steps are taken for reducing losses of groundnut in the store room? ……………

24 Which are the points kept in mind, when you select good storage room for groundnut? ……………

25 Which are the major pests for damage during groundnut storage? ……………

26 Which poison is used for rat control during storage of groundnut? ……………

27 How much dose of poison is used for rat control? ……………

28 Gunny bag should be done disinfected and then re-use for storing of groundnut? Yes / No

29 How many days is the storage room closed after fumigation? ……………

30 Which chemical is used for fumigation? ……………

31 How much dose/rate of chemical is used for fumigation? ……………

32 Which insecticide is used for control of pest in the storage groundnut? ……………

33 What is the dose of application of insecticide for control of pest in the storage groundnut?

34 How many hour should a store room be closed after application of insecticide? ……………

35 What higher moisture percent of storage groundnut for increasing of aflatoxin contamination is needed? ……………

36 How can you know / identified infection of aflatoxin? ……………

E Knowledge on transporting and marketing?

37 Which are practices used to achieve higher price of groundnut in market? ……………

38 What is the minimum support price by the government in this year? ……………

39 Which is the appropriate time for selection to achieve highest price for selling groundnut in the market?

WEALTHW : WelldoerE : EfficientA : ActiveL : LongsightedT : TactfulH : HardWorking


22

1 SMS (Home Sc.), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Vyara2 SMS (Ext.), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Vyara

IMPACT OF KRISHI MAHOTSAV

Arti N. Soni1 and C. D. Pandya2

INTRODUCTION

The Government of Gujarat celebrates the ‘Krishi Mahotsav Programme’.The main aim was to boost up the agriculture and allied production. Under this programme, various extension activities carried out in all the villages of Gujarat state with the support of all line departments. Looking to the importance of Krishi Mahotsav, the study was carried out to know the impact of Krishi Mahotsav-2007.

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mangal Bharti in Vadodara district under middle Gujarat. Total 10 villages were randomly selected in Sankheda taluka of Vadodara district namely Hareshwar, Kasumbiya, Manjarol, Orwada, Bhuriyakuwa, Aritha, Aambapura, Sundarpura, Kathmandava and Ratanpur. From each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly for the study. Thus, the total sample size of the respondents was

100. The data were collected through structured interview schedule and analyzed with simple statistics.


The data regarding the study were analyzed and presented in the following tables:

Table-1: Source of information about Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No. Source of information No. Percent1 Neighbour 67 672 VLWS 41 413 Radio 07 074 Television 05 055 Leaflet 12 126 Poster 06 067 Newspaper 16 168 Krushigovidhya 24 249 Krushijivan 19 19

10 Other magazine 08 0811 KVK 11 11

ABSTRACT

The Government of Gujarat celebrates the ‘Krishi Mahotsav Programme’. The study was undertaken to know the impact of Krishi Mahotsav-2007 in middle Gujarat. The study was carried out in 10 randomly selected villages of Sankheda taluka of Vadodara district which comes under the jurisdiction of KVK, Mangal Bharati. From each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly for the study. Thus, the total sample size of the respondents was 100. The data were collected through structured interview schedule and analyzed with simple statistics. Majority of the respondents gained information about Krishi Mahotsav from their neighbour, majority of the respondents were observed the Krishi Mahotsav as medium useful, majority of the respondents opinioned that the Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were timely, that majority of the respondents opinioned that the time most appropriate for next Krishi Mahotsav were timely, majority of the respondents opinioned that the duration of Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were reasonable, majority of the respondents opinioned that the appropriate duration for next Krishi Mahotsav were 30 days, majority of the respondents said that pesticides should be provided to the farmers in next Krishi Mahotsav and majority of the respondents gained new knowledge about AAU activities.


23

The data portrayed in table 1 indicated that majority (67 per cent) of the respondents gained information about Krishi Mahotsav from their neighbour followed by 41.00 per cent, 24.00 per cent, 19.00 per cent and 12.00 per cent were gained information from VLWS, krushigovidhya, krushijivan and leaflet respectively.

Table 2: Overall perception of Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No

Overall perception No. Percent

1 Highly useful 31 312 Medium useful 53 533 Less useful 16 164 No useful 00 00

The data presented in table 2 revealed that majority (53.00 per cent) of the respondents were observed the Krishi Mahotsav as medium useful while, 31.00 per cent, 16.00 per cent and 0.0 per cent were observed highly useful, less useful and no useful respectively.

Table 3: Opinion of respondents about time of Krishi Mahotsav

n=100

Sr. No.

Opinion No. Percent

A Opinion about time of Krishi Mahotsav-2007

1 Timely 97 972 Earlier than

expected00 00

3 Later than expected 03 03B Opinion about most appropriate time for

next Krishi Mahotsav1 Timely 97 972 Earlier than

expected03 03

3 Later than expected 00 00

The data presented in table 3 A indicated that majority (97.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were timely followed by 3.00 per cent and 0.00 per cent were opinioned later than expected and

earlier than expected respectively. While the data presented in table 3 B indicated that majority (97.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the time most appropriate for next Krishi Mahotsav were timely followed by 3.00 per cent and 0.00 per cent were opinioned earlier than expected and later than expected respectively.

Table 4: Opinion of farmers about duration of Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No.

Opinion No. Percent

A Opinion about duration of Krishi Mahotsav-2007

1 Reasonable 91 912 Too long 00 003 Too short 09 09B Opinion about appropriate duration for

next Krishi Mahotsav1 30 days 91 912 45 days 05 053 60 days 04 04

The data presented in table 4 A indicated that majority (91.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the duration of Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were reasonable followed by 9.00 per cent and 0.00 per cent were opinioned too short and too long expected respectively. While the data presented in table 4 B indicated that majority (91.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the appropriate duration for next Krishi Mahotsav were 30 days followed by 5.00 per cent and 4.00 per cent were opinioned 45 days and 60 days expected respectively.

Table 5: Facilities to be provided to farmers for next Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No.

Facilities No. Percent

1 Demonstration 16 162 Distribution of inputs

1 Seeds 15 152 Fertilizers 09 093 Pesticides 19 194 Plant protection equipments

11 11


24

The data depicted in table 5 revealed that majority (19.00 per cent) of the respondents said that pesticides should be provided to the farmers in next Krishi Mahotsav. While, 16.00 per cent, 15.00

per cent, 11.00 per cent and 9.00 per cent were said that demonstration, seeds, plant protection euipments and fertilizers should be provided to the farmers in next Krishi Mahotsav respectively.

Table 6: New knowledge gained 1st time by farmers during Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No

Item Not given

(%)

1st time known correct

information

(%)

Usefulness

(%)Useful

(%)

Most useful

(%)1 Research stations of crop 64 36 81 192 Soil health card 79 21 24 763 AAU activities 17 83 82 184 KVK activities 43 57 63 375 Possibilities of introducing new crops

in the area100 - - -

6 WTO perspectives 100 - - -7 Kisan credit card 51 49 43 578 Drip irrigation 56 44 100 -9 Sprinkler irrigation 100 - - -

10 Low cost/high cost implements 80 20 80 2011 Home management 83 17 100 -

The presented in table 6 indicated that majority (83.00 per cent) of the respondents gained new knowledge about AAU activities followed by 57.00 per cent, 49.00 per cent, 44.00 per cent, 36.00 per cent, 21.00 per cent, 20.00 per cent and 17.00 per cent of the respondents gained new knowledge about KVK activities, kisan credit card, drip irrigation, research stations of crop, soil health card, low cost/high cost implements and home management respectively. While none of them gained knowledge about possibilities of introducing new crops in the area, WTO perspectives and sprinkler irrigation.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it could be concluded that majority (67 per cent) of the respondents gained information about Krishi Mahotsav

from their neighbour, majority (53.00 per cent) of the respondents were observed the Krishi Mahotsav as medium useful, majority (97.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were timely, that majority (97.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the time most appropriate for next Krishi Mahotsav were timely, majority (91.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the duration of Krishi Mahotsav-2007 were reasonable, majority (91.00 per cent) of the respondents opinioned that the appropriate duration for next Krishi Mahotsav were 30 days, majority (19.00 per cent) of the respondents said that pesticides should be provided to the farmers in next Krishi Mahotsav and majority (83.00 per cent) of the respondents gained new knowledge about AAU activities.


25

ABSTRACT

The study reveal that majority (48.00 per cent) of trainees belongs to age group up to 25 years, having secondary level of education (60.00 per cent), their main occupation of the trainees was agriculture and its allied activities (48.00 per cent) and motivational source for the training was staff of KVK, Deesa. More than 40 per cent trainees have adopted motor rewinding and house wiring as their livelihood, getting average income of 60,000 per annum, and found the training was more useful to them. It can be concluded that with such an intensified use of electricity there is a tremendous scope to generate employment in the field of electricity among the youths in rural areas.

INTRODUCTION

The main objective of the KVK is to conduct training programme for farmers, farm women, rural youth. With the implementation of Jyotigram yojana by Government of Gujarat electricity has become important source of power in villages, use of submersible pump and mono block pump of various capacity is increasing day by day for lifting water for irrigation and for domestic purpose.

Nearly two-third of the power consumed in villages is used up by agricultural pumping sets, the other important use of electricity in villages is for domestic lighting and process industry like flour milling, oil pressing, dairy industry and other small scale industry. Keeping in view the importance of electric field short term of one month duration vocational training course on “Electric motor rewinding and house wiring” was organized at KVK Deesa during 2005-2009, under agricultural engineering discipline to empower rural youth of Banaskantha district. The course was designed keeping in view the need of the local companies and focused more on practical training to impart job oriented skill to the trainees within the time frame of the training programme.

In the last week, the trainees were taken at Duke industries Pvt. Ltd. at Kushkal,Dist. B.K. A lading ISO 9002 submersible pump and motor producing company to understand them product production sequence.

During 2005 to 2009, total 121 trainees were trained under one month duration course on electric motor rewinding and house wiring short term vocational training programme, out of them 50 trainees were randomly selected for impact assessment and to find out the present status of the trainees as well as to know the suggestion to make this training more effective and fruitful.

METHODOLOGY

During 2005 to 2009 total 121 trainees have been trained under one month duration course on electric motor rewinding and house wiring short term vocational training programme, out of them 50 trainees were randomly selected. An interview schedule was developed in Gujarati. Question and statements on every aspect under study were framed with maximum accuracy, clarity and objectivity, the questionnaires prepared on the

1 Asstt. Professor, CRCT cum FM and PE,S.D.Agril. University,S.K. Nagar2 Asstt. Professor, CPCA,S.D.Agril. University,S.K. Nagar

IMPACT OF SHORT TERM VOCATIONAL TRAINING ON ELECTRICAL MOTOR REWINDING AND HOUSE WIRING

V.M.Modi1 and J.K.Patel2


26

basis of above objectives. The data were collected through personal contact method of each trainee. The data were coded, tabulated, classified and analyzed in the light of the objectives.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results found after the analysis of research data pertaining to the objectives of the study are depicted as under.

Table 1: Personnel, social and economic characteristics of trainees. n = 50

Sr. No. Characteristics Number Percent1 Age Group

(a) Up to 25 years 24 48.00(b) Above 25 & up to 32 years 20 40.00(c) More than 32 years 06 12.00

2 Education(a) Primary level 00 00.00(b) Secondary level 30 60.00(c) Higher secondary level 18 36.00(d) Graduation & above 02 04.00

3 Occupation(a) Agriculture only 14 28.00(b) Agri + Animal husbandry 10 20.00(c) Agri + private service 20 40.00(d) Education continue 06 12.00

4 Source of information(a) Staff of KVK 20 40.00(b) Friends 16 32.00(c) News papers 14 28.00

The data presented in Table 1 indicates that 48.00 per cent of trainees were belongs to age up to 25 years followed by above 25 to 30 years age group (40.00 per cent), while majority (60.00 per cent) of the trainees were having secondary level of education. The main occupation of trainees was agriculture and its allied activities (48.00 per

cent) followed by 40.00 per cent had agriculture and private service. Looking to the motivational sources for the training, the main source was staff of Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Deesa (40.00 per cent) followed by friends and relatives (32.00 per cent). This finding is also supported by the finding reported by Kansara (2009)

Table 2 : Impact of vocational training programme n = 50

Sr. No. Characteristics Number Percent1 Monthly income (Rs.)

(a) Below 1000 18 36.00(b) 3000 to 5000 14 28.00(c) 5000 to 6000 12 24.00(d) Above 6000 06 12.00

2 Kind of work adopted(a) Primary level repairing 14 28.00(b) Motor rewinding 16 32.00(c) House wiring & Fan repairing 20 40.00


27

Sr. No. Characteristics Number Percent3 Effectiveness of training

(a) Useful 10 20.00(b) More useful 24 48.00(c) Most useful 16 32.00

The data presented in Table 2 reveal that the majority of the trainees were getting Rs.3000/- and more per month. After adopting electric line as a livelihood, and 40.00 per cent accepted the House

wiring and fan repairing work. Nearly half of the trainees (48.00 per cent) were opinied that the training was more useful to them.

Table 3 Suggestions received to make the training more effective and fruitful n = 50

Sr. No. Suggestions Number Percent1 Duration of the training should be increased 20 40.002 Internship should be arranged 30 60.003 Campus level counseling should be arranged to create job

opportunity. 14 28.00

The data in table 3 reveal that 40.00 per cent trainees suggested to increase the duration of training programme,60.00 per cent were opined to have more practice through internship after completion of training, and 28.00 per cent were wanted to arrange campus interview so that companies can absorb them.This finding is in line with the finding of Tunver(2006)

CONCLUSIONS

It could be concluded that majority of trainees belongs to age up to 25years, having secondary level of education, their main business was agriculture and main motivational source of the trainees was KVK staff. More than 40.00 per cent trainees were getting average income of 60,000 per annum, and adopted motor rewinding and house

wiring as their livelihood and found the training more useful to them; however they made some suggestions to expand duration of the training as well as to arrange internship and campus interview to make the training more effective and fruitful.

REFERENCES

Kansara,V.B (2009) Image and impact of institutional farmers training programme organized by Sardar Smruti Kendra,Sardarkrushinagar, M.Sc.(Agril.) Thesis, S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.

Tunver, M.A (2006) Image and impact of farmers training programme organized by Farmers Training Centre, Deesa, M.Sc.(Agril.) Thesis, S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.

Unselfishnessismorepayingonlypeoplehavenotthepatiencetopracticeit.--SwamiVivekanand


28

INTEGRATED HORTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME : AN IMPACT ANALYSIS

M.N. Popat 1 Daxa G. Kotadia 2 and V.J. Savaliya3

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat State. Total 128 beneficiary farmers (BFs) and 128 non-beneficiary farmers (NBFs) were selected as respondents. The level of knowledge and extent of adoption of respondents, were measured using the developed standardized scales. Majority of the BFs (70.31 per cent) and NBFs (68.75 per cent) had medium level of knowledge about Improved Mango Production Technology (IMPT) with mean knowledge score of 28.51 and 19.23, respectively. The practices like varieties, chemical fertilizers, planting distance, irrigation, disease control, tillage, organic manure, insect-pest control, use of hormones were adopted by more than 60.00 per cent of BFs, whereas in case of NBFs, the adoption of chemical fertilizers and variety as practices of IMPT was 65.00 per cent and 62.50 per cent, respectively. The adoption index of BFs was found significantly higher than that of NBFs. Majority (71.10 per cent) of the BFs had favourable attitude towards IHDP with 86.20 mean attitude score, whereas 64.84 per cent of the NBFs had favourable attitude towards IHDP with 56.20 mean attitude score.

1. Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362 0012. Ph.D. student, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362 0013. Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362 001

INTRODUCTION

The Government of Gujarat had launched a programme named “Integrated Horticultural Development Programme (IHDP)” in 8th five year plan. The main theme behind the programme was to increase the area and production of horticultural crops. Since the programme was launched in 8th five year plan, it becomes essential to study its impact after a lapse of certain period. The impact of Integrated Horticultural Development Programme can be reflected in terms of the level of knowledge and extent of adoption of mango production technology and attitude of beneficiaries towards Integrated Horticultural Development Programme. Therefore, it was felt worthwhile to study the “Impact of Integrated Horticultural Development Programme” with following specific objectives:

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat State. Total 128 beneficiary farmers (BFs) were selected purposively and proportionately on the basis of total number of beneficiaries in 22 villages of five selected talukas viz., Visavadar, Junagadh, Mendarda, Malia hatina and Una. Further, the same number of non-beneficiary farmers (NBFs) were also selected randomly from the respective villages. In order to measure the level of knowledge and extent of adoption of respondents, the standardized scales developed for the purpose were used. The selected independent variables were measured either with the help of developed scale or by developing schedules and indices. The data were collected by personal interview either at home or at farm. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in


29

order to make the findings meaningful.


1 Level of Knowledge of BFs and NBFs about Improved Mango Production Technology (IMPT)

It is evident from the result presented in Table-1 that 70.31 per cent of BFs had medium level of knowledge, whereas 15.63 per cent and 14.06 per cent had high and low level of knowledge about IMPT, respectively. The observed score ranged from 16 to 35 with a mean score of 28.51. In case of NBFs, 68.75 per cent had medium level of knowledge, whereas 18.75 per cent and 12.50

per cent had high and low level of knowledge about IMPT, respectively. The observed score ranged from 12 to 30 with a mean score of 19.23. The comparison of mean knowledge score of BFs and NBFs indicated that BFs had higher knowledge of IMPT as compared to NBFs (Z= 17.162**). This might be due to the good social participation, significant extension participation and mass media exposure, progressive nature and frequent guidance provided by experts might have helped BFs in increasing their knowledge about IMPT. This finding was in line with those of Rakholia (1996) and Lakhera and Sharma (2003).

Table-1: Level of knowledge of BFs and NBFs about IMPT n=256

Category of farmer

Level of knowledge No. Per cent Observed score

Mean score

S.D. C.V. %

BFs (n=128) Low(< 24.14)

18 14.06 16.00 to 35.00

28.51 4.37 15.33

Medium(24.14 to 32.88)

90 70.31

High(> 32.88)

20 15.63

NBFs(n=128)

Low(< 14.96)

24 18.75 12.00 to 30.00

19.23 4.27 22.20

Medium(24.96 to 23.50)

88 68.75

High(> 23.50)

16 12.50

Mean difference 9.28

“z” value = 17.162** ** = Significant at 1.00 per cent

NB: Expected score for both the categories (BFs and NBFs) ranged between 0 to 35

2 Extent of adoption of BFs And NBFs about Improved Mango Production Technology (IMPT)

For the measurement of adoption, the data were collected and analyzed in two parts:

2. 1 Practice wise extent of adoption of BFs and NBFs about improved mango production technology (IMPT)

To assess the practice wise extent of adoption of BFs and NBFs about IMPT, ten improved practices scrutinized by the experts in the field were considered. As it is evident from the Table: 2, overall mean percentage of 10 practices was 81.10 per cent in case of BFs and 44.41 per cent in case of NBFs. The calculated “t” value was found significant at 0.05 level of probability indicating thereby that the mean adoption index of IMPT by


30

BFs was found significantly higher than NBFs. It can be summarized that the practices viz; variety, chemical fertilizers and planting distance were highly adopted by BFs. While practices viz; insect-pest control, disease control and use of hormones occupied almost last position in adoption. It is

worth to note that in case of both the categories of respondents the plant protection measures were stood almost least adopted even though it is important practice. This may be due to the fact that the plant protection measures in mango orchard are difficult.

Table-2: Practice wise adoption of BFs and NBFs about IMPT n=256

Sr.No.

Name of practice

Possible score

Category of farmer

BFs n=128 NBFs n=128

Mean Percent

Rank Mean Percent

Rank

1 Tillage 12 10.00 83.33 VI 6.00 50.00 IV2 Variety 2 2.00 100.0 I 1.25 62.50 II3 Planting

distance7 6.05 86.43 III 3.72 53.14 III

4 Organic manure

11 9.00 81.82 VII 5.25 47.73 V

5 Chemical fertilizers

12 10.50 87.50 II 7.80 65.00 I

6 Irrigation 16 13.55 84.68 IV 6.05 37.81 VIII7 Insect-pest

control14 10.10 72.14 VIII 6.06 43.21 VII

8 Disease control 15 12.50 83.34 V 4.02 28.00 X9 Inter cropping 3 1.70 56.66 X 1.41 47.00 VI

10 Use of hormones

8 5.70 71.25 IX 2.68 33.50 IX

Total 100 81.10 44.41

“t” value = 2.499** Table value of ‘t’ at 0.05 level is 2.306

2.2 Extent of adoption of BFs and NBFs about improved mango production technology (IMPT)

The adoption quotient developed by Chttopadhyay (1974) was used with slight modifications. Adoption index for each respondent was calculated on the basis of maximum score obtained by him. The BFs and NBFs were classified in to three categories on the basis of mean and standard deviation as low, medium and high.

It is obvious from the data presented in the Table: 3 that the observed adoption index in case of BFs

ranged from 45.00 to 96.00 per cent with mean adoption index of 81.10 per cent, whereas in case of NBFs, it ranged from 23.00 to 72.00 per cent with mean adoption index of 44.41 per cent. The Z value (30.358**) being significant at 1.00 per cent level led to conclude that BFs had adopted more IMPT as compared to NBFs. This might be due to the fact that BFs had higher level of knowledge, more social participation and extension participation and higher exposure to mass media, which led them towards higher adoption of IMPT. This finding was in conformity with those of Karkar (1998) and Lakhera and Sharma (2003).


31

Table-3: Extent of adoption of BFs and NBFs about IMPT n=258

Category of farmer

Extent of adoption No. Per cent Observed index

Mean index

S.D. C.V. %

BFs (n=128) Low(< 71.43)

18 14.06 45.00 to 96.00

81.10 9.67 11.93

Medium(71.43 to 90.77)

87 67.97

High(> 90.77)

23 17.97

NBFs(n=128)

Low(< 34.78)

30 23.45 23.00 to 72.00

44.41 9.63 21.68

Medium(34.78 to 54.04)

82 64.05

High(> 54.04)

16 12.50

Mean difference 36.67“z” value = 30.358** ** = Significant at 1.00 per cent


3 Level of attitude of BFs And NBFs towards Integrated Horticultural Development Programme (IHDP)

The standardized attitude scale was developed. It was used to measure the level of attitude of the respondent farmers towards IHDP. If comparison is to be made between BFs and NBFs for their attitude towards IHDP, the perusal of data presented in Table: 4 make it clear that mean attitude score in case of BFs was 86.20 which was significantly

higher than that of NBFs i.e 56.20 with “z” value = 25.479**. It leads to conclude that BFs had highly favourable attitude towards IHDP as compared to NBFs. This might be due to the fact that all the BFs were benefited under the IHDP regarding the IMPT and also other related activities without paying any charges, which might have played major role in building up favourable attitude among BFs towards IHDP. This finding was supported by the finding of Rakholia (1996).

Table-4: Level of attitude of BFs and NBFs towards IHDP n=258

Category of farmer

Level of attitude No. Per cent Observed score

Mean score

S.D. C.V. %

BFs (n=128) Less favourable(< 71.10) 11 8.59 65 to 110 86.20 9.10 10.56Favourable (71.10 to 95.30) 94 73.44Highly favourable (> 95.30) 23 17.97

NBFs(n=128)

Less favourable (< 46.48) 25 19.53 40 to 82 56.20 9.72 17.30Favourable (46.48 to 65.92) 83 64.84Highly favourable (> 65.92) 20 15.63

Mean difference 30.00

“z” value = 25.479** ** = Significant at 1.00 per cent



32

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that BFs and NBFs differed significantly in case of their knowledge (“t” value = 2.499**) and adoption (“z” value = 30.358**) of IMPT. Further, significant difference (“z” value = 25.479**) was also observed for their attitude towards IHDP. Thus, Integrated Horticultural Development Programme resulted in higher level of knowledge and adoption of IMPT as well as more favourable attitude towards IHDP among the beneficiary farmers.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2001). Indian Horticulture Data base – 2001.

Chattopadhyay, S. N. (1974). Study of some psychological correlates of adoption of improved practices. Ph.D. Thesis

(Unpublished), Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.

Karkar, B. R. (1998). Impact of national watershed development project for rainfed areas on farmers’ knowledge and adoption of rainfed agricultural technology. Ph.D. thesis (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar.

Lakera, J. P. and Sharma, B. M. (2003). Effect of front line demonstration on transfer of improved mustard peoduction technology. Raj. J. Ext. Edn., 11: 89-92.

Rakholia, P. M. (1996). Impact of watershed development programme. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar.

Characterislikeatreeandreputationlikeitsshadow.Theshadowisthatwe

thinkofit,thetreeistherealthing.

-Lincoln.


33

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the lifeblood of our national economy. The livelihood and economic well being of the majority of our people depends on agriculture. The key to their prosperity and the prosperity of the entire nation depend critically on transforming and rejuvenating agriculture. It is said that India lives in two different worlds separated by centuries. The reality of a globalized, industrialized India is as true as the reality of the bullock cart and the illiterate farmer. We are today both a developed and a developing nation at the same time. Extremely advanced forms of a bygone era, especially in the field of information and technology, bridging this gap is the ultimate challenge of the 21st century. The importance of agriculture has many dimensions to it. Not only it is a major segment of our economy, contributing a quarter of our GDP, but is also the provider of gainful employment and income to the many people. It acts as the only social safety net in rural areas, particularly for those who have no other

employable skills. If India wants to achieve the economy growth rate up to 7 per cent, it has to accelerate the rate of growth in agriculture.

The co-operative sector in India has emerged as one of the largest sector. It has 504 thousand types societies were 20.91 crore members with of Rs. 2,27,111.83 crores working capital. Almost all villages in India are covered under the co-operative fold. Professionalism is essentially a function of modernization in which co-operatives have to emerge as strong business enterprises so as to emerge triumphant amidst the winds of change in the economy. As they have matured as organizations, there is a corresponding need to infuse adequate doses of professionalism in their functioning. Therefore, effect of the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of respondents on professionalism in context to effectiveness of the co-operative sectors was studied.

METHODOLOGY

Ex-post-facto research design was used for the present study. The three co-operative sectors,

1 SMS (Extension) Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari2 DOEE, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari3 Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari

IMPACT OF PROFESSIONALISM ON COOPERATIVES SECTOR

R.M. Naik1, R.B. Patel2, H.V. Pandya3 and C.G. Intwala4

ABSTRACT

Almost all villages in India are covered under the co-operative fold. Therefore, the effect of personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of an individual on professionalism in context to effectiveness of the co-operative sectors was studied. Professionalism is function essentially in modernization, which co-operatives have to emerge as strong business enterprises. In present study, three co-operative sectors were considered and from those three categories of respondents, viz., office-bearers, leaders and primary members of the societies were selected randomly. Ex-post-facto research design was used. Thus, the total numbers of respondents were 180. The data were collected with the help of structured schedule and were analysed with suitable statistics. The variables viz., income, attitude towards their co-operative society, attitude towards other members of the co-operative society, faith in people, perceived benefits of co-operatives, group motivation and knowledge about principles of co-operation had found highly significant correlation with professionalism in management of co-operative sectors.


34

viz., agricultural, sugar and dairy are spread over and functioning in all the part of South Gujarat. Later on three co-operative societies from each sector were selected randomly. Three categories of respondents, viz., office-bearers, leaders and primary members of the societies were selected randomly at the ratio of 5:5:10. Thus, the total numbers of respondents were 180. The data were collected with the help of structured schedule by personal interview method. The dependent and independent variables were measured by utilizing suitable scales and procedure adopted by other research workers. The statistical measures such as percentage mean score, standard deviation, co-efficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regression, standard partial regression co-efficient and path co-efficient analysis were used.

FINDINGS

The association between selected characteristics

of respondents viz., age, education, gender, caste, occupation, annual income, family type family size, land holding, herd size, social participation, attitude towards cooperative society, attitude towards other members of cooperative society, faith in people, perceived benefits of cooperatives, group motivation, knowledge about principles of cooperation, experienced and group cohesiveness with professionalism of cooperative sector were worked out with the help of correlation coefficient. The association between dependent and independent variables are presented in Table 1.

The data presented in table shows that income, herd size, attitude towards cooperative society, attitude towards other members of cooperative society, faith in people, perceived benefits of cooperatives, group motivation, knowledge about principles of cooperation, experienced and group cohesiveness had significant association with professionalism of cooperative sectors.

Table 1 : Relationship between personal, socio–economic, and psychological characteristics and professionalism of the cooperative sectors.

Sr. No. Characteristics Pooled value of coefficient correlation

1 Age -0.2122 Education 0.0833 Gender 0.1754 Caste 0.0675 Occupation 0.0076 Income 0.202 **7 Family type 0.0228 Family size 0.0429 Land Holding 0.024

10 Herd size 0.210 **11 Social participation 0.13612 Attitude towards cooperative society 0.411 **13 Attitude towards other members of cooperative society 0.590 **14 Faith in people 0.282 **15 Perceived benefits of cooperatives 0.703 **16 Group motivation 0.628 **17 Knowledge about principles of cooperation 0.840 **18. Experienced 0.181 **19. Group cohesiveness 0.701 **

Note: ** indicates significant at 0.05 level of probably.


35

However, age, education, gender, cast, occupation, family type, family size, land holding and social participation had non-significant association with professionalism of cooperative sectors.

CONCLUSION

Income, attitude towards their co-operative society, attitude towards other members of the co-operative society, faith in people, perceived benefits of co-operatives, group motivation and knowledge about principles of co-operation had found highly significant correlation with professionalism in management of co-operative sectors.

REFERENCES

Apte, D.P. (1996). Sugar Co-operatives in Western Maharashtra: Causes of Success/ Failure, Ind. J. Agril. Econ., 51 (4)

Dabas, J.P.S. (2003). Professionalism in management of co-operative sectors of Haryana State. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis IARI , New Delhi.

Gonzalez, J.J. and Gomez, B.C. (2001). Profession and identity. The case of family farming in Spain. Sociologia-Ruralis. 2001, 41:3, 343-357; 22 ref.

Kainth, M.P. (1997). Co-operative movement in India- A Comparative View, The Co-operatator. March ‘1997, Vol. 31, NO.4. P. 302-303

Ravishankar, K, and Thimmaiah (1995). Professional approach in the education and training for co-operatives. The Co-operator. Jan ‘ 1995, Vol, 37 No.4. P.302-304

Singh, K. (2002) Cooperation as an Instrument of Rural Development. Kurukshetra, February, 2002, 50 (4) 8-12.

Yourcharacterdependsuponthequalityofthoughts.youentertaininyourmind..Thementalpicturesandidelsentertainedbyyoudetermineyourfuture.Ifyouentertainnoble thoughts,youwillhaveamagnanimouscharacter.Evilthoughtswillperishby themselves.Theywillbepowerlessbeforesublimeanddivinethoughts.

-SwamiShivanand.


36

INTRODUCTION

A number of agricultural development programmes have been introduced in India to increase the agricultural production and income of the farming communities. The outcomes of these programmes are not satisfactory in terms of achieving higher agricultural production. The most important factor responsible for this poor outcome was lack of understanding of various technological recommendations by the farmers. G.L. Kothari et al (2006) recognizing the importance of technical recommendation as necessary condition for rural development, more emphasis on farmers training activities has been placed in different Five year plans. It is now widely accepted fact that the training given to farmers increases the technical knowledge and efficiency with the farming business as a whole. To support rural development programmes, the ability of farmers should be increased through systematic training so that they may understand each component of the recommended technologies.

In Tapi district, farmers were obtaining very low yield in brinjal. Low productivity of Brinjal was due to lack of knowledge about scientific cultivation, poor nutrient management and lack of knowledge in IPDM. KVK Vyara conducted 9 on-campus and Seven off-campus trainings. Total number of beneficiaries of FLD was 97 from Seven villages of Tapi district and other extension activities during last three year.

METHODOLOGY

Five villages were purposively selected from the command area of KVK for the study and out of them 25 brinjal growers from each village were selected randomly so, that the total sample size was 100 tribal farmers. The data were collected through personal interview. Keeping in mind the objectives of the study, interview schedule was prepared. The necessary care was taken to collect the data. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed to find out the findings and drawing the conclusion. The statistical tools like frequency and percentage were employed to analyze the data.

1. Asso. Ext. Edust., Directorate of Extension Education, NAU, Navsari 2. Programme coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara, Dist.3. SMS (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara, Dist.

IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TRAINING REGARDING SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION OF BRINJAL

G.R. Patel1, N.M. Chauhan2 and B.M. Tandel3

ABSTRACT

The results of the study indicated that that the impact of training conducted by KVK has beneficial effect for raising knowledge and adoption level of the tribal brinjal growers about scientific cultivation of brinjal. Vastmajority of the tribal brinjal growers had knowledge about plant growth regulator followed by value addition and integrated nutrient management after receiving training. In case of adoption of critical brinjal production technology, overwhelming majority of them had adopted recommended spacing followed by integrated nutrient management.

FINDINGS

Table 1: Overall knowledge of scientific package of practices of brinjal growers n=100Categories Before contact with KVK (%) After contact with KVK (%)

Low level of knowledge 59.00 07.00Medium level of knowledge 28.00 51.00High level of knowledge 13.00 42.00


37

In Table 1 the results of overall knowledge of scientific package of practices of brinjal growers indicates that the medium and high level of knowledge before KVK was 28.00 per cent and

13.00 per cent, which increased up to 51.00 per cent and 42.00 per cent after dissemination of knowledge through different mandatory activities of KVK respectively (Table-1).

Table 2: Knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations for brinjal cultivation n=100Sr. No. Information of innovation Low (%) Medium (%) High (%)

1 Integrated Nutrient Management 9.00 26.00 65.002 Pest and disease control 22.00 59.00 19.003 IPM 29.00 55.00 16.004 Plant growth regulator 4.00 12.00 84.005 Recommended spacing 6.00 38.00 56.006 Value addition 5.00 14.00 81.00

The Table 2 shows that in case of knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations for brinjal cultivation medium and high level of knowledge was 26.00 and 65.00 per cent respectively in case of integrated nutrient management while in pest

and disease control was 59.00 and 19.00 per cent respectively. High knowledge level regarding plant growth regulators and value addition was 84.00 and 81 .00 per cent respectively

Table 3: Overall adoption of scientific package of practices of brinjal n=100Categories Before contact with KVK (%) After contact with KVK (%)Low level of adoption 28.00 6.00Medium level of adoption 56.00 22.00High level of adoption 16.00 72.00

The data presented Table 3 indicated that before contact with KVK, more than half (56.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of adoption followed by low (28.00 per cent) and high (16.00

per cent) level of adoption. But, after contact with KVK, it was found that 72.00 per cent had high level of adoption followed by medium (22.00 per cent) and low (6.00 per cent) level of adoption.

Table 4 : Adoption of critical brinjal production technology n= 100Sr. No. Name of technology Adoption (%)

1 Integrated Nutrient management 89.002 Pest and disease control 68.003 IPM 59.004 Plant growth regulator 82.005 Recommended spacing 92.006 Value addition 86.00

The data of Table 4 gave the information about adoption of brinjal production technology, 89.00 per cent farmers adopted INM, 92.00 per cent farmers adopted recommended spacing, 82.00 per cent had plant growth regulator and 86.00 per cent had value adoption techniques. Whereas, 68.00 and 59.00 farmers had adopted the technology pest and disease control and IPM.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the impact of training conducted by KVK has beneficial effect on knowledge level and adoption level of the tribal farmers about scientific cultivation of brinjal. Knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations for Brinjal cultivation, majority (84.00 per cent) of the


38

respondent had knowledge about plant growth regulator followed by value addition (81.00 per cent) and integrated nutrient management (65.00 per cent) after receiving training. In case of adoption of critical brinjal production technology, majority (92.00 per cent) of the respondents had adopted recommended spacing followed by integrated nutrient management (89.00 per cent), value addition (86.00 per cent) and plant growth regulator (82.00 per cent).

REFERENCES

Das S., Laharia S.N. and Dixit.V.B. (2005). Impact of Leadership Style on Job Satisfaction. Indian J. of Ext. Edu, 41:12-19.

Kokate K.D. and Kharde P.B., (2006), Extension Strategies for increasing Sugarcane production.Asian J. of Ext. Edu, 25:10-14.

Kothari G.L., Intodia S.L and Sharma F.L. (2006). Extent of Knowledge and Adoption of Maize production Technology by the Farmers of Agro-climatic Zone-IV Rajasthan. Asian J. of Ext. Edu, 25:23-27.

Kumar Nirmal, Rautary S.K., Gupta M. and Singh A.K. (2005) .Impact of Summer School n Mechanization f Rice Production System. Indian J. of Ext. Edu, 41:54-57.

Meena S.R. and Anita Jhamtani (2005).Change in Cropping Pattern Subsequent to Farm Mechanization. Indian J. of Ext. Edu, 41:31-36.

Tulsiram J. and Sambrani Ravi M. (2006). A study on Adoption Pattern of Farmers in Different Drought Areas. Asian J. of Ext. Edu, 25:28-31.

Characterislikeatreeandreputationlikeitsshadow.Theshadowisthatwe

thinkofit,thetreeistherealthing.

-Lincoln.


39

INTRODUCTION

Agricultural development programmes have been introduced in India to increase the agricultural production and income of the farming communities. Along with the moto behind all programmes to identify the constraints and gave the remedies in form of scientific recommendation. Kothari et al (2006) reported the importance of technical recommendation with farmers training. The ability of farmers can be increased through systematic training so that they may understand each package of practices. Tapi district has wide ager under soybean crop. It might be highly profitable in tribal dominated areas. This crop is also advisable to the farmers for improvement of the soil physical, chemical and biological health. The human health point of view this crop is highly advisable to the people of the tribal region to control the diseases related to the malnutrition and deficiency syndromes. The farmers under KVK jurisdiction were obtaining low yield in Soybean.

Low productivity of Soybean may due to lack of knowledge about scientific cultivation, poor nutrient management and lack of knowledge in IPDM. In total KVK Vyara had conducted 8 on and 10 off campus trainings programme with 43 FLDs. METHODOLOGY

Out of total seven villages five villages were selected purposively. Out of them 20 farmers from each village were selected randomly. This makes 100 as sample size. The data were collected through personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared by keeping the objectives of the study. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed to find out the findings and drawing the conclusion. The statistical tools like frequency and percentage were employed to analyze the data.

FINDINGS

The results regarding overall knowledge of soybean growers are shown below.

IMPACT OF TRAINING REGARDING PACKAGE OF PRACTICES ON SOYBEAN GROWERS

N. M. Chauhan1 and C. D. Pandya2

ABSTRACT

Impact always influence by the knowledge and adoption of an individual. An ex-post- facto research design was used in present study. Introduction of KVK, Vyara have significant influence on soybean growers.

1. Programme Coordinator, KVK, NAU, VYARA,2. SMS (Extension), KVK, NAU, VYARA,

Table 1: Overall knowledge of package of practices of soybean crop n=100Categories Before contact with KVK (%) After contact with KVK (%)

Low level of knowledge 89 07Medium level of knowledge 09 14High level of knowledge 02 79

Table 1 indicated that the low, medium and high level of knowledge before contact with KVK was 89.00, 09.00 and 02.00 per cent and it was increased up to 07.00, 14.00 and 79.00 per cent after using training as component through KVK,

Vyara respectively.

The level of knowledge regarding selected scientific recommendations for soybean crop is given in Table 2.


40

Table 2 : Knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations for soybean crop n=100Sr. No. Selected scientific recommendations Low (%) Medium (%) High (%)

1 New high yielding varieties 10 5 852 Seed rate 13 74 133 Bio fertilizer 11 16 734 Weeding 23 8 695 Integrated Nutrient management 09 13 78

It was observed that except seed rate the soybean growers obtained high level of knowledge in selected scientific recommendations.

The data presented Table 3 is about overall adoption of scientific cultivation of soybean growers.

Table 3 : Overall adoption of scientific cultivation of soybean n=100

Category Before contact with KVK (%) After contact with KVK (%)Low level of adoption 75 05Medium level of adoption 13 06High level of adoption 12 89

The Table indicated that majority of the farmer had low adoption (75.00 per cent) but these were converted in to 89.00 percent after intervention of KVK, Vyara.

The information about extent of adoption of soybean growers is presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Adoption of soybean production technology n= 100

Sr. No. Name of technology Adoption (%)1 High yielding variety 922 Seed rate 873 Bio fertilizer 734 Weeding 705 Integrated Nutrient Management 88

Data presented in table 4 indicated that 92.00 per cent of the soybean growers had adopted high yielding variety fallowed by INM (88.00 per cent). From the above discussion,

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the after imparting the training by KVK, Vyara the level of knowledge level and adoption of the soybean growers were increased.

Sciencegivesusknowledgebutonlyphilosophycangiveuswisdom.--WillDurant


41

COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR KRISHI JIVAN FARM MAGAZINE

V.J. Savaliya1 and M. N. Popat2

ABSTARCT

The study was undertaken with Krishi Jivan farm magazine readers as respondents The sample consisted of 180 readers from Junagadh and Rajkot district. The study was designed to determine the contribution of different components in the effectiveness of farm magazine. Results of the study revealed that component practicability of messages for adoption, profitability of messages and utility value of messages contributed highest to increase the effectiveness. It was also found that the market orientation and problem orientation of messages were also important for effectiveness of magazine.

1. Assistant Professor, ( Extension Education), College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh2.Professor and Head, Dept. of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh

INTRODUCTION

The new technologies covering different aspects related to agriculture and allied fields are developed by State Agricultural Universities and research institutes. Extension of these new technologies to farmers ’fields is quiet essential for agricultural development. The success of agricultural extension depends on the methods used for communication. Among mass media methods, farm magazine is very useful as it contains the information related to various topics of need. The aspects related to the technology and recommendations are converted and simplified in local language through farm magazines, that makes them more popular for the practical utilization on the fields of the farmers. There is a growing realization to improve the different components for increasing the effectiveness of farm magazines.

METHODOLOGY

In order to realize the objectives, the study was carried out taking Krishi Jivan farm magazine readers as respondents from Junagadh and Rajkot district. The sample size was 180 farm magazine readers. The scale was developed and standardized for measurement of effectiveness of farm magazine. An interview schedule was

prepared for collecting the data from the respondents keeping in view the objectives of the study. The data were collected by personal interview of farmers. The respondents were asked to express their reaction on three point rating scale viz., ‘most satisfactory’, ‘moderately satisfactory’ and ‘least satisfactory’ given against each component mentioned in Farm Magazine Effectiveness Index. The responses on three point rating scale were quantified with scores 3,2 and 1 for ‘most satisfactory’, ‘moderately satisfactory’ and ‘least satisfactory’, respectively. The effectiveness score for each item was obtained by multiplying the weight of statement with score value. The total effectiveness of farm magazine expressed by an individual respondent was calculated by summing up the effectiveness scores of all the items. The multiple regression was worked out to trace the predictive abilities of independent variables on the dependent variable effectiveness of farm magazine as perceived by the readers. The independent variables, which indicated significant contribution in zero order correlation analysis were analyzed by multiple regression technique to determine their relative contribution and to predict the extent of variation.


42

1 Effectiveness of Farm Magazine

The data presented in the Table 1 indicated that majority (67.23 per cent) of the respondents opined that farm magazine was in the category

of medium level of effectiveness, while 18.33 and 14.44 per cent of the respondents opined that effectiveness of farm magazine high and low, respectively.

Table 1 : Effectiveness of farm magazine n=180

Sr. No. Categories Frequency percentage

1 Low effectiveness of farm magazine (below 75.40 score) 26 14.44

2 Medium effectiveness of farm magazine (75.40 to 86.80 score) 121 67.23

3 High effectiveness of farm magazine (above 86.80 score) 33 18.33

Mean=81.10 S.D.= 5.70

This finding was in conformity with the findings of Patel and Patel (1992) and Bharad and Trivedi (1994).

2 Contribution of components in the effectiveness of the farm magaine

The R² value revealed that all 25 components put together explained to the extent of 80.50 per cent contribution to variation in the effectiveness of farm magazine. The calculated ‘t’ value for partial regression co-efficient was significant at 0.01 level in case of practicability of message for adoption (t= 11.221**), profitability of message (t = 10.356*), utility value of messages (t=6.812**), market orientation of messages (t= 6.578*), problem orientation of message, (t=6.172**), understandability of messages (t=6.098**), relevancy of messages to the season (t=5.582**), attractiveness of advertisements (t=4.134**), size of message (t=3.481**), attractiveness of titles (t=3.469**), adequacy of messages (t=3.277**) and utility value of advertisements (t= 3.075**). The calculated ‘t’ value for partial regression coefficient was significant at 0.05 level in case of accuracy of

message (t=2.463*).

On the basis of standard partial ‘b’ values in Table 2 the highest contribution (b=0.452) in effectiveness of farm magazine as perceived by the respondents was observed in case of component practicability of message for adoption, followed by other components viz., profitability of messages (b=0.400), utility value of messages (b=0.279), market orientation of messages (b=0.260), problem orientation of messages (b=0.244), understandability of messages (b=0.231), relevancy of message to the season (b=0.221), attractiveness of advertisements (b=0.156), size of messages (b=0.143), attractiveness of titles (b=0.139), adequacy of messages (b=0.130), utility value of advertisements (b=0.120), and accuracy of message (b=0.107).These components could be treated as main determinants and the most crucial factors influencing the effectiveness of farm magazine. These findings were in conformity with the findings of Nain (2003).


43

Table 2 : Multiple Regression Analysis : Effectiveness of farm magazine and components

n=180

Sr.No. Components

Unstd. Co-efficients

t valuefor partial

b

Std. Coefficients(Beta)

Rank

1 X1. Illustration and design of cover page

0.255 0.781 0.031

2 X2. Quality of the cover page 0.153 0.264 0.0113 X3. No. of pages of magazine 0.211 1.565 0.0624 X6. Size of letters 1.176 0.901 0.0775 X7. Spacing between two lines -0.462 -0.347 -0.0296 X9. Column arrangement 0.926 0.645 0.0597 X11. Attractiveness of titles 0.649 3.469** 0.139 X

8 X14. Appropriateness of sub titles

0.354 0.261 0.024

9 X15. Appropriateness of titles 0.798 1.204 0.051

10 X18. Relevancy of messages to the season

0.291 5.582** 0.221 VII

11 X20. Size of messages 0.372 3.481** 0.143 IX

12 X21. Market orientation of messages

0.234 6.578** 0.260 IV

13 X22. Utility value of messages 0.232 6.812** 0.279 III14 X23. Profitability of messages 0.260 10.356** 0.400 II

15 X24. Problem orientation of message

0.284 6.172** 0.244 V

16 X26. References for further information

-0.068 -0.155 -0.006

17 X27. Accuracy of message 0.375 2.463* 0.107 XIII

18 X28. Practicability of message for adoption

0.305 11.221** 0.452 I

19 X29. Adequacy of message 0.367 3.277** 0.130 XI20 X31. Method of presentation 0.438 1.709 0.065

21 X32. Understandability of messages

0.421 6.098** 0.231 VI

22 X37. Placement of tables in text 0.047 0.091 0.004

23 X40. Utility value of advertisements

0.678 3.075** 0.120 XII

24 X41. Attractiveness of advertisements

0.360 4.134** 0.156 VIII

25 X42. Need orientation of advertisement

0.396 1.655 0.064

R2 = 0.805 * = Significant at 0.05 level of probability (Table value = ±1.96) ** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability (Table value = ± 2.56) NS = Non-significant


44

The ‘t’ values were not found significant in case of some components. However, their contribution in the effectiveness of farm magazine was observed. These components were; illustration and design of cover page (b=0.031), quality of the cover page (b=0.011), number of pages of magazine (b=0.062), size of letters (b=0.077), spacing between two lines (b=-0.029), column arrangements (b=0.059), appropriateness of sub titles (b=0.024), appropriateness of titles (b= 0.051), reference for further information(b=-0.006), method of presentation (b=0.065), placement of table in text (b=0.004) and need orientation of advertisement (b=0.064).

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents opined the magazine to have medium to high level of effectiveness. Further, determinants like practicability of message for adoption, profitability of messages and utility

value of messages contributed highest to increase the effectiveness of farm magazine and hence, they should be maintained and strengthened. Besides this, the components which did not show significant contribution but still contributed to some extent, are also important as there is scope to improve their contribution to maximize the effectiveness.

REFERENCES

Bharad, N. D. and Trivedi, J. C. (1994). Effectiveness of Krushi Govidya magazine as perceived by farmer readers. Guj. J. Extn. Edn.,4 & 5: 66-68.

Nain, Manjeetsingh (2003). Effectiveness of farm magazine: A comparative analysis of various components as viewed by readers. Raj. J. Extn. Edu., 11: 9-15.

Patel, B.K. and Patel, B.T. (1992). A readership pattern and effectiveness of farm magazine Krushi Govidya. Guj. J. Extn. Edn. 2 & 3 : 51-54.

Literature must voice the past, reflect the present and mould the future.

Inspired language, Tejomayi vak will help readers to develop to human and

liberaloutlookonlife,tounderstandtheworldinwhichtheylive,tounderstand

themselvesandplansensiblyfortheirfuture.

-Dr.S.Radhakrishnan


45

FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF KAGZILIME PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY BY THE FARMERS

D. B. Patel 1 , K. A. Thakkar 2 and K.S. Patel 3

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in Mehsana district of Gujarat State. Total 120 respondents were selected randomly. The extent of adoption of Kagzilime production technology was found medium among majority (80.83%) farmers. The correlation of co-efficient between adoption and the selected characteristics of the respondents viz. education, caste, farming experience, social participation, material possession, occupation, annual income, and scientific orientation was positive and significant. On the other hand, the variables, viz. age, family type, family size, land holding, risk taking ability and economic motivation failed to establish any significant relationship with extent of adoption. All the selected 14 variables jointly contributed 74.99 per cent variation in explaining adoption of Kagzilime production technology by the farmers.

1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Spices Research Station, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan, E-mail : [email protected] Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager, E-mail : [email protected] Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager.

INTRODUCTION

There is no use of an innovation, unless it is practiced at the farmer’s field. The man behind the plough is the real user of technology and therefore adoption of technology by the farmers is important. Kagzilime is one of the important fruit crops of North Gujarat zone, however, the results achieved in terms of its yield per unit area do not seem to be satisfactory due to variation in adoption of its production technology by the farmers. The extent of adoption might be the result of the influence of the personal, social and economic characteristics of the farmers.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Mehsana district of North Gujarat purposively as the district has the highest area under kagzilime cultivation. Using purposive sampling, two talukas viz., Mehsana and Kadi were selected considering their higher area under kagzilime cultivation.

Again from each selected taluka, five villages with higher area under kagzilime cultivation were selected purposively. Using proportionate random sampling technique, 20 per cent Kagzilime growers were selected randomly from each village making a sample of 120 respondents.


1 Extent of Adoption

With a view to finding out extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology, the growers were asked to give the information about the package of practices adopted by them. On the basis of score obtained by the respondent, the ‘Adoption Quotient’ was calculated for each respondent. Based on Adoption Quotient, the respondents were classified into three categories. The data pertaining to adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology are presented in Table 1


46

Table 1 : Distribution of the kagzilime growers according to their Adoption Quotient .

Adoption Quotient Number Per cent

Low (0 to 33.33 per cent) 00 00.00

Medium (33.34 to 66.66 per cent) 97 80.83

High (Above 66.66 per cent) 23 19.17

The data in Table 1 indicate that out of 120 respondents, 80.83 per cent of the respondents were found in the category of medium level of adoption of kagzilime production technology. Remaining 19.17 per cent were observed to have high level of adoption. It is worth to mention that none of the farmers was found in the category of low adoption.

2 Zero order correlation

In order to find out the relationship between selected characteristics of the respondents and their extent of adoption, correlation of co-efficient was calculated. The results in this regard are depicted in Table 2.

Table 2 shows that the independent variables viz. caste, farming experience, material possession, occupation, and scientific orientation had positive and highly significant relationship with extent of adoption of kagzilime production technology by the farmers , while the variables viz., education, social participation, and annual income showed positive association with extent of adoption at 0.05 level of significance. The variables viz. age, family type, family size, land holding, risk taking ability and economic motivation failed to establish any significant relationship with extent of adoption. Thus, it can be inferred that eight variables viz., education, caste, farming experience, social participation, material possession, occupation, annual income and scientific orientation were found to have having positively significant relationship with adoption.

Table 2: Relationship between selected characteristics of kagzilime growers and their extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology. n=120

Sr.No.

Independent variables Coefficient of Correlation

(‘r’ value)

1 Age 0.0685

2 Education 0.2190*

3 Caste 0.3996**

4 Farming experience 0.2674**

5 Family type - 0.0659

6 Family size 0.1031

7 Social participation 0.2509*

8 Material possession 0.3576**

9 Occupation 0.5511**

10 Land holding 0.0744

11 Annual income 0.2456*

12 Risk taking ability 0.0423

13 Scientific orientation 0.3699**

14 Economic motivation 0.1036

*, ** =Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 per cent levels, respectively.

3 Multiple Regression

The multiple regression using linear models was carried out to know the combined effect

of the independent variables in explaining the total variation in the adoption. The findings are presented in Table 3.


47

Table 3 : Multiple regression analysis of independent variables with extent of adoption n = 120

Sr.NO.

Variables Regression coefficient (bi)

Standard error of (bi)

‘t’ value

1 Age –0.0147 0.0227 0.646

2 Education –0.1095 0.2032 0.539

3 Caste 1.0876 0.4205 2.586**

4 Farming experience 0.1042 0.0335 3.113**

1 Family type –0.3001 0.5023 0.598

2 Family size 0.0910 0.0808 0.236

3 Social participation 0.1373 0.1258 1.092

1 Material possession 0.6350 0.2844 2.233*

2 Occupation 1.8382 0.2944 6.244**

3 Land holding 6.2678 0.0815 7.6950**

4 Annual income 3.2362 1.0352 0.313

1 Risk taking ability -0.4411 0.1254 3.517**

2 Scientific orientation 0.3699 0.1020 3.627**

3 Economic motivation -0.0791 0.1388 0.570

Multiple Regression = 0.7499 *, ** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 per cent levels, respectively.

All the independent variables mentioned in Table 3 explained as much as 74.99 per cent total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology. Further the ’t’ values of seven variables viz., caste, farming experience, material possession, occupation, land holding, risk taking ability and scientific orientation were significant at 0.01 level of significance, indicating significant contribution of these seven variables in extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the foregoing discussion that majority of the respondents had medium level of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology. The independent variables viz., caste, farming experience, occupation, land holding, risk taking ability and scientific orientation had positive and significant relationship with extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology by the farmers. All the independent variables explained as much as 74.99 per cent total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended kagzilime production technology.

EverymanImeetisinsomewaymysuperiorandinthatIcanlearnofhim


48

INTRODUCTION

Cotton, the ‘White gold’ occupies an enviable place amongst commercial crops of our country. Cotton plays a dominant role in agriculture as well as in industrial economy. It is one of the prime sources of natural fibers. It gives support to prestigious textile industries and produce employment to millions of people. 9.3 million hectares area in India is Cotton cultivated. However, India ranks second in total cotton production in the world. Gujarat state is India’s number one cotton producing state and it produced cotton worth Rs 8,000 crore. But still, the cotton production per unit area is comparatively low and the lower yield may be attributed to non-adoption of latest cultivation practices by cotton growers. Therefore, it was felt necessary to study the knowledge of Bt and non Bt cotton growers of Bharuch district of Gujarat state.

METHODOLOGY

Being major cotton growing district of South Gujarat, Bharuch district was purposely selected

for the present investigation and by using the simple random sampling method; three higher producing cotton growing villages from each talukas were selected. Finally 75 Bt and 75 non Bt cotton growers (150 respondents) was selected from selected villages constituted the samples. For the purpose of measurement of knowledge level structural scale was developed. To find out the relationship between independent and dependent variables, Correlation of coefficient (r) test was applied.

FINDINGS

1 Level of knowledge

Sufficient knowledge about any technology is very essential to carry out work effectively. To harvest better cotton yields, it is the basic requirement that the cotton growers should have knowledge of cotton crop. An attempt was therefore, made to assess the knowledge level of Bt and non Bt cotton growers. The data regarding level of knowledge about Bt cotton is presented in Table 1

KNOWLEDGE OF Bt AND NON Bt COTTON GROWERS S. P. Dalvi1 and R. B. Patel2

ABSTRACT

Being major cotton growing district of South Gujarat, Bharuch district was purposely selected for the present investigation and by using the simple random sampling method; three higher producing cotton growing villages from each talukas were selected. Finally, 75 Bt and 75 non Bt cotton growers were selected from selected villages constituted the sample. This study was concluded majority of the Bt as well as non Bt cotton growers were possessing medium level of knowledge and in case of Bt cotton growers, social participation and extension contact were found positive and significantly correlated with knowledge level, while, in case of non Bt cotton growers, land holding and extension were found positive and significantly correlated with knowledge level.

1. Postgraduate student (Extension)2. Former Director of Extension Education, NAU, Navsari

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their level of knowledge n=75

Sr. No. Level of knowledgeRespondents

Bt cotton growers Percent Non Bt cotton growers Percent1 Low level 02 02.67 28 37.33

2 Medium level 57 76.00 41 54.673 High level 16 21.33 06 8.00


49

The data revealed that majority of the Bt (76.00 per cent) as well as non Bt (54.67 per cent) cotton growers were possessing medium level of knowledge. 21.33 per cent and 2.67 per cent of Bt cotton growers possessed high and low level of knowledge, respectively. While, 37.33 per cent of non Bt cotton growers had low level of knowledge and 8.00 per cent of them having high level of knowledge. So from such data it can be concluded that more than three – fourth of Bt cotton growers possessed medium level of knowledge as compared to only half of the non Bt cotton growers

possessed medium level of knowledge.

2 Relationship between the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of Bt and non Bt cotton growers and their level of knowledge

The association between the selected characteristics of cotton growers viz, age, education, occupation, family size, family income, land holding, social participation and extension contact and knowledge level were worked out with the help of coefficient of correlation. The findings were presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Relationship between selected characteristics and level of knowledge n=150

Sr. No. Characteristics

Coefficient of correlation (r)Bt cotton growers Non Bt cotton growers

1 Age 0.12053 0.178212 Education -0.06272 -0.081193. Occupation -0.21073 -0.053064 Family Size -0.07610 0.034665 Family Income -0.08123 -0.147806. Land Holding 0.06206 0.27346*7. Social Participation 0.23451* 0.012718. Extension Contact 0.42224* 0.40161*

*Significant at 5 per cent probability level (Critical value +/- 0.22701)The data manifested in Table 2 revealed that in case of Bt cotton growers, social participation (0.23451*) and extension contact (0.42224*) were found positively and significantly correlated with knowledge level, where age, education, occupation, family size, family income and land holding were non significant. In case of non Bt cotton growers, land holding (0.27346*) and extension contact (0.40161*) were found to be positively and significantly correlated with knowledge level, whereas, age, education, occupation, family size, family income and social participation were non significant.

CONCLUSION

Majority of the Bt as well as non Bt cotton growers were possessing medium level of knowledge and in case of Bt cotton growers, social participation and extension contact were found positively and

significantly correlated with knowledge level. While, in case of non Bt cotton growers, land holding and extension were found positively and significantly correlated with knowledge level.

REFERENCES

Katole, R. T., Nikhade, D. M. and Kubde, V. R. (1996). Awareness about plant protection measures in hybrid cotton AHH-468.Maha.J.Extn.Edu.,IV:181-84.

More, M. R., Jadhav, S. N. and Pendke, M. S. (2000). Impact of training of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on knowledge and adoption of cotton cultivation practices by farmers. Maharashtra. J. Extn. Edu., XIX :335-336.

Murthy, Ch. R. (1990). Factors associated with the knowledge of cotton growers of Guntur district (A.P.). Maharashtra. J. Extn. Edu., IX :181-184.


50

PERCEPTION OF FARMERS ABOUT SELECTED ASPECTS OF VIDEO-CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

P. M. Bhatt1 and S. M. Patel2

ABSTRACT

Farmers who availed training at various VRCs through video-conference programmes were randomly selected to measure the perception about selected aspects of video-conference programme. The results indicated that the trainees were highly satisfied with different aspects of video-conference programme such as ratio of lecture to discussion, relevance of subject matter, applicability of subject matter, knowledge of trainer about subject, method of presentation, approach in teaching and use of audio-visual aids. Great majority of the trainees opined that the training was based on their needs and interest and they were satisfied with duration of the training period as well as timing or month of training.

INTRODUCTION

MOU has been made among ISRO-AAU-KNNA (Abhiyan)-SEWA in order to set up VRCs- Village Resource Centres which are envisaged as the single window delivery mechanism for a variety of space based services such as: Tele-education, Tele-medicine, interactive advisories on agriculture, livestock management, fisheries and water management in different parts of Gujarat for farmers, farm women and rural youth. Sardar Smruti Kendra is working as an expert node, whereas VRCs act as student nodes. During the year 2008-2009, farmers who availed training at various VRCs centre through video-conference programmes, were randomly selected. The questionnaire was sent to the respective VRCs (Amdavad, Bodeli, Chikhodra and Pij) to get the

responses in accordance with the VRCs coordinator. In order to know the perception of farmers about usefulness and utility regarding selected aspects of video-conference programme.

METHODOLOGY

The present survey was conducted in middle Gujarat. Twenty participants from each Village Resource Centre (Amdavad, Bodeli, Chikhodara, and Pij) who availed the training were selected randomly for the study. Thus, total 80 respondents were selected for the study. The schedule was developed to measure the perception of the trainees regarding selected aspect of training i.e. utility of training programme, satisfaction for different aspects of subject matter, trainer as well as physical facility. Elicited responses were then analyzed accordingly.

1 Director, Distance Education, AAU, Anand2 Asstt. Ext. Educationist, SSK, AAU, Anand


51

FINDINGS

Table-1 Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction for different aspects of subject matter n= 80

Sr. No Aspect of subject matter

Distribution of trainees

Highly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent

1 Relevance of subject matter

62 77.50 18 37.50 00 -

2 Applicability of subject matter

40 50.00 40 50.00 00 -

3 Ratio of lecture to discussion

70 87.50 10 12.50 00 -

It is clear from the Table-2 that the trainees were highly satisfied with ratio of lecture to discussion (87.50 per cent) followed by relevance of subject matter (77.50 per cent) and applicability to subject matter (50.00 per cent). Not a single trainee responded that he was not satisfied. Thus all the trainees were highly satisfied/ satisfied with all the aspect of subject matter.

Table 2: Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction for different aspects of trainer n= 80

Sr. No

Aspect of quality of trainer

Distribution of traineesHighly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied

No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent1 Knowledge of subject 66 82.50 14 17.50 00 002 Method of presentation 65 81.25 13 16.25 02 2.503 Use of audio-visual aids 57 71.25 20 25.00 03 3.754 Approach in teaching 61 76.25 14 17.50 05 6.25

Perusal of Table -3 indicates that majority of trainees expressed their high satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject (82.50 per cent) followed by method of presentation (81.25 per cent), approach in teaching (76.25 per cent) and use of audio-visual aids (71.25 per cent). However, a few of them reported their dissatisfaction with approach in teaching (6.25 per cent) followed by use of audio-visual aids (3.75 per cent) and method of presentation (2.50 per cent).

Table3 : Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction for different aspects of physical facility n= 80

Sr. No Aspect of physical facility

Distribution of traineesHighly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfiedNo. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

1 Seating arrangement 71 88.75 09 11.25 00 00

2 Audio-visual equipment

78 81.25 20 12.50 00 00


52

It can be inferred from the table 4 that all the trainees were highly satisfied /satisfied with

physical facilities such as seating arrangement and audio-visual equipments.

Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to their perception of training with their needs and interest n= 80

Sr.No. Extent of perceived relationship No. Per cent1 To great extent 73 91.252 To some what extent 07 08.753 Not at all 00 00

Table -5 reveals that great majority of the trainees (91.25 per cent) were of the opinion that the training was based on their needs and interest.

None of them reported lack of relationship of the training with their needs and interest.

Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to their perception for duration and timing of training n = 80

Sr.No. Level of satisfaction Duration of training Timing of trainingNo Per cent No. Per cent

1 Satisfied 74 92.50 77 96.252 Not satisfied 06 07.50 03 03.75

The results from table -6 indicate that great majority of the trainees were satisfied with duration of the training period (92.50 per cent) as well as timing or month of training (96.25 per cent).

CONCLUSIONS

The trainees were highly satisfied with different aspects of subject matter such as ratio of lecture to discussion (87.50 per cent), relevance of subject matter (77.50 per cent) and applicability of subject matter (50.00 per cent). In case of qualities of a trainer, majority of trainees expressed their high satisfaction towards knowledge of subject (82.50 per cent), method of presentation (81.25 per cent), approach in teaching (76.25 per cent) and use of audio-visual aids (71.25 per cent). Great majority of

the trainees (91.25 per cent) were of the opinion that the training was based on their needs and interest. Further, great majority of them were satisfied with duration of the training period (92.50 per cent) as well as timing or month of training (96.25 per cent).

REFERENCES

Patil, S.L., Sundara Swami, B. and Patil,V.G.1996. Development of scale to measure perception of farmers about usefulness of NAEP. Maharashtra J. Extn.Edun. 15:125-131

Soni, R.L. 1992. Farmers response towards vocational training programmes in Jodhpur district (Rajsthan). M.Sc. (Agri.) theses (Unpublished), RAU, Udaipur.

Thegreataimofofeducationisknowledge,butaction.-HerbertSpencer


53

INTRODUCTION

Sardar Smruti Kendra is conducting the short duration (one to four days) training programmes for the farming community of middle Gujarat (Anand, Amdavad, Kheda, Vadodara, Dahod and Panchmahal). Gujarat government launched soil health card programme in the year 2003-2004 with a view to increasing agricultural production. Since its inception, about 2, 00,000 soil health card have been given to the farmers.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted with farmers of middle Gujarat who came to avail training at Sardar Smruti Kendra during 2005-06. Out of total training programmes conducted during the said year at SSK, fifty trainees who were issued soil health card and fifty without soil health card were

selected randomly making a total sample of 100 farmers. The responses were collected through personnel interview which were then analyzed in light of the objectives.

FINDINGS

In relation to awareness, the data presented in Table 2 reveal that all the beneficiaries were aware about various soil health card aspects like major nutrients (N, P & K), soil pH and Soil EC, while 74.00 per cent were aware about irrigation water analysis, and only 20.00 per cent were aware about analysis of Sulphur. Only meagre percent (2.50) of farmers were aware about analysis of micro nutrient namely Mn. Further, the proportion of respondents who were aware about these aspects was comparatively much less in case of farmers without soil health card.

A STUDY ON AWARENESS ABOUT SOIL HEALTH CARD P.M. Bhatt1, H. B. Patel2 and B. M. Patel3

ABSTRACT

Gujarat government launched soil health card programme in the year 2003-2004 in order to increase agricultural production and sustain soil health. Since inception of soil health card programme, about 2, 00,000 soil health cards have been given to the farmers. In order to know the awareness of soil health card, present study was carried out. All the beneficiaries were aware about various soil health card aspects like major nutrients (N, P & K), soil PH and Soil Ec, while 74.00 per cent were aware about irrigation water analysis. One-fifth of the farmers had awareness about analysis of Sulphur, while only meagre percent (2.50) of them were aware about analysis of micro nutrient namely Mn.

1 Director, Distance Education, AAU, Anand2 Programme Coordinator, KVK, Devataj, AAU, Anand3 Associate Professor, BACA, Anand


54

TABLE: 2 Awareness about soil health card n=50

Sr. No.

Item With soil health card Without soil health card

No. Per cent No. Per cent1 About soil health card 50 100.00 34 68.002 Irrigation water analysis 37 74.00 37 74.003 Analysis of soil nutrients

(A) Major nutrients a Nitrogen (N)/O.C 50 100.00 35 70.00 b Phosphorus (P2 O5) 50 100.00 38 76.00 c Potash(K2 O) 50 100.00 22 44.00 d Sulphur (S) 08 20.00 02 4.00(B)Micro nutrients a Zink (Zn) 42 84.00 31 62.00 b Iron (Fe) 38 73.00 27 54.00 c Manganese (Mn) 01 2.50 01 2.00

4 Soil pH 45 90.00 15 30.005 Soil Ec 35 70.00 10 20.00

CONCLUSION

The farmers who were issued soil health card were comparatively more aware about various soil health card aspects like major nutrients

(N, P & K), soil pH and Soil EC and micronutrients as compared to farmers without soil health card.

Thecultivationofearthisthemostimportantlabourofman,Whentillage

beginsotherartsfollow.TheFarmersarethereforethefoundersofcivilization.

-DanielWebster


55

ABSTRACT

The average yield of Banaskantha district is low as compared to the yield potentiality of Research Station. Therefore, the study was purposively conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat State as the district ranks first as far as the area and production under hybrid castor is concerned. The independent variables viz., education, social participation, scientific orientation, risk preference, economic motivation, innovativeness, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation facility and annual income were positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the farmers. The knowledge level was found positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the respondents.

INTRODUCTION

Castor is an important industrial non-edible oilseed crop. It is grown under varied conditions of climate including tropical, sub-tropical and temperate. India ranks first in respect of area (7.1 lakh ha.), production (8.5 lakh tonnes) and productivity (1197 kg/ha.) in the world. Gujarat state ranks first position in the country with respect to area (458800 ha.), production (638800 mt.) and productivity (1972 kg/ha.) among all major castor growing states in the country. However, the average yield of Banaskantha district is low (1291 kg/ha) as compared to the yield potentiality of Research Station (3000 kg/ha.). The present study “adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the castor growers in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state” was therefore planned.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat State as the district ranks first as far as the area and production under hybrid castor is concerned. Dhanera and Tharad talukas were selected purposively. Ten villages having highest area under hybrid castor cultivation were selected

purposively from each taluka. Using proportionate random sampling technique hybrid castor growers were selected from each village making a sample of 200 respondents. The selected independent variables were measured by using suitable scales and procedure developed by various researchers in past with necessary modifications. For the measurement of knowledge and extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology, the teacher made test was developed. Adoption quotient formula developed by Sengupta (1967) was used to find out extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology. The data were collected with the help of structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The data collected were then analyzed in the light of objectives for arriving at meaningful interpretation.


To assess the knowledge level of hybrid castor growers about the recommended cultivation technology, a battery of 18 items was prepared. A score of one was assigned to correct answer and ‘Zero’ for incorrect answer. The total knowledge score actually possessed by the farmers was

1&3:Asstt. Professor (Extension Education), Directorate of Extension Education, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar2:Professor (Extension Education), Directorate of Extension Education, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar

ADOPTION OF HYBRID CASTOR CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY BY THE CASTOR GROWERS

R.C. Prajapati 1, M.R. Prajapati 2and R.R. Prajapati 3


56

ranging from 8.5 to 18.0. On the basis of score obtained, the respondents were categorized into

three categories. Table 1 indicates the results in this regard.

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their level of knowledge n=200

Sr. No. Knowledge level Number Per cent1 Low (below 10 score) 38 19.002 Medium (10 to 15 score) 126 63.003 High (above 15 score) 36 18.00

The results in the Table 2 postulate that clear majority of respondents (63.00 %) had medium level of knowledge, followed by 19.00 per cent with low and 18.00 per cent with high level of knowledge regarding recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology. The majority of the farmers were having medium knowledge might be due to their interaction with the personnel of State Agricultural University/Department of Agriculture/

Research Centers/Krishi Vigyan Kendra.

Similar findings were reported by Chothani (1999) and Patil et al (1999).

Practice wise adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology was ascertained in the respect of important recommended practices and data thus obtained have been reported in Table 2.

Table 2: Practice wise adoption of recommended hybrid castor practices by castor growers n=200

Sr. No

Practices AdoptionFrequency Per cent Rank

1 Improved variety 176 88 V2 Seed rate 84 42 XI3 Time of sowing 164 82 VI4 Seed treatment 18 9 XIII5 Spacing 86 43 X6 Farm yard manure 88 44 IX7 Chemical fertilizer 116 58 VIII8 Irrigation applied 188 94 II9 Intercropping 16 8 XIV

10 Interculturing 180 90 III11 Weeding 154 77 VII12 Pest control measures 36 18 XII13 Diseases control measures 12 6 XV14 Picking and Harvesting 178 89 IV15 Spreading for drying 164 82 VI16 Threshing 190 95 I

The data presented in Table 2 reveal that the overwhelming majority of farmers had adopted the practices viz., threshing (95 %), irrigation application (94 %), interculturing (90 %), picking and harvesting (89 %), improved variety (88 %), sowing time and spreading for drying capsules

(82 %) and weeding (77 %) and ranked I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, respectively. Whereas, majority of the farmers had adopted chemical fertilizers (58 %) and ranked VIII. While, little less than majority farmers adopted the practices like farm yard manure (44 %), spacing (43 %) and seed rate (42 %) and raked IX,


57

X and XI, respectively. Further, the recommended practices in respect of pest control measure (18 %), seed treatment (9 %), intercropping (8 %) and diseases control measure (6 %) were adopted by very negligible respondents and ranked XII, XIII, XIV and XV.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that threshing, irrigation application, variety,

interculturing, sowing time, spreading for drying capsules and weeding practices were the practices adopted by great majority of the farmers. While the practices viz., seed treatment, plant protection measures and intercropping were found adopted by negligible farmers. Based on the overall adoption, respondents were categorized into three groups and data have been reported in Table 3.

Table 3: Distribution of the respondents according to their level of adoption n=200

Sr. No. Extent of adoption Number Per cent1 Low (Up to 9 score) 26 13.002 Medium (9.1 to 13 score) 146 73.003 High (above 13 score) 281 4.00

The result presented in Table 3 clearly indicate that majority (73.00 %) of the respondents were having medium level of adoption. On the other hand, 14.00 per cent of respondents falls under the category of high level of adoption. While,13.00 per cent respondents were found having low level of adoption of recommended castor cultivation technology.

Similar findings were reported by Gouda (1995) and Chothani (1999).

The independent variables viz., education, social participation, scientific orientation, risk preference, economic motivation, innovativeness, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation facility and annual income were positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the farmers at 0.01 level of significance. While, the age had negative and significant relationship with the adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology.

Table 4: Relationship with selected characteristics of hybrid castor growers, and their extent of adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology n=200

Sr. No. Variables Coefficient of correlation(‘r’ value)

1 Age -0.21499**2 Education 0.53866**3 Social participation 0.34840**4 Land holding 0.13926*5 Irrigation facility 0.17588**6 Annual income 0.18196**7 Scientific orientation 0.56250**8 Risk preference 0.48763**9 Economic motivation 0.15085*

10 Innovativeness 0.63231**11 Extension contact 0.64369**

NS: Non Significant* : Significant at 0.05 per cent level of the probability ** : Significant at 0.01 per cent level of the probability


58

The result regarding relationship between knowledge level and extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the respondents are depicted in Table 5.

Table 5: Relationship between knowledge level of the respondents about Hybrid castor cultivation technology and their extent of adoption

Character of the respondents

Correlation coefficient ‘r’ value

Knowledge level 0.9300**

**Significant at 0.01 per cent level of the probability.

The calculated ‘r’ value (0.9300) was positive and significant at 0.01 level of significance indicating that the knowledge level of hybrid castor growers regarding hybrid castor production technology had positive and significant relationship with their adoption. This indicates that Knowledge of hybrid castor production technology was found important factor in increasing adoption of hybrid castor production technology.

Farmers with better knowledge regarding hybrid castor production technology are likely to have high interest to utilize the same for generating income which leads them towards high adoption of hybrid castor production technology. This might be the probable reason for significant correlation between their knowledge regarding hybrid castor production technology and adoption.

This finding is in collaboration with that of Dangar (1996), Deshmukh et al. (1998) and Kawale (2000).

CONCLUSIONS

Majority of respondents were having medium level of knowledge and adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology. The independent variables viz., education, social participation, scientific orientation, risk preference, economic motivation, innovativeness, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation facility and annual income were

positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the farmers. The knowledge level was found positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology by the respondents.

REFERENCES

Chothani, S. G. (1999). Training needs of mango growers of Junagadh district of Gujarat state, M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Submitted to Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagadh (Unpublished).

Dangar, M.M. (1996). A study of knowledge, adoption and constraints of chiky growers in Junagadh District of Gujarat State. M.Sc.(AgrL) Thesis (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Deshmukh, P.R., Wangikar, S.D. and Wakle, P.K. (1998). Knowledge and adoption of recommended cultivation practices of custard apple. Maha. J. Ext. Edu., 17: 279-285.

Gouda, K.C. (1995). Extent of adoption of banana cultivation technology by the farmers of Anand taluka of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand (Unpublished).

Kawale, A. B. (2000). A study on adoption of Mustard production technology by the farmers of Banaskantha District of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar (Unpublished).

Patil, R.L.; Gomase, A.S. and Bhople, S.R. (1999). Correlates of knowledge of growers about Kagzi lime production tehcnology. Maha. J. Ext. Edn., 18 : 196-198.

Sengupta, T. (1967). A simple adoption scale used for farmers of high yielding programme for rice. Indian journal of Ext. Edn., 3(3):107-115.


59

1 Planning Officer (Asstt. Prof.), Planning Cell, DOR, Anand Agril. University, Anand.2 Prof. & Head, Dept. of Ext. Edu., BA College of Agri., Anand. 3 Ex Director of Ext. Edu., Anand Agricultural University, Anand.

DETERMINANTS IN ADOPTION OF MODERN COTTON CULTIVATION PRACTICES

P. J. Joshi1, N. B. Chauhan2 and K. F. Patel3

INTRODUCTION

Cotton is one of the most important commercial fibre crops of India. Besides food and housing, clothing is one of the prime needs of human beings In future; cotton production must expect stiff competition both in terms of price and quality. Herbaceum cotton scores better than hybrids on account of its less cost of the production, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, loose attachment of fibre to seeds, fibre maturity, etc. Gujarat has immense scope in producing organic cotton particularly in Wagad areas. Bhal is one of the major herbaceum cotton producing areas of this state.

Adoption of modern practices of cotton increased the cotton yield. Therefore, they deserved better attention for adopting modern practices of cotton production by the cotton growers under rainfed area. The degree or extent of adoption might be the result of influence of the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the cotton growers.

Cotton has been considering as one of the important cash crops of Gujarat. It has taken long stride due to introduction of improved seeds and modern practices.

The cotton growers can increase production of

cotton through adoption of new varieties with modern practices

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in Bhal area of Gujarat State. The selection of Dholka and Dhandhuka talukas were done purposively because these talukas cover major parts of Bhal tract. A random sample of total 110 cotton growers was selected from the 5 villages of Dholka and 6 villages of Dhandhuka talukas on the basis of area covered under cotton cultivation. In order to measure correlationship between profile of cotton growers and extent of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation, various scales developed by different social scientists were adopted with due modifications and correlation coefficient “r” test was calculated .

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A scientific approach was followed to study the profile of the cotton growers and established their relationship with extent of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. Correlation coefficient was computed and data were presented in Table-1.

The non-significant relationship between age and level of adoption indicated that the young cotton

ABSTRACT

With a view to know the correlation of adoption about modern practices of cotton cultivation with the cotton growers’ characteristics, the present study was undertaken in Bhal area of Gujarat. Majority of the cotton growers had low to medium level of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. The significant and positive correlation was observed in ten characteristics out of fourteen characteristics of cotton growers with extent of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation.


60

growers were more dynamic and curious enough to adopt modern practices of cotton cultivation. Thus, the age was found to be an independent factor in extent of adoption.

Table 1: Relationship between profile of the cotton growers and their extent of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation n=110

Sr. No. Profile ‘r’ value

1 Age – 0.09102 Education 0.3415 *3 Social participation 0.12104 Extension contact 0.2419 *25 Media exposure 0.3247 *6 Size of land holding 0.14867 Cotton cultivated area 0.2574 *8 Animal possession – 0.06069 Material possession 0.4082 *

10 Income 0.2146 *11 Economic motivation 0.4137 *12 Risk orientation 0.4712 *13 Market orientation 0.4481 *14. Attitude 0.4921 *

*Significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability.

It is cleared that education of the cotton growers had significant relationship with the extent of adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. It shows that the level of adoption increased with increase in level of education. The result reveals that the level of adoption increased with increase in degree of extension contact. This may be due to the fact that farmers who might have contacted the extension agencies were remained abreast with latest technical know-how and received help and guidance as and when needed. The greater contact with the larger society via media exposure seemed to be associated with higher adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation.

The data given in Table-1 indicated that size of land holding of the cotton growers had non-significant relationship with extent of adoption about modern practices of cotton cultivation.

Result shows that extent of adoption of cotton was observed to be better among big cotton growers as compared to small cotton growers as well as it was also observed to be better among those cotton growers who had more area under cotton cultivation. Due to the fact that irrigation facility is not a the more number of material possessions by the cotton growers means cotton growers have high level of economic condition. This may be the probable reason to have positive relationship between material possession and extent of adoption of modern practice of cotton cultivation Naturally, those who have more income can adopt modern practices of cotton. This may be due to the fact that cultivation of cash crop like cotton is expansive. Cotton growers having high economic motivation possess a strong economic urge to earn profit. Thus, higher economic motivation leads the cotton growers more to adopt modern practices of cotton cultivation. The adoption of any new practices in agriculture iThere was positive and significant relationship between market orientation and adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. The cotton grower with high level of market orientation means person with all the necessary awareness about market related information required for getting higher economic return from his farm products. The data presented in Table-1 clearly indicates that attitude towards modern practices of cotton cultivation had significant relationship with its adoption. It is natural that person with positive feeling towards modern practices will have interest to adopt it practically at his own situation.

CONCLUSION

From the above study, it can be concluded that out of fourteen characteristics, ten characteristics viz. Education, Extension contact, Media exposure, Cotton cultivated area, Material possession, Income, Economic motivation, Risk orientation, Market orientation and Attitude of the cotton growers were relatively important to adopt modern practices of cotton cultivation.


61

ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF TRIBAL FARMERS ABOUT IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

B.S. Patel1, U.M. Patel2 and J. K. Patel

ABSTRACT

Adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by farmers is very crucial for boosting up animal husbandry production. With this in view, a study was conducted with 200 tribal farmers of Dahod district of Gujarat state to find out the extent of adoption of animal husbandry practices and its relationship with profile of the tribal farmers. The results revealed that majority of the tribal farmers had medium level of adoption about improved animal husbandry practices. All the independent variables expect farm power had significant association with adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. Further, knowledge of improved practices of animal husbandry contributed significantly to the prediction of the adoption of the tribal farmers.

1 Associate Professor, Directorate of Extension , A.A.U., Anand 2 Assistant Extension Educationist, Main Maize Research Centre, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra 3 Assistant professor,Dept. of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand

INTRODUCTION

Dairy farming is a very important subsidiary occupation in our country which provides employment to millions of unemployed and under-employed particularly to small and marginal farmers and landless labourers. Dairy development has been acclaimed as an effective instrument capable of bringing about speedy economic and social transformation of the weaker sections of the rural community. Unless the improved practices so far developed in recent past for boosting up animal husbandry production are properly adopted to larger extent by the farmers, the desired target cannot be achieved.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Dahod district of Gujarat state. Out of seven talukas, four talukas were selected at random and from each selected taluka, five villages were selected randomly. From each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly making a total sample of 200 tribal farmers for the present study. The data were collected by personal interview method.

To know the association between independent variables with adoption, correlation coefficient was worked out. Similarly for studying the combined effect of all independent variables in explaining the variation in the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices, the multiple regression analysis was done.

FINDINGS

Adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by tribal farmers

The data presented in Table-1 reveal that more than two third (68.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices while, similar percentage of respondents (16.00 per cent) were found to have low and high level of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. The probable reasons for above finding might be due to the economic condition and lack of positivism in terms of change agency contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation, knowledge and mass media exposure up to desired level. The finding is in agreement with findings of Sharma et al. (1998) and Meena et al. (2004).


62

Table-1: Distribution of tribal farmers according to their adoption of improved animal husbandry practices n=200

Sr. No. Level of adoption Number Per cent123

Low (< 9.03 score)Medium (between 9.04 to 16.62 score)High (> 16.62 score)

32136 32

16.0068.0016.00

Mean (x ) =12.825 SD = 3.794

Relationship between independent variables and adoption of improved animal husbandry practices

The data depicted in Table 2 reveal that out of twenty one independent variables, only one

variable i.e. farm power was found non-significant with adoption on improved animal husbandry practices, while three variables namely age, urban pull and migration habit were found significantly but negatively correlated with the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices.

Table 2: Relationship between independent variables and adoption of improved animal husbandry practices n=200

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient

(r value)

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient

(r value)1234567

89

10

1112

AgeEducationOccupationSize of land holdingFarm powerMigration habitOrganizational participationUrban pullLevel of achievementS o c i o - t e c h n o - e c o n o m i c changeMass media exposure Change agency contact

- 0.2809** 0.5578** 0.1397*

0.4926** 0.1079NS

- 0.3970** 0.2852**

- 0.3304** 0.3348** 0.6190**

0.6717** 0.6123**

1314151617181920

21

Level of aspirationRole taking empathyNon-fatalism Economic motivationCosmopolitenessRisk orientation Scientific orientationKnowledge regarding improved animal hus-bandry practices Overall modernization

0.1785* 0.4202** 0.6529** 0.3643** 0.5831** 0.5794** 0.3929** 0.7718**

0.5942**

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability * Significant at 0.05 level of probability NS= Non Significant

Other seventeen independent variables namely, education, occupation, size of land holding, organizational participation, level of achievement, socio-techno-economic change, mass media exposure, change agency contact, level of aspiration, role taking empathy, non-fatalism, economic motivation, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, scientific orientation, knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices and level of overall modernization were found to have significant and positive correlation with the

adoption of improved animal husbandry practices.

Variables predicting adoption of improved Animal Husbandry practices

The rank order given on the basis of standard partial regression coefficient as depicted in Table-3 indicates that knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices was the most important variable followed by economic motivation, non-fatalism, role taking empathy, mass media exposure, size of land holding, level


63

of aspiration, socio-techno-economic change and organizational participation in predicting adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. All these variables jointly contributed to 71.57 per cent of the total variation in the adoption of improved

animal husbandry practices by the tribal farmers. The variable, knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices alone contributed to 59.60 per cent of total variation in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices.

Table-3: Stepwise multiple regression analysis of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices n = 200

Sr. No.

Independent variable Partial regression coefficient

( byi.j)

Standard error of regression

coefficient ( SE of byi.j )

‘t’ value Standard partial regression coefficient

( b’yi.j )

Rank

1 Socio-techno -economic change

0.0443 0.0266 1.667NS 0.1122 VIII

2 Size of land holding 1.0859 0.2861 3.796** 0.1744 VI3 Economic motivation -0.3125 0.0636 4.913** -0.2557 II4 Organizational

participation-0.7232 0.3507 2.064* -0.1001 IX

5 Level of aspiration 0.4492 0.1565 2.871** 0.1181 VII6 Mass media exposure 0.1882 0.0680 2.766** 0.2185 V7 Role taking empathy -0.9145 0.2445 3.740** -0.2333 IV8 Non-fatalism 0.5662 0.1714 3.302** 0.2505 III9 Knowledge regarding

improved animal husbandry practices

0.6485 0.0838 7.740** 0.5812 I

Constant : 3.2719 Multiple R = 0.7022 R2 = 0.7157 * Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the above results that majority of the tribal farmers had medium level of adoption about improved animal husbandry practices. All the independent variables expect farm power had significant association with adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. Among them age, urban pull and migration habit had negative while other variables had positive correlation with the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. The finding of this study also reveal that knowledge of improved practices of

animal husbandry contributed significantly to the prediction of the adoption of the tribal farmers.

REFERENCES

Sharma, P., Sharma, F.L. and Kalla, P.N. (1998). Adoption behaviour of the members of Dairy Co-operative Societies. Raj J. Extn. Edn., 6 : 78-80.

Meena, L. R., Dangi, K. L. and Prasad, V. (2004). Extent of adoption of improved practices of animal husbandry among the tribal and non-tribal farm women. Rural India, Jan. 2004, 20-22.

Studiesservefordelight,forornamentandforability.-Becon


64

ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS ABOUT KHARIF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

V .M. Patel1, J. J. Mistry2 and K. A. Thakkar3

ABSTRACT

Groundnut is an important crop grown in Gujarat. There is however a wide gap between average and potential yield of Groundnut per hectare for which non-adoption of recommended technology can be one major reason. With this in view, the present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state to know the adoption behaviour of farmers about kharif groundnut production technology. The sample of the study was 120 Groundnut growers. The findings reveals that majority of farmers had medium level of adoption of kharif groundnut production technology. The variables viz; education, social participation, size of land holding, occupation, annual income, scientific orientation, risk taking ability and knowledge were positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology by the farmers.

1 Assistant Extension Educationist, Polytechnic in Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Khedbrahma, Dist. : Sabarkantha. 2 Subject Matter Specialist (Extn. Edu.), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, S. D. Agricultural University, Khedbrahma, Dist. : Sabarkantha.3 Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, C.P.College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar,

INTRODUCTION

Gujarat is one of the leading oilseed producing states. The groundnut is an important crop among all oilseed crops (Castor, Sesamum, Rapeseed, Mustard, Sunflower, Safflower etc.) grown in the state. It alone contributed as high as 76 per cent of total oilseed area and 72 per cent of the total oilseed production of the state.

Sabarkantha is a major groundnut growing district. The area under kharif groundnut in the district was 34900 ha in the year of 2006-07 with the productivity of about 772 kg/ha. Thus, the average yield of groundnut production is low in the district. Despite considerable efforts, the production of groundnut has not increased much as compared to cereals and fibre crops. Unless the improved practices are properly adopted by the farmers, the desired target cannot be achieved.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in purposively

selected Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat which has the highest area under kharif groundnut cultivation. Out of thirteen talukas, two talukas viz; Talod and Prantij having highest area under kharif groundnut cultivation were selected purposively. Five villages with higher area under kharif groundnut cultivation from each of two talukas were selected. Using proportionate random sampling technique, 10 per cent groundnut growers were selected making a sample of 120 respondents. The data were collected through personal contact method with the help of structured interview schedule from groundnut growers. Adoption quotient was worked out to know the level of extent of adoption of kharif groundnut production technology. To know the association between independent variables with adoption, coefficient of correlation was worked out. Similarly to know the combined effect of the independent variables in explaining the variation in the adoption of groundnut production technology, the multiple regression analysis was


65

done.

FINDINGS

1 Adoption of improved kharif groundnut production technology

The data in Table 1 indicate that out of 120 respondents, great majority (93.33 %) of the

respondents were found in the category of medium level of adoption of kharif groundnut production technology. Remaining 6.67 per cent respondents fell under the category of low level of adoption. None of the respondents was found in the category of high level of adoption.

Table 1. Distribution of the groundnut growers according to their adoption quotient n=120

Sr. No. Extent of adoption Number Per cent

1 Low (0 to 33.33 per cent) 08 06.672 Medium (33.34 to 66.66 per cent) 112 93.333 High (66.67 to 100.00 per cent) 00 00.00

Table 2. Association between the characteristics of Groundnut growers and their extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology n = 120

Sr. No. Variables

Co-efficient of correlation (‘r’ value)

1 Age -0.217*

2 Education 0.152*

3 Family type -0.145

4 Family size -0.142

5 Social participation 0.201 *

6 Size of land holding 0.200 *

7 Irrigation facility 0.096

8 Occupation 0.261 **

9 Annual Income 0.268 **

10 Scientific orientation 0.387 **

11 Risk taking ability 0.243 *

12 Knowledge 0.463 **

* : significant at 0.05 level of significance** : significant at 0.01 level of significance

The independent variables viz., education, social participation, size of land holding, occupation,

annual income, scientific orientation, knowledge and risk taking ability were positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology by the farmers, while age had negative but significant correlation with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. Remaining variables viz., family type, family size and irrigation facility could not establish any significant relationship with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology by the farmers.

2 Variables Predicting Adoption of kharif groundnut production technology

In regression analysis, all the 11 independent variables were fitted to explain the extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. The results are presented in Table 3.

All the independent variables mentioned in Table 3 explained as much as 51.43 per cent total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. The unexplained variation of 48.57 per cent might be due to the factors not included in the study.


66

Table 3. Multiple regression analysis of independent variables with extent of adoption.

Sr.No.

Variables Regression coefficient (bi)

Std. error of bi

‘t’

1 Age -0.0423 0.0656 -0.645NS

2 Education -0.7462 0.6059 -1.231 NS

3 Family type -0.9002 1.2849 -0.700

4 Family size 0.0892 0.3575 0.2495 NS

5 Social participation 0.6469 0.6776 0.9547 NS

6 Size of land holding 0.3781 0.2770 1.367 NS

7 Irrigation facility 1.0903 1.220 0.893 NS

8 Occupation 0.9066 0.5606 1.617 NS

9 Annual income 0.0031 0.0099 0.3086 NS

10 Scientific orientation 0.3563 0.1029 3.4599**

11 Risk taking ability 0.1753 0.1202 1.458 NS

Multiple regression (R2) = 0.5143 ** =Significant at 0.01 level of significance NS = Non significant

As revealed from the Table:3, only one variable i.e. scientific orientation was significant at 0.01 level of significance, indicating significant contribution of this variable in explaining extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. Remaining ten variables failed to contribute significantly in extent of adoption of scientific kharif groundnut production technology.

It can thus be concluded that 51.43 per cent total variation in extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology was explained by a set of 11 independent variables together. Further, out of 11 variables, only scientific orientation had significant contribution in extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. This study provided evidence about the overwhelmingly important role played by scientific orientation in extent of adoption of groundnut production technology.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from above results that majority of the Groundnut growers had medium level of adoption about kharif groundnut production technology. The independent variables viz., education, social participation, size of land holding, occupation, annual income, scientific orientation, knowledge and risk taking ability had positive and significant relationship with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology by the farmers, while age was negatively and significantly related with extent of adoption of recommended kharif groundnut production technology. Remaining variables failed to establish any significant relationship with extent of adoption. Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that only scientific orientation of farmers contributed significantly to the adoption of kharif groundnut production technology.


67

INTRODUCTION

Pigeon pea is widely grown in Indian sub-continent, which accounts for 90 per cent of the world’s crop. Besides adverse climate condition, the recurrent attack by a large number of insects, pests and diseases is one of the most important causes of low yield. In India, the annual loss by insects, pests and diseases is estimated to the tune of 20% per cent amounting to Rs 1200 crores. The damage due to insect- pests alone in the absence of proper plant protection measures in pulses was assumed to be 40.18 percent. Thus, it is obvious that the yield of pigeon pea can be increased significantly by adopting Integrated Pest Management technology. IPM is an approach that envisages combination of techniques that may contribute to suppression of pests by cultural methods, conservation and augmentation of natural enemies and specific chemical pesticides as needed so as to keep pest population below the level that can cause economic injury.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Vadodara district was selected

purposively on the basis of leading pigeon pea growing area. Pigeon pea is grown in almost all the twelve talukas of the district. Karjan and Dabhoi which have the maximum production and area under pigeon pea cultivation were selected for the study. Thirteen villages from Dabhoi taluka and twelve villages from Karjan taluka were selected randomly. Thus, total twenty five villages were selected for the study. Ten pigeon pea growers were randomly selected from each village making total sample of 250 respondents.

The data were collected through interview schedule. The data were then statistically analyzed using frequencies, percentage and rank.


1 Practice wise adoption of recommended Integrated Pest Management technology by pigeon pea growers

To assess adoption level regarding Integrated Pest Management technology in pigeon pea, items related to cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical control practices were included. Data pertaining to practice wise adoption of Integrated

1. Assoc. Extn. Educationist, Anand Agril.University,Anand (Gujarat).2. Asstt.Extn. Educationist,Anand Agril.University,Anand (Gujarat).3. Asstt. Professor, Home Science College, Anand Agril.University,Anand

ADOPTION DYNAMICS OF PIGEON PEA GROWERS IN RELATION TO INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

A.C.Patel1, J.B.Patel2 and U.A.Patel3

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat State with total 250 respondents. A perusal of the data indicated that More than half (52.00 percent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption pertaining to cultural practices related to Integrated Pest Management technology while vast majority (74.40 percent) of them had medium level of adoption regarding mechanical practices of IPM in pigeon pea. In respect of biological practices, majority (59.20 percent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption whereas slightly more than half (51.20 percent) of them had medium level of adoption about the use of pesticides. More than half of the Pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption.


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Pest Management technology by the pigeon pea growers are presented in Table 1

1 Cultural Practices

In this component, cultural practices like selection of wilt resistant variety, precaution taken to avoid infestation of pest and disease involving seed treatment, crop rotation and deep ploughing were included. Table-1 portrays that more than half (52.00 per cent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption pertaining to cultural

practices related to Integrated Pest Management technology where as 28.40 per cent and 19.60 per cent of pigeon pea grower had low and high level of adoption, respectively.

It was observed that majority of the farmers had adopted wilt resistant variety and crop rotation where as seed treatment with pesticides as precautionary measure and deep ploughing were not adopted by majority of the pigeon pea growers.

Table 1 : Distribution of the pigeon pea growers according to their practice wise adoption of Integrated Pest Management in pigeon pea n= 250

Sr.No.

Practices Low Medium High TotalScore

Mean Score

Rank

1 Cultural 071(28.40)

130(52.00)

049(19.60)

478 1.912 II

S.D. = 23.04 Mean = 43.94 2 Mechanical 055

(22.00)186

(74.40)009

(03.60)454 1.816 III

S.D. = 21.66 Mean = 54.20 3 Biological 082

(32.80)148

(59.20)020

(08.00)338 1.352 IV

S.D. = 13.88 Mean = 49.154 Chemical 033

(13.20)128

(51.20)089

(35.60)556 2.224 I

S.D. = 17.97 Mean = 66.95

N.B. Figures shown in parentheses indicate percentage2 Mechanical Practices

Mechanical means of pest control is an eco-friendly approach and has vital importance for sustainable agriculture. Mechanical method of pest control involves collection of egg / larvae and infected plant debris and use of pheromone traps. Data presented in Table-1 indicate that majority of pigeon pea growers had medium (74.40 per cent) level of adoption regarding mechanical practices of Integrated Pest Management in pigeon pea followed by low (22.00 per cent) and high (03.60 per cent) level of adoption.

During field survey, it was also observed that majority of the pigeon pea growers used to collect and destroy insect pest disease infected plants

from the field but use of pheromone traps was not much prevalent.

3 Biological Practices

Pest control by natural means with predators and parasites is an important component of Integrated Pest Management in recent years as it is eco-friendly and non-polluting. It is just a developing science and lot of long term research is to be geared up in the interest of farmers for quality product and sustainable agriculture. Data in this regard show that majority (59.20 per cent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption regarding the biological practices; however, 32.80 percent and 08.00 per cent had low and high level of adoption, respectively.


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Through discussion with the farmers, it was noticed that farmers neither used predators like Crysopa nor applied HNPV for controlling heliothis which is the major pest of pigeon pea.

4 Chemical Practices

Pest control by chemical means involve practices like use of pesticides. Table-1 reveals that slightly more than half (51.20 per cent) of the pigeon pea grower had medium level of adoption, where as 35.60 and 13.20 per cent had high and low level of adoption about the use of pesticides in pigeon pea, respectively.

During data collection it was observed that majority of the pigeon pea growers had good adoption behaviour about recommended pesticides but there was a lacuna in adoption of pesticides as per the recommended dose.

According to adoption hierarchy, adoption regarding chemical control of insect/pest ranked first with mean score of 2.224 followed by cultural, mechanical and biological control with mean

score of 1.912, 1.816 and 1.352 respectively.

Relative advantage of quick knockdown effect of chemical pesticides over other components of Integrated Pest Management was possibly the main reason for higher adoption of chemical control as compared to other practices related to Integrated Pest Management.

2 Overall adoption level of Integrated Pest Management technology

Generally the farmers do not adopt package of practices fully. There is only a partial adoption by them. As a result, the gap always appears between the recommended production technology and its use at farmer’s field. With a view to finding out the extent of adoption of pigeon pea growers pertaining to Integrated Pest Management technology, the pigeon pea growers were asked to give information about all components of Integrated Pest Management technology adopted by them. The data regarding overall adoption level of Integrated Pest Management technology are given in Table: 2

Table 2 : Distribution of pigeon pea growers according to their level of adoption n=250

Sr. No. Level of adoption Frequency Percentage1 Low (below 39.61 score) 060 24.002 Medium (39.61 to 63.59 score) 140 56.003 High (Above 63.59 score) 050 20.00

Mean =51.60 S.D. = 11.99

A perusal of Table: 2 reveals that more than half (56.00 per cent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption followed by low and high level of adoption with 24.00 and 20.00 per cent of the pigeon pea growers, respectively. It can be concluded that more than half of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption regarding recommended Integrated Pest Management in pigeon pea. The probable reason might be their middle age and moderate education level having ability to read, understand and concretize the ideas which would have led to medium adoption level.

CONCLUSIONS

More than half of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption pertaining to cultural

practices (52.00 per cent), biological practices (59.20 per cent) and chemical practices (51.20 per cent), whereas majority of them (74.40 per cent) had medium level of adoption regarding mechanical practices of Integrated Pest Management technology in pigeon pea. According to adoption hierarchy, adoption regarding chemical control of insect/pest ranked first with mean score of 2.224 followed by cultural, mechanical and biological control with mean score of 1.912, 1.816 and 1.352 respectively. So far as overall adoption is concerned, more than half (56.00 per cent) of the pigeon pea growers had medium level of adoption followed by low and high level of adoption with 24.00 and 20.00 per cent, respectively.


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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON GROWERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY

A. A. Darandale 1 and P. M. Bhatt2

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state in the year 2009-10. Findings of this investigation reveal that independent variables viz. experience in cotton cultivation, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, economic motivation, education, risk orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with management efficiency of cotton growers.

INTRODUCTION

Considering the major challenges in agriculture including the need for enhanced productivity, issues of sustainability and enhanced profitability; there is a need for greater thrust for technology dissemination without any transmission loss.

The recent advances in cotton production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the cotton production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for cotton growers. This will open up new vistas and make possible for cotton growers to achieve substantial gains in income. Management efficiency of cotton growers can be affected by their various characteristics. In this context, an attempt has been made to carry out the present investigation.

METHODOLOGY

Vadodara district of Gujarat state was chosen for the study. Vadodara, Dabhoi, Karjan and Sankheda talukas of Vadodara district were purposively selected, because these talukas have more cotton growing area as compared to other talukas. Twelve cotton growing villages were randomly selected from those four talukas. Total 120 cotton growers who had minimum 3 years of experience in cotton

cultivation were selected randomly. The data were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested, Gujarati version interview scheduled through personal contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answers for objectives of the study. To know the various characteristics of cotton growers, structured schedule was developed by taking base of scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1963) study, while the relationship between independent and dependent variables was determined with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean score and standard deviation.

FINDINGS

The action of individual cotton growers is governed by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural factors involved in situation. Some farmers adopt new improved cotton cultivation practices more quickly than others because of the difference in personal characteristics. Hence, considering the importance of these characteristics, relationship between management efficiency of cotton growers with their characteristics was worked out and results obtained are presented in Table 1.

1 P.G. Student, B.A.C.A., A.A.U., Anand e-mail- [email protected], Distance Education, A.A.U., Anand. [email protected]


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Table 1: Relationship between the characteristics of cotton growers and their management efficiency of cotton growers n = 120

Sr. No. Independent Variables ‘r’ value1 Age -0.0365 (NS)2 Education 0.2751 **3 Experience in cotton cultivation 0.2927 **4 Size of family -0.0807 (NS)5 Social participation 0.2400 **6 Extension contact 0.2646 **7 Mass media exposure 0.2865 **8 Cosmopoliteness 0.2667 **9 Economic motivation 0.2964 **

10 Scientific orientation 0.2562 **11 Risk orientation 0.2547 **12 Knowledge level 0.2902 **

NS = non significant at 0.05,*=significant at 0.05, ** = significant at 0.01 level

It is apparent from the data presented in the Table 2 that variables like social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, economic motivation, experience in cotton cultivation, education, risk orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with the management efficiency of cotton growers. It clearly indicates that with increase in social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, economic motivation, experience in cotton cultivation, education, risk orientation and knowledge of the cotton growers, their management efficiency increased and vice versa. The variables like age and size of family showed negative and non-significant relationship with the management efficiency of cotton growers. It clearly indicates that age and size of family do not influence the management efficiency of cotton growers.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above findings the

independent variables studied viz. education, social participation, economic motivation, risk orientation, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, extension contact, experience in cotton cultivation, mass media exposure, and knowledge had showed positive and highly significant correlation with management efficiency of cotton growers, whereas age and size of family of the cotton growers had negative and non-significant correlation with management efficiency.

REFERENCES

Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics .284-285.

Pareek, U. and Trivedi, G. (1963). Factor analysis of socio-economic status of farmers in India. Rural India, 30: 311-323.

Patel, H. B. (2005). A study on management efficiency and economic performance of banana grower in Anand District of Gujarat state, Ph.D. thesis (Unpublished) AAU, Anand.


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INTRODUCTION

In National Watershed Development Project, the economic development of the farmers has been centered on increased agricultural production through introduction of improved watershed management technology coupled with generating the employment with a view to stopping deterioration of environment which effects production of food, fuel, fodder and ultimately all living organism including animals and human beings. Major four components viz., land development, irrigation development, crop production measures and improved implements of watershed management technology were included in the study.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in Valsad and Navsari districts of South Gujarat. ‘Ex-post-facto’ research design was used for the study. One

watershed project from each district was selected randomly by lottery method. A proportionate random sampling was used to select the respondents according to their size of land holding categories i.e. marginal, small and big farmers. Thus, total sample farmers for this study were 150 from seven villages fall under two projects. The techno-economic change was measured in terms of eight aspects namely; (1) Change in area under field crops (2) Change in area under irrigation (3) Change in use of improved varieties (3) Change in improved varieties (4) Change in crop production (5) Change in machinery and agricultural implements (6) Change in area under fruit tree cultivation (7) Change in area under fruit tree cultivation (8) Change in annual income from agriculture.

In stepwise regression method, the regression was started with regression of Y and Y1....Yn taken singly, the variable regression giving the greatest

DETERMINATION OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON EXTENT OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OCCURRED IN

TRIBAL AREA OF SOUTH GUJARAT

G. R. Patel 1 and R.B. Patel2

ABSTRACT

Rogers (1983) stated that the increased farm production and higher income were consequent variables. For this study the resultant changes occurred due to adoption of watershed management technology in the form of techno-economic change have been taken into account as consequences of watershed development project. ‘Ex-post-facto’ research design was used. The extent of techno-economic change was found to be predicted by four independent variables such as annual income, irrigation potentiality, area under contour bunding and knowledge about watershed management technology, which had together contributed to 72.63 per cent of the total variation in predicting the techno-economic change. The order of contribution of these four independent variables ranked from the highest to the lowest based on the values of standard partial b’ was : Annual income, Knowledge about watershed management, Irrigation potentiality and Area under contour bunding. The R2 further indicated that the variable annual income alone contributed to 67.11 per cent variation in the extent of techno-economic change.

1. Asso. Ext. Edust., Directorate of Extension Educationist, NAU, Navsari2. Director of Extension Education, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari.


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reduction in sum of square of Y is first selected. Then the bivariate regression in which X1 appeared was worked out. The variate which gives the greatest additional reduction in sum of squares after fitting Y1 was selected. All the trivariate regression that include both X1 and X2 were computed. The analysis was continued till the last variate whose

additional contribution was the least of all variates. FINDINGS

Stepwise multiple regression analysis with 14 independent variables and extent of techno-economic change as dependent variable was carried out. The findings are presented in Table 1 and 2.

Table 1: Stepwise multiple regression analysis of independent variables and extent of techno-economic change

SrNo.

Independent variables

Partial regression coefficient

(b)

‘t’ value

Standard error of

regression coefficient

(Se of b)

‘F’ value

Standard partial

regression coefficient b’

Rank

1 Annual income (X4) 3.0282 12.083** 0.2506 146.005** 0.6720 I 2 Irrigation potentiality

(X6)0.6315 2.354* 0.2682 5.544* 0.1299 III

3 Area under contour bunding (X8)

0.9450 1.952 0.4840 3.811 0.0919 IV

4 Knowledge about watershed management technology (X9)

5.5011 2.847** 1.9316 8.111** 0.1474 II

* = Significant at 0.05 level of probability R = 0.8522

** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability R2= 0.7263**

Data in Table 1 indicate that out of 14 independent variables, four variables namely; annual income, irrigation potentiality, area under contour bunding and knowledge about watershed management technology were accounting influence on the extent of techno-economic change. All the four independent variables together accounted 72.63 per cent of variation as indicated by R2 value for extent of techno-economic change. R2 value was found to be significant at 0.01 level of probability.

The partial b values of these variables were converted into standard partial b’ values. The ‘t’ values of partial b were observed to be significant at 0.01 level of probability for two variables namely; annual income and knowledge about watershed management technology. While the ‘t’ values of partial b of irrigation potentiality and area under

contour bunding were found to be significant at 0.05 level of probability and non-significant respectively.

According to higher beta values (b’), the rank order for annual income was first, knowledge about watershed management technology was second, irrigation potentiality third and area under contour bunding fourth as per their effect on techno-economic change. It is, therefore, indicative that the relative importance of the annual income was more than other three variables.

It is obvious from the data in Table 2 that the variable annual income alone contributed to 67.11 per cent variation on the techno-economic change, followed by annual income + knowledge about watershed management technology accounted for 70.02 per cent, the earlier two variables +


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Table 2: Stepwise variation accounted by four independent variables on extent of techno-economic change

Sr Variable includedMultiple

regression coefficient ‘R’

Coefficient of multiple

determination ‘R2 ‘

Total variation accounted (%)

1 Annual income (X4) 0.8182 0.6711 67.112 X4 + Knowledge about watershed

management technology (X9)0.8368 0.7002 70.02

3 X4 + X9 + Irrigation potentiality (X6)

0.8480 0.7191 71.91

4 X4 + X9 + X6 + Area under contour bunding (X8)

0.8522 0.7263 72.63

FINDINGS

The discussion leads to conclude that out of fourteen fitted independent variables, four variables, viz. annual income, irrigation potentiality, area under contour bunding and knowledge about the watershed management technology accounted 72.63 per cent variation in the extent of techno-economic change. The order of contribution of these four variables from the highest to the lowest based on the values of standard partial b’ was annual income, knowledge about the watershed management technology, irrigation potentiality and area under contour bunding. The variable annual income alone contributed to 67.11 per cent of total variation in the extent of techno-economic change.

IMPLICATIONS

The variable annual income alone contributed significantly to the prediction of the extent of techno-economic change. It, therefore, implies that the farmers of watershed area should be encouraged by the project implementing authority to start some subsidiary occupations like; dairy, poultry keeping, bee keeping, sericulture,

mushroom cultivation etc. for increasing their annual income. This may help in solving the unemployment problem in tribal area and will lead to contribute to the input use behaviour in farming.

REFERENCES

Desai, B. R., Girase, K. A. and Kokate, K. D. (1997). Assessment of micro watershed development project on land use and cropping pattern in scarcity zone, Maha J.Ext. Edn.,14 : 162-165.

Patel, J. B., (1995). Impact of watershed management technology in agriculture development in Panchmahal district of Gujarat State, M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis, GAU, Navsari.

Patel, N. R., (1991). Dynamics of adoption of new agriculture technology and consequences in watershed area of Banaskantha and Mehsana districts of Gujarat, Ph.D. thesis, GAU, Sardar Krushinagar.

Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of an innovation (3rd ed.), New York: The Free Press, A Division of Mac Millan Publishing Co., Inc.

irrigation potentiality accounted for 71.91per cent, the earlier three variables + area under contour

bunding accounted for 72.63 per cent variation in techno-economic change.


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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL MAIZE GROWERS AND THEIR ATTITUDE

TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING A.D. Darandale1, N.V. Soni2 and P. P. Patel3

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. The findings of this investigation reveal that independent variables like, education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop. The variables like age and size of family showed negative but non-significant relationship with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop.

INTRODUCTION

Organic farming may be defined as a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, organic farming system relies upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and other pests

After the green revolution was launched in India, substantial increase in the production of food grains was achieved through the use of improved crop varieties and higher extent of inputs like fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. But it has now been realized that the increase in production was achieved at the cost of soil health. In fact, about 60 per cent of our agricultural land currently under cultivation suffers from indiscriminate use of irrigation water and chemical fertilizers. Most of the growth in the food production during

the green revolution period is attributed to the higher fertilizer use. In view of all such things, organic farming is gaining momentum now-a-days. For adoption of organic farming, several characteristics on part of farmers play important role. Considering this, an attempt has been made in this investigation to ascertain the relationship if any, between the selected characteristics of tribal maize growers and their attitude towards organic farming.

METHODOLOGY

Vadodara district was chosen for the study. Total 120 tribal maize growers doing animal husbandry and cultivating the maize crop for last 5 years were selected by proportionate random sampling as respondents. The data were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested, Gujarati version interview schedule through personal contact. Relationship between selected characteristics of tribal maize growers and their attitude towards organic farming was determined with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation.

1 P.G. Student, B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand 2 Associate Extension Educationist, AAU, Anand3 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand


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FINDINGS

The action of individual farmer is governed by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural factors involved in situation. In adoption of organic farming also, such factors can’t be ignored. In view of this, relationship between attitude of tribal maize grower towards organic farming with their selected characteristics was worked out; the results of which are presented in Table-1.

Table-1 : Relationship between the selected characteristics of tribal maize growers and their attitude towards organic farming practices in maize crop n = 120

Sr. No.

Independent Variables

‘r’ value

1 Age -0.125(NS)2 Education 0.329**3 Size of family -0.046 (NS)4 Social participation 0.280**5 size of Land holding 0.409**6 Annual income 0.265**7 Herd size 0.377**8 Scientific orientation 0.328**9 Economic motivation 0.261**

10 Risk orientation 0.364**11 Market orientation 0.774**12 Knowledge level 0.301**13 Extension contact 0.306**14 Mass media exposure 0.244**

NS = non significant at 0.05 level, * = significant at 0.05 level, ** = significant at 0.01 level

It is obvious from the data presented in the Table that variables like, education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific

orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop. It clearly indicates that with increase in education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge of the tribal maize growers, they were more likely to adopt organic farming or in other words, their attitude towards organic farming increased. The variable like age and size of family didn’t exert any significant relationship with the attitude of tribal maize grower towards organic farming. It is indicative of the fact that age and size of family are not important variables and they do not influence the attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above findings that the independent variables viz. education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming whereas age and size of family of the attitude of tribal maize grower had negative and non-significant correlation with their attitude towards organic farming.

REFERENCE

Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics .284-285

Decisiondecidesdirection,directiondecidesdestiny.


77

INTRODUCTION

Traditional knowledge of human health and medicine has recently become a major global concern. Medicinal plants are now considered are playing vital role in addressing the health care. The Dangs of Gujarat state have a rich source of medicinal plant. It is not outwardly beautiful but encompasses numerous species of medicinal plant having great importance. Safed Musli is common medicinal plant cultivated on a small area by most of the tribal farmers and getting good income in comparison to their traditional crop. These valuable plants have not received due attention of the common rural people and a handful of knowledgeable persons have exploited these species for their own benefits. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to know the relationship of personal characteristics of the farmers with their awareness and knowledge about cultivation.

METHODOLOGY

For attaining the objectives the present investigation was carried out in the Dangs district of Gujarat state. Considering the area under

different villages were obtained from the off ice of the line department of the district. Out of total villages, first fifteen villages having largest area of Safed Musli were purposely selected. The lists of Safed Musli growers were obtained from the talati-cum-muntri of the identified villages and from those villages ten growers each village were randomly selected. The study was confined to total 145 respondents. Keeping in view the objectives of the study interview schedule was prepared and the respondents were interviewed by the researcher himself. Frequency, percentage and coefficient of correlation (r) were utilized to know the relationship among them.

FINDINGS

1 Relationship between selected characteristics of respondents and their awareness about Safed Musli cultivation

To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of tribal farmers and their awareness about Safed Musli cultivation the correlation coefficient values was computed and the findings are presented in Table 1.

RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAFED MUSLI GROWERS WITH AWARENESS AND

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ITS CULTIVATION

G.G. Chauhan1, R.M. Naik2, H.V. Pandya3 and C.G. Intwala4

ABSTRACT

Education, land holding and annual income had significant corelation with the level of awareness whereas age, education, land holding and annual income of the respondents were found significantly associated with level of knowledge about Safed Musli cultivation practices.

1. Asst. Ext. Edust., Agriculture Polytechnique, NAU, Waghai, Dist: Dangs2. SMS (Extension), KVK, NAU, Navsari; 3. Asso. Prof., (Ento.), N.M.C.A., NAU, Navsari; 4. Assistant Research Scientist, Directorate of Research, NAU, Navsari


78

Table 1: Relationship between selected characteristics of Safed Musli growers and their awareness and knowladge about cultivation n=145

Sr. No.

Personal characteristics Awarness KnowledgeCorrelation coefficient(r) Value of correlation coefficient(r)

1 Age 0.054 0.199*2 Education 0.469 ** 0.703**3 Family size 0.134 0.1524 Family type - 0.057 0.0275 Land holding 0.172 * 0.232**6 Annual income 0.213 * 0.416**

* 0.05 level of significance ** 0.01 level of significance

It is apparent from the about table 1 that out of six personal characteristics education (0.469**) was found highly significant with the awareness of Safed Musli growers and land holding (0.172*) and annual income (0.213*) were found significant.

2 Relationship between selected characteristics of the farmers and their level of knowledge about Safed Musli cultivation

The relationship between selected characteristics of tribal farmers and their knowledge about Safed Musli cultivation the correlation coefficient (r) values were computed. The findings are presented in Table 1.

The data presented in Table 1 shows that out of six personal characteristics education (0.469**), land holding (0.232**) and annual income (0.416**) were found highly significant with level of knowledge of Safed Musli growers and age (0.199*) was found significant.

CONCLUSION

1 There was significant and positive relationship between education, land holding and annual

income with the level of awareness about cultivation practices.

2 Age, education, land holding and annual income of the respondents were positive and significantly associated with level of knowledge about Safed Musli cultivation practices

REFERENCES

Mankar, D.M., Nirban, A.J. and Jangam, P.V.(1996). Knowledge level of villagers about medicinal plants. Mah. Jr. Extn. Edn. XV : 15 P. 167-172

Mewara, R. C. (2005). A study of awareness and adoption level of value added technologies of Mango and Banana growers of South Gujarat (unpublished) M.Sc, (Agri) Thesis submitted to Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari

Tawade, N.D., Nirban, A.J. , Kadam, J.R. and Dalvi, V.B. (1996).Constraints in use of post harvest technology in Konkan region (Abstracts). a seminar on post Harvest Technology for Rural Development, held on May 18-19, 1996 at Konkan Krishi Vidyapeetn, Dapoli P. 33

Successisnaught-endeavour’sall.-R.Browing.


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1. Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat2. Principal, Polytechnic in Food Science and Home Economics, Anand Agricultural University, Anand - 388 110

AWARENESS OF FARM WOMEN ABOUT HUMAN NUTRITION

Dipal N. Soni1 and K. B. Kamaliya2

INTRODUCTION

Rural women in our country share abundant responsibilities and perform a wide spectrum of duties in running the family. Prepare food and feed all the family member is one of the important jobs they perform. Food play vital role to provide nutrition to the body. Till date under nutrition was widely prevalent in rural areas of our country but now due to changes in socio economic conditions over nutrition is also begin to root among them. Thus this is high time to assess the present awareness of women about human nutrition. On the bases the result of the same some areas could be identified on which knowledge is to be spread among rural women that act as precautionary measures to prevent under or over nutrition conditions. The present study was thus undertaken for the same purpose.

METHODOLOGY

A self developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The awareness of fifty farm women

working at different farms of Anand Agricultural University, Anand namely Horticulture, Animal nutrition, Reproductive Biological Research Unit (RBRU), Live Stick Research Station (LRS), Bidi and Tobacco Research Station (BTRS), Agronomy, Vegetable research station were assessed during month of January and February 2009 using personal interview method. The data was analysed on the basis of frequency, percentage, mean and SD.

FINDINGS

Out of fifty farm women surveyed, more than two third farm women were of middle age group, majority of them were illiterate and the great majority were earning Rs. 30,000/- per year. Their awareness on selected nutritional aspects and its level are discussed below.

1 Nutritional awareness of farm women

The respond given by the farm woman on the questions asked to them are presented in Table 1.

ABSTRACT

Food play vital role to provide nutrition to the body. Prepare food and feed for all the family member is the important job for rural women. Thus the study was conducted to assess the present awareness of farm women about selected areas of nutrition. Data was collected by personal interview. It was found that, farm women were most aware about those nutritional aspects which were communicated by Anganwadi and health workers and mass media. They were using cereals, anola, green leafy vegetables but don’t know the importance of that thus showed least awareness on nutritional aspects related to that area. About two third farm women had medium level awareness regarding selected nutritional aspects. The study implies that the information on certain nutritional aspects could be spread to increase the awareness about human nutrition among the farm women for their wellbeing.


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Table 1 : Awareness of farm women regarding selected nutritional aspects n = 50

Sr. No. Nutritional aspect No. Percentage1 Take salt-sugar-solution frequently in vomiting and diarrhoea 49 98.00 *2 Fruits and vegetables are include in the daily diet 48 96.00 *3 Drink five to seven glasses of water daily 48 96.00 *4 Wash vegetables before cutting 47 94.00 *5 Ill person has to take easily digestible food 46 92.00 #

6 Patient suffering from high blood pressure has to consume low salt 45 90.00 #

7 Take calcium rich foods to make bone stronger 44 88.00 #

8 Diabetic patient has to consume less sweet food 42 84.00 #

9 Fruits provide vitamins and minerals 41 82.00 #

10 Sprouted pulses are beneficial to health 37 74.00 #

11 Do not drain away excess rice water after cooking 36 72.00 #

12 Milk is the complete food 34 68.00 #

13 Feed protein rich food to children 32 64.00 #

14 Cook vegetables in pressure cooker retains the nutrients 30 60.00 #

15 Pulses provide more protein 29 58.00 #

16 Vegetables provide vitamins, minerals and fiber 28 56.00 #

17 Cereals provide carbohydrate to the body 25 50.00 @

18 Seat in sunlight during early morning provide vitamin-D 21 42.00 @

19 Anola and citrus fruits provide vitamin-C 21 42.00 @

20 Green leafy vegetables and carrot provide vitamin-A 20 40.00 @

Mean 72.30 SD 19.90

* = Most aware # = More aware @ = Least awareTable 1 indicates that the farm women had the most awareness about four selected nutritional aspects in decreasing order, Take salt-sugar-solution frequently in vomiting and diarrhoea (98.00%), Fruits and vegetables are include in the daily diet (96.00%), Drink five to seven glasses of water daily (96.00%) and Wash vegetables before cutting (94.00%). These tasks were found communicated by Anganwadi and health workers or even through various mass media. Farm women thus were aware about these aspects might be the reason for the same. Similar numbers of selected nutritional aspects were also the least aware by the farm women viz. Cereals provide carbohydrate

to the body (50.00%), Seat in sunlight during early morning provide vitamin-D (42.00%), Anola and citrus fruits provide vitamin-C (42.00%) and Green leafy vegetables and carrot provide vitamin-A (40.00%). Farm women were using cereals, anola, green leafy vegetables but don’t know the importance of that, might be the reason for the same. Farm women more aware about remaining tasks in the middle range i.e. 92 to 56 %.

1 Level of nutritional awareness

The level of above mentioned nutritional aspects were analyzed for its level. The results obtained are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 : Awareness level of farm women regarding selected nutritional aspects

Sr. No. Awareness Level No. Percent1 High 12 24.002 Medium 32 64.003 Low 06 12.00


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About two third (64.00%) farm women had medium level awareness regarding selected nutritional aspects while 24.00% farm women aware these aspects in high level and half of them had low level (12.00%) awareness of the selected nutritional aspects.

CONCLUSIONS

About two third farm women had medium level awareness regarding selected nutritional aspects. The farm women had the most awareness about ‘take salt-sugar-solution frequently in vomiting and diarrhea’, ‘fruits and vegetables are include in the daily diet’, ‘drink five to seven glasses of water daily’ and ‘Wash vegetables before cutting’ nutritional aspects might be its communication

through various mass media. They were least aware about ‘cereals provide carbohydrate to the body’, ‘seat in sunlight during early morning provide vitamin-D’, ‘anola and citrus fruits provide vitamin-C’ and ‘green leafy vegetables and carrot provide vitamin-A’ selected nutritional aspects. Though they were using such food in their diet but don’t know the importance of the same.

IMPLICATION

Knowledge on the nutritional aspects least aware by farm women could be spread through various mass media like television, radio, exhibition, personal communication using Anganwadi, Primary Health Centers etc.


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1 Asso. Ext. Edn., DEEE,AAU Anand2 Asso. Ext. Edn., DEEE,AAU Anand3 Asst. Prof. BACA, AAU, Anand

OPINIONS TOWARDS CHANGE IN THESIS STYLE TO SAVE NATURAL RESOURCES THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGY

N.V. Soni1 , Mahesh R. Patel2 and J. K. Patel3

INTRODUCTION

Trees, Water and land are the valuable natural resources for mankind. As we know that day by day, said resources are utilized at great extent. Moreover, among these natural resources, trees and water are main sources for the production of papers.

Literature plays crucial and pivotal role in dissemination of modern agricultural technologies. Hunger of technical literature by the peasantry is observed in increasing manner. Papers are the basic and prime need for publishing any literature. At present, wooden base paper industries are in need of 58 lakh tonnes of woodlot which will be gone up about 90 lakh tonnes in 2010. It is also fact that during last five years, the price of paper was increased up to 150 to 200 per cent. For the production of one kilogram paper, 100 liters water is required which indicates the importance of water in paper industry (Anon., 2002).

Thesis is an important and basic document as a

source of any research. As we know that before 2000, the thesis were typed with the help of hand operated typewriter which has its own limitations like manual works, time consuming, quality work, corrections as well as typing is not possible on both the side of papers etc. Under the development of modern information technology system, the revolution came in the printing technology. Because of this development, the computers are used in all the educational and research institutes for the thesis writing . Under this changing scenario, the thesis style is also desirable to change for obtaining economic and other benefits for Human Resource Development (HRD).

METHODOLOGY

For this purpose, 14 for M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degree thesis of Extension Education discipline published during 2000 to 2002 from B.A.College of Agriculture, Anand were selected purposively. The average pages and thickness per thesis was 180

ABSTRACT

As we know that before 2000, the thesis were typed with the help of hand operated typewriter which has its own limitations like manual works, time consuming, quality work, corrections as well as typing is not possible on both the side of papers etc. Under the development of modern information technology system, the revolution came in the printing technology. Because of this development, the computers are used in all the educational and research institutes for the thesis writing . At present in G.A.U., the pattern of thesis like one side typing on paper in double space is followed. But after the computerization, the typing on both the side of paper in one and half space is possible. Hence, it needs to be changed. The great majority of the professors had medium to high level of opinion towards change in thesis style through modern technology. According to the number of opinion of professors, the majority of the Professors were agreed to change the existing thesis style.


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Table 1 : Economics of thesis according to existing and new suggesting pattern

Sr. No.

Existing Pattern Cost ` New suggestive pattern Cost `

1 180 pages of thesis @16 Rs/Page/One copy

2880/- 68 pages of thesis due to printing on both the side of paper in one and half space @20 Rs/Page/One copy

1360/-

2 Cost of Xerox for 4 copies@1 Rs./Page

720/- Cost of Xerox for 4 copies @1.20 Rs/Page 326/-

3 Binding charges(with embossed title) for 5 copies

700/- Binding charges (with embossed title) for 5 copies

500/-

4 Total cost of 5 copies 4300/- Total cost of 5 copies 2186/-

5 Registered post parcel charges for one copy upto 1.5 kg weight

71/- Registered post parcel charges for one copy upto 500 grams

39/-

and 2.7 cm respectively.

At present in G.A.U., the pattern of thesis like one side typing on paper in double space is followed. But after the computerization, the typing on both

the side of paper in one and half space is possible. Hence, it needs to be changed. The comparison of 200 pages’ thesis writing in existing pattern and new suggestive pattern is given in Table 1 with their economical aspects.

The Table 1 shows that if the pattern of thesis style is changed, the total cost for five copies is reduced about 50 % as well as volume of the thesis is also reduced. Thus we can save the 62 .50% of papers by adopting new suggestive pattern for thesis style. Moreover, the paper as one of the valuable natural resource can be saved and used for the other important work. It also saves the water because 100 liters water can be used for the production of one kilogram paper. Moreover, the registered post parcel charges can be reduced ` 71/- to ` 39/- for sending one copy of thesis to the external examiner due to change in weight of the thesis and that can save the 45% postal charges.

For this purpose, an interview schedule consisting of 20 opinions to improve the existing thesis style of Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) was developed with the help of extension personnels.. can be saved through this eco-friendly style.

The interview schedule was sent to 64 Professors belonged to Extension Education, Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Statistics disciplines of Anand, Junagadh, Navsari and Sardarkrushinagar

zones of GAU. Among them, 40 responces of professors were received.


1 Opinions of professors towards change in thesis style

The Table 2 indicates the opinions of professors towards change in thesis style in descending order of rank were : (1) Number of pages can be reduced. (2) Cost of the thesis can be reduced. (3) The registered post parcel charges can be reduced due to reduce in weight. (4) Get neat and clean thesis writing due to qualitative work.(5) Easy to store the information on CD, Floppy etc. (6) Easy to handle the thesis (7) Save the floor space in library racks. (8) The natural resources like trees, water etc. can be saved through this eco-friendly style. (9) Chronological arrangement is possible which save the time (10) Vivid presentation of tables/figures is possible. (11) Use of more space due to writing in one and half space. (12) Various type of letter size can be used as desired. (13) Correction of typing work is easy. (14) Easy to read due to central pinning. (15) More than two figures/tables can


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Table 2 : Opinions of professors towards change in thesis style n=40

Sr No.

Statements Agree Neutral Disagree Mean score

Rem-arks

1 Number of pages can be reduced. 36 04 00 4.80 *2 Cost of the thesis can be reduced. 36 04 00 4.80 *3 The registered post parcel charges can be

reduced due to reduce in weight.36 04 00 4.80 *

4 Get neat and clean thesis writing due to qualitative work.

32 08 00 4.60 *

5 Easy to store the information on CD, Floppy etc.

34 03 03 4.55 #

6 Easy to handle the thesis 33 04 03 4.50 #7 Save the floor space in library racks. 29 09 02 4.35 #8 The natural resources like trees, water etc.

can be saved through this eco-friendly style.28 10 02 4.30 #

9 Chronological arrangement is possible which save the time

27 08 05 4.10 #

10 Vivid presentation of tables/figures is possible.

24 12 04 4.00 #

11 Use of more space due to writing in one and half space.

26 07 07 3.95 #

12 Various type of letter size can be used as desired.

26 06 08 3.90 #

13 Correction of typing work is easy. 26 05 09 3.85 #14 Easy to read due to central pinning. 22 11 07 3.75 #15 More than two figures/tables can be

accommodated on a single page.20 13 07 3.65 #

16 Binding charges can be reduced. 21 09 10 3.55 #17 Easy to get the zerox copy from the thesis. 20 10 10 3.50 @18 The time of the typing can be reduced. 20 08 12 3.40 @19 Spelling and grammatical mistakes can be

avoided.20 06 14 3.30 @

20 No need to add the dividing pages. 14 14 12 3.10 @Total 530 155 115Percent 66.250 19.375 14.375

Mean : 4.0375 S.D. = 0.5176

* Most Important # More Important @ Less Important

The data in Table 2 shows that according to the total numbers of opinion of professors, the majority of the professors (66.250 per cent) were agreed to

change the existing thesis style whereas 19.375 and 14.375 were neutral and disagree respectively. It can be concluded that majority of the professors

be accommodated on a single page. (16) Binding charges can be reduced. (17) Easy to get the zerox copy from the thesis. (18) The time of the typing

can be reduced. (19) Spelling and grammatical mistakes can be avoided. (20) No need to add the dividing pages.


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were agreed to change the existing thesis style. They might be ready to accept the new thesis style to reap the fruits of modern technology, if the authority can change the pattern of thesis style.

Table 3 : Level of opinion of professors towards change in thesis style n=40

Level of Opinion No. Per centLow (below 66) 02 05.00Medium (66 to 96) 34 85.00High (above 96) 04 10.00

Mean = 81.4 S.D.=15.525

Table 3 portrays that only 10 per cent professors had high level of opinion towards change in thesis style followed by a great majority (85.00 per cent) professors had medium level of opinion and very few (5 per cent) professors had low level of opinion towards change in thesis style. This clearly indicates that a great majority (95 per cent) of professors had medium to high level of opinion towards change in thesis style. This might be due to the fact that professors could have realized the advantages of the modern technology.

CONCLUSIONS

The great majority (95.00 per cent) of the professors had medium to high level of opinion towards change in thesis style through modern technology. According to the number of opinion of professors, the majority of the Professors (66.25 per cent) were agreed to change the existing thesis style.

The most important opinions were perceived by the professors for change in the thesis style were : (1) Number of pages can be reduced. (2) Cost of the thesis can be reduced (3) The registered post parcel charges can be reduced due to reduce in weight (4) Get neat and clean thesis writing due to qualitative work (5) Easy to store the information

on CD, Floppy etc. (6) Easy to handle the thesis (7) Save the floor space in library racks (8) The natural resources like trees, water etc can be saved through this eco-friendly style (9) Chronological arrangement is possible which save the time (10) Vivid presentation of tables/figures is possible.

IMPLICATIONS

The present study will be of greater useful to policy makers and planners of State Agricultural Universities), Professors, Researchers, Students, Librarians as well as Cybrarians etc. The major implications of this research study are as under :

1 If this new thesis style may be adopted, it can be most economically benefited in relation to several points like reducing numbers of pages and volume as well as computer typing, Xeroxing , binding and postage charges etc.

2 This new style facilitates in handling and storage of thesis to their users.

3 Through the use of modern technology, the effective, impressive and qualitative thesis can be prepared.

4 Time of all individuals connected with the thesis work can be saved.

5 The natural resources like trees, water etc. can be saved through this eco-friendly style.

6 It is high time and prime need to set the rhythm with coming future of electronic era and global communication in agricultural research, hence all the SAUs and related research institutes should adopt this new thesis style.

REFERENCE

Anonymous (2002). Industries policy, Printing Samachar Magazine Vol.2, Issue 7, Page 10.

Whatyouwanttobe,thatyoucanbe.-AnoldSpanishProverb


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INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the backbone among the India’s developmental concerns and is regarded as the largest sector of the country’s economy. It is a way of life for millions of farm families. This working force found either directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Today, still nearly 74 per cent of the country’s working force depends on agriculture out of which 41.8 and 32.2 per cent is from rural and urban areas, therefore, it is recognised as the biggest unorganized sector of India. Decision-making and accurate performance of all activities helps in making an enterprise more viable, feasible, and profitable. Before performing any operation/activity/task one has to think over various options available to him/her and selects only those which are simple, profitable, compatible, and relatively better. If a person before implementing a task plans and decides about various activities, he/she can produce excellent result. For creating a more equitable and for the interest of the society an urgent need is being felt for gender related data in various sectors including agriculture so as to build a better understanding and proper balancing of resources and there by creating a more favourable gender relations and better

work environment.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in the dominated areas of paddy and sugarcane crops cultivation of Navsari district of Gujarat state. Among the five talukas Navsari and Gandevi were selected for the study. Five villages were selected from each talukas at random. Thus, the study was carried out in ten villages. The list of farm families who have at least five years of experience of paddy and sugarcane crops cultivation were obtained from the Talati-cum-Mantri of respective villages and out of it ten men and women respondents were scrutinized by using simple random sampling method. The man and woman of selected farm families were basically husband and wife in relation. In all, the total sample size for the study was two hundred.

FINDINGS

1 Role of gender in decision making about paddy and sugarcane crops cultivation

1.1 Decision making about paddy cultivation

The data regarding decision making in paddy is presented in table 1.

ROLE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN PADDY AND SUGARCANE CULTIVATION

P. B. Pawar1 , M. R. Bhatt2 and R. D. Pandya3

ABSTRACT

The study was designed to appraise the role of gender in decision making in paddy and sugarcane crops cultivation. The result revealed that the majority of the men and women had higher and moderate level of decision making about practices of paddy cultivation respectively however, in case of sugarcane the majority of the men had higher level of decision making ability and majority of women had poor level of decision making ability.

1. Postgraduate student (Extension)2. Associate Professor (Extension)3. Professor & Head, Department of Extension Education, NMCA, NAU, Navsari


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Table1 : Distribution of men and women according to their level of role in decision making about paddy cultivation practices

n=200Level of role decision making Men Women Pooled

No. % No. % No. %Poor level of decision making 00 00.00 47 47.00 47 23.50Moderate level of decision making 44 44.00 53 53.00 97 48.50Higher level of decision making 56 56.00 00 00.00 56 28.00

X : 19.48 SD.: 10.40

The data presented in the table 1 indicated that the majority of the men (56.00 per cent) and women (53.00 per cent) had higher and moderate level of decision making followed by, 44.00 and 47.00 per cent of men and women had moderate and poor level of decision making. In general, nearly half of the respondents (48.50 per cent) had moderate level of decision making, followed by 28.00 and

23.50 per cent of men and women respondents had higher and poor level of decision making, respectively.

1.2 Decision making about sugarcane cultivation

The information regarding decision making about sugarcane crop cultivation is presented in table 2.

Table 2 : Distribution of men and women according to their level of role in decision making about sugarcane cultivation

n=200Level of role

decision makingMen Women Pooled

f % f % F %Poor level of decision making 00 00.00 59 59.00 59 29.50Moderate level of decision makingdecision making

32 32.00 41 41.00 73 36.50

Higher level of decision making 68 68.00 00 00.00 68 34.00

X : 16.34 SD:8.92

The data presented in the table-2 indicates that majority of the men (68.00 per cent) had higher level of decision making ability followed by, 32.00 and zero per cent of them falls in moderate and poor level of decision making categories. However, the majority of women (59.00 per cent) had poor level of decision making ability followed by 41.00 and zero per cent of them falls in moderate and higher categories. In general, nearly equal distribution of respondents was observed in decision making process in different sugarcane practices.

2 Relationship between personal, social, economic, communicational and psychological characteristics and decision making of gender

It is evident from the table 3 that the age of men (0.210**), education of women (0.274**), family size of women (0.558**), family type of women (0.313**),farming experience of women (0.245**), social participation of women (0.274**) and training received by women (0.369**), economic orientation of women (0.208**), scientific orientation of women (0.325**), risk orientation of women (0.331**), management orientation of men (0.229**) and women (0.321**), progressivism of men (0.220**) and women (0.292**), and achievement orientation of men (0.234**) and women (0.320**) found highly significant correlation with their decision making about paddy cultivation.

However, family type of men (-0.248**) was found


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negative but highly significant with their decision making about paddy cultivation.

On the other hand, age of women (0.187), education of men (0.188), caste of men (-0.059) and women (0.011), family size of men (0.136), occupation of men (0.143) and women (0.088), annual income of

men (-0.145) and women (-0.0731), land holding of men (0.109) and women (0.046), farming experience of men (-0.096), social participation of men (-0.145), innovativeness of men (0.188) and women (0.185), urban contact made by men (-0.068) and women (-0.024), training received by men (0.121), economic orientation of men (0.001), scientific

Table3: Relationship between personal characteristics of men and women and their decision making about paddy and sugarcane crops cultivation

n=200Sr. No.

Personal characteristics Correlation coefficients (r)Paddy Sugarcane

Men Women Pooled Men Women Pooled1 Age 0.210** 0.187 0.291** 0.262** 0.190 0.293**2 Education 0.188 0.274** 0.201** 0.187 0.329** 0.203**3 Caste -0.059 0.011 -0.002 0.099 0.061 0.0184 Size of family 0.136 0.558** 0.011 0.0586 -0.186 0.0015 Type of family -0.248** 0.313** 0.039 0.191 0.316** 0.0666 Occupation 0.143 0.088 0.338** 0.172 0.140 0.349**7 Annual income -0.145 -0.0731 -0.025 0.140 -0.106 -0.0058 Land holding 0.109 0.046 0.017 0.127 -0.008 0.0099 Farming experience -0.096 0.245** 0.359** 0.214** 0.196* 0.375**

10 Social participation -0.145 0.274** 0.654** 0.185 0.254** 0.661**11 Innovativeness 0.188 0.185 0.253** 0.187 0.185 0.250**12 Urban contact -0.068 -0.024 0.353** 0.081 0.059 0.381**13 Training received 0.121 0.369** 0.568* 0.208** 0.260** 0.557**14 Economic orientation 0.001 0.208** 0.293** 0.233** 0.301** 0.321**15 Scientific orientation 0.097 0.325** 0.230** 0.185 0.350** 0.232**16 Risk orientation 0.193 0.331** 0.389** 0.222** 0.256** 0.375**17 Management orientation 0.229** 0.321** 0.416** 0.227** 0.341** 0.414**18 Progressivism 0.220** 0.292** 0.354** 0.192 0.249** 0.339**19 Achievement orientation 0.234** 0.320** 0.301** 0.203** 0.278** 0.285**

NS = Non significant * = Significant at 0.05 level ** = Significant at 0.01 level

orientation of men (0.097) and risk orientation of men (0.193) found non-significant with their decision making about paddy cultivation.

In case of pooled data, the respondents age (0.291**), education (0.201**), occupation (0.338**), farming experience (0.359**), social participation (0.654**), innovativeness (0.253**), urban contact (0.353**), training received (0.568**), economic orientation (0.293**), scientific orientation (0.230**), risk orientation (0.389**), management orientation

(0.416**), progressivism (0.354**), and achievement orientation (0.301**) found highly significant correlation with their decision making about paddy cultivation.

It is manifest from the table 3 that the age of men (0.262**), education of women (0.229**), family size of women (0.316**), farming experience of men (0.214**), social participation of women (0.254**), training received by men (0.208 **) and women (0.260**), economic orientation of men (0.233**)


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and women (0.301**), scientific orientation of women (0.350**), risk orientation of men (0.222**) and women (0.256**), management orientation of men (0.227**) and women (0.341**), progressivism of women (0.249**), and achievement orientation of men (0.203**) and women (0.278**) found highly significant correlation with their decision making about sugarcane cultivation.

However, farming experience of women (0.196**) was found significantly correlated with their decision making about sugarcane cultivation.

Whereas, the age of women (0.190), education of men (0.187), caste of men (0.099) and women (0.061), family size of men (0.0586) and women (-0.186), family type of men (0.191), occupation of men (0.172) and women (0.140), annual income of men (0.140) and women (-0.106), land holding of men (0.127) and women (-0.008), social participation of men (0.185), innovativeness of men (0.187) and women (0.185), urban contact made by men (0.081) and women (0.059), scientific orientation of men (0.185) and progressivism of men (0.192) found non-significant with their decision making about sugarcane cultivation.

In case of pooled data the respondents age (0.293**), education (0.203**), occupation (0.349**), farming experience (0.375**), social participation (0.661**), innovativeness (0.250**), urban contact (0.381**), training received (0.557**), economic orientation (0.321**), scientific orientation (0.232**), risk orientation (0.375**), management orientation (0.414**), progressivism (0.339**), and achievement orientation (0.285**) found highly significant correlation with their decision making about sugarcane cultivation.

CONCLUSIONS

1 The majority of the men and women had higher and moderate level of decision making about practices of paddy cultivation. Whereas, the majority of the men had higher level of decision making ability and majority of women had poor level of decision making ability in sugarcane

cultivation practices. The probable reason might be that Indian society is a male dominated society where women are not independent fully to take such decision in agriculture.

2 The age, management orientation, progressivism, achievement orientation, of men were found positively significant and type of family had negative but significant correlation while, the education, size of family, type of family, farming experience, social participation, training received, economic orientation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, management orientation, progressivism, achievement orientation of women were found significantly correlated with their decision making about paddy cultivation.

3 The age, farming experience, training received, economic orientation, risk orientation, management orientation and achievement orientation of men were found significantly correlated while, the education, type of family, farming experience, social participation, training received, economic orientation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, management orientation, progressivism and achievement orientation of women were found positive and significant correlation with their decision making about sugarcane cultivation.

REFERENCES

Gautam, U. S.; Chand, R. and Singh, D. K. (2007). Socio-personal correlation for decision-making and adoption of dairy practices. Ind. Res. J. Ext. Edu., 7 : (2-3).

Kumari, A. (2002). Role of rural women in monetary decision-making. J. Ext. Edu., 13 (4) : 3418-3421.

Lamichhane, D. (2004). Decision making role of women in community forestry (A case study from Syangja district.). Tribbhuvan University, Tri- Chandra multiple campus,


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Nepal.

Mamatha, T. G. and Hiremath, G. (2001). Farm women decision making in family and farming activities in Tumkur district of Karnataka. Rural India., 80- 82.

Pal, P. K.; Gupta, C.; Mandal, T. K. and Pradhan, K. (2006). Participation of farm women in decision making. J. Intercad., 10 (30) : 405-410.

Prasad, A.; Singh, N. N. and Chanu, T. M. (2006). Factors with the decision making behaviour of farm women. Ind. J. Ext. Edu.,42 (3&4) : 47-50.

Sharma, D. K. and Singh, T. R. (1970). Participation of rural women in decision making process related to farm business. Indian J. Ext. Edu., 6 (1&2) : 43- 49.

Suradkar, D. D. and Nirban, A. J. (2001). Characteristics of farm women influencing their extent of participation in decision making. Maha. J. Ext. Edu., XX : 25.

Vijaya Lakshmi, P.; Reddy, M. V. and Rao, P.P. (1996). Decision making of farm women in turmeric cultivation. Andhra Agric. J., 43 (2&3) : 146- 148.associated

“What,precisely,is‘thinking’?When,onthereceptionofsenseimpressions,memorypicturesemerge,thisisnotyet‘thinking’.Andwhensuchpicturesformsequences,eachmemberofwhichcallsforthanother,thistooisnotyear‘thinking’.When,however,acertainpictureturnsupinmanysuchsequences,then-preciselybysuchreturn-itbecomesanorganizingelementforsuchsequences,inthatitconnectssequencesinthemselvestoeachother.Suchanelementbecomesatool,aconcept.Ithinkthatthetransitionfromfreeassociationor‘dreaming’tothinkingischaracterizedbythemoreorlesspreeminentroleplayedbythe‘concept’.Itisbynomeansnecessary thataconceptbe tied toasensorilycognizableandreproduciblesign(word)butwhenthisisthecase,thenthinkingbecomestherebycapableofbelingcommunicated.”

-AlbertEinstein


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ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in the tribal areas of Banaskantha district of the Gujarat state with a random sample of 200 tribal farm women. The participation of tribal farm women in each of the identified practices of animal husbandry was measured using three point continuum viz., full participation, moderate participation and no participation In case of dairy farming related activities the farm women were found involving themselves in the activities viz., feeding animal (2.76 MS), milking (2.76MS), watering animals (2.60 MS) and under poultry farming, keeping eggs for hatching (2.04 MS), rearing cocks for meat (2.12 MS) and rearing layers for eggs (1.16 MS) were the important activities in which maximum tribal farm women have participated.

INTRODUCTION

Women are the pillars on which the family unit stands but in reality tribal women present a picture of object poverty and exploitation both inside and outside the home. Traditionally, tribal women’s roles are confined to household chores and farming activities, which in general engage them for longer hours than men each day. The tribal women have a lot of potential for the development but they are unable to identify their own strength. They can become a great resource in the development process if they are properly organized and mobilized to make them self-reliant by encouraging them to participate not only in household activities but in agricultural activities also. Women’s participation is noticed in production, processing and generating household income in the areas of agriculture, animal husbandry,poultry and minor forest products. Keeping this in view, an attempt is to be made systematically to study “Participation of Tribal Farm Women In Dairy Farming and Poultry Farming Related Activities” was under taken.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in the tribal areas of Banaskantha district of the Gujarat state. Tribal dominated 2 talukas viz., Danta and Amirgadh covered under tribal sub-plan were purposively selected for the study. For selection of villages and respondents, multi-stage purposive sampling technique was employed. Total 20 tribal dominated villages, 10 from each taluka were selected. Tribal farm women from each village were selected using proportionate random sampling technique making a sample of 200 tribal farm women as respondents.

The participation of tribal farm women in each identified practice of dairy farming and poultry farming was measured on three point continuum viz., full participation, moderate participation and no participation with a score of 3, 2 and 1, respectively. For clear understanding of participation in each of the selected activities and to find overall participation, mean score for each practice and overall mean score covering all the practices were calculated.

1 Assistant professor, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agriculture University, Sardarkrushinagar. e-mail: [email protected]

2 Professor & Head, Department of Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agriculture University, Sardarkrushinagar

3 Professor, Department of Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agriculture University, Sardarkrushinagar

PARTICIPATION OF TRIBAL FARM WOMEN IN DAIRY AND POULTRY FARMING

R.R.Prajapati1, K.A.Thakkar2 and M.R.Prajapati3


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The data were collected by personal interview with the help of a well structured and pre-tested interview scheduled.


Animal husbandry related activities in the tribal area are generally performed by women. The assessment of participation of tribal farm women

with regard to different activities related to dairy farming was categorised in various aspects (i) feeding animal (ii) watering animal (iii) caretaking of animals (iv) grazing (v) milking (vi) curd making (vii) ghee making (viii) marketing of milk / curd / ghee and (ix) cowdung cake preparation. The findings on this aspect are depicted in Table 1.

Table 1: Participation of tribal farm women in dairy farming related activities n = 200

Sr.No.

ActivitiesParticipation Mean

scoreRank

Full Mode-rate No

1 Feeding animals 168(84.00)

16(08.00)

16(08.00)

2.76 1.5

2 Watering animals 144(72.00)

32(16.00)

24(12.00)

2.60 III

3 Caretaking of animals 104(52.00)

72(36.00)

14(12.00)

2.40 IV

4 Grazing 00(0.00)

40(20.00)

160(80.00)

1.20 VIII

5 Milking 176(88.00)

00(0.00)

24(12.00)

2.76 1.5

6 Curd making 64(32.00)

00(0.00)

136(68.00)

1.64 VI

7 Ghee making 40(20.00)

08(04.00)

152(76.00)

1.44 VII

8 Marketing of milk / curd / ghee 24(12.00)

152(76.00)

24(12.00)

2.00 V

9 Cowdung cake preparation 16(08.00)

00(0.00)

184(92.00)

1.16 IX

Overall mean score 1.99

Note: The figure in brackets indicates percentage.

With regards to feeding animals, it was found that 84.00 per cent tribal farm women participated fully and only 8.00 per cent participated moderately. Remaining 8.00 per cent women were found having no participation.

In the activity of watering animals, the full participation was observed among 72.00

per cent tribal farm women while, 16.00 per cent tribal farm women were found having moderate participation. Remaining 12.00 per cent women could not participated in watering animals.

Tribal farm women are also taking good care of their animals. Little more than half (52.00 %) and


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about one-third (36.00 %) tribal farm women were found having full participation and moderate participation in this activity, respectively. Only 12.00 per cent women had no participation in caretaking of animals.

In grazing animals activity, only 20.00 per cent of tribal farm women were found moderately engaged. While, remaining 80.00 per cent women could not participated at all.

With regards to milking, it was observed that 88.00 per cent tribal farm women had full participation while, none had moderate participation. Remaining 12.00 per cent women were found having no participation.

Curd making is an activity done for home purpose. In this activity, nearly one-third (32.00 %) of the tribal farm women were observed under full participation category. While, nearly two-thirds (68.00 %) women could not participated.

In case of ghee making, only 20.00 per cent of the tribal farm women have involved themselves under full participation category, whereas, negligible i.e. 4.00 per cent tribal farm women have participated moderately in this activity. No participation was observed among remaining 76.00 per cent tribal farm women.

Marketing of milk / curd / ghee was also done by tribal farm women. The participation was 12.00 and 76.00 per cent under full participation and moderate participation category, respectively. While, only 12.00 per cent tribal farm women were found under the category of no participation

Cowdung cake preparation was also one of the dairy farming practices studied. This activity was specifically done for fuel purpose. Here in this activity, only 8.00 per cent of tribal farm women were participated fully while,

remaining 92.00 per cent women could not participated at all.

Overall observation on participation of tribal farm women in dairy farming related activities show that among the various sub-items of dairy farming related activities, feeding animals and milking were the most important areas having 2.76 mean score each. Hence, both were ranked 1.5. These two activities are important for milk production and require special care hence, were found carried out by women with full interest. Further better performance of both the activities generally gives high economic return. The third rank was assigned to the sub-area of watering animals with a mean score of 2.60. The fourth and fifth ranked items were; caretaking of animals (2.40 mean score) and marketing of milk / curd / ghee (2.00 mean score), respectively. The practices having poor participation of women (mean score less than overall mean score) were; curd making (1.64 mean score), ghee making (1.44 mean score), grazing (1.20 mean score) and cowdung cake preparation (1.16 mean score).

Thus, the farm women were found involving themselves in the dairy farming related activities in one way or other. Women by nature have good qualities viz., motherhood and affection hence they took good care not only for economic benefit but also rear the animals as their family members.

The involvement of women in dairy farming related activities was also reported by Hossain and Mishra (2002) and Sharma and Khandelwal (2002).

Under poultry farming, the tribal farm women were found participating in the activities like (i) keeping eggs for hatching (ii) rearing cocks for meat and (iii) rearing layers for eggs. The data regarding this were gathered and presented in Table 2.


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It could be seen from the data presented in Table 2 that 48.00 per cent tribal farm women were found fully participated in rearing layers for eggs and only 8.00 per cent participated moderately. Remaining 44.00 per cent women could not participated at all.

With regards to rearing cocks for meet, it was observed that 56.00 per cent tribal farm women had full participation while, none had moderate participation. Remaining 44.00 per cent women were found having no participation.

Keeping eggs for hatching was the activity in which few tribal farm women were participated. Here in this activity, only 8.00 per cent of tribal farm women were participated fully. While, no participation was observed among 92.00 per cent tribal farm women.

The results on overall participation of tribal farm women clearly indicate that among the various activities of poultry farming, rearing cocks for meet was assigned first rank with a mean score of 2.12, followed by rearing layers for eggs with a mean score of 2.04. The participation in the activity of keeping eggs for hatching was poor (1.16 mean score) and hence was ranked third. The overall mean score of participation of tribal farm women in poultry farming was 1.77.

It can be thus concluded that maximum tribal farm women were participated in rearing cocks. This clearly indicate the sense of income generation

by tribal farm women through poultry farming. Further, the tribal mostly use cocks for the purpose to serve the special food to the guests and cocks are generally gives premier price resulting into high economic return.

Further it was observed that there was no systematic poultry farming, generally they kept poultry birds as a traditional activity to generate some income.

The women’s participation in poultry farming related activities was also reported by Hossain and Mishra (2002).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the aforesaid discussion that ‘Feeding animals’ and ‘Milking’ in case of dairy farming related IRM activities and ‘Rearing cocks for meet’ and ‘Rearing layers for eggs’ in case of poultry farming related IRM activities were the important activities in which maximum tribal farm women have participated.

REFERENCES

Hossain, M. M. and Mishra, S. N. (2002). Studied on involvement of women in agriculture and allied activities in Kalahandi district of Orissa. Manage Ext. Res. Review, 3(1):88-96.

Sharma, K. C. and Khandelwal, Suman (2002). Role of farm women in animal management. Raj.J. Ext. Edu., 10: 126-29.

Table 2: Participation of tribal farm women in poultry farming related activities n = 200

Sr.No.

ActivitiesParticipation

Mean score

RankFull

Mode-rate

No

1 Rearing layers for eggs 96(48.00)

16(08.00)

88(44.00)

2.04 II

2 Rearing cocks for meet 112(56.00)

00(0.00)

88(44.00)

2.12 I

3 Keeping eggs for hatching 16(08.00)

00(0.00)

184(92.00)

1.16 III

Overall mean score 1.77

Note: The figure in brackets indicates percentage.


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ABSTRACT

The result indicates that majority (83.00 per cent) of the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat had neutral to favorable attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment. There was positive and significant impact of academic performance, father’s and mother’s education, knowledge of different languages, job preference, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, self confidence and innovation proneness of the research scholars in forming their positive attitude towards the use of computer. While, feelings towards computer application for their empowerment was observed identical among those woman research scholars who had low to high level of information collection behaviour, willingness or unwillingness to get higher academic degree, wish to migrate abroad or settle in India, low to high level of orientation of competition and, low to high level of anxiety to make use of computer in their daily life.

INTRODUCTION

For agricultural development of India, role and contribution of women is well accepted by strategy makers, planners and academicians. Many experts have suggested that to develop agriculture as whole, there is need to encourage women educationists, researchers and extension educationists to motivate and contribute significantly to the half of woman force involved in the agriculture. From last two decades, considerable women students have shown their interest to be a part of agricultural education, research and extension activities. It is high time to give confidence and build up capabilities of women agricultural students through the use of computer and information technology. It is noticed that as compared to male, women’s participation in agricultural education, research and extension activities is quite less.

In recent era of information and technology, innumerable types of software are accessible to carry out almost any possible task using built-in rules and procedures. These programmes offer fast and efficient ways to conduct any kinds of

work, business, teaching, research, learning and education. It is observed that due to many reasons as explained earlier, many agricultural woman students do not take real advantages of computer application for the development. It is therefore, there is a need to examine the major problems and issues associated with it.

Accepting this, to know existing feeling of the woman students involved in agricultural higher education and research of SAUs of Gujarat towards computer in using this classic equipment for the development of their personality, a study was conducted on their feelings towards computer

METHODOLOGY

For this study, 45 women research scholars from Anand Agricultural University, 18 from Junagadh Agricultural University, 20 from Navsari Agricultural University and 17 from Dantiwada Sardarkrushinagar Agricultural University, finally a random sample of 100 woman research scholars were randomly and proportionately selected for the study. Ex-post facto research design was applied for this study. The interview schedule

1. Agricultural officer, Sheth M.C.Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Anand. Gujarat

2. Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ATTITUDE OF THE WOMAN RESEARCH SCHOLARS TOWARDS THE USE OF COMPUTER FOR THEIR EMPOWERMENT

B.M.Christian1 and N.B.Chauhan2


96

was used as a tool for collection of requisite information. The statistical tools like mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation technique were used to analyze data.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1 Level of attitude of the woman research scholars towards the use of computer for their empowerment

The attitude of the woman research scholars towards the use of computer for their empowerment is one of the important factors to expect their high quality proximity with computer.

Attitude is encouraging or depressing sensitivity of human being connected with any thing, person or technology. In the current investigation, attitude has been conceptualized as positive or negative feelings of woman research scholars towards computer and worth of its functions for their empowerment. To measure this, researchers had developed and standardized attitude scale adopting appropriate statistical procedure. The attitude towards the use of computer of woman research scholars for their empowerment was measured and result is presented in the Table 1.

Table 1 : The women research scholars as per their attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment n=100

Sr. No. Attitude towards the use of computer Number Per cent1 Unfavorable (below 38 score) 17 17.002 Neutral (38 to 47 score) 65 65.003 Favorable (above 47 score) 18 18.00

Table 1 indicates that majority (65.00 per cent) of the woman research scholars possessed neutral attitude towards computer application, while slightly less than one-fifth (18.00 per cent) of them were found with favourable attitude towards the use of computer and almost similar per cent (17.00 per cent) of woman research scholars were with unfavourable attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment. It can be said that majority (83.00 per cent) of the woman research scholars were having neutral to favorable attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment. It means majority of the woman research scholars were very positive to recognize application of computer in their everyday life for their personal development. This might be due to the recognition and understanding amongst the woman research scholars about tremendous usefulness of computer and its application to make them empower for future work in the field of agricultural extension, research and academic work more smooth and successful. This result was in line with the results of Patel (2007), Joshi (2009) and partially in the line with the result reported by Shah (2006).

2 Factors affecting the attitude of the woman research scholars towards the use of computer for their empowerment

Table 2 indicates that there was positive and significant impact of academic performance, father’s education, and mother’s education, knowledge of different languages, job preference, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, self confidence and innovation proneness of the research scholars in forming their positive attitude towards the use of computer. The result says that intelligent woman research scholars with high level of academic performance were more atheistic and positive towards computer considering it as an important tool to know valuable information available on internet for their future progress. The result was in line with the result reported by Bhatnagar (1994).

The result shows that attitude towards the use of computer of those scholars was better; whose fathers’ and mother’s education level was advanced. Understanding usefulness of internet for the personality development and collection


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Table 2 : Factors affecting the attitude of the woman research scholars towards the use of computer for their empowerment n=100

Sr. No. Independent variable “r” Value1 Age -0.121 NS2 Education -0.064 NS3 Academic performance 0.209 *4 Father’s Education 0.257 *5 Mother’s Education. 0.222 *6 Knowledge of different languages 0.251 *7 Habit of information collection 0.135 NS8 Native place -0.030 NS9 Type of family 0.015 NS

10 Wish to migrate abroad -0.008 NS11 Wish to get higher academic degree 0.071 NS12 Library exposure -0.057 NS15 Exposure in student’s curricular activity -0.049 NS11 Job preference 0.220 *14 Scientific orientation 0.212 *16 Competition orientation 0.069 NS17 Achievement motivation 0.236 *18 Computer anxiety -0.058 NS19 Self confidence 0.294 *20 Innovation proneness 0.243 *

* Significant at 0.05 level, NS = Non-significant

of useful information for the study, the educated fathers and mothers might have motivated their children to think positively towards the use of computer. The result indicates that attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment of those research scholars was favorable, who had knowledge of more number of languages and increased level of their job preference. In this study it was observed logical that research scholars with better scientific orientation had more progressive and favorable sensitivity towards innovative approaches. As a result of this, more positive attitude towards the use of computer was observed who had elevated scientific orientation.

It was found interesting that there was more positive attitude towards computer application that had higher realistic estimate to reach and acquire pre-decided goal in the life. As a result

of this, more positive attitude towards the use of computer was observed among those woman research scholars, who had high level of achievement motivation. The result indicates that self confidence of the woman research scholars played role up to significant extent to improve their attitude towards the use of computer. The woman research scholars with positive or negative state of interest and desire to seek changes in their research, study and learning were equally positive towards the applications of computer. The result reported was in line with the finding reported by Lee and Liu (2009), Chauhan (2004) and Patel (2007).

The additional part of the results indicate the attitude towards application of computer of the woman research scholars was not affected by their other characteristics viz. age, Education, habit of information collection, native place, type of


98

family, wish to migrate abroad, wish to get higher academic degree, library exposure, exposure in student’s curricular activity, competition orientation and computer anxiety. It means that positivism towards computer of woman research scholars was seen identical amongst there irrespective level of their age, Education, habit of information collection, native place, type of family, wish to migrate abroad, wish to get higher academic degree, library exposure, exposure in student’s curricular activity, competition orientation and computer anxiety

CONCLUSIONS

The outcome indicates that majority (83.00 per cent) of the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat had neutral to favorable attitude towards the use of computer for their empowerment. There was positive and significant role of academic performance, father’s and mother’s education, knowledge of different languages, job preference, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, self confidence and innovation proneness of the research scholars in forming their positive attitude towards the use of computer. It was also observed that the attitude towards application of computer of the woman research scholars or their empowerment was not affected by their other characteristics viz. age, education, habit of information collection, native place, type of family, wish to migrate abroad, wish to get higher academic degree, library exposure, exposure in student’s curricular activity, competition orientation and computer anxiety.

IMPLICATIONS

This result gives us ample support to suggest creating computer facility in all research, academic and extension related institutions of India to satisfy information, research related and academic needs and interests of research scholars with irrespective

level of their . age, education, habit of information collection, native place, type of family, wish to migrate abroad, wish to get higher academic degree, library exposure, exposure in student’s curricular activity, competition orientation and computer anxiety as well as women research scholars with knowledge of many languages and high levels of scientific orientation, achievement motivation, self confidence and innovation proneness.

REFERENCES

Bhatnagar, D. (1994).Factors Influencing Attitude toward Computers: A Study of Bank Employees in India Dec 1994, http://www.iimahd. Ernet.in/publications.

Chauhan, N.B. (2004).Use of internet by research scholars of Agriculture college, Anand, Times of India, Anand plus: 2.

Joshi, P.J. (2009).Computer inclination of agricultural extension educationists working in state agricultural universities of Gujarat. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.

Lee Hung-Wen and Liu Ching-Hsiang (2009) .The relationship among achievement motivation, psychological contract and work attitude Social, April 2009, http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net

Patel, M.C. (2007) A study on Factors affecting level of internet exposure of research scholars of Anand Agricultural University ,Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis submitted to the YCMOU,Nasik,Maharastra.

Shah, U.B. (2006).A study on level of internet exposure of teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.


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1 Asstt. Ext. Educationist, Agril. School, BACA, AAU, Anand2 Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand 1 Asstt. Ext. Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand

MARKETING CONSTRAINTS AS PERCIVED BY BANANA GROWERSA.R. Makwan1, J.K. Patel2 and B.D. Patel3

INTRODUCTION

The fruit crops differ from the other food crops like cereal with respect to certain natural characteristics like moisture content, texture and unit size, which makes them perishable, resulting in huge post harvest losses. That is why, it can be said that the process of commercial fruit growing cannot stop with the production of fruits of high quality, but must extend to the distribution of the produce to the ultimate users. This shows the importance of marketing of fruit crops. Marketing of banana fruits has several distinct features because of the nature of the crop itself. Because of its perishable nature, seasonality and bulkiness, it requires special care and attention in providing time, form and place utilities. Defective system of marketing results in heavy loss to the growers and he may not receive an adequate reward for his efforts. Hence, looking to the importance of marketing

of banana, some marketing constraints of banana growers were studied

METHODOLOGY

The present investigation was under taken to study the marketing constraints of respondents in Anand district of Middle Gujarat. Anand district was purposively selected for the present study where banana is grown extensively. Further Anand, Borsad and

Anklav talukas of Anand district were considered for the present investigation on the basis of their share to banana area in the district. Then 15 banana growing villages comprising of five from each taluka were randomly selected on the basis of maximum area under banana cultivation. Ten respondents from each of selected villages were chosen. In all, 150 respondents were selected for detailed study.

ABSTRACT

Banana is the major fruit crop of Anand district and therefore, present study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat state. 15 villages of 3 taluka were selected purposively based on higher area under banana cultivation. 10 banana growers from each village were selected at random, thus total sample size of the study was 150. Lack of risk bearing capacity (0.673 MS), low price of banana (1.020 MS) , lack of reliable updated information on marketing (0.747 MS) and lack of storage facilities (0.853 MS) were the prime constraints faced by the banana growers in relation to personal-social, economical, communicational and physical-technical marketing constraints respectively. Independent variables like age, education, occupation, training received and market orientation had significant correlation with marketing constraints of the banana growers. The banana growers suggested major marketing constraints such as supporting price of the banana should be determined in advance (65.33 per cent), banana based agro-processing industries should be started (55.33 per cent) and agricultural extension system should be cover marketing aspect (41.33 per cent).


100

Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to the marketing constraints faced by them in selling of banana n = 150

Sr. No. Marketing constraints Total score

Mean score

Rank

I Personal-social marketing constraints1 Lack of foresight and vision of marketing 58 0.387 V2 Lack of decision making capability of selling 75 0.500 III3 Lack of risk bearing capacity 101 0.673 I4 Lack of cooperation among farmers 98 0.653 II5 Un-availability of trained labours 60 0.400 IV

II Economical marketing constraints1 High cost of transportation 104 0.693 V2 High rate of labour charges 108 0.720 IV3 Fragmented production of banana 145 0.967 II4 Low price of banana 153 1.020 I5 High cost of grading and packaging 72 0.480 VIII6 Lack of reasonable support price 127 0.847 III7 Unpredictable price of banana 94 0.627 VI8 Delayed payment of money 89 0.593 VII

III Communicational marketing constraints1 Inadequate contact with buyers/ middlemen 76 0.507 V2 Inadequate guidance and co-operation from buyers/middle-

men99 0.660 III

3 Lack of information about sources of marketing 82 0.547 IV4 Poor marketing knowledge of extension workers 69 0.460 VI5 Weak extension system regarding Agril. Marketing 110 0.733 II6 Insufficient training programmes regarding Agril. Marketing 64 0.427 VII7 Lack of reliable updated information on marketing 112 0.747 I

IV Physical-technical marketing constraints1 Lack of storage facilities 128 0.853 I2 Low weighing of banana 85 0.567 VIII3 Un-availability of transport facilities 109 0.727 III4 Market is away from village 63 0.420 IX5 Lack of co-operative/ APMC market 102 0.680 IV6 Lack of grading and packaging facilities 85 0.567 VII7 Lack of open auction 95 0.633 VI8 Un-availability of processing units 126 0.840 II9 Lack of ancillary facilities 99 0.660 V


With regard to personal- social marketing constraints, lack of risk bearing capacity was the major constraint faced by respondents with mean score 0.673, followed by lack of cooperation

among farmers (0.653). Among economical marketing constraints, major constraints endorsed by respondents were low price of banana (1.020) and fragmented production of banana (0.967)


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ranking first and second respectively. In respect of communicational marketing constraints, it becomes clear that lack of reliable updated information on marketing (0.747) was the main constraint followed by weak extension system regarding agricultural marketing (0.733). In relation to physical - technical marketing constraints, lack of storage facilities (0.853) and un-availability of processing units (0.840) were the main constraints faced by the respondents ranking first and second respectively.

Relationship between selected characteristics of respondents and their marketing constraints

The data in this regard were collected and statistically analyzed by using Karl Pearson’s Correlation Co-efficient Method (r). The results obtained in this regard are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 : Relationship between selected characteristics of banana growers and their marketing constraints

Sr. No.

Independent variables ‘ r ‘ value

1 Age 0.17094 *2 Education -0.26660 *3 Occupation -0.19277 *4 Size of family 0.136885 Social participation 0.014206 Use of information sources 0.020167 Training received -0.21659 *8 Extension participation 0.050649 Size of land holding 0.07095

10 Land under banana cultiva-tion

0.11487

11 Irrigation facilities -0.0921012 Annual income 0.1041213 Economic motivation 0.0023914 Scientific orientation 0.0458415 Market orientation -0.20638 *16 Cosmo politeness -0.06967

* Significant at 0.05 percent level of probability, Critical value (2 tail, 0.05) = 0.1603

The result in Table 2 indicates that there was positive significant relationship between age and

their marketing constraints. It implies that old aged respondents experienced more marketing constraints. The old aged respondents have lower level of education, modern vision, enthusiasm, scientific inspiration, activeness and ability to understand present marketing system than young respondent, which might have played role to have more marketing constraints.

The data also reveal that there was negative significant relationship between education, occupation, training received as well as market orientation of the respondents and their marketing constraints. It means higher level of education and more training provide better ability to an individual to know and solve the marketing constraints. This may be due to their progressive outlook, power and ability to come out from difficult situation. It can be also said that occupation and market orientation of respondents increases, then their marketing constraints decreases. This might be due to they get more opportunity to receive latest knowledge and information from the different persons, institutions, organizations etc.

The characteristics viz. size of family, social participation, use of information sources, extension participation, size of land holding, land under banana cultivation, irrigated land, irrigation facilities, estimated production of banana, estimated selling price of banana, annual income, economic motivation, scientific orientation, and cosmopoliteness were not found to be related with the marketing constraints. This indicates that above characteristics had no influence on the respondents.

Suggestions made by the respondents to overcome the marketing constraints

Finally to overcome various marketing constraints, suggestions were invited from the respondents. The respondents were requested to offer their valuable suggestions against marketing constraints faced by them in the selling of banana produce. The suggestions so offered are presented in Table 3.


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Table 3 : Suggestions made by the respondents to overcome the marketing constraints n = 150

Sr. No.

Suggestions Frequency Percent Rank

1 Setting up banana based agro-processing industries 83 55.33 II2 Marketing banana through regulated market 37 24.67 VII3 Bringing more Co-operative marketing 49 32.67 V4 For marketing, free telephone help-line facilities should

be created54 36.00 IV

5 Encouragement of export oriented production of ba-nana

42 28.00 VI

6 To determine support price for banana 98 65.33 I7 Agril. Extension system should cover marketing of vari-

ous crop62 41.33 III

The data from the Table 3 indicates that the major suggestions endorsed by respondents were “to determine support price for banana (65.33 percent)” followed by “setting up banana base agro-processing industries (55.33 percent)” and “agril. extension system should be cover marketing of various crop (41.33 percent)” .

CONCLUSION

To optimize the results it can be said that lack of risk bearing capacity, low price of banana, lack of reliable updated information on marketing and lack of storage facilities were the prime

constraints faced by the banana growers in relation to personal-social, economic, communicational and physical-technical marketing constraints respectively. Age, education, occupation, training received and market orientation had significant influenced on marketing constraints faced by the banana growers. Although supporting price should be determined in advance and banana based agro-processing industries should be set up were the major suggestions offered by the banana growers to address problems related to marketing of banana crop.

“It is interestingtocontemplateatangledbank, clothedwithmanyplants

of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting

about,andwithwormscrawlingthroughthedampearth,andtoreflectthatthese

elaboratelyconstructedforms,sodifferentfromeachother,anddependentupon

eachotherinsocomplexamanner,haveallbeenproducedbylawsactingaround

us....Thereisgrandeurinthisviewoflife”

-CharlesDarwin


103

ABSTRACT

Present study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat state where functioning of PIMS is more effective .The result revealed that the most important economic, administrative ,technical and personal problems faced by the members of PIMS were lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge,at night time trace-passer damaged canal / field channel / water course, deterioration of soil condition due to continuum and over irrigation and it is difficult to schedule irrigation when it arranged at night time.

INTRODUCTION

Irrigation as the main catalyst of agricultural development in India accounts for the largest share in total investment in the agricultural sector, Gujarat state has a relatively lower share in the overall availability of water in India. In Gujarat, only 23 per cent of the total cultivable land of the state is under irrigation. Even with the fullest exploitation of the Sardar Sarovar Project, about 52 per cent of the state agriculture will be dependent on the mercy of monsoon, particularly erratic, inadequate and uncertain rainfall. On the basis successive, experience of Rotational Water Delivery System (RWDS), the concept of participatory irrigation management was accepted. Though participatory irrigation management is an accepted concept but operationalisation of this concept in a systematic manner has been a major weakness. Therefore the investigators felt necessary to find out the problems faced by the members of Participatory Irrigation Management Society (PIMS) and also to collect the suggestions to overcome their problems.

METHODOLOGY

Anand district has taken a lead for adopting the RWDS of canal irrigation in the state. Anand

district is composed of eight talukas, among these talukas, Anklav and Borsad talukas were selected purposively for the study as irrigation water is distributed from the same minor of Mahi-Kadana Irrigation Project. Among the various PIMS working in the both talukas, Sardar Patel Krushi Vikas Ane Piyat Sahakari Mandali (SPKVPSM). Bhetasi of Anklav taluka and Akshar Piyat Ane Krushi Vikas Sahakari Mandali (APKVSM), Bochasan of Borsad taluka were selected purposively which was started in the year 1993-94 and 1994-95 respectively. For the study. Fifty members from each PIMS were selected randomly making total sample size of 100 respondents.Intrview schedule was prepared in light of the objective to collect data.


Problem in this study was operationalised as the items of difficulties faced by the members of PIMS in efficient use of canal irrigation water. During the course of the present investigation, the respondents expressed many constraints which were grouped into four categories viz., (i) economic, (ii) administrative, (iii) technical and (iv) personal problems. All the problems were ranked on the basis of mean scores. The responses of

1 Associate Extension Educationist, TOT Scheme, AAU, Arnej 2 Editor, KRUSHIGOVIDYA, Publication Deptt., AAU, Anand3 Assistant Professor, Deptatment of Ext. Edu., B.A. College of Agril., AAU, Anand

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE MEMBERS OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETY

R.A. Dabhi1, N. V. Soni2 and J.K. Patel3


104

the respondents with regard to the problems are presented in Table 1 to 4.

1 Economic problems

The data in Table 1 showed the economic problems faced by the members of PIMS in descending order of rank were lack of financial provision at

the time of payment of irrigation charge (rank-I), PIMS did not help for obtaining credit from the any financial organization (rank-II), masonary work / maintenance / repairing of canal / field channel were costly (rank-III), higher irrigation charge recovered by PIMS (rank-IV).

Table 1: Economic problems faced by the members of PIMS n=100

Sr.No.

Problems Mean Score Rank

1 Lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge 2.75 I2 PIMS did not help for obtaining credit from any financial organization 1.64 II3 Masonary work / maintenance / repairing of canal / field channel were

costly1.50 III

4 Higher irrigation charge recovered by PIMS 1.06 IV

2 Administrative problems

Looking to the data given in Table 2 indicates the administrative problems in descending order of rank were at night time trace-passer damaged canal, field channel, water course (rank-I), inadequate canal water supply for irrigation to the tail-enders (rank-II), irregular supply of canal water for irrigation (rank-III), problem of water course from outlet to field (rank-IV), less coverage of irrigation area compared to irrigation efficiency of PIMS (rank-V), problem of cleanliness of channel and water course (rank-VI), inability to provide irrigation water by the PIMS at critical stage or dry spell of rain (rank-VII), problem of some dominant farmers in distribution of irrigation water (rank-VIII), problem of distribution of annual report in general body meeting (rank-IX), improper maintenance and repairing of channel and water course (rank-X), improper implementation of time schedule for irrigation (rank-XI), inadequate supply of canal water for irrigation (rank-XII), farmers those who were nearer to outlet using more irrigation water (rank-XIII), time schedule for irrigation was not prepared (rank-XIV), annual general body meeting was not held/called scheduled regularly (rank-XV), election of management committed PIMS was not carried out timely (rank-XVI), each caste was not given opportunity for representative in management committee (rank-XVII), female

members were not involved in management committee (rank-XVIII), lack of co-ordination and co-operation between PIMS personnel and members (rank-XIX), lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the members of PIMS

(rank-XVIII), harassment for the payment of irrigation charge (rank-XXI), adequate motivational efforts were not employed for increasing the members of PIMS (rank-XXII) and period for paying irrigation charge was not informed well in advance by the PIMS personnel (rank-XXIII).

3 Technical problems

A perusal of data presented in Table 3 indicates the technical problems in descending order or rank were deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation (rank-I), problem of high intensity of weed (rank-II), literature pertaining to modern agricultural technology and water management practices was not provided by PIMS (rank-III), training programmes pertaining to agricultural technology and water management practices were not arranged by PIMS (rank-IV), educational tour field trips were not arranged by PIMS (rank-V), technical information was not available at PIMS office (rank-VI) and PIMS personnel were not technically well equipped (rank-VII).


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Table 2 : Administrative problems faced by the members of PIMS n=100

Sr.No.

Problems Mean Score Rank

1 At night time trace-passer damaged canal / field channel / water course 2.03 I2 Inadequate canal water supply for irrigation to the tail-enders 1.67 II3 Irregular supply of canal water for irrigation 1.62 III

4 Problem of water course from outlet to field. 1.61 IV5 Less coverage of irrigation area compared to irrigation efficiency of PIMS. 1.60 V

6 Problem of cleanliness of channel and water course 1.58 VI

7 Inability to provide irrigation water by the PIMS at critical stage or dry spell of rain

1.57 VII

8 Problem of some dominant farmers in distribution of irrigation water 1.56 VIII9 Problem of distribution of annual report in general body meeting 1.55 IX

10 Improper maintenance and repairing of chennal and water course 1.54 X11 Improper implementation of time schedule for irrigation 1.49 XI12 Inadequate supply of canal water for irrigation 1.46 XII13 Farmers those who were nearer to outlet using more irrigation water 1.44 XIII14 Time schedule for irrigation was not prepared 1.43 XIV15 Annual general body meeting was not called regularly 1.42 XV16 Election of management committed PIMS was not carried out timely 1.41 XVI17 Each caste was not given opportunity for representative in manage-

ment committee1.39 XVII

18 Female members were not involved in management committee 1.35 XVIII19 Lack of co-ordination and co-operation between PIMS personnel

and members1.33 XIX

20 Lack of co-ordination and co-operation among the members of PIMS 1.30 XX21 Harassment for the payment of irrigation charge 1.28 XXI22 Adequate motivational efforts were not employed for increasing the

members of PIMS1.20 XXII

23 Period for paying irrigation charge was not informed well in advance by the PIMS personnel

1.16 XXIII

Table 3 : Technical problems faced by the members of PIMS n=100

Sr.No.

Problems Mean Score

Rank

1 Deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation 2.20 I2 Problem of high intensity of weed 2.09 II3 Literature pertaining to modern agricultural technology and water man-

agement practices was not provided by PIMS1.91 III

4 Training programmes pertaining to agricultural technology and water management practices were not arranged by PIMS

1.80 IV

5 Educational tour/field trips were not arranged by PIMS 1.77 V6 Technical information was not available at PIMS office 1.50 VI7 PIMS personnel was not technically well equipped 1.46 VII


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4 Personal problems

As evident from Table 4 that members of PIMS have suggested the personal problems in descending order or rank were arrangement of time for

irrigation was difficult when it arranged at night time (rank-I), non-availability of labour at night time for irrigation (rank-II) and members were not followed the time schedule of irrigation properly (rank-III).

Table 4 : Personal problems faced by the members of PIMS n=100

Sr. No. Problems Mean Score Rank1 Arrangement of time for irrigation was difficult when it arranged at

night time2.09 I

2 Non-availability of labour at night time for irrigation 2.08 II3 Members were not followed the time schedule of irrigation properly 1.48 III

In general, the aforesaid discussion leads to conclude that the most important economic problems faced by the members of PIMS were lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge. The major administrative problems faced by the members of PIMS were at night time trace-passer damage canal / field channel / water course The important technical constraints being faced by the respondents was deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation, and the major personal problems was it is difficult when it scheduling of irrigation at night time .These findings go to corroborate the observations of Bhatt (1990), Gaikwad and Ingle (1992).

CONCLUSIONS

The most important problems faced by the members of PIMS were : Lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge, At

night time trace-passer damaged canal / field channel / water course, Deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation, Problem of high intensity of weed, Arrangement of time for irrigation was difficult when it arranged at night time and Non-availability of labour at night time for irrigation

REFERENCE

Bhatt, M.R. (1990). Rotational Water Delivery System and its Impact on Socio-economic Status of Farmers. Unpublished M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis, GAU, Anand.

Gaikwad, S.M. and Ingle, P.O. (1992). Impact of Karadinalla Irrigation Project. Indian J. Extn. Edn., 28(3&4) : 108-110.

Ganguly, K. and Singh Baldeo (2000). Participatory Irrigation Management in India. Agricultural Extension Review, 12(5) : 6-13.

IWANTTOBEHAPPYBUTICANNOTBEHAPPYUNLESSIMAKEYOUHAPPY


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CONSTRAINTS FACED BY CHILLI GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY

B. D. Patel1, Sunil R. Patel2 and M. R. Bhatt3

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted with randomly selected 150 chilly growers of three selected talukas of Vadodara district. The study revealed that high cost of inputs, lack of man power, irregular supply of electricity and lack of finance were the major constraints, while the major suggestions offered by them were: effort should be made to minimize the input cost, timely and sufficient electric power should be provided, sufficient credit at reasonable interest rate should be provided and rate of agricultural produce should be regulated.

INTRODUCTION

Chilly is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India, for home consumption and export. At world level India contributes about one fourth of world chilly production (Anonymous, 2003). However, the productivity of chilly in India is much below the world average. Further in comparison with other states, Gujarat is far behind in terms of area, production and productivity. One of the major reasons for such situation is lower adoption of the recommended chilly cultivation technology. This demands careful analysis of the constraints faced by the chilly growers which hinder the adoption of new technology.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Out of twelve talukas, three talukas having higher land under chilli cultivation were purposively selected. Total 150 chilli growers from 15 villages of these selected talukas were randomly selected for study purpose. The responses were collected through pre tested, well structured, Gujarati version, personal interview schedule. The

respondents were contacted at their home or at their field.

For measuring the constrains in the adoption of recommended chilli technology of chilli crop, the respondents were asked to state the items of difficulties faced by them in three categories such as most important, important and less important and score was assigned 3, 2 and 1, respectively. Total score and mean score were computed for each item and rank order was then given. Further they were asked to give their valuable suggestions to overcome the constraints. The suggestions offered were ranked on the basis of number and percentage of respondents who reported respective suggestions.


Constraints faced by chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli technology

Constraints in adoption of new technology never end. However they can be minimized if known to policy makers and planners. The data in this regard are presented in Table: 1.

1 Assistant Professor, EEI, AAU, Anand, [email protected] Assistant Professor, Directorate of Research, AAU, Anand3 Associate Professor, NMCA, NAU, Navsari


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Table: 1 Constraints faced by the chilli growers in adoption of recommended technology of chilli crop.

n=150

Sr.No.

Constraints Totalscore

Meanscore

Rank

1 Lack of finance 330 2.20 IV2 Lack of adequate knowledge 280 1.87 X3 Lack of man power 340 2.27 II4 Unavailability of healthy seedlings 235 1.57 XII5 High cost of inputs 355 2.37 I6 High cost of transport 315 2.10 VII7 High cost of labours 295 1.97 IX8 Non availability of timely credit 300 2.00 VIII9 Lack of timely technical advice 240 1.60 XI

10 Inadequate irrigation facilities 318 2.12 VI11 Irregular supply of electricity 336 2.24 III12 Lack of market facilities 215 1.43 XIII13 Fluctuation in market price 321 2.14 V

The data presented in Table: 1 reveal that out of thirteen items of constraints experienced by the chilli growers in adoption of chilli cultivation technology, respondents had assigned first rank to high cost of inputs (2.37) followed by lack of man power (2.27), irregular supply of electricity (2.24), lack of finance (2.20), fluctuations in market price (2.14), inadequate irrigation facilities (2.12), high cost of transport (2.10), non-availability of timely credit (2.00), high cost of labours (1.97), lack of adequate knowledge (1.87), lack of timely technical advice (1.60), unavailability of healthy

seedling (1.57) and lack of market facilities (1.43) respectively.

Suggestion made by the chilli growers to overcome the constraints faced by them.

An attempt was made to ascertain suggestions from chilli growers to over come various constraints faced by them in adoption of recommended chilli technology. The respondents were requested to offer their valuable suggestions against difficulties faced by them in adoption of recommended chilli technology.

The suggestions offered by chilli growers are presented in Table: 2

Table: 2 Suggestions given by the chilli growers to overcome constraints faced by them. n=150

Sr.No Suggestions Frequency Percentage Rank

1 Effort should be made to minimize the input cost 135 90.00 I2 Training on new cultivation technology should be imparted 55 36.67 VII3 Timely and sufficient electric power should be provided 120 80.00 II4 Disease free seedlings should be provided at reasonable

rate62 41.33 VI

5 Sufficient credit at reasonable interest rate should be provided

110 73.33 III

6 Rate of agricultural produce should be regulated 98 65.33 IV7 Timely technical guidance should be provided 74 49.33 V


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From Table: 2, it is apparent that 90.00 percent of the chilli growers suggested that effort should be made to minimize the input cost followed by timely and sufficient electric power should be provided (80.00 per cent), sufficient credit at reasonable interest rate should be provided (73.33 per cent), rate of agricultural produce should be regulated (65.33 per cent), timely technical guidance should be provided (49.33 per cent), disease free seedlings should be provided at reasonable rate (41.33 per cent) and training on new cultivation technology should be imparted (36.67 per cent).

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that high cost of inputs, lack of

man power, irregular supply of electricity and lack of finance were the major constraints as perceived by the chilli growers in adoption of chilli cultivation technology, while the major suggestions offered by them were: effort should be made to minimize the input cost, timely and sufficient electric power should be provided, sufficient credit at reasonable interest rate should be provided and rate of agricultural produce should be regulated.

REFERENCE

Anonymous (2003). Indian Agriculture-2003, Indian Economic data research, New Delhi.

“Uptonow,mostscientistshavebeentoooccupiedwiththedevelopmentofnewtheoriesthatdescriblewhattheuniverseistoaskthequestionwhy.Ontheotherhand, thepeoplewhosebusiness it is towhy, thephilosophers,havenotbeenabletokeepupwiththeadvanceofscientifictheories.......However,ifwedodiscoveracompletetheory,itshouldbeintimeunderstandablein broad principal by everyone, not just a few scientists. Then we shall all,philosophers, scientists, and just ordinarypeople, beable to takepart in thediscussionofthequestionofwhyitisthatweandtheuniverseexits,Ifwefindtheanswertothat,itwouldbetheultimatetriumphreason-forthenwewouldknowthemindofGod”

-StephenHawking


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INTRODUCTION

Mustard is one of the most important crops among the different oilseed crops grown in India. Its oil is used for edible as well as non-edible purpose. It is widely used in human diet as a medium for cooking. Gujarat is ideally suited for the cultivation of mustard. Its cultivation is largely concentrated in Mehsana, Banaskantha, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Ahmedabad and Kheda districts. Kheda district conceived fourth position in area and production wise in the state. The average yield of mustard in Kheda district is low as compared to yield gained from research station. Therefore, the present study was conducted with specific objective of studying the constraints faced by the mustard growers in adoption of recommended mustard cultivation technology.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in Borsad and Petlad talukas of Kheda district of Gujarat State. Two stage random sampling technique used to select a sample for the study. Thus, 100 respondents were randomly selected, from 10 randomly selected villages of the said talukas which has major area under mustard cultivation.

The data were collected with help of personal interview schedule. To measure the constraints in adoption of recommended mustard cultivation technology, each respondent was asked to mention his main constraints in adoption in order of degree of difficulties. Constraints experienced by them were measured with the help on four points rating with score value as very much, much, less and not at all with score 3, 2, 1, and zero, respectively. Total score for each constraint was calculated and then rank was given to each constraint.


The perusal of the data presented in Table 1 reveal that high wages of labour was the main constraints faced by the mustard growers which secured highest score 177 and ranked first position. This followed by regular supply of electricity which secured score 132 and ranked second. Non availability of labour at a time of harvesting, canal irrigation is not available in time and non availability of chemical fertilizers ranked third, fourth and fifth position which is expressed by 78.00 per cent, 67.00 per cent and 54.00 per cent of respondents, respectively.

CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE MUSTARD GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES

M. P. Suthar1, C. D. Pandya2 and K. F. Patel3

ABSTRACT

Borsad and Petlad talukas of Kheda district is ideally suited for the cultivation of mustard however, the average yield of mustard was 1009 kg/ha, which is low as compared to yield gained from research station (2,200 kg/ha). The two stage random sampling method with ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. The data were collected with help of personal interview schedule and analysed in order to make the findings meaning. The main constraints faced by the mustard growers were high wages of labour, irregular supply of electricity, non availability of labour at a time of harvest, canal irrigation is not available in time and non availability of chemical fertilizers.

1. Assistant Extension Educationist (Extension), NAU, Vyara2. SMS (Extension), KVK, NAU, Vyara, 3. Former Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand


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Table 1: Constraints in adoption of recommended mustard cultivation technology experienced by the mustard growers n=100

Sr.No.

Constraints Number Per cent TotalScore

RankOrder

1 High cost of seed 41 41.00 44 VII2 Non availability of pure seed 38 38.00 41 VIII3 Non availability of finance in time 45 45.00 60 VI4 Irregular supply of electricity 92 92.00 132 II5 Non available of canal irrigation in time 67 67.00 99 IV6 Non availability of labours at a time of

harvesting78 78.00 129 III

7 Non availability of plant protection equipments

30 30.00 30 X

8 Non availability of plant protection chemicals

10 10.00 10 XI

9 Non availability of chemical fertilizers 54 54.00 57 V10 High wages of labour 99 99.00 177 I11 Lack of timely technical guidance 05 05.00 5 XII12 Non availability of market facility 31 31.00 31 IX

Non availability of finance in time, high cost of seed and non availability of pure seed were the other major constraints in adoption of recommended mustard cultivation technology which secured sixth, seventh and eighth position, respectively. Other constraints in adoption of recommended mustard cultivation technology in descending order were non availability of market facilities, non availability of plant protection equipments and non availability of plant protection chemicals securing ninth, tenth and eleventh position, respectively.

CONCLUSION

It could be inferred that the major constraints faced

by the mustard growers were high wages of labour, irregular supply of electricity, non availability of labour at a time of harvest, non-available canal irrigation in time and non availability of chemical fertilizers.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (1989). District wise Estimate of Area and Production of Rape and Mustard (1986-87). Agricultural situation in India, Vol. XIIV (1). Pp.71.

Poehlman, J. M. and Brothakur, D. (1965). Breeding Asian field crops. Oxford and IBU publication, new Delhi, Pp. 311

To become an able and successful man in any profession, three things are necessary, nature, study and practice.

- H.W..Beacher.


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IMPEDIMENTS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED ONION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

N.B. Jadav1, P.R. Kanani2 and D.V. Patel1

ABSTRACT

With a view to studying the constraints faced by onion growers in adoption of onion production technology, 120 respondents were selected from the onion growing area. Major impediments observed in adoption of recommended onion production technology were shortage of irrigation water, problem of storage, low price of onion in market, high price of fertilizer, inadequate and irregular power supply, high cost of pesticides, poor economic condition and lack of knowledge about crop insurance. To overcome these constraints, the onion growers suggested that irrigation water, remunerative price, regular and sufficient electricity storage facility, sufficient and timely credit facility as well as training should be provided to the onion growers.

1 & 3 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Millet Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Jamnagar – 361 0062 Prof. & Head Dept. of Ext. Edue., JAU, Junagadh

INTRODUCTION

Onion is an important bulb crop grown as vegetable all over the country and consumed by almost every family round the year. India is the second largest country in the world next to China in respect of production accounting 12 per cent and in export 13.6 per cent in the world. Due to its adaptability to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, it is being cultivated in many states of India like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka. U.P. and Andhra Pradesh. In Gujarat, Saurahstra region accounts 85.17 per cent of total production of onion in the state. However, the average yield of onion is 10 tones/ha against the potential yield of 30 tones/ha received in demonstration plot or on research farm. This wide gap between potential and average yield per ha of onion in Saurashtra region is indicative of the fact of poor or low adoption of recommended technology by the farmers, which in turn might be the resultant effect of certain constraints or problems in the way of adoption of recommended onion production technology.

MEHTODOLOGY

The study was under taken in Mahuva and Talaja talukas of Bhavnagar district where onion is grown in a large area. Six villages from each of these two Talukas were selected on the basis of area under onion cultivation. A list of onion growers from these selected villages was obtained and out of them total 120 farmers was selected by proportionate random sampling method. Thus, 120 onion growers constituted the sample respondents for this study. For measurement of constraints in onion cultivation a constraint index was developed. The interview schedule was prepared and administered to collect the information from these respondents through personal interview method. The respondents were asked about the technological constraints faced by them in adoption of recommended onion production technology and suggestions / solutions to overcome the constraints.

FINDINGS

1 Constraints in adoption

It is clear from the Table: 1 that shortage of


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irrigation water was the major constraint as expressed by 75.00 per cent of farmers followed by problem of storage (73.33 per cent), low price of onion in market (71.66 per cent), high price of fertilizer (67.50 per cent), inadequate and irregular power supply (66.66 per cent), high cost of pesticides (65.00 per cent) and poor economic condition (60.83 per cent). Apart from these,

some other constraints experienced by them were lack of knowledge about crop insurance (59.16 per cent), high price of compost (56.66 per cent), loss due to insect/pest (54.16 per cent), damage to bulb while harvesting (53.33 per cent), lack of knowledge about recommended onion production technology (50.83 per cent) and high price of wage laborers (50.00 per cent).

Table 1: Constraints faced by the respondents in adoption of recommended onion production technology n= 120

Sr. No.

Constraints No. of respondents Percentage

1 Lack of knowledge about crop insurance 71 59.16

2 Poor economic condition 73 60.83

3 Soil testing laboratory is far away from the village 55 45.83

4 High price of wage laborer 60 50.00

5 More need of labour in onion crop 51 42.50

6 High price of compost 68 56.66

7 High price of fertilizer 81 67.50

8 Lack of knowledge about seed treatment 31 25.83

9 Inadequate and irregular power supply 80 66.66

10 Shortage of irrigation water 90 75.00

11 High cost of pesticides 78 65.00

12 Low price of onion in market 86 71.66

13 Scarcity of skilled labour for spraying 45 37.05

14 Loss due to insect/pest 65 54.16

15 At time of harvesting, bulbs get damaged 64 53.33

16 Problem in storage 88 73.33

17 Lack of knowledge about recommended onion production technology

61 50.83

2 Suggestions from the onion growers to overcome the constraints

The data presented in Table: 2 reveal that provision of irrigation water emerged as the major suggestion given by 90.00 per cent of the respondents followed by provision of remunerative prices to onion growers (83.33 per cent), provision of regular and sufficient electricity supply (74.00 ) and provision of storage facility i.e. Govt. godown (70.00 per

cent). Some other important suggestions were: all inputs should be made available (55.00 per cent), training should be imparted to the onion growers (36.37 per cent), low cost onion technology should be evolved (29.17 per cent), recommended onion production technology should be convenient and easily adaptable (27.50 per cent) and credit / crop loan and insurance should be provided to onion crop (26.67 per cent).


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Table 2 : Suggestions from the onion grower for overcome the constraints n=120

Sr. No.

Suggestion No of respondents

Percentage

1 Training should be imparted to the onion growers 44 36.372 Recommended onion production technology should be

convenient and easily adaptable33 27.50

3 Remunerative price should be given to onion growers 100 83.334 Provision of irrigation water 108 90.005 Sufficient and timely credit facility should be made

available06 05.00

6 Agricultural literature should be provided 25 20.837 Provision of storage facility i.e. Govt. godown 84 70.008 Low cost onion technology should be evolved 35 29.179 Regular and sufficient electricity should be supplied 89 74.16

10 All inputs should be made available 66 55.0011 Credit / crop loan and insurance should be provided to

onion crop32 26.67

CONCLUSIONS

It could be concluded from the findings that majority of the respondents faced the difficulties like shortage of irrigation water, problem of storage, low price of onion in market, high price of fertilizer, inadequate and irregular

power supply, high cost of pesticides, poor economic condition and lack of knowledge about crop insurance. They suggested providing them irrigation water, remunerative prices, regular and sufficient electricity, storage facility, sufficient and timely credit facility as well as training on onion cultivation.

Sciencegivesusknowledgebutonlyphilosophycangiveuswisdom.

--WillDurant


115

1 Planning Officer (Asstt. Prof.), Planning Cell, DOR, Anand Agril. University, Anand.2 Prof. & Head, Dept. of Ext. Edu., BA College of Agri., Anand. 3 Ex Director of Ext. Edu., Anand Agricultural University, Anand.

CONSTRAINTS FACED IN ADOPTION OF MODERN PRACTICES OF COTTON CULTIVATION BY THE FARMERS

P. J. Joshi1, N. B. Chauhan2 and K. F. Patel3

INTRODUCTION

Gujarat is one of the major cotton producing states in the country. Cotton is widely grown, particularly in all districts of the state and it is divided into four well-defined cotton zones. Wagad cotton zone faces the complex problems like drought, occasional frost, soil salinity and shallow soil depth. At present, the average productivity of the zone is very low. It affects the productivity of the state. Hence, the productivity of the zone is required to be explored by developing suitable technologies including high yielding varieties for this area.

Cotton has been considering as one of the important cash crops of Gujarat. It has taken long stride due to introduction of improved seeds and modern practices. The cotton growing farmers can increase production of cotton through adoption of new varieties with modern practices. Keeping this in view the study was carried out with following specific objectives:

METHODOLOGY

In order to achieve the above objectives, the

present study was undertaken in the villages of Dholka and Dhandhuka talukas located on southern part of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat state. From selected eleven villages, a random sample of 110 cotton growers was selected for this study.

A simple ranking system technique was applied to measure constraints in adoption of modern practices of cotton and suggestions to overcome the constraints.


It is imperative to note that the yield obtained from the cotton growers’ fields in case of cotton is comparatively lower than that of the yield obtained in demonstration plots. It seems that they might have faced certain problems in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. These constraints may be social, economic, physical or psychological. The constraints faced by the cotton growers hinder the progress and hence, desired results cannot be achieved. Therefore, it was felt necessary to identify the constraints faced by

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken in the villages of Dholka and Dhandhuka talukas located on southern part of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat to know the constraints of cotton growers in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation and to seek suggestions to overcome these constraints. The major constraints were faced by cotton growers were non availability of irrigation facilities including salty underground water and shortage of rainfalls, considerable adoption gap was found in shortage of FYM, risky cultivation, fluctuation in market price and poor social-economic condition. The major suggestions recorded were; the Government should provide irrigation facility through canal, subsidy or loan for seeds and fertilizers and also give information of modern practices of cotton.


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them in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation.

Constraints faced by the cotton growers were measured with the help of four point rating scale. The total score and mean score for each constraint was calculated and rank was assigned from higher to lower score. The data regarding this are presented in Table-1.

It can be concluded that non availability of irrigation facilities including salty underground

water and shortage of rainfall, shortage of FYM, risky and fluctuation of market price, poor social and economic condition, high price rate and shortage of inputs, lack of knowledge, shortage of labours and its high rate, susceptibility of crop to pests and diseases and complicated method of fertilizer application were the major constraints faced by the cotton growers in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation.

Table 1 : Constraints faced by the COTTON GROWERS in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation n=110

Sr.No.

Constraints Total score Mean score

Rank order

1 Non availability of irrigation facility 310 2.82 I2 Salty underground water 310 2.82 I3 Shortage of rainfall 305 2.77 II4 Shortage of FYM 279 2.54 III5 Cotton cultivation is risky 277 2.52 IV6 Fluctuation in cotton price 277 2.52 IV7 Poor social and economic condition of farmers 263 2.39 V8 Non availability of remunerative price of cotton 234 2.13 VI9 High price of fertilizers 212 1.93 VII

10 Lack of knowledge about modern practices 196 1.78 VIII11 High rate of labour 180 1.64 IX12 Shortage of labour 171 1.55 X13 High price of pesticides 138 1.25 XI14 Crop susceptible to pests and diseases 120 1.09 XII15 High price of seeds 109 0.99 XIII16 Shortage of certified seeds 92 0.84 XIV17 Complicated method of fertilizer application 60 0.55 XV18 Customs against plant protection 12 0.11 XVI

The efforts were also made to ascertain the suggestions offered by the cotton growers to overcome the problems in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation. The data regarding this were collected from the respondents. According to relative importance, the suggestions were made based on percentage.

Table-2 reveals that the suggestions given by the cotton growers to adopt modern practices

of cotton on large scale. The major suggestions recorded in sequential order of rank were; the Government should provide irrigation facility through canal, subsidy or loan for seeds and fertilizers and also give information as well as demonstrations of modern practices of cotton, the produce should be purchased by the government agencies at reasonable price and crop insurance procedure should be made easier.


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TABLE 2 : Suggestions made by the cotton growers to overcome the constraints in adoption of modern practices of cotton cultivation n=110

Sr.No.

Suggestions Frequency Per cent Rank order

1 Govt. should provide irrigation facility through canal 38 34.55 I2 Govt. should provide subsidy or loan for seeds and fertilizers 24 21.82 II3 Govt. should give information and conduct demonstrations of

modern practices of cotton20 18.18 III

4 The produce should be purchased by the Govt. agencies at reasonable rates

13 11.82 IV

5 Crop insurance procedure should be made easier 09 8.18 V

CONCLUSION

From the above findings, it can be concluded that the constraints were; non availability of irrigation facilities, salty underground water and shortage of rainfall. It was also found that a considerable adoption gap was found in some practices such as shortage of FYM, risky cultivation, fluctuation in market price, poor social and economic condition, high price rate and shortage of inputs, lack of knowledge, shortage of labours and its high rate, susceptibility of crop to pests and diseases and complicated method of fertilizer application. The major suggestions recorded in sequential order of rank were; the Government should provide irrigation facility through canal, subsidy or loan for seeds and fertilizers and also give information as well as demonstrations of modern practices of cotton.

IMPLICATIONS

The extension agencies need to put their more efforts to transfer the technical knowhow of modern practices to the cotton growers as speedily as possible. Efforts should be made at first to contact literate cotton growers to train them with demonstration modern practices of cotton cultivation for quick adoption, while illiterate cotton growers should be followed them about modern practices of cotton cultivation.

The essential inputs required for cotton crop such as seeds, FYM, chemical fertilizers and pesticides should be made available as subsidized rate through Govt. agencies. Irrigation facilities should also be ensured throughout cotton cultivation period to ensure application of irrigation at critical stage.

Yourcharacterdependsuponthequalityofthoughts.youentertaininyourmind..Thementalpicturesand idelsentertainedbyyoudetermineyourfuture.Ifyouentertainnoblethoughts,youwillhaveamagnanimouscharacter.Evilthoughtswillperishbythemselves.Theywillbepowerlessbeforesublimeanddivinethoughts.

-SwamiShivanand


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ABSTRACT

The present study was under taken in Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state to know the managerial and business performance of Milk Producer Cooperatives (MPCs) in tribal area. To measure the various dimensions of performance of MPcs, 54 performance indicators were identified and selected. Out of these, only annual expenditure of MPC was considered negative factor and rest were positive factors. The findings reveal that majority of MPCs had average performance. The correlation coefficient between performance of MPCs and extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by their members was positive and significant. The factors emerged out as highly affecting the performance of MPCs were; digital fat testing equipment and computer facility for accounting, A.I. services and animal heath services. The most important constraints considered by MPCs members were : scarcity of green folder, non availability of A. I. services, low milk price, lack of knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices and high price of milking animals.

INTRODUCTION

The dairy producer farmers regardless of their herd sizes, have been organizing into Milk Producers’ Cooperative Societies (MPCs) throughout the country. A real successful experiment of Anand pattern of dairy industry has been followed in other districts also. Sabarkantha district is one of them to start dairy cooperative under the name “Sabar Dairy.” in 1964, now comprising of 1670 MPCs with the 2,72,811 members. Total procurement of the milk is 322 thousand tones with an average of 8.82 lakh Kg /day (Annual Report, Sabar dairy, 2007) Sabarkantha district is comprising of thirteen talukas of which four talukas are tribal dominating. Out of 1670 MPCs of the districts, 287 MPCs are working in the tribal pocket of district. Further, there are few MPCs having both tribal as well as non tribal as their members. Sabarkantha district ranks fifth among all the districts of the state with

respect to tribal population. The district has 20.18 per cent tribal population to its total population (Census, 2001). There had been lots of studies on technological and economic achievements of dairy development in India but there were few critical studies carried out on performance of milk producers’ cooperative societies in the tribal region. Therefore, it imperative to conduct an indepth study on the managerial and business performance of milk producers’ cooperatives in tribal area of sabarkantha district.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in Sabarkantha district which have considerable tribal population spread over four talukas. Among four tribal talukas, Bhiloda and Khedbrahma talukas were purposively selected for the study having more number of MPCs running since last five years. For selection of MPCs and respondents, simple random sampling technique was used. Ten MPCs from Bhiloda

1 Subject Matter Specialist , Krishi Vigyan Kendra, S.D. Agricultural University, Khedbrahma, Dist. : Sabarkantha. 2 Professor & Head Dept. of Extension Education, C. P. Collage of Agril., S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Dist. :

Banaskantha.3 Assistant Proffesor, Directorate of Extension Eduction, S.D.Agricultural University, Sardarkrishinagar, Dist. Banaskantha.

MANAGERIAL AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF MILK PRODUCERS’ COOPERATIVES IN TRIBAL AREA OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT

V. B. Patel1, K. A. Thakkar2 and R. R. Prajapati3


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talukas and five MPCs from Khedbrama talukas were selected and equal number of member dairy farmers i.e. 10 were selected from each MPC to make the sample size of 150 dairy farmers. Most of the data pertaining to performance of MPCs were collected from secondary sources. For primary data, field survey by personal contact method using structured schedule was used.

Adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by MPC members and it’s correlation with managerial and business performance of MPCs

Adoption in the present study was operationalized as improved animal husbandry practices actually put into practices by the dairy animal owners in their dairy farming. Extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices was measured with the help of teacher made test developed for the purpose. A respondent was given one score, if he adopts the practices as per recommendation. If respondent deviate from the recommendation, zero score was assigned. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation technique was used to find simple correlation to explore the association between managerial and business performance of MPCs and extent of adoption.

Managerial and business performance

Gopi Krishna (2001) has identified several performance indicators which determine the

managerial and business performance of MPC. Among these, the indicators suited to MPCs working in the study area were included. Few other indicators based on the secondary information and discussion with officials at various levels were further included. The parameters and indicators for constructing the cumulative performance index of MPCs were scored based on the individual value of each parameter. All together 54 indicators were identified and selected for measuring the various dimensions of the performance of MPCs.

Out of 54 indicators, only annual expenditure of MPC was considered to be negative factor and the rest of the 53 were positive factors. The negative indicator was scored negatively according to their absolute value. All the performance indicators were scored in 2, 4 and 6 point scaling developed for the individual indicator based on the X and S. D. of the absolute values of the indicators.

Cumulative performance score of MPCs

Each indicator was scored based on its absolute value. The scores of all the indicators were summed up separately for all 15 MPCs. The product of the sum of the individual score of 54 indicators gave the cumulative performance score for each MPC. Based on cumulated score, performance index was calculated for each MPC by using following formula.

Performance Index (PI) =

Actual cumulative scores obtained by MPC

X 100----------------------------------------------Maximum possible obtainable cumulative

scores of MPC

Based on the performance index, the MPCs were grouped into three categories viz. best performance, average performance and poor performance.

Factors influencing the performance of MPCs

The factors having direct or indirect influence on performance of MPCs were identified based on review of literature and discussion with the elected


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/ designated members of the MPCs. Further, the employees of District Cooperative Milk Union (Sabar dairy) were contacted. Then after elected members, employees of the MPCs and member farmers were asked to judge each factor on three point continuum. viz, highly affecting, affecting and not affecting factors. Based on the responses, factors were categorized as most important, important and less important.

Constraints in effective functioning of MPCs

The constraints were operationally defined as the difficulties experienced by the members in effective functioning of MPCs.

The members were facing number of problems for milk production in the study areas. In order to know the constraints the respondents were asked 20 questions covering various dimensions of dairy

production problems in the area in general and milk production at household level, in particular. The responses of the respondents were recorded and one score was awarded for positive response and zero score for negative responses of the question. The score for all the statements were summed up and frequency and percentage of the responses were calculated. The constraints as perceived by respondents were then ranked.


1 Performance of MPCs

For measuring the performance, total 54 criteria had been selected and performance score was obtained. Based of performance score, the performance index of each MPCs was calculated. The data regarding performance of MPCs are as under.

Table: 1 Distribution of MPCs according to their performance Index n=15

Sr. No. Category Frequency Per cent

1 Poor performance (below 48.70 score) 3 20.00

2 Average performance (between 48.70 – 73.42 score)

9 60.00

3 Best performance (above 73.42 score) 3 20.00

X = 61.06 S.D. = 12.36

The data presented in Table 1 reveal that the average Performance Index Score of all the MPCs was 61.06. The categorization of the MPCs is made on the basis of average performance index. The data further show that 60 per cent of the total MPCs under study had average performance while, 20 per cent each of them had poor and best performance.

2 Relationship of performance of MPCs with extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by member farmers

If the functioning of the MPC is the best automatically it has it’s impact on the members in framing favourable attitude leading to better adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the performance of MPCs influence on the dairy business of the members. Hence, to examine the effect of performance of MPCs on the extent adoption of the member farmers, the correlation coefficient was worked out. The data in this regard are presented in Table 2.


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Table: 2 Managerial and business performance of MPCs and its correlation with extent of adoption.

n=150

Sr. No.

Name of MPC Performance score obtained

Performance Index

Adoption scroe

Coefficient of correlation (‘r’ value)

1 Dhandhasan 198 66.00 24.12

0.7753**

2 Ganti 168 56.00 21.88

3 Jayala 122 40.66 15.50

4 Kalyanpur 176 58.66 29.00

5 Lusadia 140 46.66 22.06

6 Malekpur 172 57.33 50.30

7 Motakantharia 190 63.33 58.00

8 Motidodisara 178 59.33 29.10

9 Wagheshwari 190 63.33 40.20

10 Vejpur 208 69.33 55.00

11 Chada 224 74.66 57.50

12 Dodiwada 140 46.66 45.75

13 Kalol 228 76.00 62.28

14 Naka 260 86.66 60.20

15 Patadia 154 51.33 22.00

Mean 61.06 39.526

S.D. 12.36 16.822

** Positive and significant at 0.01 level of significance

The data presented in Table 2 show that the ‘r’ value was 0.7753 which was (positive and significant

at 0.01 level of significance) indicating positive and highly significant relationship between performance of MPCs and extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by their member farmers.

Therefore, it is concluded that the performance of the MPCs had influenced the extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices of dairy farmers.

3 Factors influencing the performance of MPCs

The overall image of the MPCs depends on how it provides the important physical services required for dairy farming. Keeping this in view, the information on factors influencing the performance of MPCs was collected from the member farmers and frequency and percentage were computed. The data regarding this aspect are presented in Table 3.


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Table: 3 Factors influencing the performance of MPCs n = 150

Sr.No.

Factors No. of respondentsHighly affecting Moderately

affectingNot affecting

Frequ-ency

Percent

Frequ-ency

Percent

Frequ-ency

Percent

1 Number of households in the operational area of MPCs.

43 28.67 76 50.67 31 20.66

2 Location distance (km) of MPCs from milk union or chilling centre

23 15.33 48 32.00 79 52.67

3 Years of registration of MPCs. 15 10.00 59 39.33 76 50.874 Types of office building of

MPCs.19 12.66 43 28.67 88 58.67

5 Market competition for milk in village

83 55.33 54 36.00 13 08.67

6 Digital fat testing equipment and computer for daily accounting

103 68.67 38 25.33 09 06.00

7 A. I. services /Bull services

101 67.34 35 23.33 14 09.33

8 Animal health services 90 60.00 42 28.00 18 12.00

The data in Table 3 indicate that availability of digital fat testing equipment and computer for daily accounting was the most important factor influencing the performance as 68.87 per cent of the farmers stated it as highly affecting factor. A. I. service / bull services was the other important factor influencing performance of MPC as reported by 67.34 per cent respondents to be highly affecting the performance. The other important factors reported as highly affecting factors by more than half of the respondents were animal health services (60.00 %) and market competition for milk in the village (55.33 %).

The only factors which have been reported to be moderately affecting the performance of MPCs by more then half (50.67 %) numbers of house holds in the operational area of MPCs.

The factor which has been reported non- affecting by more than half of the respondent was types of office building of MPCs (58.67 %) location distance (km) of MPCs from milk union head quarter and the year of registration.

Thus, it can be concluded from the foregoing discussion that the factors which are directly related with the dairy business and were perceived as highly affecting factors by the members were; digital fat testing equipment and computer facility for accounting, A. I services and animal heath services.

4 Constraints in effective functioning of MPCs

A list of constraints was prepared and responses were obtained from each of the respondent. The data regarding the constraints are depicted in Table 4.

The data presented in the Table 4 portray that important constraints reported by great majority of the farmers were; scarcity of green fodder (90.66 %); non availability of A. I. services timely (84.66 %), low milk price to the producers (80.66 %) lack of adequate knowledge of improved animal husbandry practices (78.00 %) and high price of milch animals (74.66 %) which were ranked first, second, third, fourth and fifth, respectively.


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The constraints viz. Lack of subsidized credit facility (66.00%), non availability of veterinary services at the field level and time(62.66%), unfavorable milk pricing policy (60.00 %), high rate of concentrate feed (54.66%) and ineffective dairy extension services (52.00 %) and were ranked sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth, respectively. The remaining constraints were not considered to be the important as they are reported by less than half of the farmers.

Looking to the tribal area, all the constraints

reported by the members of MPCs are of prime importance. Shortage of green fodder due to undulated land, less irrigation facility, low price of milk and high price of milking animals might have caused difficulty to adopt dairy farming by tribal members. Further, the after services like A. I. and veterinary were also not provided satisfactorily hence, they were reported as important constraints.

The present finding is supported by the findings of Dubey et al (1989) and Kulkarni et al (1990).

Table: 4 Constraints as perceived by member respondents in effective functioning of MPCs

n=150

Sr. No.

Constraints Frequency Per cent Rank

1 Agro-climatic condition is not suitable for dairying 73 48.66 XI

2 High price of milch animals 112 74.66 V3 Low milk price to the producers 121 80.66 III4 Lack of adequate knowledge about improved animal

husbandry practices117 78.00 IV

5 Ineffectiveness of dairy extension services 78 52.00 X6 Lack of coordination among concerned line agencies 68 45.33 XIII7 Unfavorable milk pricing policy for producers 90 60.00 VIII8 Difficulty to get compensation from insurance

company46 30.66 XVII

9 High insurance premium 31 20.66 XX10 Less availability of animal insurance in the village 48 32.00 XVI11 Scarcity of green fodder 136 90.66 I12 Unavailability and/or high costs of improved forage/

fodder seeds70 46.66 XII

13 A. I. services are not available timely. 127 84.66 II14 Non-availability of veterinary services at the field level

and in time94 62.66 VII

15 High rate of dairy veterinary services than private practioner

55 36.66 XV

16 Milk holiday during flush season 37 24.66 XIX17 Poor quality of cattle feed supplied by cooperatives 43 28.66 XVIII18 High rate of concentrate feed supplied by the district

milk union 82 54.66 IX

19 Young generation is not interested in dairying 57 38.00 XIV20 Lack of subsidized credit facility 99 66.00 VI


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CONCLUSIONS

The average Performance Index score of all 15 MPCs under study was 61.06. Majority of the MPCs (60.00 %) had average performance and 20.00 per cent each of them had poor and best performance. Correlation coefficient of performance of MPCs with extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by dairy farmers was positive and significant. Thus, the performance of MPCs influenced the dairy business of the tribal members. The important factors which were emerged out as highly affecting to the performance of MPCs were; digital fat testing equipment and computer facility for accounting, A. I. services and animal health services. The major constraints faced by tribal member farmers in effective functioning of MPCs were; scarcity of green fodder for animals (90.66 %) followed by non availability of A. I. services timely, and low milk price to the producers as reported by 84.66 per cent and 80.66 per cent members respectively.

Lack of adequate knowledge of improved animal

husbandry practices, high price of milking animals, lack of subsidized credit facility and non availability of veterinary services at the place and time were also reported by large number of tribal member dairy farmers as the majors constraints.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2007). Annual report, Sabarkantha District Cooperative Milk Producer Union : 7.

Dubey, S. K., Swarnkar, V. K. and Naik, K. M. (1989). Constraints in adoption of animal husbandry practices. Maha. J. Ext. Edn, 8 : 139.

Gopi Krishna, Sedhain (2001). Performance of milk producers’ cooperative societies in the hill region, A critical analysis. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), Division of IARI, New Delhi.

Kulkarani. V. V., Bhople, R. S. and Chede, P. N. (1990). Knowledge, adoption and constraints in adoption of dairy technologies. Maha. J. Ext. Edu., 9 : 137.

MANAGE

M : ManPowerutilization

A : Activesupervision

N : Negotiatewell

A : Attendyourduty

G : Goodsetting

E : Efficientmarketing

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