Gujarat Journal of Extension Education · B.M Tandel, K.A. Shah, Prabhu Nayaka and C.K Timbadia 68...

«Mkkh

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Directorate of Extension Education

Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand-388110, Gujarat, India

Gujarat Journal of

Extension EducationVol. : 22Year : 2011

EDITORIAL BOARD(Gujarat Journal of Extension Education )

Chief Editor : Dr. M.R. Prajapati Professor, C. P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99249 77250 Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors : Dr.M.R.Bhatt(Southern Gujarat Region) Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education N.M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari-396450 Mo. : 99980 12219 Email: [email protected] Dr.V.T.Patel Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education C.P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99985 53060 Email: [email protected] Dr. J.B.Patel Associate Editor (Middle Gujarat Region & Other State) Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education B.A., College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94273 85081 Email: [email protected] Dr. V.J. Savaliya Assistant Professor, Dept. of Extension Education College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural Univeristy Junagadh-362001 Mo. : 94277 41952 Email: [email protected] Joint Secretary : Dr.N.V.Soni Associate Extension Educationist Publication Dept., DOEE, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94278 56045 Email: [email protected] Secretary : Dr. J.K.Patel Associate Professor, Dairy Vigyan Kendra Dairy Science College, Anand Agricultural University Anand-388110 Mo. : 96012 79243 Email: [email protected]

The India is moving aggressively towards becoming the developed country. The agriculture is to play a critical role in this process. The relationship of extension education with agricultural research has been obsessively stuck in the institutional design of technology dissemination. There is a growing realization that extension cannot remain confident to the narrow focus of simple technology dissemination. In fact it must include in its fold activities such as human resource development – teaching farmers the skills of decision making, helping them to develop leadership and community mobilization. Further, extension has a greater role in technology development, assessment and refinement. Hence, we need to develop innovative and contemporary extension models, approaches and methods which can fit in diverse agri-rural environment and help in agricultural development and ensure livelihood security of the country.

The Society of Extension Education, Gujarat published the Gujarat journal of Extension Education is a multidisciplinary national journal that includes scientific articles concerned with all aspects of extension education in general and agricultural extension in particular. The Journal is peer reviewed and committed to timely publication of original research and reviewed articles. The journal is designed mainly to serve researchers, dealing with extension research.

The current issue of the journal contains 37 research papers covering a wide spectrum of topics ranging from development of diffusion models to effectiveness of extension services. I hope that the readers will find them useful and interesting.

At this juncture, I congratulate all extension educationists and members of the editorial board for their sincere efforts and hard work for quality publication of this issue.

(P. P. Patel)

MESSAGE

President SEEG & Director of Extension EducationAnand Agricultural University, Anand

Dr. P. P. Patel

EDITORIAL

There is increasing recognition in India that agricultural research and extension must be more responsive to the needs and constraints of the farming community. Moreover, the need for empowering farmers and linking rural people to research, extension and to reach other through information technology for facilitating access to crucial information is highly emphasized.

The country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however started turning adverse for the sector around mid nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious.

It is gratify to note that the publication of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is being brought out as a sincere commitment to the farmers’ community and the contributors of research papers. The contributors are to be commended for bestowing their attention, which is time consuming, towards contributing high quality research papers.

We are extremely grateful to the contributors for their sincere dedication in contributing to the journal. We do hope that the keen interest shall be sustained in making the journal grow from strengthen to strengthen. We are sure that the journal shall be of significant help to all the readers. At the same time , we request our readers to provide a feedback for further improvement in the quality of the journal.

We would like to place on record my thanks to Dr.P.P.Patel, Director of Extension Education and President of the Gujarat Society of Extension Education and all the members of the society for providing us this opportunity. I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues and associate editors s/s Dr.N.V.Soni, Dr.V.T.Patel, Dr.M.R.Bhatt, Dr.J.B.Patel, Dr.V.J.Savaliya and Dr.J.K.Patel after their extensive efforts and available different sources finalized the articles. I would like to express my sincere thank to Dr.N.B.Chauhan, Dr.R.D.Pandya and Dr. P.R.Kanani for sharing their valuable experiences, insights and knowledge to make our journal recognized.

We hope this publication will achieve its heights in disseminating information as well as evoking a feedback from the scientists, extension workers and academicians interested in prosperity of farmers.

Your suggestions and comments are always welcome and we solicit the same.

(M.R.Prajapati) Chief Editor

CONTENTS

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

1 Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved Rose CultivationD. D. Patel, P J Joshi and Nilesh P. Patel

1

2 Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of Castor and PotatoS.A.Patel, Mayank.S.Patel and K.A.Thakkar

4

3 Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic Farming and Their Selected CharacteristicsA.D. Darandale and N.V. Soni

8

4 Perception and Expectations of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North GujaratD. B. Patel, K. A. Thakkar and K.S. Patel

10

5 Perception of Farmers Regarding Selected Aspects of Training Programme Conducted by SSKP.M.Bhatt, H. B.Patel and Nilesh P. Patel

14

6 Perception of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North GujaratD. B. Patel, K. A. Thakkar and K. S. Patel

17

7 Awarness of Farmers Regarding Plant Protection Methods, Equipments and Information SourcesJ. K. Patel, F. K. Chaudhary and V. T. Patel

21

8 Knowledge Level Of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation D. D. Patel, P J Joshi and P. P. Patel

24

9 Knowledge and Their Correlation with Personal and Socio-economic Characteristics of Coriander GrowersS. R. Kumbhani, D. M. Thakrar, Kiran Chandravadia and R. H. Gondaliya

26

10 Extent of Adoption of Onion Growers about Post Harvest TechnologyVijay Poshiya and D.M. Thakarar

29

11 Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomenJ. V. Prajapati, P. M. Bhatt and H. B. Patel

31

12 Demand Supply Gap and Dealers’ Margin for Hybrid Castor Seed in GujaratHarpreet Sodhi, K.P.Thakkar and S.M. Patel

36

13 Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity of Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA ProjectN.V.Soni, M.R.Bhatt and R.G.Machhar

39

14 Variables Persuade Socio-Techno-Economic Change in ITDPB.S. Patel and K.F. Patel

43

15 Extent of Agricultural Modernization among the Tribal and Non-tribal FarmersMayur Prajapati, K.D.Solanki and Alpesh Prajapati

46

16 Socio-Economic Change as Result of Watershed Development ProgrammeC.D. Pandya and R.D. Pandya

51

17 Impact of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas of Banaskantha District of Gujarat A. S. Sheikh and B. T. Patel

53

18 Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on WheatJ.J.Mistry, K.J.Vihol and V.B.Patel

56

19 Revolutionary change in paddy production through Effective TOT in tribal belt Nikulsinh M. Chauhan and A.P.Patel

59

20 Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood Among the Tribal and Non-Tribal FarmersMayur Prajapati, K.D.Solanki, Rakesh Patel and Rakesh Dhandhukia

63

21 FLD Impact Analysis on Scientific Cultivation of ChilliB.M Tandel, K.A. Shah, Prabhu Nayaka and C.K Timbadia

68

22 Consequences of Linkages with Tribal Co-OperativesNikulsinh.M. Chauhan

70

23 Effect of Mass Media on Dairy Farmers Regarding Adoption Behaviour of Animal Husbandry PracticesP.M.Bhatt and P. P. Patel

73

24 Self-Reliance in Paddy Seed through Seed Village ProgrammeNikulsinh M. Chauhan and A.P.Patel

76

25 Constraints Faced by Cotton Growers in Management of Cotton CultivationA. A. Darandale, P. M. Bhatt and Nilesh P. Patel

80

26 Societal Paradox about Coriander Production Technology by the Coriender GrowersS. R. Kumbhani, D. M. Thakrar, Chandravadia kiran, S.V.Undhad and M.K.Jadeja

83

27 Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development activities in Banaskantha District. V.V.Prajapati and B..K .Patel

87

28 Difficulties Faced By the Woman Research Scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in Com-puter ApplicationB.M.Christian and N.B.Chauhan

90

29 Constraints Faced by the Banana Growers in Adoption of Improved Banana Cultivation PracticesH. B. Patel, P. M. Bhatt and N.V. Soni

92

30 Causes of Rural unemployment in IndiaA.K.Jain, D.K.Parmar and S. N. Shah

96

31 Constraints Faced by the Veterinary Officers in Performing their Job H.B. Gardharia, M.N. Popat and G.R. Gohil

101

32 Teachers Problems Related to Research in Anand Agricultural UniversityP.M.Bhatt, Late B.B.Patel and P. P. Patel

104

33 Management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium banana growersH.B.Patel, P.M.Bhatt, and N.V. Soni

110

34 Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural ScientistsA. R. Makwan and M. S. Trivedi

113

35 Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerment in IndiaD.K.Parmar, K.M.Makwana, V.K.Modi and J. C. Shroff

115

36 Extension Personnel’s Demand about Farm Literature for The PeasantryN.V. Soni, Mahesh R. Patel and Nilesh P. Patel

120

37 Deportment of Agricultural Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures for Farming CommunityA. R. Makwan and M. S. Trivedi

122

For the Authors....

Guidelines for Authors

Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is the official publication of Gujarat Society of Extension Education. It publishes original research paper in the field of extension education and allied fields.

Submission of manuscript :

An author belongs to Gujarat state would like to publish his/her paper in Gujarat Journal of Extension Education should be submitted his/her manuscript to associate editor of their Western /Northern / Southern or Middle Gujarat region and for the authors out side of the Gujarat state should be submitted his/her manuscript directly to Chief Editor. Two hard copies of the manuscript should be submitted along with the soft copy preferably in the form of CD, Rich Text Format or Microsoft Word format. The length of the manuscript should be typed in double space and not exceed than 10 typed pages with the year of research actually done.

Submission of final manuscript:

The submitted manuscript will be evaluated by the editorial members and referees for their suitability. The manuscript will be sent back to the author to carry out the changes or modifications as suggested by the editorial members. The final manuscript has to be submitted only through e-mail to following e-mail address:[email protected]

Arrangement of manuscript :

Title, Name of author/s (Complete address with e-mail address), Abstract (About in 150 words), Introduction, Methodology, Findings & Discussion, Conclusion and References. The manuscript should be printed on A4 size paper format with a provision of top, right and bottom of 2.5 cm space. The left margin must be of 4 cm. Title and all major heading should be centre aligned, capital and in 14 point size while, running matter should be justified and typed in Times New Roman font of 12 point size. Table should be prepared by using the table facility of Microsoft word and should not more than five tables. Only computer generated charts/graphs/ figure or photographs which must be submitted in JPEG files will be accepted.

Policies:

Author must append the certificate along with his/her manuscript about the matter has not been sent for publication in other journal/magazine. Article forwarded to the editor for publication are understood to be offered to the Gujarat Journal of Extension Education exclusively. It is also understood that the authors have obtained the necessary approval of their concerns department, institution, faculty or even co-author/s. The Editorial board takes no responsibility for facts or opinion express in the journal, which rest entirely with the author/s thereof.

Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Vol. 22 (December 2011)

1

Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Rose Growers Towards Improved Rose Cultivation

D. D. Patel 1 ,P J Joshi 2 and Nilesh P. Patel 3

1 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoEE, AAU,Anand2 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoR, AAU,Anand

3 Horticulture officer, office of DDOH, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Thestudywasconfinedtodevelopascalewhichcanscientificallymeasuretheattitudeofrosegrowerstowardsimprovedrosecultivation.Amongthetechniquesavailable,“Scaleproductmethod”combiningThur-ston’stechniqueofequalappearingintervalscaleforselectionofitemsandLikert’stechniqueofsummatedrat-ingforascertainingtheresponseonthescalewasused.Thefinalscaleconstitutes20statements.Thecalculatedreliabilityco-efficientis0.856.

Keywords: Attitude,Rosegracers,Improvedcultivation

INTRODUCTION

Management is one of the most important factors

which help the rose growers to exploit natural resources and

accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends

to a greater extent on how rose growers acquire and adopt

innovations in the rose cultivation in effective manner to

reach higher levels of economic performance through their

management efficiency. One of the important factors affecting

rose growers’ management efficiency is the attitude of rose

growers. Attitude refers to the “degree of positive or negative

affect associated with some psychological object’’ (Thurstone,

1946). Attitude, a psychological character is conceptualized

as positive or negative reaction of farmers towards improved

rose cultivation. For the purpose, an attempt has been made

to develop a scale which can scientifically measure attitude of

rose growers towards improved rose cultivation.

METHODOLOGY

Among the techniques available, researcher has selected ‘Scale product method’ which combines the

Thurstone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale (1928) for selection of items and Likert’s technique (1932) of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949) was used.

Item Collection

The items of attitude scale were called as statements. In initial stage for developing the scale large numbers of statements about improved rose cultivation were collected from relevant literature and discussion with experts of the area. The statements, thus selected were edited according to the criteria laid down by Edward (1957) and finally 43 statements were selected as they were found to be non-ambiguous and non factual.

Item Analysis

In order to judge the degree of ‘Unfavorableness’ Favourableness’ of each statement on five point equal appearing interval continuum a panel of judges was selected. Seventy slips of the selected statements were handed over to the professors and extension educationists of Gujarat Agricultural Universities, Horticulturist and extension functionaries of Gujarat State. The judges were requested


2

to judge each statement in terms of their agreement or disagreement with the statements with the five point equal appearing interval continuum. Out of these experts, only 50 experts had returned the statements after dully recording their judgments and were considered for the analysis.

Determination of Scale and Values

The five points of the rating scale were assigned scores ranging from 1 (for strongly disagree) to 5 (for strongly agree). For positive statements, 5,4,3,2 and 1 score was given to strongly agree, agree, undecided,disagree and strongly disagree respose respectively, while for negative statements scoring was reversed. Frequency distribution of the scores of judges was than prepared. Based on the judgment, scale (median) value and ‘Q’ value for each of 43 statements were calculated by using following statistical formula.

0.50 - Pb S = L + –––––––––– x i PW

Where, S = The median or scale value of the statement

L = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls

Pb = The sum of the proportion below the interval in which the median falls

Pw = The proportion within the interval in which the median falls

i = The width of the interval and is assumed to be equal to 1.0 ( one ).

The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out for determination of ambiguity involve in the statements. Based on the median and Q values, 20 statements were finally selected to constitute attitude scale. The final format of the scale is presented Table 1.

Reliability of The Scale

The reliability of the test was examined by employing test-retest method. In this method, the developed attitude scale with 20 items was administered twice to the 20 rose growers at 15 days interval, who were neither previously interviewed nor had a chance to come in the final sample of study. Thus two sets of attitude scores were obtained for each 20 respondents. Co-efficient of reliability between the two sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guliford 1954), which was 0.856.

Attitude towards improved cultivation practices

Table 1: List of statements showing Attitude towards improved rose cultivation

Sr.No. Statements SA A N DA SD

1 Adopting improved rose cultivation technology one should get higher yield.(4.14)

2 Improved rose cultivation is an instrument for social and economic change.( 3.99)

3 There is no risk in adoption of improved rose cultivation technology.( 3.63)

4 Only big farmers can do improved rose cultivation efficiently.( 3.50)

5 No matter what rose growers may try, crop yields will be improved only when god will it.( 2.59)

6 Only educated farmers can cultivate rose efficiently.( 3.61)

7 Improved rose cultivation is difficult as it requires more technical skill.(2.33)

8 I would like to advise my son to continue improved rose cultivation (3-63)

9 Improved rose cultivation requires more labour.( 2.06)

10 Improved rose cultivation practices are more complex and technical in nature.(3-55)

11 Proper technical guidance is essential on agronomical practices on improved rose cultivation. (3.96)


3

12 Improved rose cultivation is more suitable who have their own irrigation facilities.( 4.28)

13 Status, respects and prestige can be perceived by adopting improved rose cultivation. (3.82)

14 As an innovator in improved rose cultivation technology he gets aspiration for further progress in agricultural production.( 3.90)

15 Improved rose cultivator becomes an example for other fellow farmers.( 4.57)

16 People having less income can also be successful in improved rose cultivation. (3.89)

17 There is no surety of getting higher price from rose and its products.( 2.83)

18 Improved rose cultivation is costly affair for small and marginal farmers.( 3.56)

19 A rose grower should think on higher yields and economic return.( 4.69)

20 The most successful rose grower is one who get maximum of return from a minimum cost.( 4.25)

SA= Strongly Agree, A = Agree, N= Neutral, DA= Disagree & SD= Strongly Disagree

Scoring techniques

The selected 20 statements for final format of the attitude scale were randomly arranged to avoid response bias. Against each of 20 statements, there were five columns, representing a five point continuum of agreement or disagreement to the statements as followed by Likert (1932). The points on continuum were strongly agree, agree , undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with weight of 5,4,3,2 and 1 respectively for favourable (positive) statement and with weight 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively for unfavourable (negative) statement.

REFERENCES

Edwards, A. L. (1957).Techniques of attitude scale construction. Vekils, Feffers and Simons, Pvt.ltd., Bombay.

Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. (1949). An experimental study in opinion-attitude methodology. Int.J.Opin.AttitudeRes., 3: 47-86.

Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric methods, Tata McGraw hill publishing Co., Bombay 597.

Likert, R. A. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitude scales. Arch. Psychol. New York, No.140.

Thurstone, L. L. (1946). The measurement of attitude, Chicago Univ. Chicago Press. 39-50.


4

INTRODUCTION

The farmers can minimise it’s a profit by two ways viz, incresed crop productivity and decreased cost of cultivition. The state Agricultural Universities have released no. of low cost recommondations. The present study therefore planned with the objectives.

1 To study the personal and socio economic attributes of respondents.

2 To Estimate cost of cultivation of Castor and Potato crops for selected farmers

3 To calculate the cost of cultivation as per recommendation of SDAU for Castor and Potato crops.

4 To compare the estimated cost of cultivation and calculated cost of cultivation for Castor and Potato crops

METHODOLOGY The present study was cunducted in on going scheme Pak Utpadan Kharch (PUK) and Farm Cost study

in the Economic Department of C.P.College of Agriculture, S.K.Nagar major area covered crop under cultivition Castor and Potato were selected purposively in Sabarkantha (Talod), Banaskantha (Deesa) and Mehsana (Vijapur) Districts. Total 120 potato growers and 120 Castor growers farmers were selected for the study of FCS and PUK Out of those 60 potato and 60 castor growers were selected for the present study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their age n=120

Sr. No. Age group Number Percent

1 Young age (15-35) 20 16.66

2 Middle age (36-50) 67 55.84

3 Old age (above 50 years) 33 27.50

The data presented in Table :1 shows that maximum

Comparative Analysis of Recmmended and Estimated Cost of Cultivation of Castor and Potato

S.A.Patel1 , Mayank.S.Patel2 and K.A.Thakkar3

1 Associate professor, Sardar Smruti Kendra, S.D.A.U., S.K.Nagar2 Agril. Officer, Dept. of Agriculture, Gandhinagar

3 Professor & Head, Dept. of Extn. Edu., C.P.C.A., S.D.A.U., S.K.NagarEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThestudywascunductedinthreedistrictsofnorthGujaratnamely,Banaskantha,SabarkanthaandMehsanapurposivelybecausecastorandpotatocropsarethemajorcropsofthesedistricts.Therecommendedcostofcultivationofcastorandpotatocropswasdecidedbasedon thepackageofpracticesrecommendedbySAUforthesecrops.Thedataonactualcostofcultivationweregatheredfromtheroportsofthescheme“costofcultivation”beingimplementedbyDepartmentofAgricultureEconomics,C.P.CollegeofAgriculture,S.D.A.U.,Sardarkrushinagar.Underthescheme,theinformationoncostofcultivationwasgatheredfrom120castorgrowersand120potatogrowersofwhichtheinformationofhalfofthefarmersviz,60castorgrowersand60potatogrowerswasgatheredforculculatingactualcostofcultivation.Thedatarevealedthattherewas54.87percenthigherexpenditureincultivatingpotatocropascomparedtorecommendedcostofcultivation.Incaseofcastorcrop,theactualcostofcultivationwas18.81percenthigherascomparedtorecommendedcostofcultivationOfthevariouspackageofpractices,thefarmersmakehighexpinditureonseeds(66.66percentincaseofpotatoand73.16percentincaseascastor)andfertilizers(58.20percentincaseofpotatoand136.30percentincaseofcastorcrops.)

Keywords : comparativeanalysis,costofcultivationcastor,potato


5

numbers of respondents(55.84 percent) were belonged to middle age group followed by old (27.50 percent)and young age group(16.66 percent).

Table 2: Categories of farmers according to their land holding n =10

Sr. No. Categories Number Percent

1 Small 26 21.70

2 Medium 74 61.60

3 Large 20 16.70

Data in Table 2. revealed that majority of the respondents ( 61.60%) had medium land holding level while 16.70 percent and 21.70 percent of the respondents had large level and small level categories of land holding .

Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to their source of irrigation n=120

Sr. No. Categories Number Percent

1 Tube well only 84 70

2 Tube well with micro ir-rigation

36 30

Data in Table 3 revealed that majority of the respondents ( 84 percent) had utilized tube well as a source of irrigation and remaining (30%) were used micro irrigation.

Table 4 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of Potato crop for North Gujarat

Year Yield qt./ha

Grossin-come Rs.

Cost CI Rs

Prof/Loss Rs.

2001-2 192.38 89028 55135 33893

2002-3 224.38 60531 58297 2234

2003-4 212.76 62247 49096 13151

2004-5 227.94 85902 56225 29677

2005-6 219.20 105262 61557 43705

2006-7 239.58 123305 70944 52361

2007-8 285.72 87539 73681 13858

2008-9 183.58 398793 50946 47847

2009-10 200.27 106603 72705 33898

2010-11 313.41 144837 70895 73942

Table 5 : Income and cost of cultivation per hector of Castor crop for North Gujarat

Year Yield qt./ha

Grossin-come Rs.

Cost CI Rs

Profit Loss Rs.

2001-2 16.93 20119 19156 9632002-3 15.35 29618 17426 121922003-4 17.38 28191 17981 102102004-5 16.71 25880 19591 60892005-6 17.72 25396 19402 59942006-7 18.33 34981 18454 165272007-8 20.17 50173 22768 274052008-9 18.31 40753 24730 160232009-10 19.95 56101 22088 340132010-11 18.60 92825 28871 63954

Table 6 : Cost of Fertilizer difference in Potato crop

Sr. No. Details N2/ha P2O5/

haK2O/

haCost

Rs/ha

1 Reco, Ferti.Dose

275 138 275 14290

2 Ferti. used by farmers

practice

344 230 275

22608

3 Difference 69(25 %)

92(66 %)

00 8318

Data in Table 6 revealed that 69.00 Kg. (25 %) N2/ha and 92Kg. (66 %) P2O5/ha. were utilized more by farmers in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in Potato crop.

Table:7 Cost of Fertilizer difference in Castor crop

Sr. No. Details N2/ha P2O5/ha K2O/

haCost

Rs/ha

1 Reco, Ferti.Dose

120 25 00 2560

2 Ferti. used by farmers

practice

174 92 00 6050

3 Difference 54(45 %)

67(268 %)

00 3490

Data in Table 7 revealed that 54.00 Kg. (45 %) N2/ha and 67Kg (268 %) P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by farmers in comparison of recommended dose by farmers practices in Castor crop.


6

Table:8 Cost of Seed difference in Potato crop

Sr. No. Details Seeds Kg/ha Purchase source Cost in Rs Remarks

1 Reco,Seed.Dose 2500to3000(2800)

Self 25200 @Rs.9.00/Kg

2 Seed.Used by farmers practice 2500to3000(2800)

Local market 42000 @Rs.15.00/Kg

3 Difference - - 16800(66 %)

Table:9 Cost of Seed difference in Rs. of Castor crop/ha

Sr. No. DetailsSeeds Kg/ha Purchase

sourceCost in Rs

Remarks

1 Reco,Seed.Dose 5 to 7 Govt. 1155 @ 165/Kg

2 Seed.Used by farmers prac-tice

10 to 12 Local Market 2000 @ 200/Kg

3 Difference 05 - 845(73 %)

-

Data in Table : 8 revealed that Rs. 16800/ (66 %) can be saved if farmer utilized recommended seed practice in Potato crop

Data in Table : 9..revealed that Rs.845/- (73 %) can be saved if farmer utilized recommended seed practice in Castor crop

Table:10.Total Cost of cultivation of Potato crops/ha

Sr.No.

Details Cost as per RecommendedPractices in Rs.

Cost as per Farmers Practices in Rs.

incresed percentage over recommended practices

1 Seeds 2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ Rs.9.00/Kg. = 25200 Self Seed

2500 to3000 Kg/ha @ Rs.15.00/Kg. = 42000 Local Market

66.66%

2 Fertiliser 275:138:275 Kg/ha =Rs.14290

344:230:275Kg/ha = Rs. 22608

58.20%

Other factors remains

same

- - - -

Total Rs. 45777 70895% 54.87%

Data in Table 10.revealed that total cost of C1 of recommended practice is Rs.45777/- while cost as per farmers practice is Rs.70895/- and net cost of cultivation difference

is found Rs.25118/- (54.87 percentage more) if farmers not utilized recommended practice.


7

Table:11 Total Cost of cultivation of Castor crops/ha

Sr.No.

Details Cost of cultivation as per RecommendedPractices in Rs.

Cost of cultivation as per Farmers Practices in Rs.

Increased cost in percentage over

recommended practices.1 Seeds 5 to 7 Kg/ha @ Rs.165 =1155 10 to 12 Kg@200=2000 73.16%2 Fertilizer 120:25:0 Kg/ha =Rs.2560 174:92:0 Kg/ha= 6050 136.3%

Other factors remains

same

- - - -

Total Rs. 23036 Rs. 28871 Rs. 18.81 Data 11.revealed that total castor cultivation cost of C1 of recommended practice is Rs.23036/- while cost as per farmers practice is Rs.28871/- and net difference is found Rs.4335/- (18.81 % more) if farmers not utilized recommended practice.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that maximum numbers of respondents were belonged to middle age group mudium land holding level and majority has utilized toube well as source

of irrigation. In potato crop 69 kg. N2/ha and 92 kg. P2O5

were utilized more by farmer in comparison of recommended fertilizer dose while In castor crop 54 kg. N2/ha and 67 kg. P2O5 /ha. were utilized more by the farmers. Potato grower farmers can be saved Rs.16,800/- (66 %) and castor grower farmers can be saved Rs.845/- (73 %) if recommended practices are utilized in seed aspect. In potato crop if farmer avoid recommended practices cost of cultivation increased up to Rs.25,118/- (55 %) while in castor crop increased up to Rs.4335 (19 %).


8

INTRODUCTION

Organic farming may be defined as a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additive. To the maximum extent feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes , green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and other pests

After the green revolution was launched in India, substantial increase in the production of food grains was achieved through the use of improved crop varieties and higher levels of inputs fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. But it has now been realized that the increase in production was achieved at the cost of soil health. In fact, about 60 per cent of our agricultural land currently under cultivation suffers from indiscriminate use of irrigation water and chemical fertilizers. Most of the growth in the food production during the green revolution period is attributed to the higher fertilizers use. Hence considering the important of these characteristics and

review of past research studies, an attempt has been made in this investigation to ascertain the relationship if any, between their characteristics and attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming.

METHODOLOGY

Vadodara district was chosen for the study. Total 120 tribal maize growers doing animal husbandry and cultivating the maize crop from last 5 years were be selected by proportionate random sampling as respondents. The data were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested, Gujarati version interview scheduled through personal contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answers for objectives of the study. Relationship between determined with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean score and standard deviation.


The action of individual farmers was governed by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural factors involved in situation. Some farmers adopt new agricultural technology more quickly than others because of

Relationship Between Attitude of Tribal Maize Growers Towards Organic Farming and Their Selected Characteristics

A.D. Darandale1 and N.V. Soni2

IP.G. Student, B.A.C.A., A.A.U., AnandAssociate Extension Educationist, A.A.U., Anand

Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThepresentinvestigationwasconductedinVadodaradistrictofGujaratstate.Thefindingsofthestudystatethatmajorityofthetribalmaizegrowerswereinthemiddleagegroupwithmorethanfivefamilymember,smalltomediumsizeoflandholding,literateandwerefoundwithmediumtohighincomeandhadmediumlevelofeconomicmotivation,scientificorientation,riskorientation,marketorientation,knowledgelevel,extensioncontactandmassmediaexposure.Thefindingsofthisinvestigationstatesthatindependentvariableslike,education,sizeoflandholding,annualincome,herdsize,socialparticipation,extensioncontact,massmediaexposure,scientificorientation,riskorientation,economicmotivation,market orientationandknowledgehadpositiveandhighlysignificantcorrelationwithattitudetowardsorganicfarminginmaizecrop.Thevariablelikeageandsizeoffamilyshowsnegativebutnonsignificantrelationshipwithattitudetowardsorganicfarminginmaizecrop.

Keywords :Relationship,TribalmaizegrowerandOrganicfarming..


9

the difference in personal characteristics. Hence considering the important of these characteristics, relationship between attitude of tribal maize grower towards organic farming with their characteristics was worked out and results were obtained is presented in Table .

Table1: Relationship between the characteristics of tribal maize growers and their attitude towards organic farming practices in maize crop n = 120

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation-Coefficient (‘ r ‘ value)

1. Age -0.125(NS)2. Education 0.329”3. Size of family -0.046 (NS)4. Social participation 0.280**5. size of Land holding 0.409**

6. Annual income 0.265**

7. Herd size 0.377**

8. Scientific orientation 0.328**

9. Economic motivation 0.261**

10. Risk orientation 0.364**

11. Market orientation 0.774**

12. Knowledge level 0.301**

13. Extension contact 0.306**

14. Mass media exposure 0.244**

NS = non significant at 0.05 level, * = significant at 0.05 level, ** = significant at 0.01 level

It is apparent from the data presented in the Table that

variables like, education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with attitude towards organic farming in maize crop.. It clearly indicates that increase in education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge was increases the attitude of tribal maize grower towards organic farming and vice versa.

The variable like age and size of family shows negative and non-significant relationship with the attitude of tribal maize grower towards organic farming. It clearly indicates that age and size of family are not important variables and they do not influence the attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above findings that the independent variables studies viz. education, size of land holding, annual income, herd size, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, market orientation and knowledge had positive and highly significant correlation with attitude of tribal maize growers towards organic farming whereas age and size of family of the attitude of tribal maize grower had negative and non-significant correlation with attitude behaviour.

REFERENCE

Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics .284-285


10

ABSTRACT

Atpresent,varioustransferoftechnologyprogrammesarebeingimplementedbyStateandCentralGovernment,Non-GovernmentOrganization,StateAgriculturalUniversitiesandPrivateagencies.Thesuccessorfailureofthetransferoftechnologyprogrammesdependsuponhowfaritsclientsperceivedthesame.Thepresent studywas therefore,planned toknow theperceptionandexpectationsof the farmersabout transferof technologysystemandtofindout therelationshipof theselectedcharacteristicsof the farmersandtheirperception.TwodistrictsoftheNorthGujarat,threetalukasfromeachdistrict,twovillagesfromeachtalukasandtenfarmersfromeachvillagewereselectedrandomly.Thus,120farmersfromtwelvevillagesofsixtalukasof two districtswere selected. Itwas observed that 62.50 per cent of the farmers perceived the transfer oftechnologysystemasusefulwhereas,nearly24.17percentperceived it lessusefulandonly13.33percentfarmersperceiveditasmoreuseful.Eightindependentvariableviz.,readinghabit(0.3068),trainingreceived(0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), risk orientation (0.3971), economic motivation (0.3786), achievementmotivation(0.4480),massmediaexposure(0.4769)andextensionparticipation(0.2976)were foundhavingsignificantandpositiverelationshipwithfarmers’perceptionaboutusefulnessoftransferoftechnology.Themajor expectations of the farmers from present transfer of technology systemwere; Provide technology asper theresourcesavailabilitywith the farmersandconsidergroupdemandwhileoffering technology,makethenecessaryensuredarrangementforrelevantinputsupply,creditdeliveryandmarketingoffarmproduce,Appointmentofgrassrootlevelextensionpersonnelonthebasisoftheirqualification,Involvementoffarmersfromdifferentfarmingsystemsinpreparingactionplanofanyprogramandonthespotsolutionoffarmers’problembemadeavailable.

Keywords:PerceptionExpectations,Transferoftechnology

INTRODUCTION

At present, various transfer of technology pro-grammes are being implemented by State and Central Gov-ernment, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural Universities and Private agencies. The success or failure of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how far its clients perceived the same.

Increase in agriculture production would have to be necessarily obtained by appropriate agricultural technology and its speedy transfer to the farmers through efficient transfer of technology system.

To meet this emerging issue, it is worth necessary to have a strong and efficient transfer of technology system. Therefore, to understand the usefulness of present transfer of technology system for its beneficiaries, the study entitled “

Perception and Expectations of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North Gujarat

D. B. Patel1, K. A. Thakkar2 and K.S. Patel3

1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Sheth B.R. Polytechnic in Horticulture, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan, 2 Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar,

3 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn. Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar. E-mail: [email protected]


11

perception and expectations of the farmers about transfer of technology system was undertaken.

METHODOLOGY

The North Gujarat region consist of six districts, of which two districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan, were selected randomly. From each district, three talukas from each district and two villages from each taluka were selected using simple random sampling method. From each talukas two villages and from each village, 10 respondents were selected randomly making a sample size of 120 respondents.

Perception of the farmers about transfer of technology a standardize technique suggested by Likert (1932) with slight modification in the procedure.

FINDINGS

Perception of the farmers about transfer of technology system

The data in this regard are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of the farmers according to their perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system n=120

Sr. No.

Category Number Per cent

1 Less useful (Up to 90 score) 29 24.17

2 Useful (In betn 91 to 131 score) 75 62.50

3 More useful (Above 131 score) 16 13.33

It can be seen from Table 1 and that 62.50 per cent of the farmers perceived the transfer of technology system as useful whereas, nearly one-fourth (24.17 %) of the farmers perceived it transfer of technology system as less useful and only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived it as more useful.

Relational analysis

The relationship between selected characteristics of the farmers and their perception toward transfer of technology system is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent variables with farmers’ perception about transfer of technology system n=120

Sr. No.

Characteristics ‘r’ value

I Personal

1 Age (X1) - 0.0494 NS

2 Education (X2) 0.1025 NS

3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**

4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**

II Socio-economic

5 Annual income (X5) 0.1016 NS

6 Social participation (X6) 0.1318 NS

7 Size of land holding (X7) 0.1013 NS

III Psychological

8 Innovativeness (X8) 0.2927**

9 Risk orientation (X9) 0.3971**

10 Economic motivation (X10) 0.3786**

11 Achievement motivation (X11) 0.4480**

IV Communication

12 Mass media exposure (X12) 0.4769**

13 Extension participation (X13) 0.2976**

* = Significant at 0.05 level of significance

**= Significant at 0.01 level of significance

NS= Non significant

Eight independent variables viz.; reading habit (0.3068), training received (0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), risk orientation (0.3971), economic motivation (0.3786), achievement motivation (0.4480), mass media exposure (0.4769) and extension participation (0.2976) were found having significant and positive relationship with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system at 0.01 level of significance.

Shortfalls in present transfer of technology system as perceived by the farmers

The data in this regard are given in Table 3.


12

Table 3: Shortfalls as perceived by the farmers in present transfer of technology system n=120

Sr. No.

Shortfalls Frequency Percent Rank

1 No provision for women training programme as per their convince 74 61.67 V2 Lack of technical competence with grass root level extension functionaries 78 65.00 IV3 Latest technologies did not fulfill the farmers’ need 70 58.33 VII4 Unavailability of the services of VEWs as and when required 90 75.00 III5 Information pertaining to location specific problems is lacking with VEWs 72 60.00 VI6 Lack of information about credit delivery, marketing, banking, crop weather

linkages etc.68 56.67 VIII

7 Lack of provision of relevant inputs such as seed, pesticides, insecticides etc. along with technology

56 46.67 X

8 Insufficient prices of the production 97 80.83 I9 High labor cost 94 78.33 II10 Lack of provision of sufficient demonstrations 52 43.33 XI11 No provision of immediate solutions for field problem by VEWs 62 51.67 IX12 VEWs did not give sufficient information about latest technologies 40 33.33 XII

It is obvious from the Table 3 that majority of shortfalls as reported by more than 75 per cent farmer were; insufficient prices of the production (80.83 %) with first rank, high labour cost (78.33 %) with second rank and unavailability of services of VEWs as and when required (75.00 %) with third rank. Other shortfalls in order of importance were; lack of technical competence with grass root level extension functionaries (65.00 %), No provision for

women training programme as per their convenience (61.67 %), and information pertaining to location specific problem was lacking with VEWs (60.00 %), and latest technologies did not fulfill farmers’ needs (58.33 %).

The expectations of the farmers about transfer of technology system

The data in this regard are given in Table 4.

Table 4: Distribution of the farmers according to their expectations n=120

Sr.No.

Expectations about future extension Farmers RankNo. Percent

1 Involvement of farmers from different farming systems in preparing action plan of any program.

62 51.66 IV

2 Provide technology as per the resources availability with the farmers and consider group demand while offering technology.

81 67.50 I

3 Make the necessary ensured arrangement for relevant input supply, credit delivery and marketing of farm produce.

77 64.16 II

4 On the spot solution of farmers’ problem be made available. 61 50.83 V5 Appointment of grass root level extension personnel on the basis of

their qualification. 66 55.00 III

6 Technology is tested adequately before its transmission to farmers’ field under close supervision of researchers, extension personnel and farmers.

50 41.66 VI

7 Schedule of visit be followed strictly by extension personnel. 47 39.17 VII

The information pertaining to expectations of the farmers about future transfer of technology system is present-ed in Table 4.

It could be highlighted from Table 4 that maximum number of farmers (67.50 %) stated “provide technology as per the resources availability with the farmers and consider the group demand while offering technology” as an expecta-

tion and was ranked first.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that majority of the farmers perceived present transfer of technology system as useful. The important shortfalls the major expectations of the farmers to overcome the shortfalls in present transfer of


13

technology system were: Providing technology as per the resources availability with the farmers, group demand shall be considered while offering the technology and make the necessary arrangement for relevant input supply be made.

REFERENCE

Chavada V. N. (2006). Farmers’ perception about usefulness of agriculture extension system. Ph.D. Thesis (Un-published),JAU, Junagadh.

Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and role performance of woman arpanches of gram panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. (Thesis Unpublished), GAU, Anand.

Sawant, R. P. (2001). Perception of farmers and extension personnel about usefulness of existing extension system. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Sardarkrushinagar.


14

Perception of Farmers Regarding Selected Aspects of Training Programme Conducted by SSK

P.M.Bhatt1, H. B.Patel2 and Nilesh P. Patel

1 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU,Anand2 Assoc.Ext.Edun;st, DOEE, AAU, Anand

3 Horticulture officer, office of DDOH, AnandE-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThisstudywasconductedtofindouttheperceptionoftraineesregardingselectedaspectsoftrainingprogrammecarriedoutbySSK,AAU,Anandduringtheyear2005-06.Thetraineeswerehighlysatisfiedwithaccuracy to subjectmatter, knowledge of subject and audio-visual equipmentwith respect to subjectmatter,qualityof trainerandphysical facilityaspectsof training,respectively.Theaveragescoreinviewofdifferentaspectsofsubjectmatterwasmorethanone(thescoresgiventosatisfactoryresponse)soitindicatesthattraineesweresatisfiedwithalltheaspectofsubjectmatter.Itwasalsonoticethatmajorityofthetraineeswereopinedthatthetrainingwasbasedontheirneedsandinterest.

Keywords: Perception,trainees,differentaspectsofsubjectmatter

INTRODUCTION

Sardar Smruti Kendra is conducting the short dura-tion (one to four days) training programmes for the farming community of middle Gujarat (Anand, Amdavad, Kheda, Va-dodara, Dahod and Panchmal) for farmers, farm women and rural youth. Since inception of Sardar Smruti Kendra, many training programmes are organized every year for farmers, farmwomen and farm youth.In order to know the perception of farmers regarding selected aspects of training programme, present study was carried out with following objectives :

1 To study the socio-economic characteristics of the farm-ers

2 To study the perception about selected aspects of training programme.

METHODOLOGY

The present survey was conducted in middle Gu-jarat. The responses were collected from the trainees who avails the training at Sardar Smruti Kendra during 2005-06. From the trainees 160 trainees were selected randomly. To measure the perception of the trainees regarding selected aspect of training i.e. satisfaction under different aspects of subject matter, satisfaction under different aspects of quality of trainer and satisfaction under different aspects of physical

facility scale developed by Patil et..al, (1996) was used.


The data depicted in Table 1 that majority of the trainees had young to middle age (83.75 per cent), up to high-er secondary level of education (80.00 per cent), large fam-ily size (64.37 per cent), up to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37 per cent), membership in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per cent), agriculture and animal husbandry as a major occupa-tion (74.37 per cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).

Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their profile n= 160

Sr. No.

Characteristics RespondentsNo Per cent

1 AgeYoung ( up to 35 years)Middle ( 36 to 55 years)Old ( above 55 years)

3210226

20.0063.7516.25

2 EducationIlliteratePrimary educationSecondary educationHigher secondary educationCollege education

0019307932

0011.8718.7549.3820.00


15

Sr. No

Characteristics RespondentsNo Per cent

3 Family SizeSmall ( Upto 5 memberLarge (More than 5 mem-ber)

57103

35.6364.37

4 Land holdingUp to one ha.1.1 to 2.00 ha.2.10 to 4.00 ha.

785725

48.7535.6215.63

5 Herd SizeNo animalsUp to two animals More than 3 animals

0010852

0.0067.5032.50

6. Social participationNo membershipMembership in 1-2 org.Membership in >2 org

0911239

5.6370.0024.37

7. OccupationAgricultureAgriculture+ A.H.Agriculture +others

3211909

20.00 74.37 5.63

It is clear from the table-2 that the trainees were highly satisfied with accuracy to subject matter( 90.00 per

cent) followed by ratio of lecture to discussion (72.50 per cent) and relevance of subject matter wherever, a consider-able per cent( 33.75) reported un satisfaction with adequacy of subject matter. The average score in view of different as-pects of subject matter was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory response) so, it indicates that trainees were satis-fied with all the aspect of subject matter.

Further, table -2 data shows that the trainees ex-pressed their high satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject (80.00 per cent) followed by method of presentation (78.75 per cent) and use of audio-visual aids (52.50 per cent). Fur-ther it was also noticed that trainees were satisfied with abil-ity to admit mistake (86.20 per cent), approach in teaching (60.00 per cent) and skill in human relation (57.50 per cent). The average score in view of different aspects of quality of trainer was more than one (the scores given to satisfactory response). Therefore, it implies that trainees were satisfied with all the aspect of quality of trainer.

It can be inferred from the table 2 that majority of the trainees were satisfied or highly satisfied with all aspects of physical facility.

Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents with respect to satisfaction under different aspects of subject matter n= 160

Sr. No.

Aspect of subject matter Distribution of trainees Av. ScoreHighly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centSubject matter

1 Relevance of subject matter 100 62.50 60 37.50 - - 1.632 Applicability to subject matter 80 50.00 80 50.00 - - 1.503 Ratio of lecture to discussion 116 72.50 20 12.50 24 15.00 1.584 Adequacy of subject matter 90 56.25 16 10.00 54 33.75 1.235 Accuracy to subject matter 144 90.00 10 6.25 06 3.75 1.86

Quality of trainer1 Knowledge of subject 128 80.00 22 13.75 10 6.25 1.732 Method of presentation 126 78.75 28 17.50 06 3.75 1.753 Use of audio-visual aids 84 52.50 76 47.50 - - 1.534 Skill in human relation 60 37.50 92 57.50 8 5.00 1.335 Approach in teaching 46 28.75 96 60.00 18 11.25 1.186 Ability to admit mistake 16 10.00 138 86.20 6 3.75 1.06

Physical facility1 Seating arrangement 110 68.75 50 31.25 - - 1.692 Audio-visual equipment 130 81.25 20 12.50 10 6.25 1.753 Demo. farm for practical training 116 72.50 20 12.50 24 15.00 1.584 Boarding and lodging 60 37.50 100 62.50 - - 1.385 Library facility 96 60.00 58 36.25 6 3.75 1.566 Recreation facility 110 68.75 46 28.75 4 2.5 1.27

Table -3 revealed that majority of the trainees (73.75 per cent) were opined that the training was based on their needs and inter-

est. None of them were reported lack of relationship of the train-ing with their needs and interest.


16

The results from the table -4 indicated that majority of the trainees (63.75 per cent were not satisfied with duration of the training period while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 per cent) with timing or month of training.

Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to their perception of training with their needs and interest

n= 160

Sr. No.

Extent of perceived relationship

No. Per cent

1 To great extent 118 73.752 To some what extent 42 26.253 Not at all - -

Table-4 : Distribution of the respondents according to their perception to their satisfaction with dura-tion and timing n = 160

Sr. No.

Level of satisfaction

Duration of training

Timing of training

No Per cent No. Per cent1 Satisfied 58 36.25 98 61.25

2 Not satisfied 102 63.75 62 38.75

CONCLUSION

• Majority of the trainees had young to middle age (83.75 per cent), up to higher secondary level of education

(80.00 per cent), large family size (64.37 per cent), up to 2 ha. of land holding (84.37 per cent), membership in 1-2 social organization (70.00 per cent), agriculture and animal husbandry as a major occupation (74.37 per cent) and up to two animals (67.50 per cent).

• The trainees were highly satisfied with accuracy to subject matter ( 90.00 per cent), expressed their high satisfaction towards Knowledge of subject (80.00 per cent),and were were satisfied or highly satisfied with all aspects of physical facility.

• Majority of the trainees (73.75 per cent) were opined that the training was based on their needs and interest and were not satisfied with duration of the training period while they perceived satisfaction (61.25 per cent) with timing or month of training.

REFERENCES

Patil, S.L., Sundara Swami, B. and Patil, V.G.1996. Develop-ment of scale to measure perception of farmers about use-fulness of NAEP. MaharashtraJ.Extn.Edun. 15:125-131

Soni, R.L. 1992. Farmers response towards vocational train-ing programmes in Jodhpur district (Rajsthan), M.Sc. (Agri.) theses (Unpublished), RAU, Udaipur.


17

Perception of the Farmers about Transfer of Technology System in North Gujarat

D. B. Patel1, K. A. Thakkar2 and K. S. Patel3

1 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Spices Research Station, S. D. Agril. University, Jagudan 2 Professor (Extn. Education), Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager

3 Assit. Extn. Educationist, Atic, Directorate of Extn.Edu., S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinager E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThepresentstudywasconductedintworandomlyselecteddistrictsofNorthGujaratnamely,MehsanaandPatan.Fromeachdistricttwotalukasandfromeachtalukathreevillageswereselectedrandomly.Thus,totaltwelvevillagefromsixtalukaswereselectedrandomly.Fromeachvillagetenfarmerswereselectedatrandom,makingasampleof120farmers.Formeasurementofperceptionascalewasdevelopedusingthedatarevealedthatmajorityofthefarmers(62.50%)perceivedthepresentTransferofTechnologysystemasuseful.Fivecharacteristicsnamely,readinghabit,trainingreceived,innovativeness,economicmotivationandmassmedia exposure established positively significant relationshipwith the farmers’ perception towardspresenttransferoftechnologysystem.Allthenineselectedvariablesexplained44.79%variationinfarmers’perceptiontowardTransferofTechnologysystem.

Keywords : Perception,TransferofTechnology,Correlationco-efficient,Multipleregression

INTRODUCTION

At present, various transfer of technology pro-grammes are being implemented by State and Central Gov-ernment, Non-Government Organization, State Agricultural Universities and Private agencies. Increase in agriculture pro-duction would have to be necessarily obtained by appropriate agricultural technology and its speedy transfer to the farmers through efficient transfer of technology system. To meet this emerging issue, it is worth necessary to have a strong and ef-ficient transfer of technology system. The success or failure of the transfer of technology programmes depends upon how far its clients perceived the same. Therefore, to understand the usefulness of present transfer of technology system for its beneficiaries, the study entitled “ perception of the farmers about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat” was undertaken.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was conceived with a general objective to measure “Perception of the farmers about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat”

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in North Gujarat region of Gujarat State, because this region fells under the jurisdiction of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.The ex-post-facto research design was adopted to collect the data. Out of 6 districts under North Gujarat region of Gujarat State consisted two districts viz.; Mehsana and Patan.were selected randomly. Three talukas from each district and two villages from each taluka were selected using simple random samling method. For the standardized scales to measure perception of the farmers about transfer of technology system in North Gujarat region of Gujarat State. For constructing the scale, resorted the methodology suggested by Likert (1932) with slight modification in the procedure.

Initially, 38 statements covering the entire universe of content were collected. These statements were then edited according to the 14 criterea laid down by Edward (1957). In all, 36 statements were selected. A set of these statements were them handed over to the 120 judges with request to give their judgments by assigning proper rating to each


18

statement. Out of these, 80 responses were received. These judges were asked to respond to each statement on the five-point continuum i.e. ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘undecided’, ’disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. The scoring pattern was 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements, respectively. Finally ‘t’ value for each statement

was calculated and 29 statements were selected.


The facts and findings derived after analyzing the data have been presented under the following sub heads:

Personal characteristics of the farmers

Table 1 : Personal characteristics of the farmers n=120

Sr. No. Characteristics Category Number Per cent1 Age 1 Young (Up to 35 years) 10 08.33

2 Middle (In betn35 to 50 years) 47 39.173 Old (Above 50 years) 63 52.50

2 Education 1 Illiterate 01 00.832 Primary education 30 25.003 Secondary education 43 35.834 Higher secondary education 26 21.675 College and above 20 16.67

3 Reading habit 1 No reading habit 06 05.002 Read one literature only 54 45.003 Read two literature 33 27.504 Read more than two literatures 27 22.50

4 Training received 1 No training 54 45.002 One-two trainings 37 30.833 More than two trainings 29 24.17

5 Annual income 1 Low (Upto 68000 Rs) 12 10.002 Medium (In betn 68001 to172000 Rs) 96 80.003 High (Above 172000 Rs) 12 10.00

6 land holding Marginal (Up to 1.00 ha) 19 15.84Small (In betn 1.01 to 2.00 ha) 34 28.33Medium (In betn 2.01 to 4.00 ha) 40 33.33Large (More than 4.00 ha) 27 22.50

7 Innovativeness 1 Low innovativeness (1 score) 36 30.002 Medium innovativeness (2 score) 48 40.003 High innovativeness (3 score) 36 30.00

8 Economic motivation 1 Low (Up to 14 score) 35 29.172 Medium(Inbetn15 to 16 score) 71 59.173 High (Above 16 score) 14 11.66

9 Mass media exposure 1 Low mass media exposure (Up to 22 score )

16 13.33

2 Medium mass media exposure (In betn 23 to 28 score)

79 65.83

3 High mass media exposure (Above 28 score)

25 20.84


19

It can be observed from Table 1 that majority of the farmers (52.50 %) were in the old age group followed by middle age group(39.17 %). Maximum no of the respondents were found to have secondary education (35.83 %) followed by those with primary education( 25.00 %) and higher secondary education(21.67 %). In case of their reading habit, 45.00 per cent of the farmers read only one publication, whereas 27.50 and 22.50 per cent of them were reading two publications and more than two publications, respectively. So for training is concerned (45.00 %) farmers were untrained. Majority of them (80.00 %) had medium annual income. Maximum number of them (33.33 %) was in the medium land holding followed by small holding (28.33 %) group. Two out of five (40.00 %) farmers were found to have medium innovativeness. Little more than half (59.17 %) had medium economic motivation and majority (65.83 %) of them had medium level of mass media exposure.

Perception of the farmers

The data in this regards are presented in Table-2

Table 2: Perception of the farmers about usefulness of transfer of technology system n=120

Sr.

No.

Category Number Per cent

1 Less useful (Up to 90 score) 29 24.17

2 Useful (In betn 91 to 131

score)

75 62.50

3 More useful (Above 131

score)

16 13.33

It can be seen from Table 2 that 62.50 per cent of the farmers perceived the transfer of technology system as useful whereas, 24.17 percent of them perceived the transfer of technology system as less useful and only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived it as more useful.

Relational analysis

Zero order Correlation

With a view to find out the relationship between the independent variables and level of perception (dependent variable) about usefulness of TOT system, the correlation co-efficient (‘r’ value) was calculated.Zero order correlation are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Correlation co-efficient of selected independent variables with farmers’ perception about transfer of technology system n=120

Sr. No.

Characteristics ‘r’ value

I. Personal

1 Age (X1) 0.0494 NS

2 Education (X2) 0.1025NS

3 Reading habit (X3) 0.3068**

4 Training received (X4) 0.3329**

II. Socio-economic

5 Annual income (X5) 0.1016 NS

6 Size of land holding (X6) 0.1013 NS

III. Psychological

7 Innovativeness (X7) 0.2927**

8 Economic motivation (X8) 0.3786**

IV. Communication

9 Mass media exposure (X9) 0.4769**

* = Significant at 0.05 level of significance

**= Significant at 0.01 level of significance

NS= Non significant

Based on the coefficient of correlations, five independent variables viz.; reading habit (0.3068), training received (0.3329), innovativeness (0.2927), economic motivation (0.3786), and mass media exposure (0.4769) were found having significant and positive relationship with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system at 0.01 level of significance. Whereas; age, education, annual income and size of land holding were failed to establish any significant relationship with farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.

Multiple regression analysis

In multiple regression analysis, all the 9 indepen-dent variables were fitted to explain the variation in farmer’s perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system. The results are presented in Table 4.


20

Table 4: Multiple regression analysis of the selected independent variables with farmers’ perception about TOT system n=120

Sr. No.

Variables RegressionCo-efficient (b)

S.E.of “b” ‘z’ value

I Personal characteristics1 Age (X1) -0.1011 0.1479 -0.6832 Education (X2) -1.9402 1.7512 -0.9083 Reading habit (X3) 1.8783 2.0438 0.9194 Training received (X4) -0.3398 1.6829 -0.202

II Socio-economic characteristics5 Annual income (X5) -0.00013 0.000326 -0.4076 Size of land holding (X7) -0.2264 0.4810 -0.471

III Psychological characteristics7 Innovativeness (X8) 5.0883 2.3603 2.156**8 Economic motivation (X10) 2.8190 1.1961 2.357**

IV Communication characteristics 9 Mass media exposure (X12) 2.0233 0.6263 3.230**

* = Significant at 0.05 level (0.983) of significance ** = Significant at 0.01 level (1.985) of significance R2 = 0.4479 All the independent variables mentioned in Table- 4 explained as much as 44.79 per cent of total variation in the farmer’s perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system. The unexplained varia-tion of 55.21 per cent may be due to the factors outside the scope of the study.

It can also be revealed that the “z” values of three variables i.e. Innovativeness (2.156), economic motivation (2.357) and mass media exposure (3.230) were significant at 0.01 level of significance. These three variables significantly contributed in explaining the variation in farmer’s perception about the usefulness of transfer of technology system.

Remaining variables have failed to contribute significantly in farmer’s perception about the usefulness of present transfer of technology system.

CONCLUSION

Majority of the farmers (62.50 %) perceived the present transfer of technology system as useful and it is sad to note that only 13.33 per cent farmers perceived the transfer of technology system as more useful. Eight valuables namely, innovativeness, risk orientation, economic motivation, achievement motivation, mass media exposure, reading habit, training received and extension participation were found having significant and positive relationships with the perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.

IMPLICATIONS

On the basis of present study, following implications are made for improvement in present transfer of technology system:1 The developed scales may be administered to any

categories of farmers with due modification to measure their perception about usefulness of present transfer of technology system.

2 The study suggested that due weightage shall be given

to such characteristics viz.; age, education, reading habit, interpersonal communication, mass media exposure and extension participation while selecting the contact farmers.

3 The characteristics of farmers viz.; The extension organizations shall give due importance to develop the communication skill of the farmers by organizing different extension activities frequently and encourage them to participate in the same which help farmers to make their positive perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.

4 The important shortfalls faced by most of the farmers may be responsible for low or medium level of perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system. Hence, it is worth necessary to consider their shortfalls in future transfer of technology programme planning and try to minimize these shortfalls. This will help in changing the farmers’ perception about usefulness of transfer of technology system.

REFERENCES

Chavada V. N. (2006). Farmers’ perception about usefulness of agriculture extension system. Ph.D. thesis (Unpub-lished),JAU, Junagadh.

Lanjewar, D. M. and Shirke, R. A. (1991). Perception about social forestry among farmers. Mah. J. Extn. Edu.,10(1):93-98.

Saiyad A. S. (2000). A study on role perception and role performance of woman sarpanches of gram panchayats in Anand district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Anand.

Sawant, R. P. (2001). Perception of farmers and extension personnel about usefulness of existing extension system. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Sardarkrushinagar.


21

Awarness of Farmers Regarding Plant Protection Methods, Equipments

and Information Sources

J. K. Patel 1, F. K. Chaudhary2 and V. T. Patel3

1 Assistant Professor, Dept.of Extn.Edu, C.P.C.A, S.D.A.U, Sardarkrushinagar. 2 Subject Matter Specialist ( Pl.Pro), K.V.K, S.D.A.U, Deesa.

3 Programme Coordinator, K.V.K, S.D.A.U, Deesa.Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThisstudywasconductedinVadgamtalukaofBanaskanthadistrictofGujaratstate.Theinformationwascollectedbydistributingthequestionnairestotenrandomlyselectedfarmerswhowerepresentthesemasscampaigns.Atotal25villageswerecoveredandthesizeofthesamplewaskept250forthestudy.Basedonthefindingofthestudy,majorityofthefarmershadknowledgeaboutmajorpestsofthecrops,sprayinginsecticidesinthecropsandgivingseedtreatmentandusedplantprotectionequipments.Whilemajorityofthefarmerspre-paredapesticidessolutionapproximatelyanddidnotuseprotectivewearsatthetimeofpreparing&sprayingpesticide.

Keywords : Awarness,KrushiRath

NTRODUCTION

Krushi Mahotsav is an intensive convergence and mass contact strategy was successfully organized for four consecutive years i.e. 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 before the onset of monsoon in respective years. Gujarat was a pioneered in having such unique month – long programme of mass contact of agricultural scientist with the farmers of the state. The contact was made through a mobile exhibition van called KRUSHI-RATH in each and every village of the state. The farmers were educated with collective efforts of all the government and non-government agencies engaged in rural development with highly qualified agricultural scientists. Thus, this campaign was meant for all round development of farming community. As we know, successful plant protection increases the crop production to the tune of 20-30 per cent. Keeping this fact the study was undertaken to know awareness of the farmers regarding plant protection in agriculture with following specific objectives:

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in vadgam taluka of banaskantha district of Gujarat state during krushi mahotsav – 2010. The questionnaire was developed with the help of Associates professor of the extension education department. The information was collected through interview

schedule from ten randomly selected farmers who were present in the mass campaigns (Krushi mahotsav). Thus, total 250 farmers were selected from 25 villages randomly. The data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in light of the objectives of the study.

Table 1 : Distribution Of The Respondents According To Their Personal Attributes n= 250

Sr. No. Personal Attributes Number Percent1 Age Group

Young Age (15-35Yrs.) 46 18.40Middle Age (35-50Yrs.) 116 46.40Old Age (Above 50 Yrs.) 88 35.20

2 Education levelIlliterate 54 21.60Primary level (1-7 std.) 116 46.40Secondary level (8-10std.) 30 12.00Higher Secondary level (11-12 std.)

44 17.60

College level 06 2.403 Caste Group

General 24 09.60S.E.B.C (Baxi) 214 85.60Schedule Caste ( S.C ) 12 04.80Schedule Tribe ( S.T ) 00 00.00


22

Table 2 : Distributions of the respondents according to their knowledge about pest n=250

Sr.No Name of Crop Name of Pest Number Per cent1 Groundnut (a) White grub 94 37.60

(b) Aphids 10 04.002 Cotton (a) Spotted ball worm 88 35.20

(b) Heliothis 112 44.80(c) Sucking pest 112 44.80

3 Sesamum (a) Ear head worm 226 90.404 Castor (a) Semilooper 236 94.40

(b) Capsule borer 16 06.405 Mustard (a) Aphids 236 94.40

(b) Saw fly 14 05.606 Wheat (a) Heliothis 12 04.80

(b) Termites 238 95.20 It can be seen from the Table 2 that great majority (more than 90.00 per cent) of the respondents had knowledge about Termites in wheat, Aphids in mustard, Semilooper in castor and Ear head worm in sesamum. Between 35 to 45

per cent of the respondents had knowledge about White grub in groundnuts and cotton pest. It is clear from the table that majority of the respondents had knowledge about major pest of the crop.

Table 3 : Distributions of the respondents according to their sources of information regarding pesticide use n= 250

Sr.No Motivational Sources Number Per cent Rank

1 Village Level Worker 172 68.80 II

2 Pesticides Dealers 224 89.60 I

3 Relatives/Neighbours 04 01.60 VI

4 Self experience/Knowledge 38 15.20 V

5 SAU’S Scientists 48 19.20 IV

6 Farm Publication 98 39.20 III

The data presented in Table 3 reveal that Pesticides dealers was the main information source for getting information ( 89.60 per cent) of the respondents. The second important information source was village level worker,

reported by (68.80 per cent) of the respondents. Remaining information sources for getting information in descending order were farm publication, SAU’s scientists, self experience and relatives.

Table 4 : Distributions of respondents according to method of application of pesticide n=250

Sr. No

Control Methods Number Per cent Rank

1 Spray 240 96.00 I2 Soil application 48 19.20 IV3 Seed treatment 204 81.60 II4 Pesticides application through irrigation water 106 42.40 III5 Cleaning of bunds 18 07.20 V6 Biopesticides/ Biocontrol 04 01.60 VI7 Ploughing 02 00.80 VII

The data presented in Table 1 that majority (46.40 per cent) of Respondents belongs to middle age group (35-50 years), having primary education (46.40 per cent) and

coming from Socially and Economically Backward Class (85.60 per cent).


23

It is evident from the data presented in Table 4 that majority (96.00 per cent) of the respondents’ spray the pesticides on the plants for control the pest, followed by seed treatment (81.60 per cent), through irrigation water (42.40 per cent) and soil application (19.20 per cent) respectively. It can be concluded from the table that majority of the farmer spraying pesticides on plants and giving seed treatment for pest control.

Table 5 : Distributions of the respondents according to method of application of pesticide n= 250

Sr. No

Protection Equipments Number Per cent

1 Knapsack sprayer 69 55.20

2 Aspee bollow sprayer 50 40.00

3 Rotary duster 23 18.40

4 Pheromones traps 09 07.20

5 Light traps 03 02.40

The data presented in the Table 5 that more than half (55.20 per cent) of the respondents use Knapsack sprayer for the spraying, followed by Aspee bollow sprayer and Rotary duster for the pest control by 40.00 and 18.40 per cent. It can be concluded from the table that majority of the respondents had used Knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for control of pest. They did not used the low cost methods of pest control.

Table 6 : Distributions of the respondents according to use of pesticide dose n= 250

Sr. No.

Statements Number Per cent

Total Score

Rank

1 As per recommen-dation

54 21.60 108 II

2 Approximate proportion

196 78.40 196 I

It is evident from the data presented in Table 6 that majority (78.40 per cent) of the respondents used approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the pest, only 21.60 per cent respondents prepared a solution as per recommendation for control the pest.

Table 7 : Distributions of the respondents according preparation of to use of pesticide solution

n= 250

Sr. No.

Statements Number Per cent

Total Score

Rank

1 Hand shaking 86 34.40 172 II

2 Shaking with stick

104 41.60 208 I

2 Wear hand gloves

25 10.00 50 III

4 Use Mask 35 14.00 70 IV

The data presented in the Table 7 that majority (66.40 per cent) of the respondents shaking pesticides solution with stick, followed by shaking pesticides solution through hand. Mostly did not use mask as well as did not wear hand gloves.

CONCLUSION

Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age, having primary education and from socially and Economically Backward Class. More than 90.00 per cent of the respondents had knowledge about major pests of the crop growing in the area and receiving information about pesticides from the pesticides dealers. Nearly about 90.00 per cent of the respondents spraying the pesticide on the crop and giving treatment to seed. Majority of the respondents used knapsack sprayer and Aspee bollow sprayer for spraying pesticides. More than two-third of the respondents used approximate proportion of pesticides solution for control the pest, majority of the respondents did not use mask as well as did not wear hand gloves while preparing solution and spraying.


24

Knowledge Level Of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation

D. D. Patel 1 ,P J Joshi 2 and P. P. Patel 3

1 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoEE, AAU,Anand2 Assistant Extension Educationist , DoR, AAU,Anand

3 Director of Extension Education, AAU, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Knowledgeoffarmersplaysanimportantroleinadoptionofimprovedagriculturaltechnologies.TheStudywasundertakeninDholkatalukaofAmdavaddistrictofGujaratstate tostudyknowledgelevelofrosegrowersaboutimprovedrosecultivation.Arandomsamplingprocedurewasadoptedfortheselectionofrespon-dents fromtheselectedvillagesand total127rosegrowerswereselected. Thestudyindicatedthatmajority(68.50percent)oftherosegrowershadmediumlevelofknowledgeaboutimprovedrosecultivationpracticesfollowedby18.90percentwhohadlowlevelofknowledge.Therewereonly12.60percentoftherespondentswhohadhighlevelofknowledgeaboutimprovedrosecultivationpractices.

Keywords: Knowledge,Improvedrosecultivation

INTRODUCTION

Among flowers, rose (Rosa indica) is one of the nature’s beautiful creations and is universally acclaimed as the “Queen of flowers”. Rose is certainly the best known and most popular of all garden flowers through out the world and has been growing on the earth for many millions of years because of its magnitude blooms and pleasing fragrance be-sides wide array of colours, commercial uses and medicinal properties. According to the statistics, the area under rose in Amdavad district was 236 hectares with a production of 1652 Metric tones (Anonymous, 2007). In Amdavad district, the average productivity comes out to be approximately nearer to the state average, even though the potential of rose produc-tion and export have not yet been fully exploited in Gujarat and particularly in Amdavad district. Looking to the situa-tion in Gujarat with specific reference to Amdavad district for possibilities of rose cultivation, it is necessary to increase rose production per unit area. The region has also strong po-tential to capture foreign and domestic market and fpr that knowledge of rose growers regarding improved rose cultiva-tion can play decisive role.

METHODOLOGY

In order to achieve the objectives, the study was undertaken in 71 villages of Dholka taluka Amdavad district of Gujarat state. Out of that six villages were selected based

on specific criteria. These selected villages were considered as stratum and with the help of proportional allocation method sample size of each stratum was determined. A random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respondents from the selected villages. Thus, total 127 rose growers were selected randomly. The Ex-post-facto research design was followed. To measure the knowledge level of rose growers about improved rose cultivation, a teacher made scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970) was used for the study.

The respondents were grouped into three levels of knowledge viz.; Low level of knowledge (Below Mean – SD), Medium level of knowledge (Between Mean + SD) and High level of knowledge Above (Mean + SD) by using mean and standard deviation .


Out of eighteen independent variables, sixteen viz.; education, experience in rose cultivation, land under rose cultivation, participation in training programme, contact with extension agency, exposure to mass media, economic motivation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, level of aspiration, scientific orientation, innovative proneness, cosmopoliteness, competition orientation and self confidence were positively and significantly related, while age is negatively and significantly related to management efficiency


25

of the rose growers (Table 1)

Table 1 : Relationship between independent variables and management efficiency n = 127

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient(‘ r ’value)

I Personal

1 Age -0.2041*

2 Education 0.5123*

3 Experience in rose cultivation 0.3445*

II Social

4 Family size 0.0689 NS

III Economical

5 Size of land holding 0.1065 NS

6 Land under rose cultivation 0.4261*

IV Communicational

7 Participation in training programme 0.6632*

8 Contact with extension agency 0.4344*

9 Exposure to mass media 0.4334*

V Psychological

10 Economic motivation 0.5170*

11 Risk orientation 0.5094*

12 Achievement motivation 0.4278*

13 Level of aspiration 0.4787*

14 Scientific orientation 0.5393*

15 Innovative proneness 0.4922*

16 Cosmopoliteness 0.5256*

17 Competition orientation 0.4327*

18 Self confidence 0.4550*

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

Management Efficiency of the Rose Growers

Management efficiency is a degree to which an in-dividual acquires and adopt effectiveness factors in an enter-prise to reach higher level of performance. The data regarding management efficiency of the rose growers were collected by knowing and summing various abilities viz; knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices, attitude towards improved cultivation practices, ability in planning, ability to make rational decision, timely adoption of technologies,

ability to mobilize resources, ability to co-ordinate activities, efficient use of resources, ability in rational marketing and competence in evaluation. Based on management efficiency index of the rose growers, respondents were categorized into three groups as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their management efficiency n = 127

Sr. No.

Level of Management efficiency

Frequency Per cent

1 Low (below 58.55score) 19 14.96

2 Medium (58.55 to 69.23 score) 87 68.50

3 High (above 69.23 score) 21 16.54

Mean = 63.89 S. D. = 5.34

The data in Table 2 revealed that, slightly more than two-third (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of management efficiency while 16.54 per cent of the rose growers had high and 14.96 per cent of the rose growers had low level of management efficiency. The result is in line with the finding of Patel (2006).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of management efficien-cy. The medium level of knowledge about improved rose cul-tivation practices, ability in planning, ability to make rational decision, timely adoption of technologies, ability to mobilize resources, ability to co-ordinate activities and efficient use of resources might be the reason to have medium level of management efficiency among majority (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2008). Floriculture Today, Sept.2008., 10.

Biswas, T. D.(1983). Rose growing – Principle and practices. Associated Publishing Co., New- Delhi.

Patel, S. R. (2006). A study on management efficiency of aonla growers of Anand and Kheda district of Gujarat state. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, A.A.U., Anand.


26

Knowledge and Their Correlation with Personal and Socio-economic Characteristics of Coriander Growers

S. R. Kumbhani 1, D. M. Thakrar2, Kiran Chandravadia3 and

R. H. Gondaliya4

1 Agriculture officer, Sardar Smurti Kendra, J.A.U. Junagadh2 Professor, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh

3 & 4 Ph.D. student, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. JunagadhEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThestudywasconductedinJunagadhdistrictofGujaratstate.Knowledgeofthecorianderproduc-tiontechnologyisimportantforincreasingtheproductionlevels.Hence,thisstudywasconductedtoknowtheknowledgelevelanditsrelationshipwithpersonalandsocio-economicalcharacteristicofcoriandergrower.Thestudyrevealedthatcoriandergrowersweremediumlevelknowledgeofcorianderproductiontechnologyhavingdetailedknowledgeaboutimportantcorianderproductiontechnology.Thestudyalsoreveledthatedu-cation,socialparticipation,extensioncontact,sizeoflandholding,irrigationpotentiality,croppingintensity,riskorientation,extensionparticipation,innovativeness,exposuretoinformationsourcesandproductionwerepositivelysignificantassociatedwiththeknowledgeofrecommendedcorianderproductiontechnology.

Key words : Education, Social participation, Irrigation potentiality, Cropping intensity, Risk orientation,Extensionparticipation,Innovativeness.

INTRODUCTION

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual aromatic herb, grown for its leaves, seed, essential oil and oleoresin. Coriander, also known as cilantro and Chinese parsley is a member of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its name is derived from the Greek world ‘Koris’ meaning bedbug because of the unpleasant fetid bug-like odour of the green herb and unripe fruits, it was eventually loaned to Latin Coriandrum. Coriander has originated in the Mediterranean region from where it had moved eastward to Asia (Nawata et al., 1995). It is commonly known as “Dhania” or “Dhana”. India has been known as the “home of the spices” from very ancient times. Spices play pivotal role in human dietary as they give an agreeable flavour and aroma to food and add greatly to the pleasure of eating (Aiyanduai, 1966). They also constitute an important group of agricultural commodities which are virtually indispensable in culinary art.

Coriander is used since long as coriander seeds

were found in Egyptian tombs of 960 BC. Further, Persia grew coriander 3000 years ago and it added fragrance to hanging gardens of Babylon. In 3rd century BC, Romans also found coriander seed as an excellent seasoning for popular foods. Coriander is well known for its uses as medicine, oil, perfumery and culinary purposes, consumed in large quantities and earns a large sum of foreign exchange.

It is probably the first spice to be used by man as common flavouring substance. The stem leaves and fruits have a pleasant aromatic odour. The pleasant aroma of the fruits is due to the linalool containing essential oil (Pruthi, 1976). Which is used for medicinal and flavouring beverages and its residues are used for cattle feed. High quality coriander seed has essential oil content between 0.4 and 1.4 percent. The finest quality oils contain 60 to 70% linalool, a compound which produces much of the characteristic coriander flavor. The coriander seed contains an extractable vegetable oil fraction which may be blended with the essential oil (to form an oleoresin) for use in food and other non-food products.


27

METHODOLOGY

In order to realize the above objectives, a sample of 160 coriander growers, representing 8 villages of two talukas (Manderada and Keshod) of Junagadh district was drawn by using random sampling techniques. For measurement of knowledge of respondents about coriander production technology, the teacher made test was used. The respondents were asked whether they know particular coriander production technology or not, for each coriander production practices, total numbers of respondents were calculated accordingly those who know that practice.

A unit score was given to correct and zero to incorrect response. The total score obtained by individual respondent for all the statements was calculated. Then, with

the help of mean and standard deviation, the respondents were categorized as under. Low knowledge (Mean – S.D.), Medium knowledge (Mean + S.D.) and High knowledge (Mean + S.D.)

To find out the relationship between dependent and independent variables, the Pearson’s product moment method of computing correlation coefficient (r), which provides generally accepted means for measuring the relationship, was used (Chandel, 1975).

FINDINGS

The extents of coriander growers’ knowledge of recommended coriander production technology are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents based on their knowledge about coriander production technology n = 160

Category Knowledge score Frequency Percent Mean S.D.Low Below 53.4 27 16.87

71.30 17.90Medium Between 53.4 to 89.2 105 65.62High Above 89.2 28 17.51

From Table 1, it is clear that 65.62 per cent of the coriander growers were medium level knowledge of coriander production technology. A considerably 17.51 and 16.87 per cent of respondents were in high and low knowledge group, respectively.

This might be due to fact that the coriander growers had medium extension contact, medium social participation, medium risk orientation and medium extension participation. This factor had favourable helped the coriander growers in getting more knowledge about recommended coriander production technology.

Correlation between knowledge about coriander production technology followed by the farmers

There was no significant association with the knowledge about recommended coriander production technology and their annual income. Age was negative and significantly associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology. While market orientation was negative and non significant associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology.

While remaining all characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity, risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information sources and production were positively

significant associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology.

Table 2: Correlation between knowledge about coriander production technology followed by the farmers and the independent variables n = 160

Sr. No

Name of the independent variables

‘r’ value

1 Age -0.1913*

2 Education 0.2104**

3 Social participation 0.1739*

4 Annual income 0.1254 NS

5 Extension contact 0.2033*

6 Size of land holding 0.1988*

7 Irrigation potentiality 0. 2336**

8 Cropping intensity 0.2836**

9 Risk orientation 0.2782**

10 Extension participation 0.2490**

11 Innovativeness 0.3283**

12 Market orientation -0.0269 NS

13 Exposure to information sources 0.1849*

14 Production 0.2857** * Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 levelNS = Non significant


28

CONCLUSION

Based on the finding of the study, it can be concluded that majority of the coriander grower had medium level of knowledge about coriander production technology. Since knowledge is important for adoption of any cultivation practices. The study also reveled that education, social participation, extension contact, size of land holding, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity, risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information sources and production were positively significant associated with the knowledge of recommended coriander production technology.

REFRANCES

Anilkumar, (2008). Farm women’s knowledge and adoption of dairy practices in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. (Unpublished) M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, JAU, Junagadh.

Chauhan, N.B. (2008). Capacity building of farmers’ through training on organic farming practices in surendranagar

district of gujarat state.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Chavada (2006). Farmers’ Perception about Usefulness of Agriculture Extension System. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Jadav, N.B. (2001). Knowledge, adoption and constraints of onion growers with respect to recommended onion production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar.

Kanani, P. R. (1998). Indigenous practices of groundnut cultivation followed by the farmers of South Saurashtra Zone in Gujarat State. Ph.D. (Agri) Thesis (Unpublished), Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar.


29

Extent of Adoption of Onion Growers about Post Harvest Technology

Vijay Poshiya 1 and D.M. Thakarar 2

1 Senior Research Fellow, Department of Agriculture Economics J.A.U. Junagadh2 Professor, Department of Ext. Education .J.A.U. Junagadh

ABSTRACT

Inthepresentstudy,attempthasbeenmadetoknowextentofknowledgeofoniongrowersaboutpostharvesttechnology.Total100respondentswereselectedtwotalukasoffourvillages.Inlightoftheobjectives,theinterviewschedulewasprepared.Thedatawerecollectedbypersonalinterviewoftherespondents.Fromthisstudyrevealedthatmajorityoftheoniongrowershadmediumlevelofknowledgeaboutpostharvesttech-nique.

Keywords: Adoption,postharvesttechnology

INTRODUCTION

Onion (AlliumcepaL.) is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops grown in India. Popularly it is also known as “poor man Kasturi”. It belongs to the fam-ily Alliaceae. Onion is an important underground vegetable bulb crop of tropical and sub tropical countries (Thompson and Kelly, 1979).

We are producing sufficient quantity of onion but out of this many tones of onion bulbs either get damaged or go waste due to lack of knowledge of scientific methods of harvesting, drying and curing, sorting and grading, storage, transportation and marketing.

In order to minimize the post harvest losses there is most need to educate farm families about scientific methods of onion harvesting, drying and curing of onion, sorting and grading and improved method of storage to enable them to make the maximum use of available produce in term of qual-ity and quantity. Therefore, post harvest techniques of onion must suit farmer to improve efficiency in post harvest man-agement and reducing drudgery in carrying out these activi-ties.

The production of onion is relatively higher in South Saurashtra Agro- Climatic Zone as compared to other zone.

In case of bumper production, bulk storage system demands a high degree of management qualities with respect to loss pre-vention. Therefore, a finding the existing post harvest condi-tion the present study is proposed to under taken to find out the level of knowledge, adoption and constraints of farmers in adoption of post harvest techniques of onion.

METHODOLOGY

For the purpose of measurement of extent of adop-tion a structured schedule including various recommended practices of onion post harvest technique by the onion grow-ers’ was developed in consultation with the crop scientist and literature available and determined by adopting adoption quotient developed by Sengupta (1967).

Adoption Quotient =

Number of Practices Used

X 100Number of Adoption

Practices

The A.Q. was calculated for each respondent later on all on-ion growers were classified into three levels of adoption.

Low adoption group = Mean – S. D.

Medium adoption group = Mean ± S. D.

High adoption group = Mean + S. D.


30


Extent of onion growers about post harvest techniques of onion

Table 1: Onion Growers Extent of Adoption about Post Harvest Techniques of Onion n=100

Level of adoption Frequency Per centLow level of adoption (below 53.19 score) 25 25.00

Medium level of adoption (53.19 to 85.07 score)

55 55.00

High level of adoption (above 85.07 score) 20 20.00

Mean: 69.13 S. D. : 15.94

From the perusal of the data in Table 1 it is clear that 55.00 per cent of the onion growers were medium adopters of post harvest techniques of onion. A considerably less percent-age of onion growers (25.00 per cent) and (20.00 per cent) were in low and high adoption group, respectively.

CONCLUSION

For the above discussion the onion growers had me-

dium level of adoption about post harvest technique. It can be concluded that majority of the onion growers were medium adopters of the post harvest techniques of onion followed by low and high group, respectively. This might be fact that the majority of the onion growers possess medium knowledge, income and extension contact.

REFERENCES

Barad, V.J. (2004). Knowledge, adoption and constrains of garlic growers with respect to recommended garlic production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.). Thesis (Un-published). Junagadh Agricultural University, Jun-agadh.

Tavethiya, B.H. (2006). Cumin growers’ knowledge and adoption about cumin production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.). Thesis (Unpublished), Junagah Agricultural University, Junagadh

Vekariya, R.S.; Pandya, R.D. and Thumar, D.N. (2000) Knowledge and adoption behaviour of rainfed groundnut growers. Agric.Ext.Review 12(1): 10-13.


31

INTRODUCTION

Animal husbandry plays an important role in national economy, socio-economic development and employment generation for rural people especially, to small and marginal farmers and landless laboures by providing round the year steady income from animal produce. India has largest milch animal population in the world but productivity of Indian dairy animal remains substantially low compared to potential and world average. Besides the poor genetic potential and poor economic status, this low productivity could largely be attributed to low level of knowledge and adoption of scientific technologies regarding four important pillars of dairy farming- i.e. breeding, feeding, health care & excellent management. Many of these technologies are mostly cost effective, either no-cost technologies or low-cost technologies which do not require much capital and skill, but only timely and careful utilization is sufficient. The knowledge and adoption of such no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies by dairy farmwomen has great scope for improving productivity, profitability and sustainability of dairy farming enterprise, especially for resource poor and socio-economically deprived tribal dairy farmwomen. So far, very limited efforts have been made to study the extent of adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by dairy farmwomen

in tribal area of Gujarat state. Therefore, this study was conducted to ascertain the extent of adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen of Gujarat state.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted purposively in five tribal talukas of Vadodara district in Gujarat during 2010-11. Important and relevant no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies in six major areas/categories of dairy farming viz, (1) Housing and general management (2) Feeding and watering (3) Calf rearing (4) Breeding (5) Clean milk production and (6) Health care were selected under study through expert opinion. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. In first stage, out of total 12 talukas of Vadodara district, the five talukas namely Chotaudepur, Pavi-jetpur, Kavant, Nasvadi and Shankheda which comes under tribal areas were selected purposively. With the help of random sampling method three villages were selected from each selected tribal taluka and from each selected villages, ten dairy women members were randomly selected which constituted a total sample size of 150 women respondents.

The extent of adoption of no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies by tribal dairy farmwomen

Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen

J. V. Prajapati,1 P. M. Bhatt2 and H. B. Patel3

1.P.G.Student, Vet. College, Anand Agril. University, Anand2.Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA) , Anand Agril. University, Anand


ABSTRACT

ThestudywasconductedpurposivelyinfivetribaltalukasofVadodaradistrictinGujaratStateduring2010-11,drawingasampleof150respondentstoascertaintheadoptionofrecommendedno-costandlow-costanimalhusbandrytechnologies. Sixmajorareasofdairyfarmingsuchashousingandgeneralmanagement,feedingandwatering,calfrearing,breeding,cleanmilkproductionandhealthcarewereselectedforthestudy.Theoveralladoptionindexobservedwasjust60.68percent.Further,adoptionhierarchystudyrevealedthatadoptionregardinghealthcarepracticesrankedIwithmeanscoreof2.08,followedbycleanmilkproductionpracticesrankedII,feedingandwateringpracticesrankedIII,breedingpracticesrankedIV,housingandgeneralmanagementpracticesrankedVandcalfrearingpracticesrankedVIwithmeanscoreof2.05,2.03,1.95,1.94and1.88,respectively.

Keywords: DairyFarmwomen,knowledge,adoption,no-costtechnology,Low-costtechnology


32

was measured with the help of semi structured schedule based on judges’ opinion. The structured schedule included total 45 relevant no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies/practices classified in the group of six major animal husbandry practices for dairy farming. In the semi structure schedule, there were three columns against each of 45 sub-practices representing ‘Fully adopted’ ‘partially adopted’ and ‘Not adopted’ with weightage of 2, 1 and 0 score, respectively.

The numbers of sub-practices included in each major group of animal husbandry practice and the possible practice wise adoption score as well as total adoption scores that a respondent would obtained as under:

Overall adoption index and practice wise adoption index were calculated on the basis of obtained score divided by maximum possible score and multiplied by hundred. All the respondents were grouped in to three categories viz.1.

Low (< -S.D), 2. Medium (In between ± S.D) and 3.

High (> + S.D ) for their total adoption level as well as practice wise adoption level of no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies for dairy farming .

Sr. No

Group of animal husbandry practice

Numbers of no-cost & low-cost

technologies included in

the structured schedule of

their adoption

Possible adoption

score

1 Housing and general management

12 00 to 24

2 Feeding and watering

05 00 to 10

3 Calf rearing 06 00 to 124 Breeding 04 00 to 085 Clean milk practices 12 00 to 246 Health care 06 00 to 12

Total practices 45 00 to 90

Three point rating scale was used and 3, 2 and 1 score was assigned to high, medium and low adoption level respectively for each of six animal husbandry practices. To lay down the adoption hierarchy, the mean score for adoption of each practice was calculated, on the basis of which, ranks were assigned to the adoption level of each of six selected practices from higher to lower.


Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry

The practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 : Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen n = 150

Sr.No.

Practices Mean S.D. Adoption levelLow Medium High Total

scoreMeanscore Rank

1 Housing and general management 60.22 13.00

35(23.33)

89(59.33)

26(17.34) 291 1.94 V

2 Feeding and watering56.07 16.98

19(12.67)

108(72.00)

23(15.33) 304 2.03 III

3 Calf rearing59.44 17.61

38(25.34)

92(61.33)

20(13.33) 282 1.88 VI

4 Breeding64.08 25.47

40(26.67)

77(51.33)

33(22.00) 293 1.95 IV

5 Clean milk Production60.83 12.05

16(10.67)

110(73.33)

24(16.00) 308 2.05 II

6 Health care61.11 17.98

26(17.33)

88(58.67)

36(24.00) 312 2.08 I

N.B: Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage


33

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of housing and general management practices

Table 1 shows that, nearly three-fifth (59.33 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of housing and general management practices, followed by 23.33 and 17.34 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found with low and high level of adoption, respectively. It can be concluded that, more than four-fifth (82.66 per cent) of dairy farmwomen were found with low to medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of housing and general management, which is due to fact that majority of tribal dairy farmwomen failed to provide proper floor and manger in cattle shed due to their traditional Kachha housing and poor economic condition, and also observed that majority of them were not following the practices of regular grooming of dairy animals, ectoparasitic control measures, purchasing the dairy animals after veterinary check up and maintaining the different records for productivity and profitability of dairy farming. This finding is in contrast to the reports by Singh and Chauhan (2009) and Rathore etal. (2009).

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of feeding and watering practices

The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly three-fourth (72.00 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of feeding and watering, followed by 15.33 and 12.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found with high and low level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred that, vast majority (87.33 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of feeding and watering practices. This is attributed to the findings of field survey that majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen were providing adequate fresh –clean water, green fodder and feeding of chaffed green fodder as well as dry fodder for better productivity, profitability and sustainability of dairy farming due to better availability of drinking water and consciousness of respondent about feeding and watering practices. However, majority of tribal dairy farmwomen were not utilizing urea treatment of poor quality roughage and regular feeding of mineral mixture along with concentrate might be due to poor knowledge regarding importance of urea treatment and mineral mixture for higher productivity and profitability of dairy farming. Similar findings were reported by Aroraetal, (2006), Bhakar

etal. (2006), and Rathore etal. (2009).

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of calf rearing practices

The data presented in Table 1 regarding adoption level of no-cost and low cost technologies of calf rearing practices among dairy farmwomen revealed that slightly more than three-fifth (61.33 per cent) of the them had medium level of adoption followed by 25.34 per cent and 13.33 percent of the dairy farmwomen had low level and high level of adoption respectively. It can be concluded that majority (86.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had low to medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of calf rearing practices. During field survey it was observed that majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen were not following the practices of naval cord treatment immediately after calving, fed colostrums to newly born calf after the expulsion of placenta only (due to misconception that if they feed colostrums immediately after birth, then the animal would not release the placenta and it also could lead to diarrhea in calves), were not following recommended deworming schedule but dewormed when calf was off-feed or when worms were observed in faeces, and majority were not dehorned their calf, which accounted for such findings. Discussion with the dairy farmwomen revealed that they were unaware of the health implications and benefits of practicing naval cord cutting, timely colostrums feeding and deworming to calf. This finding is in conformity with the findings of Singh and Chauhan (2009).

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding practices

Table 1 shows that more than half (51.33 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen were with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding practices, followed by 26.67 and 22.00 per cent with low and high level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred that more than three-fourth (78.00 per cent) of dairy farmwomen were found with low to medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of breeding management, which is due to fact that majority of tribal dairy farmwomen were not following the pregnancy diagnosis practices after 60-90 days of AI /natural services and vast majority of them had not adopted AI /natural service to milking animal after 90-120 days of calving due to ignorance and misconception of reduction in milk production of milking dairy animals, besides the lack of faith and poor facilities of AI and pregnancy diagnosis. This finding is supported with the findings of Mavi etal. (2006) and Singh and Chauhan (2009).


34

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of clean milk production practices

The data given in Table 1 indicated that, nearly three-fourth (73.33 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of clean milk production, followed by 16.00 and 10.67 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen found with high and low level of adoption, respectively. It can be inferred that vast majority (89.33 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of clean milk production practices. It was found during field survey that, majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen were following the practices of cleaning of floor, washing and drying udder, hind quarter of animal and milker’s hands before milking, cleaning milking utensil regularly, avoiding roughage feeding at milking and quick delivery of milk to the village co-operative immediately after milking accounted for such findings. It does not necessarily due to their awareness about importance of clean milk production practices, but in most of cases, it may be due to common hygienic concept and traditions. Therefore, considerable proportion of dairy farmwomen were practicing knuckling method (wrong method) of milking and majority of them were not following the important clean milk production practices, viz. discarding two strips of milk from each teat, stripping at the end of milking, milking sick and treated animal at the last and keeping their milk separate and filtering fresh milk with clean and dry cloth. This finding is in line with the findings of Mohi and Bhatti (2006).

Adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of health care practices

The data given in Table 1 indicated that, slightly less than three-fifth (58.67 per cent) of tribal dairy farmwomen were found with medium level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of health care practices, followed by 24.00 and 17.33 per cent with high and low level of knowledge, respectively. It can be concluded that vast majority (82.67 per cent) of the dairy farmwomen had medium to high level of adoption regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of health care practices. This is attributed to the findings of field survey that majority of the tribal dairy farmwomen were adopting timely and regular vaccination of dairy animals against commonly occurring contagious diseases, reported promptly the incidence of contagious diseases to Government authority and were following hygienic disposal of placenta and dead body, which proves the efficient health care services provided by State Animal Husbandry

Department and District Co-operative Dairy Union. The result of these practices evident in form of good health of animal, continuous and steady milk production by dairy animal, thus, the high degree of adoption observed. However, majority of tribal dairy farmwomen were not isolating the sick animal from healthy animal and were not following the deworming of adult animals. This may be attributed to poor economic condition, unavailability of separate housing facility and poor knowledge regarding the harm caused by the parasitic load. This finding is in conformity with the results reported by Mohi and Bhatti (2006).

Practice-wise adoption hierarchy

On the basis of mean score presented in Table 1, an adoption hierarchy among the tribal dairy farmwomen regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry was assigned and diagrammatically depicted in Fig.21. According to adoption hierarchy, adoption regarding health care practices ranked I with mean score of 2.08, followed by clean milk production practices ranked II, feeding and watering practices ranked III, breeding practices ranked IV, housing and general management practices ranked V and calf rearing practices ranked VI with mean score of 2.05, 2.03, 1.95, 1.94 and 1.88, respectively. This concluded that there is still a large scope for improvement in adoption of selected no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry with special emphasis of housing and general management, breeding and calf rearing practices of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen while preparing the extension programmes for tribal dairy farming development.

Overall adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by the tribal dairy farmwomen

On the basis of total adoption score obtained by the tribal dairy farmwomen, they were grouped in to three categories and data regarding this aspect are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Distribution of tribal dairy farmwomen according to their adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry n =150

Sr. No.

Level of adoption Frequency Per cent

1 Low (below 47.77 Score) 26 17.332 Medium (47.77 to 73.59 Score) 100 66.673 High (above 73.59 Score) 24 16.00

Mean = 60.68 S. D. = 12.91


35

It is clear from data presented in Table 18 that, slightly more than two-third (67.67 per cent) of the tribal dairy farmwomen had medium level of adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry, whereas 17.33 and 16.00 per cent of tribal dairy farmwomen had low and high level of overall adoption, respectively. On the basis of the above results, it can be concluded that majority (84.00 per cent) of the tribal dairy farmwomen had low to medium level of adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry. This might be due to their low to medium level of knowledge regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry along with their medium level of annual income and economic motivation. However, the overall adoption index observed was just 60.68 per cent which needs concrete and planned efforts of policy makers, administrators and concerned agencies to develop holistic approach in formulating appropriate strategy for wider adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry among the tribal dairy farmwomen. This finding is supported with the findings of Khokhar (2007) and Durga (2009).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that no-cost and low-cost technologies of health practices were highly adopted , whereas, that of housing and general management and calf rearing practices were least adopted by tribal dairy farmwomen . The extension agencies should gear-up to popularize the recommended no-cost and low-cost technologies in breeding, feeding, housing and general management and calf rearing practices through their extension programmes among tribal dairy farmwomen.

REFERENCES

Arora, A.S., Avadesh Kumar, Bardhan, D. and Dabas, Y.P.S. (2006). Socio-economic and communication variables associated with level of knowledge

and degree of adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices in U.S. Nagar district of Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Dairy science. 59 (5): 337-343

Bhakar, S., Malik, J.S., Singh Sube and Dahiya Shushila (2006). Comparative adoption level of farmers regarding improved animal husbandry practices in watershed and non-watershed villages. J.Dairying.Foods&H.S. 25(1): 51-54.

Durga, R.V. (2004). Training needs of farm women of Thrissur Taluka in dairy and poultry farming. M.V.Sc. thesis (Unpublished), Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur.

Khokhar, S.R. (2007). A study on adoption of dairy innovations by dairy farm women in Anand district, M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpublished), AAU, Anand.

Mavi, K.S., Chauhan, J.P.S. and Das, B.C. (2006). Role of self employment on programme on dairying in adoption of improved dairy farming practices. IndianJ.of DairySci.59(3):185-190.

Mohi Amardeep kaur and Bhatti, J. S. (2006). Adoption of improved dairy farming practices by members of Punjab Dairy Farmers Association. J.dairying,Foods &H.S.25(1):55-58.

Rathore, R. S., Singh, R. and Kanchawala, R. N. (2009). Adoption of recommended management practices and relationship between selected traits of the respondents. IndianJ.ofDairySc. 62(4): 327-334.

Singh, M. and Chauhan, A. (2009). Adoption of animal husbandry practices by dairy owners. IndianJ.ofDairySc. 62(2): 119-125


36

Demand Supply Gap and Dealers’ Margin for Hybrid Castor Seed in Gujarat

Harpreet Sodhi1 , K.P.Thakkar 2 and S.M. Patel 3

1 Assistant Professor, Karnavati Education Institute of IT and Management, Palanpur2 & 3 Assistant Professor, C.P.College of Agriculture, SDAU,

Sardarkrushinagar, (B.K), Gujarat

ABSTRACT

The castor is an important non edible oilseed crop with immense industrial importance. The areaproductionandproductivityofcastorishighestinGujaratstate.InIndiawherehybridcastorispre-dominantlycultivated.Thehybridcastorseedisproducedbypublicandprivatesectorseedcompaniesandmarketedwiththeir strongnetworkatdistinctand taluka levels.Thepresent study focuses thedemandand supplygapanddealersmarginforcastorhybridseed.ThecastorseedmarketedinGujaratstate.ThestudyrevealedthattheGSSCL(GujaratStateSeedCorporationLtd.)hasthemajorshareof53.62percentinthemarketduring2010-11whileanumberofothercompanieswerealsotheprominentwiththeirrespectivebrandsinthemarket.Thedealers’marginwasaslowas4.55percentofpublicsectorcompaniesandupto11.76percentforaprivatesectorcompany.

Keywords:Demandsupplygap,Dealers’margin,hybridcastor

INTRODUCTION

In the agricultural economy of India, oilseeds are important next only to food grains in terms of area, production and value (Hegde 2009). Oilseeds have been the backbone of agricultural economy of India since long. The Indian climate is suitable for cultivation of oilseeds crops therefore, large varieties of oilseeds are cultivated here (Narayan etal 2011). The major oilseeds grown in India are groundnut, soybean, rapeseed, sesame, linseed, safflower, castor, sunflower and niger. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non- edible oilseed crop of arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Castor seed contains 48 to 56 percent oil. Castor oil is obtained through pressing the seeds followed by solvent extraction of the pressed cake. The average castor production in India was approximately 11.15 lakh tonnes in 2008-09. Banaskantha, Mehsana, Sabarkantha, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad and Kutch are the main castor growing districts in Gujarat (Anonymous 2008). As far as area and production of castor in North Gujarat is concerned, Banaskantha rankes first followed by Sabarkatha and Mehsana (Anonymous 2010). Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan follow Gujarat in production of castor seed. Gujarat state is pioneer in the development and release of hybrids where the first castor hybrid GCH-3 was released for general cultivation in 1968 (Acharya et al 2010). Subsequently six more hybrids viz.,

GAUCH-1, GCH-2, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-6 and GCH-7 have been released for general cultivation, among which GCH-7 is nematode and wilt resistant high yielding hybrid (Pathak etal 2005). Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh contribute 96% of the total castor seed production in India. The total cultivated area under castor in Banaskantha district is 1,78,700 ha. Gujarat ranks first in area, production, and productivity (area, 433.90 thousand hectare; production, 852.00 thousand tonnes). Large number of public as well as private companies are dealing in hybrid castor seed production as well as marketing of castor seed, amongst which GSSCL (Gujarat State Seed Corporation Ltd.) and GUJCOMASOL (Gujarat Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd, Ahmedabad) are major public sector companies along with many private companies.

Astringent seed production standards are there to produce the hybrid castor seed which is managed and strictly monitored by GSSCA (Gujarat State Seed Certification Agency), a public sector independent organization. The present study was conceived with a general objective of analyzing demand and supply gap of hybrid castor seed and percentage contribution of GSSCL in fulfilling total demand of castor seed. Moreover the study also focused on dealers’ margin under different brands available in the market.


37

METHODOLOGY

In order to proceed with investigation as per the objectives stated, it was necessary to adopt an appropriate sampling design so as to focus the importance of objective in tacking the problems in marketing of castor seed. It was proposed at the outset to study the area under castor crop in primary stage. For this purpose the secondary source data published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Banaskantha was used. A multistage random sampling was adopted as appropriate sampling procedure for the study. The Castor crop is mainly grown in the Bansakantha district. Bansakantha ranks first in terms of area and production of castor among all the district of Gujarat state. Hence the study was focused on Banaskantha District. In the second stage, it was proposed to select five talukas in Banaskantha district which were top ranking talukas in respect of area under castor in the district. These talukas are: Tharad, Vav, Dhanera, Kankrej and Palanpur . In the third stage, from each taluka 10 dealers on cross sectional basis were selected. Since in each taluka, the TalukaKharidVechanSangh a co-operative marketing organisation exists, it was invariably included as one of the dealer. Hence total numbers of dealers for the study were 50. Keeping in view the objective to analyze the projected demand and supply gap primary data regarding

area under castor cultivation and hybrid seed production by GSSCL were collected from GSSCL, Gandhinagar. The estimated seed requirement (demand) was calculated @ 5 Kg/ha seed rate which is recommended seed rate for castor hybrid by S.D. Agricultural University and to find dealers margin of hybrid castor seed, popularly available brands in the market were enlisted and the questionnaire was prepared and dealers were interviewed.


Castor is an important commercial crop grown in the study area. Large numbers of brands of castor hybrid seeds are available to the farmers. However, the castor hybrids like GAUCH-1, GCH- 2, GCH-4 and GCH- 7 are important hybrids which are in great demand in the study area. These hybrids are marketed by TalukaKharidVechanSanghs which are co-operative bodies having presence in almost all talukas of the state. In addition large numbers of private dealers are also operating in these talukas. In the study area, it was proposed to go into details of the dealers’ margin under different popular brands available in the market. For this, opinion survey was conducted for a sample of total 50 farmers in each taluka and popular castor seed brands are enlisted and compared by questioning the farmers. The data collected by this were subject to statistical analysis.

Table 1: Demand and supply gap of hybrid castor seed production by GSSCL in Gujarat

Sr.No.

Details Years2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

1 Area under castor cultivation (ha) 4,33,900 4,21,600 4,19,6002 Estimated seed requirement (Demand) Kg.* 21,69,500 21,08,000 20,98,0003 Hybrid seed production by GSSCL (Supply) 2,60,027 4,56,266 11,25,009

4 Percent share of GSSCL in market 11.99 21.64 53.625 Gap (Kg.) 19,09,473 16,51,734 9,72,9916 Gap (%) 88.01 78.36 46.38

Seed rate @ 5 Kg./ ha.

Table 2 : Dealers’ margin for hybrid castor seed

Sr. No

Company / Brand Purchase price of dealer (Rs.)

Discount per 2 Kg. Bag

Dealers retail price Dealers margin (%)

1 Gurabini (GSSCL) 330 15 345 4.552 Gujcomasol 330 15 345 4.553 Avni 270 20 290 7.413 Nandi 280 20 300 7.144 DSP 330 20 350 6.065 Mahyco 340 40 380 11.767 Bhooma 400 35 435 8.758 Navbharat 300 30 330 10.00


38

As far as the projected demand supply gap is concerned, it was estimated by the differences between the projected demands based on the area under cultivation under castor during last three years. The production figures of different castor hybrid recommended by SDAU were obtained from GSSCL. The projected gap was estimated from the available figures of demand and supply.

During last three years, the area under castor cultivation in Gujarat state was 4,33,900 ha. (2008-09), 4,21,600 ha. (2009-10) and 4,19,600 ha. (2010-11). Considering the recommended seed rate of castor @ 5 Kg/ha., the estimated seed requirement has been worked out which is the total demand of hybrid castor seed. It is presumed that there is almost 99 per cent SRR in castor in the state. The estimated seed requirement is given in Table 1.

The hybrid seed produced by GSSCL during last three years is also given in the Table which amounts to 2,60,0,27 Kg during 2008-09, 4,56,266 Kg during 2009-10 and 11,25,009 Kg during 2010-11. The per cent share of GSSCL in the hybrid castor seed market in the state comes to 11.99 per cent during 2008-09, 21.64 per cent during 2009-10 and 53.62 per cent during 2010- 11. It clearly reflects that there was linear increase in the share of GSSCL in the hybrid castor seed market in the state.

As far as the gap is concerned during these years, it amounts to 88.01 per cent, 78.36 per cent and 46.38 per cent respectively during last three years. This gap is met by large number of other seed companies which are marketing their seed in Gujarat state as well as in other castor growing states of the country particularly Andra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan.

The presence of diverse market situation for castor hybrid seed entails presence of large number of recommended castor hybrids as well as their brands in Banskantha as well as in the five talukas under study. The margin of the dealer does not vary with the levels of operation and margin mostly varies according to their cost of marketing and other services provided by dealers to the farmers. Table 2 depicts the various brands (8) of castor hybrid GCH-7.

The dealers’ margin was studied in relation to castor hybrid GCH-7. In the study area, the major brands / seed companies operating were GSSCL, GUJCOMASOL, Avni, Nandi, DSP, Mahyco, Bhooma and Navbharat. From the dealers their purchase price was asked along with the discount each company offers them. The information given in Table 2 reveals that the purchase price of the dealers ranged from Rs. 270 (Avni) to 400 (Bhooma). The discount on per 2 kg bag ranged from Rs. 15 (Gurabini and GUJCOMASOL) to Rs. 40 (Mahyco). The retail price for the consumers’ i.e farmers ranged from Rs. 290 to Rs. 435 per two Kg bag. In respect of the dealers’ margin, it was as low as 4.55 per cent for Gurabini (Gujarat Rajya Beej Nigam), a popular brand of GSSCL and GUJCOMASOL brand and up to 11. 76 per cent in respect of Mahyco brand.

REFERENCES

Anonymous 2008. National Multi‐Commodity Exchange of India Limited. New Delhi. Report on Castor.

Anonymous (2010). SEA survey 2009-10 Final estimates: District wise area, production and productivity of castor in Gujarat.

Acharya, S., Patel P.S., Patel J.B and Vaghela K.O, 2010. Maintainance of genetic purity in castor. Technical Bulletin 3 :1-19.DOR, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Krushi University, Saradarkrushinagar. (Gujarat), India

Hegde, D. M., Can India achieve self-reliance in vegetable oils? In National Symposium on Vegetable Oils Scenario: Approaches to Meet the Growing Demands, 29–31 January 2009, 1–15

Narayan P., Chauhan, M S and Chauhan, S (2011). Oilseeds scenario in India. Agriculture Today, December, 2011. 40-43

Pathak H.C., Chaudhary F.P, Patel M.S. and Patel D.K.. 2005 Gujarat Castor Hybrid 7. SDAU News 2 (2):1


39

Gap in Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity of Maize Crop in Dahod District under ATMA Project

N.V.Soni1, M.R.Bhatt2 and R.G.Machhar3

1 Assoc.Ext.Edu., Publication Deptt, DEE, AAU. Anand and Ex-Project Director, ATMA Project, Dahod2 SMS (Ext.Edu.,), KVK, NAU, Navsari

3 Agril.Officer, HMRS, AAU, DahodEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ATMAprojectwaslaunchedinGujaratinDecember,2005.InitiallyIfirstphase,8districtswerese-lectedandDahodisoneofthem.TheDahoddistrictfallsinmiddleGujaratregionofagro-climaticzone.Thema-jorityofpopulation(71.00percent)istribal,.Amongfarmingcommunity,94.96percentfarmersarebelongingtoscheduletribesfromwhich60.14percentfallsundermarginalfarmers.ThemajorcropsofthisregionareMaize,Paddy,GramandWheat.TheareaunderMaizecultivationduringtheyear2004-05inKharif(110880ha.)andinRabi(28200ha.)havingtheproductivity1646kg/haand2437kg/ha,respectively,whichisverylessascomparetorecommendedproductivityi.e.3000kg/ha.TherewasawidegapinproductivityofMaizecrop. FordevelopingtheSREP.fourvillagesviz..Bhe.Vatli,VedandVanzariawereselected.Theparticipatorydatacollectionbythemultidisciplinaryteamwasconductedintherepresentativevillages.Theresultshowsthattherewasafullgapinseedtreatment,micronutrientapplicationandpestanddiseasemanagementwhilemethodofshowing,useofvarieties,seedrate,applicationoforganicmanureandchemicalfertilizersandweedmanagementpracticeswerefoundinpartialgapcategoryfulfillthe gapinpracticesandyield,thefarmerswereproposedtheextensionstrate-giesviz., Training,Demonstration, Soiltestingandapplicationoffertilizersasperrecommendationand Trainingregardingpestanddiseasemanagement.

Keywords: Gapinadoption,Extensionstrategy,ATMA

INTORDUCTION

Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) project was launched i Gujarat in December, 2005. Initially I first phase, 8 district were selected and Dahod is one of them. The Dahod district falls in middle Gujarat region of agro - climate zone. The majority of population (71.00 per cent) is tribal. This district is popularly know as “Adivasi Region” In Dahod district, 94.96 per cent farmers are belonging to schedule tribes among farming community from which 60.14 percent falls under marginal farmers having less than one hectare land.

METHODOLOGY

Under ATMA project for developing the SREP the four AES of Dahod district were selected. From which four villages viz., Bhe, Vatli, Ved and Vanzaria were selected which was represented the identical situation of AES.

The participatory data collection by the multidisciplinary team (including AAU scientists and officers from all line departments) was conducted in the representative villages. The team was provided with a set of checklist and formats for collection of information. The information of Dahod district was collected in depth through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique by multidisciplinary team during 17 to 26 July, 2006.


The major crops of this region are Maize, Paddy, Gram and Wheat. The area under Maize cultivation during the the year 2004-05 in Kharif (110880 ha.) and in Rabi (28200 ha.) having the productivity 1646 kg/ha and 2437 kg/ha, respectively, which is very less as compare to recommended productivity i.e. 3000 kg/ha. (An on 2006). There was a wide gap in productivity of Maize crop.


40

Table 1 : Trend in area and productivity of maize in representative village of each aes in dhaod district

Sr. No. Year AES-1 AES-2 AES-3 AES-4Area (ha.)

Produc-tivity(q/ha.)

Area (ha.)


Area (ha.)


Area (ha.)

Productiv-ity(q/ha.)

1 1985 140 11.0 300 11.5 125 12.0 100 12.52 1990 142 11.5 355 12.0 135 12.5 105 12.53 1995 148 11.5 355 12.7 130 13.0 115 13.04 2000 140 12.0 350 18.5 138 13.5 121 13.55 2005 150 16.0 340 18.0 337 13.0 125 13.0

The last 20 years’ trend of maize productivity in representative villages was presented in Table 1 indicated that there was less increase in AES 3 and 4 while more increase in AES 1 and 2.

Table 2 : SWOT analysis for maize crop maize

Strengths Weaknesses Knowledge of cultivating the crop Mono-crop

Cultivating traditionally Following traditional practices

Experience in cultivating the crop Nor risk bearing ability

Grown in upland Large number of farmers using traditional varieties

Requires less rain-fallOpportunities Threats

Suitable for this condition Occurrence of drought

Good market facility Incidence of diseases

High yielding variety available Market fluctuations

Lump sum income Criminalization in society

Involvement of family labour

Low operational cases

Low pest and disease incidence

The Table 2 represented the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for developing the strategy for improving the productivity of maize crop.

Table : 3 Gap in adoption and farmer strategies for improving the poduction and productivity of the maize crop

Sr. No.

Items Exist Recommended Gap( * )

Specific Reasons

( ** )

Farmer Strategy( *** )

1 Sowing / Plantinga Time June June N - -b Method Drilling Drilling, Dibbling P 1 1

2 Varieties Local + Hybrid GM-4, GM-6 P 1, 2, 7, 8 1, 23 Seed rate (Kg/ha) 50 Kg. 20 Kg. P 1 14 Seed Treatment - 2-3 gm, Thirum F 1 1, 25 Organic Manure T/ha. 2 10 P 1 1


41

Sr. No.

Items Exist Recommeded Gap( * )

Sp. Reasons( ** )

Farmer Strat.( *** )

6 Fertilizer/nutrient (Kg./ha) a Basal (N+P+K) 30:30:00 100:50:00 P 1, 5, 8 1, 2, 3b Top dress (M+)

7 Methods of fertilizers usea Basal Drilling Drilling N - -b Top dress Broad casting Broad casting

8 Micronutrient (specify):a Dose (Kg/ha) - ZnSo4 F 1, 7, 8 1, 2, 3b Method of

application9 Pest Management - IPM Approach F 1, 7 1, 410 Disease Management - - F 1, 5 2, 411 Weed Management

a Mechanical Hand Weeding H.W., Inter culturing

P 1, 5, 8 1, 2

b Herbicide - Atrazine, Pendi. P 1, 5, 8 1, 212 Water Management :

a No. of irrigation - - P 1,7 1,2b Method of Irrigation - - - - -

13 Land Management :a Salinity / Acidity - - N - -b Water logging - - P 1 1

14 Method of harvesting Hand Picking Hand Picking N - -15 Average yield

a Grain (Q/ha) 18 30 P 1, 2, 3, 5 1,2,3, 4b Fodder (T/ha) 23 31 P 6, 7, 8

(*)F = Full gap P = Partial gap N = Nil(**) Code for specific reasons for gap in adoption (***) Code for farmer proposed extension strategies 1 Lack of awareness / knowledge 1 Training 2 Traditional Farming 2 Demonstration.3 Low fertile soil 3 Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation 4 Small land holdings 4. Training regarding pest and disease management.5 Non adoption of recommended method of practices6 Rainfed condition.7 Poor economic condition8 Unavailability of inputs

The Table 3 shown the existing gap in adoption of improved production technology in maize crop with their specific reasons and the proposed extension strategy.

The full gap was seen in maize crop production

practices were : (1)Seed treatment due to lack of awareness and traditional farming (2) Micronutrient application due to lack of awareness, poor economic condition and unavailability of inputs (3) Pest management due to Lack of awareness and


42

Poor economic condition (4) Diese management due to lack of awareness and non-adoption of recommended method of practices.

The partial gap was observed in maize crop production practices were : (1) Sowing method (2) Use of varieties (3) Seed rate (4) Organic manure application (5) Fertilizer application (6) Weed management (7) Water management (8) Water logging and (9) Yield of grain and

fodder.

For fulfilling the gap in crop production practices and improving the grain and fodder yield, the farmer suggested the proposed extension strategies were : (i) Training (ii) Demonstration (iii) Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation (iv) Training regarding pest and disease management

Table : 4 Agriculture production system for maize crop

Sr. No.

Critical Gap Strategic Issue Strategies

1 Use of traditional varieties Popularization of newly released HY resistant varieties • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

2 No seed treatment Adoption of seed treatment • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

3 Imbalanced fertilizer use Use of balanced dose of fertilizer • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

4 Poor weed management Proper and timely weed management • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

5 Low plant population Proper plant population • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

6 Lodging problem in tall varieties Adoption of dwarf HYVs • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

7 IPM in Maize Promotion of IPM system • Demonstration• Exposure visits• Trainings

The Table 4 shown the critical gap of agriculture production system for maize crop were : (i) Use of traditional varieties (ii) No seed treatment (iii) Imbalanced fertilizer use (iv) Poor weed management (v) Low plant population (vi) Lodging problem in tall varieties (vii) IPM in Maize. To reducing the gaps and increasing the production in maize crops, the demonstrations will be arranged on farmers field, the training will be given to farmers and exposure visits should be arranged for farmers.

CONCLUSION

There was a full gap in maize production practices like seed treatment, micronutrient application and pest and disease

management while method of showing, use of varieties, seed rate, application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers and weed management practices were found in partial gap category. To fulfill the gap in practices and yield, the farmers were proposed the extension strategies viz., (1) Training (2) Demonstration (3) Soil testing and application of fertilizers as per recommendation and (4) Training regarding pest and disease management (5) Exposure visit.

REFERENCE

Anonymous (2006) Strategic Research and Extension Plan of Dahod District, ATMA Project Dahod, Guajrat.


43

Variables Persuade Socio-Techno-Economic Change in ITDP

B.S. Patel1 and K.F. Patel2

1 Training Associate, Training and Visit, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 2 Retd. Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand


ABSTRACT

The advantageof democracymust reach to all sectors of a society.A large number of developmentprojectsareinoperationbuttribalfarmersof thestatecouldnotreachtotheexpectedlevelofsocio-techno-economicchange.Withaviewtoanalyzingthis,presentstudywasundertakeninIntegratedTribalDevelopmentProjectareaofDahoddistrictofGujaratState.Thestudywasconductedwithasampleof200randomlyselectedtribalpeasantsfrom20villagesof4talukasofDahoddistrict.Theresultsofthestudyrevealthatmajorityoftherespondentshadmediumlevelofsocio-techno-economicchange.Alltheindependentvariablesselectedforthestudywerepositivelysignificantlyrelatedwithlevelofsocio-techno-economicchangeexceptlevelofaspiration.Amongthemage,urbanpullandmigrationhabithadnegativebutsignificantrelationshipwithit.Themultipleregression analysis indicated that out of 23 independent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age,education,occupation, farmpower,urbanpull,massmediaexposure,non-fatalismandKnowledgeregardingimprovedpracticesofmaizecultivationtogetheraffectedthechangeindependentvariablesignificantlytotheextentof75.20percent.Thevariablemassmediaexposurealonecontributedto59.75percentoftotalvariationinsocio-techno-economicchange.Massmediaexposurecontributedsignificantlytothepredictionoftheextentofsocio-techno-economicchangeItistherefore,recommendedthatcommunitytelevisionsets,radiosetsandlocalnewspapershouldmadeavailableinallvillages,regularfreefilmandvideoshowshouldbearranged,printedliteratureabout improved technologyshouldbedistributed to theeducatedpeasants.Thestudyalsorevealedthateconomicvariableslikenumberofoccupationsinwhichtribalfarmersinvolved,farmpowercontributedsignificantly to thepredictionof socio-techno-economic change. It is, therefore, implies that some subsidiaryoccupationslikepoultry,beekeeping,ropemaking,sericultureetc.shouldbecreatedbytheGovernmentandNon-Governmentorganizations.Effortsshouldbealsomadetosupplyinputstotribalpeasants.Thismayhelpincontributingbettersocio-techno-economicchangeintribalfarmersofITDPareaofthedistrict.

Keywords: ITDP,Socio-techno-economicchange

INTRODUCTION

Consequence is defined by the Rogers (1983) as the change that occurs to an individual or to a social system as a result of adoption or rejection of an innovation. The assessment of benefit in monetary and social values; has been termed as socio-techno-economic change. Barnadas (1969) reported that changes occurred in the life of most of the villages. The aspects were food habits, clothing pattern, farming life, material possession, change in agricultural practices, education for girls and change in yield levels of crops. In spite of considerable progress, the progress is not yet to the desired level of satisfaction because it differs from one region to another. The advantage of democracy

must reach to all sectors of a society. A large number of development projects are in operation but tribal farmers of the state could not reach to the expected level of modernization. With a view to know the extent of socio-techno-economic change transpire to the tribal farmers in Integrated Tribal Development Project area, this study was undertaken with the following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

1 To know the extent of socio-techno-economic change transpire to the tribal farmers.

2 To know the relationships between the characteristics and socio-techno-economic change score by the tribal


44

farmers.

3 To know the predicting ability of different characteristics to explain variation on socio-techno-economic change score by the tribal farmers.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted with a sample of 200 randomly selected tribal peasants from 20 villages of 4 talukas of Dahod district, considering those tribal peasants who adopted maize as a major crop with animal husbandry.

The socio-techno-economic change was measured with the help of procedure adopted by Chauhan (1994) with some modification in terms of nine aspects viz., (1) change in modern technology base farm machinery or farm implements (2) change in household items (3) change in saving and investment (4) change in food habit (5) change in clothing pattern (6) change in housing condition (7) change in social status (8) change in social relationship and (9) Change in self sufficiency. The score of each aspect was added to measure the socio-techno-economic change in the peasants.

The data were collected with help of structured schedule by personal interview method. Parson’s coefficient of correlation was computed to find out the relationship be-tween characteristics and socio-techno-economic change score by tribal farmers. The multiple regression analysis was done to the combine effect of all independent variables in ex-plaining the variation in the socio-techno-economic change score of the tribal farmers.

FINDINGS

Extent of socio-techno-economic change

The data in Table 1 indicate that slightly more than three-fifth (61.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of socio-techno-economic change, followed by 22.50 per cent with low level of socio-techno-economic change. Whereas, 16.00 per cent of the respondents were found to have high level of socio-techno-economic change.

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their socio-techno-economic change n=200

Sr. No.

Level of socio-techno-economic change

Number Per cent

123

Low (< 12.09 score)Medium (between 12.10 to 31.31 score)High (> 31.31 score)

45123 32

22.5061.5016.00

Mean = 21.70 SD = 9.61

Relationship of independent variables with socio-techno-economic change

Table 2: Relationship between independent variables and socio-techno-economic Change n=200

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient(r value)

1234567891011121314151617181920

21

22

23

AgeEducationOccupationSize of land holdingFarm powerMigration habitOrganizational participationUrban pullLevel of achievementMass media exposure Change agency contactLevel of aspirationRole taking empathyNon-fatalism Economic motivationCosmopolitenessRisk orientation Scientific orientationKnowledge regarding improved practices of maize cultivationKnowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices Adoption of improved practices of maize cultivation Adoption of improved animal husbandry practicesOverall modernization

- 0.1991* 0.4801** 0.3564** 0.4169**0.4005**

- 0.4311** 0.4557**

- 0.4854**0.1972*

0.7734** 0.6970** 0.0700NS

0.6291** 0.7182** 0.5584** 0.6450**0.6812**

0.4838**0.7439**

0.7088**

0.6968**

0.6190**

0.7116**

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

NS= Non Significant

The result depicted in Table 2 revealed that out of twenty three independent variables, nineteen variables namely, education, occupation, size of land holding, farm power, organizational participation, level of achievement, mass media exposure, change agency contact, role taking empathy, non-fatalism, economic motivation, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, scientific orientation, knowledge regarding improved practices of maize cultivation, knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices, adoption of improved practices of maize cultivation, adoption of improved animal


45

husbandry practices and level of overall modernization were found to be positively and significantly related with the socio-techno-economic change of the tribal farmers.

With regard to independent variables namely, age, urban pull and migration habit were found significantly but negatively correlated with the socio-techno-economic change of the tribal farmers. Whereas, only one independent vari-

ables namely, level of aspiration was found non-significant with socio-techno-economic change of tribal farmers.

Variable Predicting Socio-Techno-Economic Change

Table 3: Multiple regression analysis of socio-techno-economic change score of the tribal farmers n = 200

Sr. No.

Independent variable

Partial regres-sion coefficient

( byi.j)

Standard error of regression

coefficient(SE of byi.j )

‘t’ value Standard par-tial regression

coefficient ( b’yi.j )

Rank

1 Adoption of improved animal hus-bandry practices

0.2566 0.1393 1.841NS 0.1013 VIII

2 Age 0.0871 0.0444 1.963* 0.0884 IX3 Education - 1.1322 0.5167 2.191* - 0.1149 VII4 Occupation 3.7128 1.1352 3.271** 0.1302 V5 Farm power 0.8840 0.2461 3.610** 0.1484 IV6 Urban pull - 3.9870 1.3578 2.936** - 0.1275 VI7 Mass media exposure 0.8417 0.1588 5.302** 0.3859 I8 Non-fatalism 0.8615 0.3886 2.217* 0.1505 III9 Knowledge regarding improved

practices of maize cultivation0.4736 0.1249 3.793** 0.2524 II

Constant : -5.5999 Multiple R = 0.8672 R2 = 0.7520 * Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability It is clear from the Table-3 that out of 23 inde-pendent variables only eight independent variables i.e. age, education, occupation, farm power, urban pull, mass media exposure, non-fatalism and Knowledge regarding improved practices of maize cultivation together affected the change in dependent variable significantly to the extent of 75.20 per cent.

The variable mass media exposure alone contributed to 59.75 per cent of total variation in socio-techno-economic change. As per the ranks of standard partial regression coefficient, the independent variable mass media exposure is most important variables followed by knowledge regarding improved animal husbandry practices, non-fatalism, farm power, occupation, urban pull, education, adoption of improved animal husbandry practices and age.

IMPLICATION

Mass media exposure contributed significantly to the prediction of the extent of socio-techno-economic change

It is therefore, recommended that community television sets, radio sets and local news paper should made available in all villages, regular free film and video show should be arranged, printed literature about improved technology should be distributed to the educated peasants. The study also revealed that economic variables like number of occupations in which tribal farmers involved, farm power contributed significantly to the prediction of socio-techno-economic change. It is, therefore, implies that some subsidiary occupations like poultry, bee keeping, rope making, sericulture etc. should be created by the Government and Non-Government organizations. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs to tribal peasants. This may help in contributing better socio-techno-economic change in tribal farmers of ITDP area of the district.


46

Extent of Agricultural Modernization among the Tribal and Non-tribal Farmers

Mayur Prajapati1 , K.D.Solanki2 and Alpesh Prajapati3

1 & 3 P.G. Student M.Sc. (Agri.)2 Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education,

S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar – 385 506 Dist : Banaskantha (Gujarat).Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural modernization means improvement in farming system, infrastructure facilities, promotionofcultivationpractices,cropdiversificationandvalueadditionprocess.Agriculturalmodernizationisnotpurelytechnologicaloreconomicproblem.Itisfrequentlydependentonanunderstandingofthesocietyinwhichitistotakeplace,aknowledgeofthesocialandculturalfactorsthatconditionfarmersresponsivenesstotechnologicalchangeisessential.ThepresentstudywasconductedinSabarkanthadistrictofNorthGujaratregionofGujaratstateastheeconomyofthedistrictisbasicallydependentonagricultureas62.8%workersareengagedinprimarysector.ThefarmersofSabarkanthadistrictareinnovativeaswellasenthusiasticinmodernagriculture.Secondly,thedistrictranksfirstwithrespect to tribalpopulationamongst thedistrictsofNorthGujaratregionIt isseen thatonly14villagesoutof1,372werehavingpercentagerangeofscheduledtribespopulationof41-50;coveredinKhedbrahma,Vijaynagar,Bhiloda,andMeghrajtalukasofthedistrict.Amongthesefourtalukasconsideringthenumbersofvillages,MeghrajandBhilodatalukaswereselectedpurposively.Lookingtothecommonsituationoftheinhabitedvillagesforthetribalandnon-tribalfarmers,11villagesofBhilodaandMeghrajtalukashavingscheduledtribespopulationof41-50rangeofpercentagewereselectedpurposively.TentribalfarmersandTennon-tribalfarmersfromeachvillagewereselectedrandomly.Thus,total220farmerswereselected.Tomeasuretheagriculturalmodernizationofthefarmers,ateachermadetestwasdeveloped.Theteachermadetestofagriculturalmodernizationofthefarmerswasconsistedofthirteenmajorcritereaandeachcriteriawasgivenscorebyconferencemethod.Then,total200scoreofagriculturalmodernizationtestwasdetermined.Majorityofthetribal(84.55%)andnon-tribal(85.46%)respondentswerehavinglowtomediumextentofAgriculturalModernizationIndex(AMI).Thetribalfarmersdiffersignificantlyfromnon-tribalfarmerswithrespecttotheirextentofAMI.Theindependentvariablesviz.,age,sizeoffamily,landholding,livestockpossessionandcosmopolitenesswerefoundsignificantlyrelatedwithAMIoftribalrespondents;Incaseofnon-tribalrespondentsall10selectedindependentvariableswerefoundtobesignificantlyassociatedwithAMI.

Keywords :AgriculturalModenization,Tribalfarmers,Non-tribalfarmers

INTRODUCTION

It is now realized the world over that in order to meet food requirement of the growing population and rapid industrialization, modernization of agriculture is inescapaple.

Agriculture is one of the crucial and mega sector in the Indian economy which contributes about 27% to the GDP. Agricultural scenario in our country is undergoimg a rapid change. In this context food and nutritional security, poverty allevation, diversifying market demands, export opportunities and environment concerns are the new challenges to

technology dissemination system. To respond to these challenges, appropriate agricultural technologies and agro-management practices are to be developed and disseminated among the users. Modernization of agriculture through improvement in infrastructure facilities and at sub sector specific strategies include promotion of various package of practices were also emphasized during Tenth Five year plan. These features of Indian agriculture widened the gap between commodity based demands and supply, hence could not helped the farmers in terms of economic benefits. Among them crop diversification is vital to ensure food security and


47

to provide balanced diet through nutritive products to poor people. (Raveendarn et. al. (2003)). Therefore, the only alternate left for marching with the time is to go with the diversification as well as modernizations of agriculture and animal husbandry production both in terms of time and space as per need and requirement of the ever-growing population to ensure their food security. The phenomenon of demand driven agriculture is still far behind with the farmers of backward regions and tribal areas.

India has the social largest tribal population in the world next to Africa. According to Census, 1991 there are 67.76 million tribals constituting (8%) of the country total population. The tribals in Gujarat from about 15% of total population. The Gujarat state is the fourth among states with sizeable tribal population, is concentrated in the North Districts to the Dangs district. Sabarkantha ranks first among the districts of the North-Gujarat with respect to tribal concentration and 15% tribal population to state total population. Looking to these facts, the present investigation was planned with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

1 To study the agricultural modernization among the tribal and non tribal farmers.

2 To ascertain the association between the personal, social, economical, situational, communicational attributes of the tribal and non tribal farmers and their agricultural modernization .

METHODOLGY

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state as the economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture as 62.8% workers are engaged in primary sector. The farmers of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Based on the backwardness index the planning commission has identified six tribal districts of Gujarat as disadvantaged. (Anonymous 2001) Out of these six districts two districts namely, Banaskantha and Sabarkantha are in North Gujarat. Considering the highest tribal population, Sabarkantha district was selected purposively. According to the Census-2001, proportion of

scheduled tribes population to total population in villages are categorized in 9 different percentage ranges at district level, i.e. Zero percentage range of scheduled tribes population to 76 and above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages out of 1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. These 14 villages, one village was in Khedbrahma taluka, two villages in Vijaynagar taluka, four villages in Meghraj taluka and seven villages in Bhiloda taluka. Among these four talukas considering the numbers of villages Meghraj and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal and non-tribal farmers, all 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range of percentage were selected purposively. Ten tribal farmers and ten non-tribal farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, total 220 farmers were selected.

To measure the agricultural modernization of the farmers a teacher made test was developed. The teacher made test of agricultural modernization of the farmers was consisted of major thirteen criteria viz., Farming pattern, Seed selection, Use of Irrigation system, Use of Underground pipe line for Irrigation, Use of Transportation facility for marketing of agricultural production, Available modern machinery and implements, Available Modern Sources of Energy Equipments, Extent of use of chemical fertilizers, Extent of use of organic fertilizers, Extent of use of Storage facility, Use of Plant Protection Measures, Extent of use of Harvesting Structures and Extent of use of Improved Dairy Practices. Such criteria were discussed with the experts of Extension Education, Agricultural Economics and Agronomy, then finally were included in the test. All possible factors were framed / included in order to have precise response and each criteria was given score by conference method of the teachers. Then, total 200 score of agricultural modernization test was determined.

The score obtained by an individual respondent for each of these criteria was summed up for his total agricultural modernization score. The index of agricultural modernization was calculated for each individual respondent with the help of the following formula :

Agricultural Modernization Index (AMI) =Sum of scores of all criteria rated by Individual

X 100

Maximum score attributes to the all criteria rated


48


Extent of Agricultural Modernization Among the Tribal and Non-tribal Respondents

The only alternate left for marching with the time is to go with the diversification as well as modernizations of

agriculture and animal husbandry production both in terms of time and space as per need and requirement of the ever-growing population to ensure their food security. The extent of agricultural modernization was studied. The respondents according to their extent of agricultural modernization index in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their extent of agricultural modernization index n = 220

Sr. No.

AgriculturalModernization

index

Tribal farmers Sr. No.

AgriculturalModernization

index

Non tribal farmers ‘Z’value

Number Percent Number Percent1 Low

(Below 28.78)22 20.00 1 Low

(Below 47.23)21 19.10

3.6728**2 Medium(28.78 to 62.20)

71 64.55 2 Medium(47.23 to 83.75)

73 66.36

3 High(Above 62.20)

17 15.45 3 High(Above 83.75)

16 14.54

Total 110 100.00 110 100.00Mean : 45.49 S.D. : 16.71 Mean: 65.49 S.D.: 18.26

** Significant at 0.01 level of significance

The data presented in Table 1 reveal that in tribal farmers nearly two-thirds of the respondents (64.55 per cent) were having medium extent of agricultural modernization index, followed by 20.00 per cent of them had low extent of agricultural modernization, whereas only 15.45 per cent of them had high extent of agricultural modernization index.

As well as data presented in Table 1 for non-tribal respondents two-thirds (66.36 per cent) were having medium extent of agricultural modernization index, while 19.10 per cent of them had low extent of agricultural modernization index, whereas only 14.54 per cent of them had high extent of agricultural modernization index.

It can be concluded that majority of the tribal & non-tribal farmers were having low to medium extent of agricultural modernization index.

The ‘Z’ value was found highly significant (3.6728**) which implies that tribal farmers differ significantly from non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of agricultural modernization index.

It was also observed that the low category of AMI among the tribal farmers was started from 17 score upto 28.78 score index while in the case of non-tribal farmers it

was recorded from 21.5 upto 47.23 score index (i.e. 64.11% higher) while in the high category of AMI among tribal and non-tribal respondent was recorded, above 62.20 score index and above 83.75 score index (i.e. 34.65% higher), respectively. which clearly indicated that there was great differentiation among the tribal and non-tribal respondents with respect to their AMI.

Association between the personal, social, economical, situational, communicational attributes of the tribal and non tribal farmers and their agricultural modernization

To ascertain the associationship between independent variables and Agricultural modernization, zero order correlation was applied and the values of correlation coefficient (r) were calculated. These values have been given in Table 2.

It is clear from Table 2 that out of 10 independent variables, the correlation of 4 variables viz., size of family (0.2088), land holding (0.1880), livestock possession (0.1894) and cosmopoliteness (0.1982) were statistically found to be positively and significantly related with agricultural modernization index of tribal farmers at 0.05 level of significance.


49

Table 2 : Correlation coefficient of selected independent variables with Agricultural modernization. ( n = 220 )

Sr.No. Variables

‘r’ value

Tribal farmers Non-tribal farmers

1 Personal variables

i Age -0.3289** -0.2848**

ii Education 0.1089 NS 0.2966**

2 Social variables

i Size of family 0.2088* 0.2848**

ii Social participation 0.0683 NS 0.2175*

3 Economic variables

i Land holding 0.1880* 0.2410*

ii Annual income 0.1405 NS 0.3662**

4 Situational variables

i Source of irrigation 0.1249 NS 0.2356*

ii Livestock possession 0.1894* 0.2835**

5 Communication variables

i Sources of information 0.0971 NS 0.2368*

ii Cosmopoliteness 0.1982* 0.2286*

* significant at 0.05 level of probability ** significant at 0.01 level of probability NS = Non Significant

As far as the variables “Age” was concerned, the computed correlation coefficient was found to be negative but significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers at 0.05 level of significance.

While the independent variables viz., education, social participation, annual income, source of irrigation and sources of information were concerned, the computed correlation coefficient were found to be non significant, this indicated that they did not establish any relationship with AMI of tribal farmers.

It can be concluded that age, size of family, land holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were the important variables affecting the agricultural modernization index among the tribal farmers.

The probable reason might be that age, size of family, land holding and livestock possession are mostly the components of personal, social and economic growth, respectively, which may have influenced the AMI of tribal farmers.

In the case of non-tribal respondents, out of 10 selected independent variables, the correlation of 4 variables viz., education (0.2966), size of family (0.2848), annual income (0.3662) and livestock possession (0.2835) were statistically found to be positively and significantly associated with AMI at 0.01 level of significance.

Among personal variables “Age” was found to be negative but significantly associated with AMI of non-tribal farmers at 0.01 level of significance.

While the independent variables viz., social participation (0.2175), land holding (0.2410), source of irrigation (0.2356), sources of information (0.2368) and cosmopoliteness (0.2286) were statistically found to be positively and significantly associated with AMI at 0.05 level of significance.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that all the selected variables were very important variables affecting the AMI among the non-tribal respondents.

The probable reason might be that the non-tribal farmers (general farmers) have an enviable position in the Gujarat state among the all farming community with the rapid


50

development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal farmers and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle down to the backward castes level.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority of the tribal and non-tribal farmers having low to medium extent of AMI. The tribal farmers differ significantly from non-tribal farmers with respect to their extent of agricultural modernization index. Out of selected 10 independent variables age, size of family, land holding, livestock possession and cosmopoliteness were found significantly related with AMI of tribal farmers, In case of non-tribal respondents all 10 selected independent variables were found to be significantly associated with AMI. It is indicated that all the selected variables were very important variables affecting the AMI among the non-tribal respondents. The non-tribal farmers have an enviable position in the Gujarat state among the all farming community with

the rapid development of agriculture, discernible to the tribal farmers and the real benefits of modernization did not trickle down to the backward castes level.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha (Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B, Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.

Raveendaran, N.,N. Ajjan and S.R.Rajesh (2003). Promotion of Sustainable Production, Value Addition and Increasing The Income and Employment Potentials. International Conference Agricultural Policies and Strategies for Profitable Farming: Field Realities, Needed Reforms and Interventions. Abstract: ICAR, New Delhi and College of Agriculture, G.A,U., Anand, Gujarat P.P.1.


51

Socio-Economic Change as Result of Watershed Development Programme

C.D. Pandya1 and R.D. Pandya2

1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.) at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, NAU, Vyara2 Professor & Head, Department of Ext.Edn., NMCA, NAU, Navsari


ABSTRACT ThestudywascarriedoutinVyaratalukaofTapidistrict.AllthethreewatershedsofVyaratalukawereselectedpurposively.Watershedmanagementimpliesthewiseuseofsoilandwaterresourceswithinagivengeographicalareasoastoenablesustainableproductionandtominimizefloods.Ex-post-factoresearchdesignwasusedforthepresentstudy.Thedatawerecollectedwiththehelpofstructuralschedulebypersonalinterviewmethod.Thedependentandindependentvariablesweremeasuredbyusingsuitablescale.Thedatathuscollectedwerecoded,classified,tabulatedandanalysedinordertomakethefindingsmeaning.Thestatisti-calmeasurei.e.paired‘t’testwasused.Socio-economicchangeoccurredduetoimplementationofwatershedprogrammewasadmirable. Ithasbroughtsignificantchangeinall theaspects(dependentvariables) in thestudy.Thewatersheddevelopmentprogramme,thus,playedanimportantroleinacceleratingagriculturalpro-ductivityandeffectingapositivechangeinlifestandardofthetribalsinwatershedareaofVyaratalukaofTapidistrict.

Keywords: Constraints, Respondent, Rural development

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the backbone of India as major popu-lation is engaged in agriculture or allied agricultural activi-ties. Economy of Gujarat State is largely dependent on natu-ral resources like soil, water and their proper management practices. The ultimate objective of the watershed develop-ment programme is to develop the natural resource base, sustain agricultural productivity, improve the standard of living of million of poor farmers and landless labourers and endeavor for restoration of ecological balance. The impacts of watershed development programme are reflected in terms of generating more income from agriculture by soil and water conservation practices, which ultimately are improving the overall economic condition of the farmers. Hence, there is an absolute need to know how far the impact of watershed development programme is occurred among the farmers of watershed area. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out with specific of to know the “Socio-economic change as result of watershed development programme.”

METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in Vyara taluka of Tapi district. All the three watersheds covering three villages of

Vyara taluka were selected purposively. A list of beneficia-ries farmers were obtained from Sub-Divisional Office (Soil Conservation), GLDC, Vyara. Respondents were selected randomly from each village. Thus, out of 367 beneficiaries’ farmers, 82 farmers from all three villages were included in the study. Ex-post-facto research design was used for the present study. The data were collected with the help of struc-tural schedule by personal interview method. The dependent and independent variables were measured by using suitable scale. The data thus collected were coded, classified, tabu-lated and analyzed in order to make the findings meaning. The statistical measure i.e. paired‘t’ test was used.


The socio-economic changes that occur to an individual or to a social system as a result of adoption or rejection of an innovation. An attempt has been made to know resultant changes in terms of 14 aspects, viz., area under field crops, area under irrigation, use of improved varieties, crop production, use of farm machinery and agricultural implements, area under fruit tree cultivation, area under forest tree cultivation, annual income from agriculture, annual income from livestock, housing condition, household possession, food habit, clothing pattern and, savings and


52

expenditure which were considered as impact of watershed development programme. The data in this regard are

presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Aspectwise change occurred as a result of watershed development programme

Sr. No. Aspect

Mean score Mean difference ‘t’ valueBefore

projectAfter

project1 Area under field crops 1.6163 2.36.7 0.7444 15.7110*2 Area under irrigation 0.3399 0.8623 0.5224 15.0343*3 Use of improved varieties 1.5000 3.1829 1.6829 15.5542*4 Crop production 0.9882 1.7706 0.7824 4.3797*5 Use of farm machinery and implements 7.8537 16.7439 8.8902 5.2262*6 Area under fruit tree cultivation 1.4390 9.000 7.5610 7.1248*7 Area under forest tree cultivation 2.7195 15.5610 12.8415 3.6703*8 Annual income from agriculture 32.6097 38.1463 5.5366 5.9795*9 Annual income from livestock 10.7780 12.7987 2.0207 8.1268*10 Housing condition 1.6585 5.1585 3.5000 16.8521*11 Household possession 8.5488 23.6464 15.0976 12.6887*12 Food habit 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*13 Clothing pattern 0.5609 2.6463 2.0854 16.3235*14 Savings and expenditure 0.2927 2.0122 1.7195 8.9613*

The data presented in Table 1 reveal that the mean difference found in all the aspects was statistically highly significant at 0.01 level of probability. It can be inferred that all the aspects were significantly increased or improved after the implementation of the programme. The probable reason for increase in area under field crops might be that the farmers have brought their wasteland under the cultivation. Increase in area under irrigation might be that the respondents have use the technique of water conservation and utilized this water for crop plantation. Increase in use of improved varieties might be its easy availability and high economic returns. Increase in crop production might be due to the adoption of crop production technology. The probable reason for positive change in use of farm machinery and implements might that the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity by raising the income through achieving more production. Increase in area under fruit tree cultivation might be that the farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk by planting the fruit crops on the border of the field as well as on the sloppy land where field crops are not grown properly. The probable reason for increase in area under forest tree cultivation might be that the farmers have been diverted to minimize the risk by planting the forest tree on the border of the field as well as on the sloppy land where field crops are not grown properly. Increase in annual income from agriculture might be due

to more crop production. Increase in annual income from livestock might be due that the farmers have expanded their herd size of milch animals after implementation of watershed development programme. Increase in housing condition might be due to that farmers have increased their annual income from agriculture and livestock. Increase in household possession might be due that the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity by raising the income through achieving more production. The probable reason for increase in food habit might be due to that farmers have use different varieties of food preparation in festivals. Increase in clothing pattern might be due that the farmers have increased their annual income from agriculture and livestock. The probable reason for increase in savings and expenditure might be due to that the farmers have increased their purchasing capacity by raising the income through achieving more production.

CONCLUSION

Impact occurred due to implementation of watershed programme was admirable. It has brought significant change in all the aspects (dependent variables) in the study. The watershed development programme, thus, played an important role in accelerating agricultural productivity and effecting a positive change in life standard of the tribals in watershed area of Vyara taluka of Surat district.


53

Impact of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas of Banaskantha District of Gujarat

A. S. Sheikh1 and B. T. Patel2

1 Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry (Extension) SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar

2 Ex. Director of Extension, GAU, GujaratEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultureislargelydependentonnaturalresourceslikesoil,waterandvegetation.Agricultureproductivitydependsonhowefficientlytheseresourcesareconservedandmanaged.WithaviewtoknowtheimpactofNationalWatershedDevelopmentProjectForRainfedAreasOfBanaskanthaDistrict,thestudywasundertakeninthreetalukasofbanaskanthaalongwithsixmicrowatershedsinsixvillageswithasampleof300farmers.Thestatisticaltoolslikefrequency,percentage,rank,meanand“Z”testwereusedtoanalyzedata.Thefindingreflectedthatafterwatershedprojectthefarmershavestartedtochangedtheircroppingpatternfromtraditionalcroptomorevaluableorcashcropslikecastor,cotton,isabgol,fennelandcumin.Increaseinoverallaverageproductivityofselectedcropswasfoundhighlysignificantafterwatershedproject.Theaverageproductivityofcastorwasrankedfirst(42.66%)followedbywheat(36.33%),greengram(31.28%)andsummerbajara(30.14%).Theoverallpercentagechangedincrop-pingintensitywas11.5percent.Thereisariseinwatertable6.5meter,overallemploymentgeneration,mandaysandwageswereincreased13.09,61.48and27.27Percentrespectively,whilerateofmigra-tionwasdeclinedby54.50Percent.Populationofbuffaloesandcowswasincreased193.5and135.29Percentrespectively.ThustherewasapositiveimpactofNWDPRAoncroppingpattern,productivityofcropcroppingintensity,groundwatertable,employmentgeneration,mandays,wages,migrationandanimalresources

Keywords: NWDPRA,NationalWatershedDevelopmentProjectforRainfedAreas

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is largely dependent on natural resources like soil , water and vegetation. Agriculture productivity depends on how efficiently these resources are conserved and managed. The programme uses practicewise holistic approach and local components are soil management , water management and crop management. The NWDPRA was started in Banaskantha district in the year 1987-88.This research study was undertaken with a view to evaluate the impact of NWDPRA on the beneficiary farmers has been assessed through the parameters like (1)Cropping pattern (2)Productivity of different crops (3) Cropping intensity (4) Ground water table (5)Employment , mandays , wages and migration (6) Animal resources.

METHODOLOGY

Three talukas namely Palanpur , Deesa and Dhanera of Banaskantha district were selected purposively because these talukas are having similar agro climatic condition , soil type and cropping pattern. A list of villages covered undered NWDPRA during 10th plan in selected three talukas was obtained from the implementing agency. Patosan-1 and Sagrosana village of Palanpur taluka , Ghada-1 and Aagdol of Deesa taluka , Shera-1 and Malota of Dhanera taluka were selected purposively. A list of beneficiary farmers of the project was obtained from respective PIA. A samples of 50 farmers was drawn randomly from UGs , SHGs and beneficiary farmers from each selected micro watershed. Thus, a total 300 farmers were selected for the study. The data were collected


54

with the help of pre-tested interview schedule. Cropping productivity was calculated by collecting the data of productivity of crops before and after the implementation of project. The difference was find out and per cent increased was calculated by dividing difference with the yield before watershed and multiply by 100.To know whether difference is significant or not “z” test was applied.

“Z”=d/SE (D)

Where,

d=Mean difference

S.E. (D) =standard error of mean difference

Cropping intensity was calculated by the following formula

Cropping intensity (%) = Grossed cropped area of watershed × 100

Net area of water shed

The statistical tools like Frequency , Percentage ,Rank , Mean and “Z” test were used to analyze data.


Cropping Pattern

The data in Table 1 indicate that gross cropped area before watershed was 1398.94 ha,where as if was 1373.40ha after watershed project. The gross cropped area was slightly more (1.83%) because mixed cropping is the familiar aspect of rain fed farming. After watershed project , the land was made more productive by land leveling and terracing measures. The farmers have started to change their cropping pattern castor, cotton , isabgol , fennel , cumin and rajka bajari. Thus , farmers of watershed area have increased farm output and income through the adoption of more remunerative cropping pattern.

Productivity of Different Crops

The result from Table 2 indicate overall average productivity of different crops. The results clearly show that overall average productivity of all the selected crops were found highly significant after the watershed project. The average productivity of castor was ranked first (42.66%) followed by wheat (36.33%) green gram (31.28%) and summer bajra (30.14%). This might be due to the implementation of watershed activities like, contour bunding, leveling, terracing, use of improved hybrid |short duration varieties, etc. would have contributed in significant increasing productivity of crops. Thus, and there was a highly significant effect of watershed project on crop productivity.

Cropping Intensity

Table 3 shows the percentage change in cropping intensity was found 10.13, 12.74 and 11.50 per cent in GLDC, NGOs and pooled respectively. This might be due to improvement in availability of irrigation water in watershed area enabled the farmers to adopt double multiple cropping and to bring more fallow land into cultivation.

Ground water table

Conservation of natural resources such as water, soil and bio- mass is one of the specific objectives of water shed project. Table 4 shows the changes in ground water table before and after water shed in project area. Water table was raised 6.5 meter after implementation of water shed project. This might be due to good rainfall in preceding two years and constructing water harvesting structures in project area. The water table in n summer season which was 53.15 meter before has came down to 46.85 meter after implementation of water shed in the project area .

Employment, mandays, wages and migration

One of the most important aspects that need to be considered in the assessment of overall impact of watershed for the rural poor is the employment generations as the employment opportunities for the rural population in dry land area are very much limited. The results from Table 5 indicate that overall employment generation,mandays and wages was increased 13.09,61.48 and27.27 percent respectively after watershed project, while overall migration was observed to be declined by 54.50 percent in the project area.

It could be concluded that NWDPRA is people participatory project and project was planned and implemented by watershed committee. Thus, majority of the marginal and small farmers were engaged in the watershed development activities like contour bunding, a forestation, farm ponds , etc; and managed to earn income, While the large farmers concentrated more on their agricultural pursuits. Moreover, change in cropping pattern and increased in cropping intensity would have generated more employment,mandays,increased in wages and decreased in migration due to work pressure. Thus, water shed programme has a positive impact on employment generation, increased in wages and decreased in migration.

Animal Resources

Development of livestock enterprise is one of the important activities under water shed development programme. It has got a special importance in the context of


55

generation supplementary income in the watershed area. As can be seen from Table 6 that there was increased in buffaloes and cows population to the extent of 151.63 and 125.84 percent respectively after watershed project. The probable explanation is that increased in area and productivity of fodder crops as well as grasses could have contributed to more availability of fodder and this might have motivated the farmers to keep more milch animals. Thus, it may be said that implementation of watershed project in the area has not only enabled the farmers to enhance their crop productivity but also their family income through providing more employment and keeping more milch animals.

CONCLUSION

In light of the finding following conclusion may be drawn the farmers have started to change their cropping pattern from traditional crop to more valuable crop, overall crop productivity of all the selected crops were found highly significant, the cropping intensity was changed up to 11.50 percent, ground water table was raised 6.5 meter , employment,mandays and wages was raised 13.09, 61.48 and 27.27 percent respectively. The migration was declined by 54.50 percent. Thus, there was positive impact of watershed project on cropping pattern, productivity of crops, cropping intensity, ground water table, employment generation, mandays, wages, migration and animal resources.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2006).Crops and Drops, website: http//www.fao.orga//docrep.

Anonymous (2006).Report on the working group of subcommittee of National Development Council on Agriculture and related issues on Dry land/Rain fed farming system/ Including Regeneration of Degraded/ Waste land, Watershed development programme.

Bhankahriya, S.D. (2004). An economic impact of watershed development programme in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted to S.D.Agricultural university,Sardarkrushinagar.

Goel, P.k. and Singh, M.B. (1996). Impact on soil conservation measures on ground water availability. Indian J. Soil Conservation.24 (1):19-24.

Prajapati, V.V. (2006). Impact of National Watershed Development Project in rain fed areas of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.

Rajput, A.M. and Verma, A.R. (1993). Stabilization of crop productivity through improves watershed technology in Malwa region of M.P. Crop Research; 6(2):195-201.

Shrivastava, A; Gupta, S.K. and Athavale, M.C. (1991). Impact of watershed development programme in Mandsaur district of M.P. Indian J. Agric.Econ; 46(3):296-297.

Singh, J.P. (2000). A study on economic evaluation of Manchel Watershed MANAGE, Hyderabad.


56

Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on Wheat

J.J.Mistry1, K.J.Vihol2 and V.B.Patel3

1 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha2 Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha

3 Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma Dist.: Sabarkantha

ABSTRACT

To accelerate the production of crops, ICAR has started FLD programme through KVK. Latestrecommendedpackageofpracticesaredemonstratedonfarmersfield.Technologygeneratedbyscientistsareofnouseunlessadoptedbyfarmers.WithaviewtoknowtheextentofadoptionofWheatproductiontechnologiesbeforeandafterFLDgivenbyKrishiVigyanKendra,Khedbrahma,thestudywasundertaken.Total12villagesinwhichFLDsonWheathadbeenconductedbyKVK,Khedbrahmawere selectedpurposively.Fromeachvillage,fivedemonstrating farmerswere selected randomlymakinga sampleof sixty respondents.Majorityofwheatgrowers(91.66%)adoptedweedicideasapostemergence,applicationoffirst(86.67%)andlastirrigation(88.33%),seedrate(86.67%)andlinesowing(81.67%).

Keywords :Frontlinedemonstration,Extentofadoption

INTRODUCTION

Krishi Vigyan Kendra has been functioning in the Sabarkantha district since February 2005. The KVK is sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and constituent of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University situated at Khedbrahma, Dist. Sabarkantha. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is transfer of technology through on and off campus training programmes for farmers and extension functionaries, front line demonstrations, on farm trials and other extension activities. Front line demonstrations on different crops grown in the district is the mandatory activity of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Krishi Vigyan Kendra has given front line demonstrations on Wheat crop sanctioned by ZPD, Jodhpur. Thus, evaluation of Wheat front line demonstrations given by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma was felt necessary. The study was under taken with following objectives.

1 To evaluate the FLD Wheat in terms of adoption of recommended Wheat production technology.

2 To study the yield of Wheat on farmers field before FLD and after FLD.

3 To study the profitability of Wheat crop before FLD and after FLD.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district. The villages namely Changod, Kajavas, Sebalia, Nanabaval, Shilvad, Panthal, Kubadharol, Dharod, Dharapur, Aroda, Jagatpura and Pogalu were selected purposively in which Wheat FLDs had been given by KVK, Sabarkantha. List of farmers to whom FLD Wheat had been allotted were prepared and five farmers from each village were randomly selected. Thus, total sixty farmers / respondents were selected for present study.

The data were collected by personal interview. The respondents were same for before and after FLD data collection. The interview schedule was developed through discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers working in the district. The data were analyzed with appropriate statistical procedures.

RISULT AND DISCUSSION

In order to find out the extent of adoption of improved agricultural practices of Wheat crop, 13 improved practices were identified for study. The respondents were asked to give their responses to these practices. In both the cases, before FLD and after FLD, the respondents were same for present study. The responses of farmers were recorded and presented in Table 1.


57

Table 1: Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of wheat crop before fld and after fld. n=60

Sr.No.

Package of practice Adoption of recom-mended practices

(Before FLD)

Adoption of recom-mended practices (After

FLD)

No. Percent No. Percent

1 Use of timely sown wheat varieties 21 35.00 45 75.00

2 Sowing time for timely sown wheat 32 53.33 52 86.67

3 Use of late sown wheat varieties 19 31.67 53 88.33

4 Sowing time for late sown wheat 11 18.33 41 68.33

5 Time of seed treatment for termite control 05 08.33 45 75.00

6 Seed rate for timely sown wheat 16 26.67 52 86.67

7 Seed rate for late sown wheat 08 13.33 48 80.00

8 Line sowing 35 58.33 49 81.67

9 Fertilizer dose for timely sown wheat 25 41.67 42 70.00

10 Adoption of top dressings for timely sown wheat 11 18.33 42 70.00

11 Application of first irrigation at 18-21 DAS 35 58.33 52 86.67

12 Application of last irrigation at 90 DAS 15 25.00 53 88.33

13 Weedicide application

Pre-emergence use 05 08.33 25 41.67

Post-emergence use 32 53.33 55 91.66 The data in Table 1 indicated that majority (91.66 percent) of the respondents had adopted application of weedicide as post emergence, use of late sown varieties (88.33 percent), application of last irrigation at 90 DAS (88.33 percent), sowing time for timely sown Wheat (86.87 percent), application of first irrigation at 18-21 DAS (86.87 percent), seed rate for timely sown Wheat (86.87 percent), seed rate for late sown Wheat (80.00 percent) and line sowing (81.67 percent). Very less number of respondents (41.67 percent) adopted weedicide application as a pre emergence.

Yield of Wheat

The yield of Wheat before FLD and after FLD were compared. The data are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Yield of Wheat before FLD and after FLD n=60

Sr. No.

Average yield of Wheat Kg/ha

Percentage increase

Before FLD After FLD1 3411 4030 18.14

The data in Table 2 reveled that the yield of Wheat per hectare was increased 18.14 percent after FLD. The t test

also indicates the significant difference in yield before FLD and after FLD.

Profitability of FLD Wheat

The cost of inputs was calculated for before FLD and after FLD Wheat. The yield data of Wheat was also recorded before conducting FLD and after FLD. The data are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Profitability of Wheat before and after FLD

Sr. No.

Items Before FLD After FLD

1 Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha)

20975 21195

2 Yield of Wheat (qt/ha) 34.11 40.30

3 Gross income (Rs./ha) 42637 50375

4 Net profit (Rs./ha) 21662 29180

5 BCR 2.00 2.40

Selling price Rs. 1250=00 per quintal

As per market price the income was calculated for before and after FLD and profitability per hectare was calculated.


58

The data in Table 3 reveled that before FLD the yield of Wheat was 34.11 qt/ha while after FLD the yield was 40.30 qt/ha. The prevailing market price was Rs. 1250=00 per quintal and on that base profitability was calculated which showed that net profit from Wheat crop before FLD was Rs. 21662.00/ha while the net profit from Wheat crop after FLD was Rs. 29180.00/ha. The BCR for before FLD was 2.00 while after FLD was 2.40.

CONCLUSION

On the set of technologies of Wheat crop, before FLD the adoption was very less but after conducting the FLD programme on farmers field most of the farmers become aware about recommended production technologies of Wheat crop. Majority of the farmers have adopted most of the production technologies of Wheat after FLD as compare to before FLD. It shows impact of FLD on adoption.


59

Revolutionary change in paddy production through Effective TOT in tribal belt

Nikulsinh M. Chauhan1 and A.P.Patel2.

1 Programme Coordinator 2 SMS (Agronomy)

KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

KrishiVigyanKendraVyaraislocatedintheTapidistrict–thesoutheasternpartandthetribalbeltofGujarat.ThedistrictsharesitborderswithSurat,NavsariandDangdistrictinNorth-west,SouthandEastrespectivelywithMaharashtrastateinEast.Theconspicuousfeaturesofthedistrictareundulatingtopographywithsteepslopesandheavyrainfall.Theav.Rainfallofthedistrictisabout80–100inchesperannum.Thedistributioniserraticandthus,causingdamagetothecropslikePulses,Paddyandothercereals.Thedistrictiscomposedlargelyoftribalcommunities.This,communitiesdependprimarilyonagriculturefortheirlivelihoodsupplementedbyincomefromseasonalemploymentinnearestindustrialtown.Soilsofthedistrictingeneralcanbeclassifiedasmediumblacktoheavyblack,Redmurrumandrockywithlowinnatefertility.Agriculturally,about60percentofthecultivatedareaisundersignedcropduringmonsoon.Themaincropsofthedistrictare–Paddy,Sorghum,Groundnut,Pulses,Sugarcane,Gramandvegetables-Brinjal,Okra.Paddyisthestaplefoodsof thetribalcommunitiesof thedistrict.AmongVegetablecropsOkraismaincropforexportquality.Lookingtotheimportanceofthepaddycropinthedistricthasstartedtheseedmultificationprogrammesince2001.KVKhasstartedtomultiplythehighyieldingvarietiesofthepaddyatcentreaswellasonfarmer’sfield.Itwasplannedtocoveratleast20-25percentoftheareaunderHYVsofpaddyinsurrounding45-50villages.AsaresultofsuccessfulovertureofHYVsofthepaddy,theentiredistricthastwistedaninterest toespousHYVsinpaddyasareplacementforconventionalvarieties.Thiseffortshascementedthewaytointroduceseedvillageconceptinthepaddyitself.Fiveadoptedvillagesofthiscentrehadbeendecoratedasfullyself-sufficientpaddy seedvillagesandalso supplied thepaddy seed to theadjacent villages.Theapparent impactof thisprogrammecanbeseenintheformofraisningthestandardoflivingofthetribalpeople.Tribalpeopleareabletodiscriminatethehighyieldingvarietiesofthepaddycomparedwithconservativeageoldvarietiesintheformofeconomics.Thisstudyisaboonfortribalupliftmentintheotherregionoftribalinthecountry.ThisstudycanbeeyeopnerfortheextensionworkersinthefieldofTOTatgrassrootslevel.TheseedproductionprogrammehadalsoincreasedtherevolvingfundsoftheKVKuptoremarkablelevel.ThisseedproductionprogrammshavealsocreatedtheaffectionofthetribalfarmerstowardsKVKandthecentrebecamepopularamongtribalfarmingcommunity.

Key Words: - Productivity,TOTEfforts,HighYieldingVarietiesandKVK.

District profile

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt of Gujarat. The district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district in North-west, South and East respectively with Maharashtra state in East .The geographical area of the district is 7.79 lac ha. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating topography with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av.

Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is composed largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood supplemented by income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town. Soils of the district in general can be classified as medium black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate fertility. Agriculturally, about 60 per cent of the cultivated


60

area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops of the district are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal, Okra. Paddy is the staple foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra

KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsa-ri Agricultural University. It has started its activities since September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplica-tion programme of Paddy since 2000-01.

Genesis of Programme

To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy growers of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year 2000-01. The results of the survey revealed following :

• Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating con-ventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and Kada) of paddy.

• Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of paddy in later stage.

• Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of their own.

• They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to over plant population and lower yield. It also increases the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much time.

• Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on their farm without taking much care.

• Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about 2500 Kgs./ha.under good management practices.

• Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and un-pleasant colour of husk.

• Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of con-ventional varieties of Paddy.

• # The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding

variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to crop at the maturity time.

• # On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed condition expressed their desire to have high yielding early mature variety.

• # It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers pos-ses small piece of land. Whatever they produced from the land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food es-pecially during August and September.

Intervention of KVK

Considering the above facts KVK has initiated the programme of multiplication of seeds of high yielding va-rieties of Paddy under both rain fed and irrigated condition since 2000-01 on instructional farm. The objective was to popularize high yielding varieties by supplying pure seeds to the farmers on regular basis and thereby increase the area and productivity of Paddy. It has been planned to cover at least 20-25 per cent of the area under the Paddy in the surrounding 45 villages with increasing the productivity and profitability per unit area.

Approach

As many as 92 training programmes especially on production technologies of HYVs of Paddy are organized covering 2636 farmers. Front Line Demonstrations of HYVs of Paddy are also conducted on farmer’s field to show them the production potentialities. Field trials of the HYVs were conducted on instructional farm of Kendra to screen the best varieties from among the seeds of different varieties supplied by Navsari Agrilcutural University. In all, 41 Field days and 18 farmers days are also organized on KVK farm as well as on demo plots on farmer’s field, benefiting 17593 paddy growers. This has created awareness amongst tribal farmers about use of HYVs of paddy .

Efforts are made to produce and supply the im-proved seeds of the paddy to the paddy growers of this area.

Achievement of the programme

• Successfully introduced HYVs of paddy such as IR-28,GR-3, GR-4, GR-5, GR-7, GR-11, Gurjari and Jaya in this area.

• About 545 ha of land have been covered under HYVs of Paddy replacing conventional varieties. More then 1200


61

farmers of 45 villages are directly benefited by this pro-gramme.

• Av. Yield of Paddy per unit area is almost doubled.

• Reduction in cost of cultivation as a means of reduction in seed rate and maintenance of optimum plant popula-tion. Earlier farmers were using 30-40 Kg seed rate for transplanting of one acre of land . Now with adoption of HYVs they are using 10-12 Kg of seeds for the trans-planting of same area.

• Farmers getting higher yields and more profit from the unit area as improved varieties fetch little higher prices as compared to local varieties because of slender grains .

• More than 55 farmers have started multiplication of seeds in their own farm under the supervision and guid-ance of KVK scientist. This will increase the area under HYVs at a faster rate in coming years. This in turn will helps in changing socio-economic status of the tribal farmers of this area.

Economics

Conventional varieties

• Av. Yield 3000 Kg/ha.

• Av. Market price Rs. 5-7 /Kg.

• Total cost of cultivation Rs.9170 / ha.

• Av. Income Rs. 21000 / ha.

• Net profit Rs. 11838 / ha

High yielding varieties

• Av. Yield 4500 Kg/ha.

• Av. Market price Rs. 6-8 /Kg.

• Total cost of cultivation Rs.8120/ha.

• Av. Income Rs.36000/ ha.

• Net profit Rs. 27880 / ha.

Thus, by adopting HYVs and recommended improved technologies (Table 2) such as seedrate, fertilizer doses , crop geometry, timely hand weeding and plant protection measures for the control of stem borer, tribal farmers of the targeted area are getting higher production and income from paddy cultivation.

Table 1 : Front Line Demonstration on HYVs of Paddy organized by KVK

Year Season Area No.ofFarmers

Variety Village Average Yield (Q/ha) Increasein yield

(%)Demo Local

2001 Kharif 04 10 JayaGR-5

04 59.1524.99

52.0018.00

13.7538.80

2002 Kharif 3.80 09 GurjariGR-7GR-5GR-8

06 55.7562.5020.4015.27

52.0055.0017.0017.00

7.2113.6420.009.82

2002 Summer 12.5 24 GurjariGR-3GR-7

04 69.2964.9779.66

62.00--

65.29

11.75--

22.00

2003 Kharif 14 31 GurjariGR-7GR-5GR-8

07 65.0868.2426.9617.48

53.9261.5019.5014.00

21113825

2003 Summer 02 04 Gurjari 04 68.38 60.00 14

2004 - - - - - - - -

2004 Summer - - - - - - -


62

2005 Kharif 10 26 GurjariGR-7GR-8GR-12

08 52.9054.6615.6045.58

41.4141.8411.9240.74

28313112

2005 Summer 08 16 Gurjari 03 61.38 49.04 25

2006 Kharif - - - - - - -

2007 Kharif 10 42 GR-5GR-7GR-8GR-9GR-12

08 22.2352.0516.7420.6651.09

13.7540.6513.2816.0040.93

6028262925

2008 Kharif 17 42 GR-5GR-8GR-9Jaya

06 18.6314.1910.5352.59

11.139.149.1443.77

62271520

2009 Kharif 15 54 GR-9GR-7Jaya

08 11.1351.5058.75

9.3041.5047.25

19.6724.0924.34

2010 Kharif 22 81 JayaGR-5

NAUR-1GAR-13

08 59.5015.5060.5055.75

47.7512.2547.7546.50

24.6128.7526.7018.89

Table 2 : Adoption of Paddy production technologies by tribal farmers. n= 120

Sr.No Reco. practices Before AfterNo. % No. %

1 High yielding varieties 41 35.65 91 71.002 Reco. Seed rate 35 24.53 94 73.453 No. of seedlings /hill 32 20.45 82 67.434 Cutting of tips of young seedlings 28 21.23 73 60.535 Spraying of insecticide for stem borer 25 17.28 64 54.386 Soil application of Carbofuran for

stem borer

32 23.55 78 67.78

7 Reco. Dose of fertilisers 25 20.83 66 55.008 Hand weeding 38 32.43 89 74.55

CONCLUSION

As a result of successful introduction of HYVs of the paddy, the entire district has twisted an interest to espous HYVs in paddy as a replacement for conventional varieties. This efforts has cemented the way to introduce seed village concept in the paddy itself.Five adopted villages of this centre had been decorated as fully self- sufficient paddy seed villages and also supplied the paddy seed to the adjacent villages. The apparent impact of this programme can be seen in the form of raisning the standard of living of the tribal people.Tribal

people are able to discriminate the high yielding varieties of the paddy compared with conventional age old varieties in the form of economics. This study is a boon for tribal upliftment in the other region of tribal in the country. This study can be eye opner for the extension workers in the field of TOT at grass roots level. The seed production programme had also increased the revolving funds of theKVK up to remarkable level. This seed production programms have also created the affection of the tribal farmers towards KVK and the centre become popular among triba farming community.


63

ABSTRACT

TheSustainableLivelihoodlinkswithsecuritytobasichumanneeds,foodsecurity,sustainableagri-culturalpracticesandpovertyasanintegratingconcept.AlargenumberoftribalcommunitiesarebereftofstablelivelihoodandthustheyfallinthecategoryofthevulnerablesectionofIndiansociety.Consideringthisfact,thestudywasconductedinSabarkanthadistrictofNorthGujaratregionofGujaratstate,astheeconomyofthedistrictisbasicallydependentonagriculture.ThefarmersofSabarkanthadistrictarealsoinnovativeaswellasenthusiasticinmodernagriculture.Secondlythedistrictsrankfirstwithrespecttothetribalpopulation.Lookingtothecommonsituationoftheinhabitedvillagesforthetribalandnon-tribalfarmer,11villagesofBhilodaandMeghrajtalukas,havingscheduledtribalpopulationof41-50rangeofpercentagewereselectedpurposively.Total220farmerswereselectedfromthesevillages(20farmersineachvillage).Formeasuringtheagriculturalmodernizationandsustainablelivelihoodofthetribalandnontribalfarmer’steachermadetestsweredeveloped.Thethirteenmajorcriteriaofagriculturalmodernizationand12subindicatorsofsustainablelivelihoodweredeterminedandtotal200scoreofagriculturalmodernizationandtotal300scoreofsustain-ablelivelihoodwasdeterminedbyconferencemethod.Theresultsshowedthatincaseoftribalgroup,therewaspositivelyandsignificantassociationbetweenthesustainablelivelihoodandsevencriteriaforagriculturalmodernizationviz.,extentofuseoforganicfertilizers,farmingpattern,seedselection,availablemodernsourcesofenergyequipments,extentofuseofchemicalfertilizers,useofplantprotectionmeasuresandextentofuseofimproveddairypractices.Whileincaseofnontribalgroup,allthe13criteriaofagriculturalmodernizationstudiedwerepossessedpositiveandsignificantassociationwithsustainablelivelihood.Itwasindicatedtheim-pactoftheagriculturalmodernizationontheextentofsustainablelivelihoodamongthenontribalrespondents,whileitwasverylowintribalfarmers.

Keywords : Sastainablelivelihood,Agriculturalmodernization

INTRODUCTION

Agricultural modernization means from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture transformation process and means. In this process, the agriculture with modern industry, increasing in modern science and technology and modern economy management method, make up the agricultural productivity by backward traditional agriculture increasingly

into contemporary world advanced level of agriculture. Agricultural modernization is a psychological state of farmer mind. Indian society has been undergoing far reaching changes over the last two hundred years and if some all these changes can be subsumed under modernization. India provides a vast and fascinating laboratory for research into modernization. The main factor in the modernization process is represented by the levels of functional

Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood Among the Tribal and Non-Tribal Farmers

Mayur Prajapati1 K.D.Solanki2 Rakesh Patel3 and Rakesh Dhandhukia4

1 Senior Research Fellow, National Agricultural Innovation Project -III , SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar2 Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education, S.D. Agricultural University,

SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar3 Agriculture Officer, Krushi Vigyan Kendra, SDAU, Deesa

4 Senior Research Fellow, Sardar Smruti Kendra, SDAU, SardarkrushinagarEmail : [email protected]


64

achievement attainable as a result of rapid and continuing growth of knowledge and technology in particular. There has been a transition from traditional farming to modern commercial agriculture, due to availability and growth of infrastructural facilities like improved seeds, varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, supplies and services, market facilities, literacy, mass media, research, teaching and extension. In India, agriculture and agro-based industries play an important role in the improvement of the rural economy. At present, about 70 per cent of Indians depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is a major constituent of the Indian economy that accounts for not only the main source of income to the rural population, but also has a decisive say in all economic policies of India. Small and marginal farmers constitute a major portion of the rural agriculture sector. The Indian industry is also largely reliant on agriculture for both inputs and end-user applications. However, the limited availability of land, the limited cash returns, and agriculture being confined to one or two seasons in the year, have made the villagers look for other livelihood support systems for their sustenance. A large number of tribal communities are bereft of stable livelihoods and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable section of Indian society. Therefore, It is essential to provide the latest information regarding the agricultural modernization to sharpen their knowledge in terms of assets and activities required for a means of living, not only living but have been lead to formalization of the sustainable livelihood approach. Considering this fact, the study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the Effect of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable livelihood among the Tribal and Non-tribal farmers.

METHODOLGY

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state. The economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture, as 62.8 per cent workers are engaged in primary sector and the farmers of Sabarkantha district are innovative as well as enthusiastic in modern agriculture. Sabarkantha ranked first with respect to the tribal population in the state. Considering the highest tribal population, multistage random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. According to the Census - 2001 (Anonymous, 2001), proportion of scheduled tribes population to total population in villages are categorized in 9 different percentage ranges at district level, i.e. Zero percentage range of scheduled tribes population to 76 and above percentage range. It is seen that only 14 villages out of

1,372 were having percentage range of scheduled tribes population of 41-50; covered in Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Bhiloda, and Meghraj talukas of the district. Among these four talukas considering the numbers of villages, Meghraj and Bhiloda talukas were selected purposively. Looking to the common situation of the inhabited villages for the tribal and non-tribal farmers, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas, having scheduled tribes population of 41-50 range of percentage were selected purposively. Total of 220 farmers were selected from these villages (20 farmers in each village). For measuring the agricultural modernization and sustainable livelihood, teacher made test were developed. The test of agricultural modernization was consisted of the major thirteen criteria. The criteria discussed with the experts and total 200 score of agricultural modernization was determined by conference method. For standardizing the score, the Agricultural Modernization index (AMI) was calculated, for each individual respondent and grouped into three categories viz., low, medium and high AMI. The test of sustainable livelihood was also developed with the help of three main indicators and 12 sub indicators were included after discussion with experts and total 300 score of sustainable livelihood was determined. For standardizing the score, the Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) was calculated for each individual respondent.


In the era of globalization the question of sustainable livelihood has captured all the points of discussion. Various people have defined livelihood differently. Chambers and Conway (1992) define livelihoods as: “A livelihood comprises the abilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities to the next generation; and contribute net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels in the long and in the short term.” The concept of sustainable development has acquired the central theme of any tribal development. The concept of sustainable development emerged in the 1980s. It propelled a paradigm shift in development thinking, and continues to dominate the development-discourse at various levels, from the local to global. The best explanation to sustainable development was given by the World Commission for Environment and Development (1987), „Our common future‟, as, „the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the


65

future generation to meet their own needs‟. The concept of livelihood is rapidly gaining acceptance as a valuable means of understanding the factors that influence people‟s lives and well-being. „It is comprised of capacities, assets, and activities required for means of living. A livelihood will be sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capacities and assets, both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base‟ (Carney, 1998). Sustainable livelihood is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope and priorities for development, in order to enhance progress in poverty elimination. Sustainable livelihood aims to help poor people achieve lasting improvements against the

indicators of poverty that they define. In spite of all these development initiatives the tribal in our country are still threatened by severe poverty (Mishra, 2007).

Relationship Between Selected Criteria forAgriculturalModernization Index and theSustainable LivelihoodofTribalandNon-tribalRespondents.

On the basis of the operational measures developed for the variables, null hypotheses were stated for testing the relationship and their significance on zero order correlations. The zero order correlations were presented in Table 1.

Table 1 :Correlation coefficient of criteria of agricultural modernization with sustainable livelihood of tribal and non-tribal respondents n = 220

Sr. No. Name of Criteria for Agricultural Modernization

Correlation Coefficient“r” value

Tribal Non-tribalFarmers Farmers

1 Farming pattern (X1) 0.1892* 0.3045**

2 Seed selection (X2) 0.1907* 0.3660**

3 Use of irrigation system (X3) 0.1795 NS 0.2024*

4 Use of underground pipeline for irrigation (X4) 0.1670 NS 0.2130*

5 Use of transportation facility for marketing of 0.1589 NS 0.5779**

agricultural production (X5)6 Available modern machinery and implements (X6) 0.1633 NS 0.2385*

7 Available modern sources energy equipments (X7) 0.1924* 0.2289*

8 Extent of use of chemical fertilizers (X8) 0.2012* 0.3263**

9 Extent of use of organic fertilizers (X9) 0.2823** 0.2095*

10 Extent of use of storage facility (X10) 0.1562 NS 0.2125*

11 Use of Plant protection measures (X11) 0.2023* 0.4657**

12 Extent of use of harvesting structures (X12) 0.1724 NS 0.2384*

13 Extent of use of Improved dairy practices (X13) 0.2182* 0.3230**

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of significance NS = Non-significant

It is clear from the results (Table 1) that out of 13 criteria of the AMI among the tribal respondents, the correlation coefficient of one criteria viz., “extent of use of organic fertilizers” (0.2823) was statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood index at 0.01 level of significance, whereas 6 criteria viz., farming pattern (0.1892), seed selection (0.1907), available modern sources of energy equipments (0.1924), extent of use of chemical fertilizers (0.2012), use of plant protection measures (0.2023) and

extent of use of improved dairy practices (0.2812) were statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood index of tribal respondents at 0.05 level of significance. As far as the criteria, viz., use of irrigation system, use of underground pipeline for irrigation, use of transportation facility for marketing agricultural production, available modern machinery and implements, extent of use of storage facility and extent of use of harvesting structures, concerned, the computed correlation coefficient were found to be positive but non-significant.


66

The above discussion leads to be concluded that criteria of agricultural modernization viz., extent of use of organic fertilizers, farming pattern, seed selection, available modern sources energy equipments, extent of use of chemical fertilizers, use of plant protection measures, extent of use of improved dairy practices affected significantly and positively the sustainable livelihood of tribal farmers.

The probable reason might be that the tribal farmers have somewhat changed their traditional farming to scientific farming and more attention towards the dairy practices and obtain the advantage of communication system as well as marketing and input supply and services & facilities. The animals are the source of organic manure and also subsidiary income might gave courage to take risk to adopt such a new concept of organic farming, which was directly or indirectly influenced and extent of sustainable livelihood. While in case of non-tribal respondents, out of 13 criteria of the AMI the correlation coefficient of six criteria viz., farming pattern (0.3045), seed selection (0.3660), use of transportation facility for marketing agricultural production (0.5779), extent of use of chemical fertilizers (0.3263), use of plant protection measures (0.4657) and extent of use of improved dairy practices were statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood at 0.01 level of significance, while remaining seven criteria viz., use of irrigation system (0.2024), use of underground pipeline for irrigation (0.2130), available modern machinery and implements (0.2385), available modern sources of energy equipments (0.2289), extent of use of organic fertilizers (0.2095), extent of use of storage facility (0.2125) and extent of use of harvesting structures (0.2384) were statistically found to be positively and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood at 0.05 level of significance (Table 1).

The above discussion leads to be concluded that all selected criteria for agricultural modernization were significantly and positively correlated with sustainable livelihood of non-tribal respondents. It is interesting that all criteria for agricultural modernization were applied by the non-tribal respondents and changed their traditional ways of livelihood. It was indicated the impact of the agricultural modernization on the extent of sustainable livelihood among the non-tribal respondents. The probable reasons might be that the non-tribal respondents have changed their ways of living owing to distinguishes changes of assets viz., natural, social, human, physical and financial.

Evaluate the Impact of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable Livelihood

Table 2 : Association between the agricultural modernization of the tribal and non- tribal respondents and their sustainable livelihood

Sr. No.

Consequent Variable

Correlation Coefficientr value

Tribal Non-tribal

Farmers Farmers

1 Agricultural Modernization 0.1527NS 0.3613**

** Significant at 1% levels of significanceNS : Non-significant

It is clear from Table 2 that the agricultural modernization (0.1527) was positively but non-significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood of tribal respondents, while the agricultural modernization (0.3613) was positively and significantly correlated with sustainable livelihood of non-tribal respondents at 0.01 level of significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the agricultural modernization was more affected the sustainable livelihood of non-tribal respondents in comparison of tribal respondents. The probable reason might be that sustainable livelihood index is the function of many indicators. All the identified indicators of sustainable livelihood have adopted the agricultural modernization. However, it was observed very low in tribal respondent.

Siva Prasad and Eswarappa (2005) also reported that during the last 50 years the planning process in India has failed to reduce the disparity between the tribal and non tribal populations. Today, the first and foremost problem before tribal communities in India is how to earn and sustain livelihoods. There are varieties of livelihoods practices by the tribal communities in different part of India and elsewhere, such as by the hunter-gatherers, pastoralist, shifting cultivators, who live in different environments. A number of changes have been taking place with regard to the land use, access, control and utilization of their resource and these changes in term have largely affected the sustainable livelihoods of the people without any sustainable replacement.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the impact of agriculture


67

modernization was more affected the sustainable livelihood of non-tribal respondents in comparison to tribal respondents. It indicated that the non-tribal respondents have changed their ways of living owing to distinguishes changes of assets viz., natural, social, human, physical and financial. However it was observed very low in tribal respondents.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2001). District census handbook of Sabarkantha (Census of India 2001) series-25, part-XII A & B, Directorate of Census operations, Gujarat.

Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods. What contribution can we make? Papers presented at the DFID Natural Resources Advisers Conference, July 1998. DFID, London.

Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1991). Sustainable Livelihoods: Practical Concept for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion paper 296.

Mishra, N. (2007). Participatory Water Management and Sustainable Tribal Livelihood: Study of a Pani Panchayat in Southern Orissa, Unpublished Thesis Submitted to University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

Siva Prasad, R. and Eswarappa, K. (2005).Tribal livelihood in a limbo: Changing tribe-nature relationship in south Asia in At the crossroads: South Asia research, policy and development in global world (69-78). Pakistan: SDPI & SAMA.

WCED (1987) : Global policies for sustainable agriculture. A report of the advisory panel on food security, agriculture, forestry and environment to the World Commission on Environment and Development. Zed Books, London and New Jersey.


68

FLD Impact Analysis on Scientific Cultivation of Chilli

B.M Tandel1, K.A. Shah2, Prabhu Nayaka3 and C.K Timbadia4

1 SMS (Horticulture) 2 SMS (Agronomy) 3 SMS (Plant Protection) 4 Programme CordinatorKrishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agriculture University, NAU, Navsari


ABSTRACT

Frontlinedemonstration(FLD)isoneofthemostpowerfultoolsfortransferoftechnology.InordertoincreasetheproductivityofChilli(CapsicumannuumL.)byadoptingimprovedtechnologies,severaldemonstra-tionswithscientificpackageofpracticeswereconductedbyKrishiVigyanKendra,Navsari.Sincethreeyearsabout74FLD’sonscientificcultivationonchilliwereundertaken.Astudyonimpactoffarmer’sknowledge,adoption and knowledge regarding scientific innovationswas conducted. The impact assessmentwas basedonthecomparisonofbeforecontactandaftercontactofKVKwithreferencetoincreaseinknowledgeleveloffarmer’sregardingscientificpackagesofpractices,extentofadoptionofINMtechnology.ItwasfoundthattheoverallknowledgeofINMdemonstrationsindicatedthatlow,mediumandhighlevelofknowledgebeforecontactwiththeKVKwas46percent,40percentand14percent,respectively.Itwasalteredupto12percent,39percentand49percent,respectivelyaftercontactwiththeKVK.IncaseofknowledgeregardingselectedscientificinnovationsfordemonstrationshighknowledgeregardingselectedscientificinnovationswerefoundexceptIPM(16%).ItcanbesuggestedthatFLDsinthesouthGujaratregionfoundtobeanimportantconstraintsandwererankedinfirstpositionwhichneedstobesolvedforbettermentofthetribesinthisregion.

Keywords: Frontlinedemonstration,scientificcultivation

INTRODUCTION

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice crop of India grown for its green fruits as vegetable and in ripe dried form as a spice. The native home of chilli is considered to be Mexico with secondary origin of Gaute-mala. It is also called as hot pepper, cayenne pepper, sweet pepper etc. Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum under So-lanaceae family. Five species of Capsicum are unser cultiva-tion, through number of wild species have been identified re-cently. In India, only two species viz., Capsicumannumand Capsicum frutescens are known and most of the cultivated varieties belongs to the species capsicum annum. Chilli was introduced in India by the Portugese in Goa in the middle of the 17th century and since then it had rapidly spread thought the country. In India, chilli is grown in an area of 7.93 lakh ha with an annual production of 12.99 lakh M.T.

Chilli is known for its flavor, pungency & colour and it belongs to the family Solanaceae. In India, chilli is an important ingredient in day to day curries, pickles and chut-neys. In view of its usage in culinary purposes, about 97% of

the production is consumed within the country leaving small portion for exports. Another reason for low export is that the prices of Indian chillies are too high for International markets on account of strong domestic demand.

The earning from export of dry chilli is between Rs. 150-200 crores every year. There is great scope to double or even triple the export by increasing production per unit area. At present, the average yield of our country is quite low (1t/ ha) as compared to the well developed countries like USA ,South Korea, Taiwan etc.where the average yield is between 3-4 t/ha. Chilli besides pungency and red colour to the dishes is a rich source of vitamin A, C and E. Recently Russian scientists have identified Vitamin P in green chillies which are considered to be an alkaloid capsaicin which has high me-dicinal value. It also prevents the heart diseases by dilating blood vessels.

OBJECTIVES

1 To study the level of knowledge of chilli grower regard-ing chilli cultivation


69

2 To study the extent of adoption of improve practices of chilli cultivation

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Navsari district of south Gujarat state. 10 villages of Navsari district were selected, sample size was 200 farmer’s. The data were col-lected through personnel interview. The interview schedule was prepared by keeping the objectives of the study in mind. The necessary care was taken to collect the un-biased and correct data. The data were collected, tabulated and analyzed to find out the findings and draw conclusion. The statistical tool like percentage was employed to analyze the data. The constraints as perceived by respondents were scored on the basis of magnitude of the problem as per Meena and Sisodiya (2004). The respondents were recorded and converted in to mean per cent score and constraints were ranked accordingly as per Warde etal. (1991).


The result of overall knowledge of INM indicated that the low, medium and high level of knowledge before contact with KVK was 46 per cent, 40 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively and it was increased up to 12 per cent, 39 per cent and 49 per cent after contact with KVK Javat etal. (2001) reported the same results.

In case of selected knowledge regarding selected scientific innovations for INM high knowledge regarding se-lected scientific innovations were found, except IPM

The majority of the farmer had medium level of knowledge 43 per cent before contact with KVK. After con-tact with KVK, 51 per cent of the farmers had high level of knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of INM. Godawat (2011) supported the facts.

Attempts were also made to study and categories the major constraints in to suitable topics viz.,New high yielding variety, seed rate, time of sowing, integrated nutrient man-agement, integrated pest management, plant growth regulator and value addition

Under adoption of chilli production technology, 83.00 per cent farmer’s adopted plant growth regulator and 81.00 per cent farmer’s adopted value addition. In case of recommended spacing and INM 68.00 per cent and 61.00 per cent adoption was observed from the above discussion.

CONCLUSION

For the above discussion, it can be concluded that knowledge level and adoption level of tribal farmers were amplified after imparting training and conducting FLD by KVK scientists. The FLD conducted on improved scien-tific cultivation in chilli at farmer’s field in Navsari district revealed that the farmer’s could improve their economy by practices using value addition. This study draws the attention for extension workers for effective and efficient transfer of technology in the field of agriculture extension.

REFERENCES

Godawt, Asha (2011). Adoption of entrepreneurial activities envisaged under Rajasthan Mission on livelihood by women. RajasthanJ.Extn.Edu., 17-18:187-190

Javat, Hansraj, Patel, M.M., Kumar, K.S. and Saxena, Ara-vind (2011). Impact of front line demonstrations on scientific temperament of wheat growersRajasthanJ.Extn.Edu., 17-18:115-117

Meena, S.R. and Sisodiya, S.S.(2004). Constraints as per-ceived by the respondents in adoption of recommend-ed guava production technology. Rajasthan J. Extn.Edu., 12-13:146-153

Tandon, H.L. S (1992). Components of integrated plant nutrition organic manures recyclable wastes and bio fertilizers development and consultation organization, New Delhi, India, No, 204

Warde, P.N., Bhope, R.S. and Chudhary, D.P. (1991). Adop-tion of dry land horticulture technology. MaharastraJ.Extn.Edu., 10 (2):108-111


70

INTRODUCTION

Krishi Vigyan Kendra working as grass root level TOT institute in Tapi district. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s mandatory work of linkage between GO’s, NGO’s, Co-operatives, SHGs and all related to agriculture and rural development. Tapi district is newly borned tribal dominated district of South Gujarat. District comprises 5 blocks. In Tapi district the Hangati Mahila Trust has a good linkage among tribal farm women. The trust has more than 2500 tribal women members, 2.5 crores deposits and regular crop loan facilities of more than 2 crores to the tribal farm women every year. The said trust has multifarious activities of tribal development such as Kirana shop, Hospitals, Schools, Watershed development project, SHGs, Wadi Yojna, Land leveling scheme and many more. In short ,this is an imperative and foremost organization among eastern belt of

Tapi district in South Gujarat. The Hangati Mahila Trust has good linkage with tribal farming community of the district. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the said trust is more or less on same line.

To take and advantage of ready made display place of this organization KVK, Vyara of Tapi district has made MOU in the year 2008. A big Shibir was organized at KVK, Tapi and formulated a frame work for jointly working together. A three tier committee was formulated for effective implementation of the programmes monitoring and evaluation, documentation and impact analysis. The Three Tier Committees are as under:

I Executive committee :1 Programme Co-ordinator, KVK, Vyara2 Executive Secretary of Hangati Trust3 All SMSs of KVK

Consequences of Linkages with Tribal Co-Operatives

Nikulsinh.M. Chauhan

Programme CoordinatorKVK, NAU, Vyara, Gujarat

Email :[email protected]

ABSTRACT

KrishiVigyanKendraworkingasgrassrootlevelTOTinstituteinTapidistrict.KrishiVigyanKendra’smandatorywork is to be estalblish linkage betweenGO’s, NGO’s, Co-operatives, SHGs and all related toagricultureandruraldevelopment.TapidistrictisnewlyborntribaldominateddistrictofSouthGujarat.Districtcomprises5blocks.InTapidistricttheHangatiMahilaTrusthasagood.linkageamongtribalfarmwomen.Thetrusthasmorethan2500tribalwomenmembers,2.5croresdepositsandregularcroploanfacilitiesofmorethan2crorestothetribalfarmwomeneveryyear.ThesaidtrusthasmultifariousactivitiesoftribaldevelopmentsuchasKiranashop,Hospitals,Schools,Watersheddevelopmentproject,SHGs,WadiYojna,Land levelingscheme,agriculturalextensionandmanymore.Inshort,thisisanimperativeandforemostorganizationamongeasternbeltofTapidistrictinSouthGujarat.TheHangatiMahilaTrusthasgoodlinkagewithtribalfarmingcommunityofthedistrict.ThemainaimofKrishiVigyanKendraandthesaidtrustismoreorlessonsameline.To takeanadvantageof readymadedisplayplaceof thisorganizationKVK,VyaraofTapidistricthasmadeMOU in the year 2008.A big Shibirwas organized atKVK, Tapi and formulated a framework forjointlyworkingtogether.Athreetiercommitteewasformulatedforeffectiveimplementationoftheprogrammes,monitoringandevaluation,documentationandimpactanalysis.Total84villageslinkedwiththismissionareonthepathofdrasticchangesintheiragricultureandlivestockmanagement,eachandeveryproblemrelatedtoagricultureandanimalhusbandryisimmediatelybeingsolvedbyKVKscientist.Theallintegratedapproachesofcropandlivestockmanagementhadbeenimplementedeasily.TherecentinnovationinthefieldofagricultureisimmediatelyimplementedbyKVK

Key words : Linkages,TOT,Co-operatives


71

4 Resource persons of related villagesII Middle level committee :1 All SMS of KVK1 Presidents and Secretaries of selected clusters.2 Selected progressive farmers and farm women.III Grass root level committee :1 Selected leaders of FIGs, FWIGs, Rural Youths and

Village workers 1 Concern SMSs2 Representatives of Hangati Mahila Trust.

The meeting of executive committee is mandatory at least once in a month. The meeting of middle level committee is scheduled twice in a month and grass root level committee meeting scheduled as and when require. The whole mission was started with a specific goal. The key elements in the mission are Tribal farmers, farm women and rural youth. The mission has been started with commitment to get result oriented, impact oriented and visible outcomes. As a result of this mission, the different extension activities were carried out as under :

Table 1 : Training Programme conducted by KVK

Sr. No. No. of Training ParticipantsOn Campus Off Campus On Campus Off Campus

1 06 12 243 486

Table 2: Extension Activities

Sr. No.

Venue Title Participants

1 Mandal Dangar Pak Parisamvad-v-Khedut Shibir 5582 Mandal Khedut Shibir cum Paddy Crop Symposium 13723 Jamkhadi Pak Parisamvad-v-Khedut Shibir 9104 Mandal, Amji Animal Camp 542 Animals5 Gatadi, Bedi, Mirpur,

GhodchitAnimal Camp 480 Animals

6 Nishana, Bedi Film shows – 2 907 Mandal / Amji SHG Meeting - 2 2500 women8 Bedi, Mandal, Amji Field Day – 3 287

Table 3: Seed Material Distribution

Sr. No. Crop Quantity Beneficiaries

1 Paddy – Drilled (GR-5,8 & 9) 1500 Kg. 302 Paddy – T.P.(GR-7) 125 Kg. 103 Jowar (GJ-42,CSH-20,23) 25 Kg. 084 Tur (Vaishali) 1250 Kg. 150

Table 4: FLDs conducted

Sr. No.

Crop Area No. of Participants

1 Castor(GCH-5) 05 ha. 102 Groundnut(G.G-6) 10 ha. 203 Gram(G.G-2) 05 ha. 104 Paddy – Drilled (GR-5) 05 ha. 105 Paddy – T.P.(GR-7) 05 ha. 10

Table 5: Kitchen Gardening

No. of Beneficiaries 50 Tribal Farm WomenKitchen Gardening conducted in Bedi, Mandal, Nishana, Amji of Hangati trust


72


Looking to the success of the kitchen garden demonstrations the tribal farm women themselves motivated and standing by to adopt this technology by their cost. Next year nearly 200 kitchen garden demonstrations were prearranged in this belt. The tribal farm women from other regions were also demanded for kitchen garden demonstrations. This year almost certainly more than 500 demonstrations will be conducted in Vyara and Songadh block with the help of different agencies. The nutritional discrepancy and undernourishment will be diminishing. The use of back yard space and wear and tear water of domestic purpose would be utilized in a better way.Live contact was maintained among KVK scientist and Hangati Mahila Trust Family. The constant follow up and spot guidance as and when required is maintained by KVK scientists. The live contact of KVK scientists in the form of On/Off campus trainings, Shibirs, farm visit, field day, fortnightly and monthly meetings, ex-trainee visits, group field visits, kishan gosthis and different programmes are preserved through out the year.

The tribal farming community has created a sense of belongingness with KVK and they are in such opinion that KVK and Hangati Trust is really working for their own benefits. A good channel was developed among 84 tribal dominated villages of Songadh and Vyara block. Scientist visit to these villages and farmers visit to KVK became common phenomenon.

CONCLUSION

The 84 villages linked with this mission are on the path of drastic changes in their agriculture and live stock management, each and every problems related to agriculture and animal husbandry could immediately solved by KVK scientists. The all integrated approaches of crop and live stock management had been implemented easily. The recent innovation in the field of agriculture is immediately implemented by KVK scientist among these villages and farmers are very eager to adopt such technologies given by KVK scientist with full interest and confidence. The traditional methods of farming along with same prejudices and religious belief have been changed scientific technology and we could successfully change mindset of tribal farming communities. Which will be a great achievement in the field of agricultural extension management. Linkage with Hangati Mahila Trust was an ideal example of unique piece of work done by this KVK.

IMPLICATION

The study has acknowledged the changing mindset of the tribal farming communities with good empathy building.

This study strongly supports the title of “Reaching the Unreached” the study can be guideline for other extension workers to implement this way of extension technology for their clients. On this foundation the extension personnel may locate clients for training and also those who can be used as counselor to other farmers, the study also useful for fast conversion of orthodox Vanvasi farming communities towards dynamic farming personality. The study will be helpful to make KVK family Farmer’s Centric, Farmer’s Oriented, Farmer’s Lead and Farmer’s Friendly in the field of Transfer Of Technology in agriculture.

REFERENCES

Chauhan, N.M. and Patel, A., .(2012). Increasing area and productivity of paddy in tribal belt of South Gujarat through effective TOT efforts: A success story. International Journal of Agric. Sci.Jan-2012:8(1):301-306.

Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Impact and yield fissure inspection of gram through trainings and FLDs by KVK, Tapi in Gujarat.Ind.J.ofAgric.Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 12-15.

Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Execution of IPM Technology in Cotton Ecosystem of Tapi District. Ind. J. ofAgric.Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 31-34.

Chauhan, N.M. (2011). Livestock Management Practices followed by the dairy farmers of Narmada District of Gujart.Ind.J.ofAgric.Res. And Ext.Vol (4): 67-70.

Bhatta S.T. and Chauhan, N.M. (2012). Effect of different growth hormones on growth and flowering of Dendrobium CV, “Sonia-17”.GreenFarming (AnInternational Journal of Applied Agricultural &HorticulturalSciences) VOL: 3(3):375-376.

Chauhan, N.M., (2012).Contribution of the tribal farm women in livestock management. Agric .Update, vol.7 (1&2):5-7.

Chauhan, N.M. and Chauhan, N.B, (2012).Constraints faced and suggestions offered by the programme Coordinators of KKK’s of India.Agric. Update, vol.7 (1&2):14-18.

Chauhan, N.M,(2010).Information Hungers of the rice growers.Agric.Update, vol.7 (1&2):72-75.

Pandya, C.D., G.R. Patel and N.M. Chauhan, (2012). Yield Gap Analysis of Okra Production Technology in Tapi District of South Gujarat.AgrobiosRes.Vol.1(1), 83-87


73

Effect of Mass Media on Dairy Farmers Regarding Adoption Behaviour of Animal Husbandry Practices

P.M.Bhatt1 and P. P. Patel2

1 Director, Institute of Distance education, “Krushi Gangotri” Borsad Chowkadi, AAU, Anand, Gujarat 2 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand

E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Dairyinghasbeenwellrecognizedforitsmajorshareineconomicdevelopment,buttheperformanceintheareaofmilkproductionisnotmuchencouragingasfarasthebovinepopulationofIndia’smilchanimalsisconcerned.Thescientificmanagementandhighyieldingbreedhavegreatpotential for increasing themilkproduction.Forraising themilkproductionsufficientknowledge,massmediaexposure,positiveattitude,andcontinuousadoptionof thedairy innovationsarenecessarywhichfinallyelastic thesocio-economicstatusofsociety.Hence,thestudywasconductedtoknoweffectofdifferentmassmediaoncapacitybuildingofdairyfarm-ersofAnandDistrictduringtheyear2005-06inAnanddistrict.Agewassignificantbutnegativelycorrelatedwhile,education,socialparticipation,occupation,annualincome,extensioncontact,Cosmopoliteness,economicmotivation,scientificorientation,planningorientation,productionorientation,marketorientation,managementorientation,creditorientation,achievementmotivation,extentofknowledgeofimprovedpracticesofanimalhus-bandry,andextentofadoptionofimprovedpracticesofanimalhusbandrywerefoundsignificantlyandpositivelyrelatedwiththeirextentofmassmediaexposure.

Keywords: Dairyfarmers,animalhusbandrypractices,massmediaexposure,correlationandpersonalprofile

NTRODUCTION

Knowledge will be the power in the 21st century and it could be possible through use of print media like farm magazines, books, booklets, leaflets etc. for farmers. The widening reach of mass communication methods such as radio, television, videos and print media offer good prospects for its effective utilization in disseminating agricultural information (Farrington etal., 1998). It reaches the majority in a time efficient and cost-effective way through in terms of effective utilization of the information assimilated from mass communication methods remains an item of debate. Mass communication is a process in which the message is magnified to such an extent the communicator or an expert reaches millions of people in a very short time. The pattern and involvement of users in any communication system give real picture regarding its usefulness. Hence the study was conducted to know effect of different mass media on capacity building dairy farmers of Anand District.

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken in five talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state, a total sample size of 200 respondents at random, constituted from 20 selected villages. To study the mass media exposure of the respondents, a scale adopted by Kamat V. (1992) was used with some modification. Score of two for regular participation (exposure), one for occasional participation and zero for non- participation, were assigned separately for news paper, radio broadcasts, farm literature, television programme and use of internet relating to animal husbandry practices. It has been measured with the score assigned to each statement. The total score has been calculated for each respondent by adding up the score of all statements. On the basis of mean (x ) and standard deviation (S.D.), the respondents were grouped into three categories for mass media exposure as under.

(i) Low exposure to mass media < (X – S.D.)

(ii) Medium exposure to mass media between(x ± S.D.)

(iii)High exposure to mass media > (x + S.D.)


74

The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, and, co-efficient of correlation was done.


Effect of mass media in capacity building of dairy farmers

Communication exposure helps people to gain general awareness as well as provides scientific and technical information and plays an important role to improve their socio-techno-economic standards. The information regarding mass media exposure was collected as the nature and frequency of respondent’s involvement in different mass media such as newspaper, radio, television, krushiamela, film and use of internet facility. The respondents were classified in to three categories as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of the dairy farmers according to their extent of mass media exposure n=200

Sr. No.

Level of mass media exposure

Number Per cent

1 Low (< 26.56 score) 44 22.002 Medium(between 26.56 to

46.04 score)116 58.00

3 High (> 46.04 score) 40 20.00Mean (x) = 36.30 SD =9.74

The data in table 1 indicates that nearly three-fifth (58.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level of mass media exposure, followed by slightly more than one-fifth (22.00 per cent) with low and one-fifth (20.00 per cent) had high level of mass media exposure. In general, it is observed that majority (80.00 per cent) of the dairy farmer possessed medium exposure to mass media. This might be due to their low to medium level of awareness regarding importance of various mass media in improving their knowledge. Because of this reason they might not have shown their expected interest in useful programmes broadcasted and telecasted on radio and television, respectively, as well as farm literature and newspaper published by different agencies.

The result in table-2 concluded that age was significant but negatively correlated while education, Social participation, occupation, annual income, extension contact, ,Cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, scientific orientation, planning orientation, production orientation, market orientation, management orientation, credit orientation, achievement motivation, extent of knowledge of improved practices of animal husbandry, and extent adoption

of improved practices of animal husbandry and their extent of mass media exposure of the dairy farmers were found significantly and positively related with their extent of mass media exposure.

Table-2 Relationship between various capacities of dairy farmers and their mass media exposure. n=200

Sr. No. Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient(r value)

I Personal

1 Age -0.6461**2 Education 0.6901**II Socio-economic3 Social participation 0.5938**4 Family size 0.0622 NS5 Landholding 0.1242 NS6 Herd size 0.0631 NS7 Occupation 0.6684**8 Annual income 0.6753**III Communicational9 Extension contact 0.6410**

IV Psychological variables10 Economic motivation 0.6392**11 Cosmopoliteness 0.6197**12 Scientific orientation 0.6270**13 Planning orientation 0.5746**14 Production orientation 0.5943**15 Market orientation 0.5650**16 Management orientation 0.6969**17 Credit orientation 0.2480**18 Competition orientation 0.0992 NS19 Risk orientation 0.1021 NS20 Achievement motivation 0.3556**21 Extent of Knowledge regarding

improved animal husbandry practices

0.7309**

22 Extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices

0.7066**

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

NS- None significant

CONCLUSION

Nearly three-fifth (58.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level of mass media exposure. Age was significant but negatively correlated while other selected independent variables were highly positively significant with their extent of mass media exposure except Family size, Landholding, Herd size, Competition orientation and Risk orientation.


75

IMPLICATION

The study facilitates in knowing the characteristics of the dairy farmers, which will serve as guidance for the planner and extension agencies for planning and implementing programme related to the profitable dairy farming. Extension contact and social participation of the dairy farmers showed their significant influences. It is therefore, recommended that the dairy farmers who are not members of any useful organizations should be persuaded to get enrolled as an active member and village extension worker should visit regularly and frequently and motivates them. The Cosmopoliteness of the respondents also associated significantly to extent of mass media exposure of dairy farmers. It is, therefore, recommended to give better road, bus and transport facilities to the milk producers of all villages so that they can make contact to the progressive dairy farmers and extension personal other than their own society. The study also revealed that economic variables like number of occupations in which farmers involved, and annual income associated significantly to extent of mass media exposure. Efforts should be also made to supply inputs to cattle owners. This may help in contributing better socio-techno-economic change and ultimately enhancing dairy farming activities.

REFERENCES

Chauhan, N.B., Patel, B. B., Patel, J.G. and Sharma, M. L. (1994). Factors affecting mass media exposure and attitude towards modern agricultural practices of small peasants. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,4&5:118-121

Gour, A. K. (2002) Factors influencing adoption of some improved animal husbandry practices of dairying in Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.

Kamat, V.V. (1992). Kheda Communication Project: An Evaluative Study. Unpublished Report, S.N.D.T., Womenson’s University, Chuchgate.

Kerlinger, F.N. (1976). Foundation of behavioural research, Surjee Publication, New Delhi : 198-204.

Kadian, K.S. and Kumar, R. (1999). Factors associated with knowledge level of dairy farmers, Maha.J. ofExtn.Edn., 18: 33-37.

Mishra, Prakash., Bardhan, D., Dabas Y. P. S. and Kumar, Avadesh. (2009). Factors influencing and impact of package of selected dairy husbandry technologies. IndianJ.ofDairySc. 62(4): 316-326


76

Self-Reliance in Paddy Seed through Seed Village Programme

Nikulsinh M. Chauhan1 and A.P.Patel2

1 Programme Coordinator 2 SMS (Agronomy) KVK, NAU, Vyara.Gujarat.


ABSTRACT

KrishiVigyanKendraVyaraislocatedintheTapidistrict–thesoutheasternpartandthetribalbeltofGujarat. SmallandMarginalfarmersareoftenatadisadvantageouspositioninabsorbingtheagriculturaltechnology related togenetic enhancementofproductionpotentialofagricultural crops.This isbecauseofcentralizedproductionanddistributionofimprovedseedsbyaseedcompanies.Thoughtheorganizedsectorisabletoproducealargequantityofseeds,thesupplychainisunabletocopewiththehugedemandforseedsacrossthelengthandbreadthofthecountry.Thus,thefarmingcommunitydependstoalargeextentonexternalsourcesforimportantinputssuchasseeds.Seedvillageprogrammeprovideanalternativetothisproblemandhelpfarmersbecomeselfreliant.Thisinitiativeneedsbothorganizedcommunitiesandscientificbackstopping.Efforts towards up scaling seed village programmeunderKrishiVigyanKendra,Vyara in theTapi districtresultedinencouraginglearningoutcomesanddemonstratedtheviabilityofseedvillagewithsuitabletechnicalbackstoppingbyKVKscientistandempowermentof the communitymembers.The seedvillageconceptnotonlyensuregoodqualityseeds forenhancingproductivitybutalso ingenerating income for thecommunitymembersresultinginimprovedlivelihood.TheselfsufficiencyintheseedisagreatimpactinthearealikeTribaldominatedDistrictofTapi.Implicationofthisstudyisthewholestocksoftheseedmaterialshavebeensoldbyhighremunerativeratesatfarmer’sfieldonly.Theconsciousnessofthefarmersregardingqualityseedmaterialshavebeenincreaseddrastically.Thecheatingandlootingbyprivateseedtradershavebeenreducedremarkablyandtheareaunderrecommendedcultivarsofpaddyhasbeendevelopedinclustersanditleadstowardsvalueadditionthroughneedbasedpaddyproductionforindustrialuseaswellasforfoodgrainpurpose.Theseedvillageconceptof the farmershavebeencultivatedin themindoforthodoxtribal farmers toshift theirageoldseedthroughrecentlyreleasedhighyieldingpaddyvarieties.Itwasreallyabigachievementinthefieldofagriculturetorunonsustainabilityandprofitabilitysuperhighway.

Keywords : Reliance,seedgrower,paddy,seedvillageprogramme

INTRODUCTION

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Vyara is located in the Tapi district – the southeastern part and the tribal belt of Gujarat. The district shares it borders with Surat, Navsari and Dang district in North-west, South and East respectively with Maharashtra state in East .The geographical area of the district is 7.79 lac ha. The conspicuous features of the district are undulating topography with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. The av. Rainfall of the district is about 80 –100 inches per annum. The distribution is erratic and thus, causing damage to the crops like Pulses, Paddy and other cereals.The district is composed

largely of tribal communities. This, communities depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood supplemented by income from seasonal employment in nearest industrial town. Soils of the district in general can be classified as medium black to heavy black, Red murrum and rocky with low innate fertility. Agriculturally, about 60 per cent of the cultivated area is undersigned crop during monsoon. The main crops of the district are – Paddy, Sorghum, Groundnut, Pulses, Sugarcane, Gram and vegetables-Brinjal,Okra. Paddy is the staple foods of the tribal communities of the district. Among Vegetable crops Okra is main crop for export quality.


77

Krishi Vigyan Kendra

KVK Vyara is working under the auspices of Navsari Agricultural University. It has started its activities since September,2000. Kendra has undertaken Seed multiplication programme of Paddy since 2000-01.

Genesis of Programme

To ascertain the constraints encountered by Paddy growers of this area, a Benchmark survey was carried out by multidisciplinary team of scientist of KVK during the year 2009-10. The resultsofthesurveyrevealedfollowing…

a Large majority of the tribal farmers are cultivating conventional varieties (Tichun native –1, Sathi and Kada) of paddy.

b Conventional varieties are early mature, having coarse grain with dull husk colour, and highly susceptible to water logging as the rain coincide with maturity of paddy in later stage.

c Paddy growers are using higher seed rate i.e. 30 – 40 Kg for transplanting 1 acre of land as they produce seed of their own.

d They were planting 10-12 seedlings / hill resulting in to over plant population and lower yield. It also increases the cost of cultivation because harvesting takes much time.

e Farmers were using impure seed, as they produce it on their farm without taking much care.

f Av. Yield of Paddy (conventional varieties) is about 2500 Kgs./ha.under good management practices.

g Market value of the conventional varieties is less ranges between Rs. 5 –6 /Kg. because of coarse grain and unpleasant colour of husk.

h Tribal farmers are not satisfied with yield status of conventional varieties of Paddy.

i The farmers having assured irrigation facilities or low land kyari expressed their desired to have high yielding variety with late maturity to avoid damage by rains to crop at the maturity time.

j On the contrary, farmers growing paddy under rainfed condition expressed their desire to have high yielding early mature variety.

k It was also noticed that most of the tribal farmers posses small piece of land. Whatever they produced from the land during monsoon, they have to depend on it for their livelihood. They are striving hard for their food especially during August and September.

The basic concept of seed village is to make the villagers self-sufficient for quality sees of their region.The seeds produced of the appropriate varieties of various crops, locally. The following steps may be taken to ensure effective implementation of seed village programme.

1 As far as possible, seed village should be organized in a compact area with adequate irrigation facilities comprising of few adjacent villages.

2 The area selected for seed village should produce enough seeds to meet the requirement of the particular area (i.e.) block or district for which seed village has been organized.

3 The area entitled for seed village programme may not be changed every year but it should be kept permanent for 5-10 years.

4 The selected farmers should be provided with training in seed production so that they are in a position to take all possible care for quality seed production.

5 Adequate quantity of source seeds should be mobilised in advance

6 Adequate inputs should be made available in time

7 Integrated plant protection measures should be advocated.

8 Seed processing facilities should be made available at the nearest destination

9 Proper planning should be made to distribute the seeds produced in time.

10 The seed producers may attempt for successful implementation of seed village concept in their areas. It is always better to test the seeds or seed lots before sowing or offering for sale. To test the seeds a service sample should be drawn and submitted to the Seed Testing Laboratory. Following should be born in while drawing a service sample.

11 Prescribed quantity of seed samples should be sent along with the sample slip


78

12 In the sample slip the details on crop, variety, lot number should be indicated clearly.

13 A fee of Rs.20 per sample should be paid for each service sample

14 If the moisture test is required a separate sample should be sent in a polythene container with 70 gauge thickness

15 A regular training programme was conducted to the seed law enforcement officials on 15.6.2010 at KVK Vyara about 50 officials participated in this training programme.

16 The Subject Matter Specialist of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara inspected Paddy seed production field in Tapi district on 28-9-2010 and guided the seed grower for successful seed production.

Seed Grower through Woman Cooperative

Seed is an important determinant of agricultural production and the efficacy of other agricultural inputs like labour, fertilizers depends on the quality of seed. Hence, the availability of the right seed material is very crucial. In Tapi district Paddy is grown in an area of 114291 ha and the approximate seed requirement is around 6857t. In order to achieve higher seed requirement, a major effort is required to cover more area under seed production. The production and supply of quality seeds and enhancing the seed replacement rates of various crops are the important issues in seed sector. Hence, training on seed production to the farmers is needed to increase the production of quality seeds.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra intervention

The farmers have purchased the seeds from private seed companies, government outlets and also used their own farm saved seeds. KVK scientists explained the uses and production of quality seeds. But, the resource poor farmers were unable to produce the seeds of their own due to lack of technical know- how. Then the Krishi Vigyan Kendra intervened and trained the farmers of Hangati Mahila trust, Mandal about the seed production technologies such as land selection, sources of seed, isolation distance, rouging, foliar nutrition, harvesting and post harvest handling of seeds in three stages under seed village training programme

If we consider the success story of trained farmers of Hangati mahila trust villages in Tapi District is one of the progressive farmers in this village has shown impressive progress both as an early adopter and entrepreneur. He is

also a convener and SAC member of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara.

Two days training programme on ‘Seed Production Technology’ was imparted to the farmers on the basic aspects of Seed Production technology, improved technologies on Integrated nutrient Management etc., were given at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara and field exposure visit was arranged in the Seed Village Scheme fields at Vyara so as to acquire practical skill on the production technology. The farmers were supplied with resource materials on seed production Technology.

The farmers had acquired modern technologies and skill. A very good impact has been created among the farmers and in turn they developed confidence in the seed production. The farmer prepared nursery his land by ploughing followed by rotavator and finally prepared his nursery bed for paddy seedlings. He applied farm yard manure @ 15-20 t/ha during ploughing and incorporated in the land.

Paddy seeds of Jaya and Gurjari, treated with thirum @ 3 gm / kg were sown in the second week of June 2010 with the suitable guidelines of the scientists. Irrigation and fertilizer were given in nursery after 23rd days after sowing transplanting of Paddy was done with line planting recommended spacing, fertilizer and irrigation according to the prescribed schedule given by the scientists of KVK.

By the seed production technology, he could achieve uniform crop stand, limited weed problem and problems of pest and diseases.He has harvested the Paddy crop during the third week of October 2010. He obtained yield of 6.5 t/ha.

A field day was conducted in the field of Hangati Mahila Trust farmers of Zarali, Jamkhadi, Bharadada, Amalgundi villages so as to create awareness among the other farmers on the achievement of higher yield in Paddy by Seed Production technology. Most of the farmers had expressed the advantages of raising Paddy for getting higher returns within a period of four months It is imperative that seed production technology has to be scaled up over larger area in forthcoming years, thereby the farmers fetch higher yield and higher net return. In such attempts, the role of KVK is very vital and necessary.

IMPACT

He is having 30 acres of wet land with good irrigation sources. Previously, he followed conventional system of rice cultivation for grain production. After few years he felt that


79

this system would not have benefit in terms of both yield and soil fertility maintenance. Then, he planned to start seed production in rice as advised by scientists of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara. Previously he had undergone the training on the direct seeding techniques with drum seeder and SRI techniques in rice during 2009. He practiced these techniques in seed production and he found that this techniques required low seed rate (2-3 kg ha-1), nitrogen (LCC based nitrogen management), water and labour requirement. Based on this experience, he extended to an area of 30 acres for seed production in rice. He was able to harvest higher seed yield of 6400 kg ha-1 with low cost of cultivation (Rs.12, 500) when compared to conventional method. Now he became a Own Hangati Mahila trust seed entrepreneur and marketing his seeds by this trust.

Seed village trainings to the farmers

Sr. No

Activity No. Participants

1 On / Off campus training programme

17 270

2 Field days 04 578

S. No.

Particulars and impact of the training

Production and income details

1 Area 30 Acre2 Crops in which seed

producedPaddy, Pulse

3 Unit production capacity 6.5 tonnes / ha –Paddy4 Seed supply Krishi Vigyan Kendra,

Vyara5 Net income Rs.64,000 / ha –paddy6 Rural employment 2500 man days / year7 Estimated area coverage 25 ha.–paddy

SUMMARY

Small and Marginal farmers are often at a disadvantageous position in absorbing the agricultural

technology related to genetic enhancement of production potential of agricultural crops. This is because of centralized production and distribution of improved seeds by a seed companies. Though the organized sector is able to produce a large quantity of seeds, the supply chain is unable to cope with the huge demand for seeds across the length and breadth of the country. Thus, the farming community depends to a large extent on external sources for important inputs such as seeds. Seed village programme provide an alternative to this problem and help farmers become self reliant. This initiative needs both organized communities and scientific backstopping. Efforts towards up scaling seed village programme under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vyara in the Tapi district resulted in encouraging learning outcomes and demonstrated the viability of seed village with suitable technical backstopping by KVK scientist and empowerment of the community members. The seed village concept not only ensure good quality seeds for enhancing productivity but also in generating income for the community members resulting in improved livelihood. The self sufficiency in the seed is a great impact in the area like Tribal dominated District of Tapi.

IMPLICATION

The whole stocks of the seed materials have been sold by high remunerative rates at farmer’s field only. The consciousness of the farmers regarding quality seed materials have been increased drastically. The cheating and looting by private seed traders have been reduced remarkably and the area under recommended cultivars of paddy has been developed in clusters and it leads towards value addition through need based paddy production for industrial use as well as for food grain purpose. The seed village concept of the farmers have been cultivated in the mind of orthodox tribal farmers to shift their age old seed through recently released high yielding paddy varieties. It was really a big achievement in the field of agriculture to run on sustainability and profitability super high way.


80

Constraints Faced by Cotton Growers in Management of Cotton Cultivation

A. A. Darandale1 P. M. Bhatt2 and Nilesh P. Patel3

1 & 3 P.G. Student, B.A.C.A., A.A.U., Anand

2 Director, Institute of Distance Education, (IDEA), AAU, Anand, Gujarat . 3 Horticulture officer, office of DDOH, Anand

E-mail- [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The studywas carriedout in the year 2009-10 inVadodaraDistrict ofGujarat state to identify thevariousconstraintsfacedbycottongrowersinmanagementofcottoncultivation.Arandomsampleof120cottongrowerswas selected fromVadodaraDistrict and the constraints facedby cottongrowers inmanagementofcottoncultivationwerestudied.Theresultofthestudydepictedthathighcostofinputs,fluctuationsinmarketrate,Unavailabilityofseedatpropertime,nonavailabilityoflabours,highcostoftransportation,lackoftimelytechnicaladvice,highrateoflaboursandnonavailabilityoftimelycredits,theprocessofgettingcottoncropinsuranceiscomplex,lackofmarketfacilities,difficulttotakevalidadvantageofcropinsurancewereperceivedasthemostseriousconstraintsfacedbycottongrowers.

Keywords: Constraints,managementofcottoncultivation,cottongrowers.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton is one of the most important commercial fiber crops of India. The seed of cotton is a potential source of edible oil, cake and hull meal. It is also known as “King of Apparel Fiber” and “white gold”. Cotton is cultivated in about 60 countries of the world. India is having the largest area under cotton; its average productivity is only 520 kg per hectare as against the world average productivity of 650 kg per hectare. In India, cotton contributes about 85.00 per cent of the total fiber consumed in the textile industries. Gujarat is one of the major cotton producing states in the country. Gujarat state has second largest area under cotton after Maharashtra in India. Cotton is widely grown, particularly in all districts of Gujarat state. Gujarat has been the key contributor in cotton research in the country.

Considering the major challenges in agriculture including the need for enhanced productivity, equity and uneven development, issues of sustainability and enhanced profitability there is need for greater thrust for technology dissemination without any transmission loss. This inspired the investigator to study knows various constraints faced by cotton growers. Thus, the present study was undertaken in the year 2009-10 with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

1 To study the constraints faced by the cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation.

2 To seek the suggestions from the cotton growers to overcome the constraints faced by them.

METHODOLOGY

Vadodara district of Gujarat state was chosen for the study. Vadodara, Dabhoi, Karjan and Sankheda talukas of Vadodara district of Gujarat state were purposively selected, because these talukas have more cotton growing area as compared to other talukas. Twelve cotton growing villages were randomly selected from those four talukas. For this study, 120 cotton growers who had minimum 3 years of experience in cotton cultivation were selected randomly. For measuring constraints in management of cotton cultivation, a simple frequency system was applied. The respondents were asked to give the information about the constraints countered by them in management of cotton cultivation and then frequency was ascertained from highest to lowest. The suggestions offered were ranked on the basis of number and percentage of respondents who reported respective


81

suggestions.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Constraints in management of new technology have never end. However, they can be minimized. The respondents

were requested to express the constraints faced by them in management of cotton cultivation. Frequency and percentage for each constraints were calculated and on that basis of that, the constraints were assigned ranked and are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Constraints faced by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation n = 120

Sr. No. Constraints Number Per cent

1 Unavailability of seed at proper time 102 85.002 High cost of inputs 112 93.333 High cost of transportation 93 77.504 Non-availability of labours 98 81.665 High cost of labours 86 71.666 Non-availability of credit in time 73 60.837 Lack of timely technical advice 90 75.008 Irregular supply of irrigation 47 39.169 Irregular supply of electricity 43 35.8310 Lack of market facility 67 55.8311 Fluctuations in market rate 108 90.0012 Lack of knowledge about plant protection of cotton 99 82.5013 Difficult to take valid advantage of crop insurance 58 48.3314 The process of getting cotton crop insurance is complex 71 59.16

As seen from the Table 1. high cost of inputs (93.33 per cent), fluctuations in market rates (90.00 per cent), unavailability of seed at proper time (85.00 per cent), lack of knowledge about plant protection of cotton (82.50 per cent), non-availability of labours (81.66 per cent), high cost of transportation (77.50 per cent), lack of technical advice (75.00 per cent), high rates of labours (71.66 per cent), non-availability of timely credits (60.83 per cent), the process of

getting cotton crop insurance is complex (59.16 per cent), lack of market facilities (55.83 per cent), difficult to take valid advantage of crop insurance (48.33 per cent), irregular supply of irrigation (39.16 per cent), and irregular supply of electricity (35.83 per cent) are the major constraints faced by cotton growers in management of cotton cultivation in ascending order, respectively

Table 2: Suggestions given by cotton growers to overcome constraints faced by them n = 120

Sr. No. Suggestions Number Per cent1 Price of seed should be minimized. 112 93.332 Good and healthy seed should be provided at proper time. 97 80.833 Regular and timely visit of the farm should be necessary by agricultural officer. 27 22.504 Rate of produce should be regulated. 83 69.175 Proper marketing facility should be established. 76 63.336 Training on new technologies should be imparted to the farmers. 54 45.007 Timely technical advice should be provided to the farmers. 104 86.678 Guidance should be provided to adopt proper cultivation practices. 58 48.339 Sufficient electric power should be available for long time. 36 30.00

10 Sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding recommended dose of fertil-izer, insecticide / pesticides etc.

64 53.33

11 Crop insurance scheme should be modified in favor of loss occurred to an indi-vidual farmer or mass of farmers

87 72.50

12 Farmers should not be forced by bank to take insurance while taking loan be-cause it increases financial burden on the farmers

93 77.50


82

It can be concluded from the Table 2 that the prices of inputs should be minimized (93.33 per cent), provide timely technical advice (86.67 per cent), good and healthy seed should be provided at proper time (80.83 per cent), farmers should not be forced by bank to take insurance while taking loan because it increases financial burden on the farmers (77.50 per cent), crop insurance scheme should be modified in favors of loss occurred to an individual farmer or mass of farmers (72.50 per cent), are the prime important suggestions given by the respondents to overcome constraints. Further, they also suggested about rate of agricultural produce should be regulated (69.17 per cent), proper marketing facility should be established (63.33 per cent), knowledge regarding recommended dose of fertilizer, insecticide / pesticide should be provided (53.33 per cent), guidance should be provided to adopt proper cultivation practices (48.33 per cent), training on new technology should be imparted (45.00 per cent), sufficient electric power should be available for long time (30.00 per cent), and regular visit of agriculture officer should be necessary (22.50 per cent) to overcome the constraints faced by them, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Major constraints faced by cotton growers were high cost of inputs, fluctuations in market rate, unavailability of seed at proper time, non availability of labours, high cost of transportation, lack of timely technical advice, high rate of labours and non availability of timely credits, the process of getting cotton crop insurance is complex and valuable suggestions offered by cotton growers to overcome them Prices of inputs should be minimized, provide timely technical advice, good and healthy seed should be provided at proper time, farmers should not be forced by bank to take insurance while taking loan because it increases financial burden on the farmers, crop insurance scheme should be modified in favor of loss occurred to an individual farmer or mass of farmers.

REFERENCE

Zala, P. K. (2008). Crisis Management practices Adopted in Cotton Cultivation by the Farmers of Kheda District of Gujarat state. (Unpublished) Ph.D. thesis, AAU, Anand.


83

Societal Paradox about Coriander Production Technology by the Coriender Growers

S. R. Kumbhani1, D. M. Thakrar2, Chandravadia kiran3, S.V.Undhad4 andM.K.Jadeja5

1 Agriculture officer, Sardar smruti Kendra, J.A.U. Junagadh2 Professor, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh

3 Ph.D. student, Department of Agril. Ext., J.A.U. Junagadh4 Agriculture officer, Department of Plant Pathology., J.A.U. Junagadh

5 Agriculture officer, D.E.E., J.A.U. Junagadh


ABSTRACT The present study, attempt has been made to know the association between extent of adoption ofthe farmers (dependentvariableand theirselectedcharacteristicsas independentvariables) thecorrelationcoefficient(‘r’value)werecalculatedonthebasisofoperationalmeasuresdevelopedforthevariables.Thecharacteristicsoftherespondentslikeeducation,socialparticipation,extensioncontact,irrigationpotentiality,coriandercropintensity,riskorientation,extensionparticipation,innovativeness,exposuretoinformationsourceandproductionwerepositivelysignificantassociatedwiththeadoptionofrecommendedcorianderproductiontechnology. While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the adoption about recommendedcorianderproductiontechnologyrespectively.Whereasmarketingorientationwasnegativeandnonsignificantassociatedwiththeadoptionaboutrecommendedcorianderproductiontechnology.

Keywords : Innovativeness,Coriendergrowers

INTRODUCTION

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual aromatic herb, grown for its leaves, seed, essential oil and oleoresin. Coriander, also known as cilantro and Chinese parsley is a member of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its name is derived from the Greek world ‘Koris’ meaning bedbug because of the unpleasant fetid bug-like odour of the green herb and unripe fruits, it was eventually loaned to Latin Coriandrum. Coriander has originated in the Mediterranean region from where it had moved eastward to Asia (Nawata et al., 1995). It is commonly known as “Dhania” or “Dhana”. India has been known as the “home of the spices” from very ancient times. Spices play pivotal role in human dietary as they give an agreeable flavour and aroma to food and add greatly to the pleasure of eating (Aiyanduai, 1966). They also constitute an important group of agricultural commodities which are virtually indispensable in culinary art.

Coriander is well known for its uses as medicine,

oil, perfumery and culinary purposes, consumed in large quantities and earns a large sum of foreign exchange. It is probably the first spice to be used by man as common flavouring substance. The stem leaves and fruits have a pleasant aromatic odour. The pleasant aroma of the fruits is due to the linalool containing essential oil (Pruthi, 1976). Which is used for medicinal and flavouring beverages and its residues are used for cattle feed. High quality coriander seed has essential oil content between 0.4 and 1.4 percent.

The finest quality oils contain 60 to 70% linalool, a compound which produces much of the characteristic coriander flavor. The coriander seed contains an extractable vegetable oil fraction which may be blended with the essential oil (to form an oleoresin) for use in food and other non-food products.

METHODOLOGY

In order to realize the above objectives, a sample of 160 coriander growers, representing 8 villages of two talukas


84

(Manderada and Keshod) of Junagadh district was drawn by using random sampling techniques. To find out the relationship between dependent and independent variables, the Pearson’s product moment method of computing correlation coefficient, which provides generally accepted means for measuring the relationship, was used (Chandel, 1975).


In order to ascertain the association between the level of knowledge (dependent variable) of the farmers and each of their selected characteristics (independent variables), the correlation co-efficient (‘r’) was calculated on the basis of operational measures developed for the variables, empirical hypotheses was stated for testing the association and its significance on zero order correlation are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Correlation between adoption about coriander production technology followed by the farmers and the independent variables n = 160

Sr. No Independent variables ‘r’ value1 Age -0.1830*2 Education 0.2522**3 Social participation 0.1801*

4 Annual income 0.0430 NS

5 Extension contact 0.2059*6 Size of land holding 0.0697 NS

7 Irrigation potentiality 0.2847**

8 Cropping intensity 0.2519**9 Risk orientation 0.1703*10 Extension participation 0.3228**11 Innovativeness 0.3342**

12 Market orientation -0.0495 NS

13 Exposure to information sources 0.1783*

14 Production 0.2111*** Significant at 0.05 level ** Significant at 0.01 level

NS = Non significant

Age and extent of adoption

It’s seen form the table that the calculated correlation co-efficient value of r = -0.1830 was found significant at 0.05 level. Thus, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be concluded that there was negative and significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their age.

The direction of association was negative and significant which indicated that coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology increased significant with decrease in their age. The probable reason for above finding might be that majority of the young coriander growers were educated and having more extension contact and social participation.

Education and extent of adoption

The data presented in Table revealed that the calculated co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.2522 was positively highly significant at 0.01 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and it could be inferred that there was positive and significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their education. It can be said that with increased in education the level of adoption also increased.

The probable reason may be that educated respondents understand the importance of innovations can be quickly and easily adopted by them. They also keep faith in new research and possess higher change proneness.

Social participation and extent of adoption

The data in Table revealed that the correlation co-efficient obtained r = 0.1801 was positive significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected and it can be inferred that there was positive significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their social participation. The adoption increased with an increase of social participation of the respondents. The probable reason for this might be that more social participation provides more in-depth information and better understanding to the respondents, which leads them to adopt the recommended coriander production technology in a better way.

Annual income and extent of adoption

The data in Table reveled that calculated correlation coefficient r = 0.0430 was non significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was accepted. It can be said that there was no association between farmers’ level of adoption for coriander production practices on their annual income. This might be due to the fact that there were no more farmers adopting improved coriander production practices on their farm, so they think that the disparity in income is not because of the coriander production practices.


85

Extension contact and extent of adoption

The data presented in table revealed that the computed correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2059 was observed to be positive and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore be concluded that there is significant relation between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their extension contact. The positive direction of relationship revealed that the adoption increased with an increase of extension contact of the respondents. This might be due to fact that participation in extension activities around the area of the respondents acquired higher knowledge; as a result farmers are ready to adopted recommended coriander production technology.

Size of land holding and extent of adoption

The data presented in Table reveled that the correlation co-efficient obtained r = 0.0697 was non significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis was accepted. It can be concluded that there is no association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their size of land holding. This might be due to the fact that irrespective of size of land holding almost all the respondents inclined to adopt equally, the recommended coriander production technology for getting higher yield and income.

Irrigation potentiality and extent of adoption

The data in Table reveled that the computed correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2847 was positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. It can be concluded that there was positive & significant association between adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their irrigation potentiality. The positive sign indicated that with increase in irrigation potentiality the adoption level of coriander growers also increased. This might be due to the fact that with increase in irrigation potentiality the respondent might have irrigated their crop at different critical stages of crop which resulted in higher yield and income. As a result, this might have motivated them for more adoption of coriander production technology.

Cropping intensity and extent of adoption

The data presented in Table reveled that the calculated correlation co-efficient value of r = 0.2519 was found to be positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null

hypothesis was rejected. It can therefore, be said that there is positive and significant association between coriander growers adoption of recommended coriander production technology and coriander crop intensity. The positive direction of relationship indicated that coriander growers’ adoption increased with an increase in their coriander crop intensity.

The probable reason might be that coriander is rabi crop. Due to the increase in crop intensity the respondents might have received more production per unit area which might have generated more income.

Risk orientation and extent of adoption

The data depicted in Table reveled that the computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1703 was positive and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive significant association between coriander growers adoption of recommended coriander production technology and risk orientation. The positive direction of relationship indicated that with increase risk orientation the adoption is increased. The probable reason for this result could be that coriander growers secure benefits of high production while taking risk in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.

Extension participation and extent of adoption

The data presented in Table reveled that the computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3228 was positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their extension participation.

The probable reason might be that due to more participation in extension activities the respondents acquired more knowledge and other facilities like credit, input supply at a time which facilitated higher adoption in coriander production technology.

Innovativeness and extent of adoption

The data in Table reveled that the computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.3342 was highly positive and significant at 0.01 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their


86

innovativeness.The probable reason might be that due to more innovative they tried out different coriander production technology.

Market orientation and extent of adoption

The data in Table reveled that the computed correlation coefficient (r = - 0.0495) was found negative and non significant revealed that there was no association between market orientation and extent of adoption. Hence the hypothesis was accepted.

The probable reason for no influence of market orientation on adoption of coriander product practices can be explained to the reason that resources to be purchased from market are very less. On the other hand, for selling of coriander product market network has not yet been developed.

Exposure to information and extent of adoption

The data in Table reveled that the computed co-efficient of correlation value of r = 0.1783 was positive and significant at 0.05 level. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it can be said that there was positive significant association between coriander growers’ adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their exposure to information sources.

Production and extent of adoption

The data presented in the table reveled that the calculated value r = 0.2111 was highly significant 0.01). Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and it can be inferred that there was positive and significant association between the level of adoption of farmers and their production.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension contact, irrigation potentiality,

coriander crop intensity, risk orientation, extension participation, innovativeness, exposure to information source and production were positively significant associated with the adoption of recommended coriander production technology. While, Age was negative and significantly associated with the adoption about recommended coriander production technology respectively. Whereas marketing orientation was negative and non significant associated with the adoption about recommended coriander production technology.

REFERENCES

Chauhan, N.B. (2008). Capacity building of farmers’ through training on organic farming practices in surendranagar district of gujarat state.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Chhodavadia, H. C. (2001). Impact of frontline demonstration on groundnut pigeon pea relay cropping system in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri). Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K. Nagar.

Dangar, M. M. (1996) A study of knowledge, adoption and constraints of chiku growers’ in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. (Unpublished) M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.

Kamani, A.B. (2007). A Quintessential paradigm of a quintessential paradigm of organic farming in relation to adoption of organic farmers in saurashtra. M.Sc.(Agri) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Kotadiya, D.G. (2006). Impact of IHDP in Junagadh district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.


87

Constraints faced by the Tribal youth while participating in the rural development activities in Banaskantha District.

V.V.Prajapati and B..K .Patel

Vanbandhu Agriculture Polytechnic, S.D Agricultural UniversityAmirgadh, Dist. Banaskantha

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Thesocio-economicdevelopmentandprosperityofthecountrydependstoaconsiderableextentonthetypeoftheyouththecountryhave,becausetheruralyouthhaveabilitiesandcapabilitiestoorientthemselvesinthemainstreamofthedevelopmentprocess.Youthareconsideredasadynamicforceintheirthoughtandactionsforthedevelopmentofthesocietyandcountry.ThePresentstudywasconductedinDantaandAmirgaghtalukaofBanaskanthaDistrict.TwotaukawasselectedpurposivelyashavingthehighesttribalruralyouthascomparetoothertalukaofBanaskantha.Sixvillagesformeachtalukaandtenyouthofagerangingbetween25to40fromeachvillagewereselectedrandomlymakingatotalsampleof120respondent.MajorityoftheruralyouthhavingilliterateeducationuptoPrimarylevel.Themajorconstraintsfacedbytheruralyouthwerelackofruralyouthclubandtheiractivities,lackofsupportfromvillageinstitution,lackofproperleadershipandfinancialassistance from theGovernment.Majorityof the rural youth suggested thatmore rural youthclubshouldbeestablishedinruralarea.Villageinstitutionsshouldsupporttotheyouthclubimparttrainingtoyouthclubmembersandlocalleadersalsoshouldguidetheyouthclub.SupportfromthevillageinstitutionandImpartingpropertrainingonentrepreneurshipdevelopmentandproperguidancefromthelocalleaders.

Key words: Ruraldevelopment,Tribalyouth

INTRODUCTION

The socio-economic development and prosperity of the country depends to a considerable extent on the type of the youth the country have, because the rural youth have abilities and capabilities to orient themselves in the main stream of the development process. Youth are considered as a dynamic force in their thought and actions for the development of the society and country. Rural youth as a group are shy to take part in any rural development process. The primary causes for the wastage of youth power were lack of appropriate state wide interlinked network for youth organizations and lack of proper training and guidance. The low participation of rural development activities is widely accepted. This fact needs a systematic research study to screen out the major constraints faced by rural youth while participating in the rural development activities.

OBJECTIVES

(1) To study the socio-economic characteristics of the

rural tribal youth.

(2) To know the constraints faced by the rural tribal youth while initiating and / or participating in development activities in the villages.

(3) To seek the suggestions to overcome the constraints.

METHODOLOGY

The Present study was conducted in Danta and Amirgagh taluka of Banaskantha District. Two tauka was selected purposively as having the highest tribal rural youth as compare to other taluka of Banaskantha. Six villages form each taluka and ten youth of age ranging between 25 to 40 from each village were selected randomly making a total sample of 120 respondent. The data were collected by personal interview through interview schedule, then the data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.


88

Table 1 : Information regarding Tribal villages

Sr. No.

Name of Taluka Total villages

Tribal villages

1 Danta 186 123

2 Amirgadh 69 48

Table 2 : Information regarding Selected Tribal villages

Sr. No. Name of Taluka

Name of Selected Tribal villages

1 Danta Bordiyara, Dhareda, Chori, Guda, Barvas, Jodhsar

2 Amirgadh Sevania, Isvani, Sonvadi ,Kapasiya, Ghantu, Jodhra


Table3: Distribution of the respondents according to their level of education n=120

Sr.No. Education Number Per cent 1 Illiterate 74 61.672 Primary level

( 1-7 std )39 32.50

3 Secondary level ( 8-10 std )

4 3.33

4 Higher Secondary level ( 11-12 std )

2 1.67

5 College level 1 0.83

The data presented in Table 3 reveal that majority ( 61.67 per cent ) of respondent were illiterate followed by primary level of Education (32.50 per cent), Secondary level ( 3.33 per cent ), Higher Secondary level ( 1.67 per cent ) and College level (00 .83 per cent ). Hence it can be concluded that majority of the tribal rural youth were illiterate to primary level education.

Table4: Distribution of the respondents according to their occupation n=120

Sr.No. Occupation Number Per cent 1 Farming 12 10.002 Farming + laboring 21 17.503 Farming + A.H. 87 72.504 Farming + Service 00 00.00

The data presented in Table 4 portray that a great majority ( 72.50 per cent ) of the respondent were dealing with farming + A.H. as their main occupation, only 17.50.00 per

cent and 10.00 per cent had farming + laboring and farming respectively. None of them had farming ,service and business engagements. It might be due to the fact that the respondents were selected from rural area and there is not any alternate except farming+A.H. because majority were farmers sons.

Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to their social participation n =120

Sr. No. Category Number Per cent 1 No Membership 73 60.832 Membership in one

organization 31 25.83

3 Membership in more than one organization

16 13.33

4 Membership with holding Position

00 0.00

It can be seen from the Table 5 that majority ( 60.83 per cent ) of the respondents had no member in any organization followed by membership in one organization ( 25.83 per cent ) and membership in more than one organization ( 13.33.00 per cent ). None of this membership with holding position in social organization. The probable reason might be that the membership in co-operative societies naturally found in the name of family head instead of youths.

Constraint faced by respondents

Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to their constraints in participating and/ or initiating development activities in the village . n =120

Sr. No

Constraints No. Per cent

1 Lack of rural youth clubs and their activities

103 85.83

2 Lack of support from the village institutions

88 73.33

3 Lack of proper leadership 84 70.004 Lack of financial assistance from

the Government 94 78.33

5 Lack of co –operation from villagers

57 47.50

6 lack of training facilities 63 52.507 Lack of interest on the part of

youth in village development work 65 54.17

8 Villagers not showing faith in youth

42 35.00

9 Lack of spare time for development 35 29.1610 Lack of education facilities 25 20.83

It is obvious from the data presented in Table 6


89

that the major constraints identified were lack of rural youth clubs and their activities ( 88.83 per cent ) followed by lack of financial assistance from the Government ( 78.33 per cent ), lack of support from the village institution ( 73.33 percent ) lack of proper leadership (70.00 Per cent ), lack of Co-operation from villagers ( 47.50 per cent ) and lack of training facilities ( 52.50 per cent ). Other Constraints like lack of interest on the part of youth in village’s development, villagers not showing faith in youth, lack of spare time for development and lack of education facilities for youth in rural area were expressed by the respondents. Hence it is inferred that the village youth clubs were not found in the villages for leadership development.

Suggestion of respondents

TABLE : 7 Distribution of the respondents according to their suggestion to overcome the constraints n =120

Sr. No

Suggestion Freq-uency

Per cent

1 Establishment of rural youth club in the rural area

105 87.50

2 Village institution should support the youth clubs.

102 85.00

3 Local leaders should properly guide the youths and Govt. should organize training for triball youth.

98 81.66

4 Adequate financial support from the Government

95 79.16

5 Co-operation from villagers to rural youth

60 50.00

Table 7 indicated that the most important suggestion expressed by majority of the rural youth had positively constructive suggestion to overcome these constraints. The most important suggestion given by them were Establishment of functional rural youth club development in the rural area ( 87.50 per cent ) followed by support from the village institutions ( 85.00 per cent ) and Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development and guidance from the local leaders ( 81.66 per cent ), Adequate financial support from the Government ( 79.16 per cent ) and Co-operation from villagers to rural youth ( 50.00 per cent ).

CONCLUSION

Majority of the rural youth having illiterate to primary level education, engaged in farming and animal husbandry as main occupation and no membership in organization.

The major constraints faced by the rural youth were lack of rural youth club and their activities, lack of support from village institution, lack of proper leadership and financial assistance from the Government.

Majority of the rural youth suggested that more rural youth club should be established in rural area. Village institutions should support to the youth club impart training to youth club members and local leaders also should guide the youth club. Support from the village institution and Imparting proper training on entrepreneurship development and proper guidance from the local leaders.

Practical Utility

The results of the study will be useful to rural youth have abilities and capabilities to orient themselves in the main stream of the development process in rural development activities in rural area.

REFERENCES

Bhanu,V.L. (2006). Study of aspiration of rural youth and their attitude towards rural development activities in Dharwad district of Karnataka state. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciencies, Dharwad.

Butt,T.M., Hassan,M.Z.Y., Sahi,S.T., Atiq,M., Jabbar,A., Ahmad I., Luqman,M. and Shafique,W.(2011) . Role of rural youth in Agricultural and rural development: A self perceived case study of Okara Distict,Panjab, Pakistan, J.Agri. Ext. Rural Dev.,3(2)23-28.

Soni, M.C. and Nandapurkar, G.G. (1991). Constraints faced by rural youth While paticipating in the rural development activities. Guj.J.Ext. Edu. II:227.&III


90

Difficulties Faced By the Woman Research Scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in Computer Application

B.M.Christian1 and N.B.Chauhan2

1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU,Vaso, Gujarat2 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand


ABSTRACT

ThestudywasconductedtoknowdifficultiesfacedbythewomanresearchscholarsofSAUsofGujaratintheComputerApplication.Aproportionaterandomsampleof100womanresearchscholarsstudyinginM.ScandPh.DinAgriculture,DairyscienceTechnologyandveterinaryscienceofGujaratstatewasselected.Thedatawerecollectedbypersonalcontacts.MajordifficultyfacedbythewomanresearchscholarsofSAUsinthecom-puterapplicationindescendingorderofrankswere1.Inadequatecomputersetsathostel,2.Inadequatecomputersetsat library,3.Inadequatecomputersetsatcollege,4. lackof training,5.Lackofnecessarydetailpracticalknowledge,6.Lackofknowledgeofminorrepairingofdifferentpartsofcomputer,7.Poorcooperationtomakeuseofdepartmentalcomputerfacility,8.Lackofinstitutionalmotivationalatmosphere,9.Lowspeedofcomputer,10.lowspeedofinternet,11.Lackofskillsusingallthefeaturesofinternet,12.Lackofowncomputer,and13.Lowspeedofinternet.

Keywords: Computerappication,womenreseachscholors

INTRODUCTION

In current age of information and technology, numerous types of software are accessible to carry out almost any possible task using built-in rules and procedures. These programmes offer fast and efficient ways to conduct any kinds of work, business, teaching, research, learning and education. In the current circumstances of prescribed education, the agricultural education is the textbook oriented; all the times additional reading matters are not accessible for definite topics. Generally, teachers and learners have to depend upon text books. They struggle to gain information through complementary objects and reference books. The agricultural research scholars are regarded as useful future generation of human resources for the overall development of agrarian country like India. They are recognized as engineers to develop rural India. The profit from such human resources is in fact resulting only when we improve the quality of their agricultural education, learning environment and equipments. To provide them favourable research and learning situation, the need was realised to understand their

problems in the application and exposure of compute.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in the computer application

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted on a random sample of 100 woman research scholars of four Agricultural Universities of Gujarat state. The data were collected by personal contacts. The data thus, collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding meaningful. The statistical measures, such as percentage and mean score were used to analysis data.


The woman research scholars are regarded as the useful human resource for the overall development of agrarian country like India. They are recognized as engineers


91

to develop agriculture and rural India. The suggestion and opinion from such human resources is the key to the success of any agricultural development. To understand the problems faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in the computer application was collected and presented in Table 1.

Table: 1 : Difficulties faced by the SAUs woman research scholar in the application of computer n=100

Sr.No.

Problems Mean Score

Rank

1 Inadequate computer sets at hostel 1.92 1st

2 Inadequate computer sets at library 1.89 2nd

3 Inadequate computer sets at college 1.87 3rd

4 Lack of training. 1.84 4th

5 Lack of enough practical knowledge

1.41 5th

6 Lack of knowledge of minor repairing

1.40 6th

7 poor departmental cooperation to use computer

1.82 7th

8 Lack of institutional motivational atmosphere

1.79 8th

9 Low speed of computer 1.72 9th

10 Low speed of internet. 1.61 10th

11 Lack of skills using all the features of internet

1.56 11th

12 Lack of own computer 1.49 12th

13 No training for discriminating use of the internet

1.45 13th

It can be seen that major difficulties faced by woman research scholars of SAUs in computer application in descending order of ranks were inadequate computer sets at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor repairing of different parts of computer. The other problems faced by woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat during their exposure of computer were; poor cooperation to make use of departmental computer facility, lack of institutional motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer and internet and lack of skills using all the features of internet. The results

are matching with the recommendations given by Raymond (2000), Catherine and Banji (2002), Shah (2006) and Jat (2009).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the result that major difficulties faced by the woman research scholars of SAUs of Gujarat in computer application were inadequate computer sets at hostel, inadequate computer sets at library, Inadequate computer sets at college, lack of training, lack of necessary detail practical knowledge and lack of knowledge of minor repairing of different parts of computer, poor cooperation to make use of departmental computer facility, lack of institutional motivational atmosphere, low speed of computer and internet and lack of skills using all the features of internet.

IMPLICATION

Understanding significance of computer application by woman research scholars, there is a need to tackle all the limitations realised by the woman research scholars and serious efforts should be started to improve their level of computer application.

REFERENCES

Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.

Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude of teachers towards the application of multimedia in agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.

Raymond Szeto (2000).Towards a model of internet learning, Education at a Distance, 14:6.

Shah, U.B. (2006).A study on level of internet exposure of teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.


92

Constraints Faced by the Banana Growers in Adoption of Improved Banana Cultivation Practices

H. B. Patel1, P. M. Bhatt2 and N.V. Soni3

1 Assoc.Ext. Edun’st, DOEE Office, AAU, Anand2 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU, Anand

3 Assoc.Ext. Edun’st, DOEE Office, AAU, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThepresentstudywasundertakeninfourtalukasofAnanddistrictofGujaratstateduringtheyear2005.Fromeachtaluka,fivevillageswereselectedhavinghighestareaunderbananacrop.Fromeachvillagetwelvebananagrowers(4-marginal,4-smalland4-mediumbananagrowers)from20selectedvillagesconstitutedatotalsamplesizeof240respondentsatrandom.Theex-post-factoresearchdesignwasfollowed.Themostimpor-tantconstraints facedbymediumbananagrowersinadoptionofimprovedbananacultivationtechnologywere:IrregularsupplyofelectricpowerLackofcooperative/APMCmarket,Nonavailabilityofpesticideatvillagelevel,Uncertaintyofprice,Lackofowntubewell,Difficultyincalculationofdosesoffertilizer,Nonavailabilityofguarantoragainstloan,HighcostoftissuecultureplantandInsufficienttrainingprogramme.

Keywords: Bananagrowers,adoption,constraints

INTRODUCTION

The recent advances in banana production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the banana production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for banana producer. This will open up new vistas and make possible for banana growers to achieve substantial gains in income. Raising the management efficiency is the fundamental problem. This problem needs to be carefully tackled for long run solution of under developed banana growers. Therefore, the present investigation on to identify the constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology was carried out.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005. From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240

respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-tested and translated in to Gujarati. The data of this study were collected through personal interview. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, and factorial concept, were used.


There might be a number of constraints in the way of banana growers for adoption of improved banana cultivation practices. The constraints faced by the farmers hinder the production and hence desired results could not be achieved. Therefore, it was felt imperative to identify those constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices. The respondents were asked to mention the constraints faced by them in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices. The constraints expressed by them were noted. The intensity of particular constraints was computed by calculating percentage according to their frequencies. Then, they were assigned rank on the basis of percentage.


93

Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices have been presented in Table1.

On the perusal of data presented in Table 1 it can be observed that constraints faced by the marginal, small and medium banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices in descending order of rank for sucker/variety were high cost of tissue culture plant (Rank-I), unavailability of quality suckers (Rank- II) and non availability of diseases/pest resistant variety (Rank- III).

Constraints faced by marginal, small and medium banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices in descending order of rank for manures and fertilizers were difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer (Rank- I), high cost of fertilizer (Rank- II), non availability of manures and fertilizers at village level (Rank- III) and unawareness about recommended dose of fertilize (Rank- IV).

Constraints related to irrigation in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices in descending order of rank for irrigation of marginal banana growers were lack of own tube well (Rank- I), irregular supply of electric power (Rank- II), unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- III) and high cost of irrigation on rent base (Rank- IV) while for small banana growers were lack of own tube well (Rank- I), irregular supply of electric power (Rank- II), high cost of irrigation on rent base (Rank- III) and unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- IV) whereas for medium banana growers were irregular supply of electric power (Rank- I), lack of own tube well (Rank- II), high cost of irrigation on rent base (Rank- III) and unavailability of canal irrigation (Rank- IV).

Plant protection Constraints in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers in descending rank order were non availability of pesticides at village level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation of solution (Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) and lack of own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) while, for small banana growers were non availability of pesticides at village level (Rank- I), unawareness about preparation of solution (Rank- II), high cost of pesticides (Rank- III) and lack of

own sprayer/duster (Rank- IV) where as for medium banana growers were non availability of pesticides at village level (Rank- I), high cost of pesticides (Rank- II), lack of own sprayer/duster (Rank- III) and unawareness about preparation of solution (Rank- IV).

Constraints related to marketing in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers in descending rank order were uncertainty of price (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- II), high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of local market at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges (Rank- V) while for small banana growers were uncertainty of price (Rank- I), lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- II), lack of local market at village level (Rank- III), high cost of transportation (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges (Rank- V) whereas for medium banana growers were lack of cooperative/APMC market (Rank- I), uncertainty of price (Rank- II), high cost of transportation (Rank- III), lack of local market at village level (Rank- IV) and high rate of labour charges (Rank- V).

Constraints related to technical guidance in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers in descending rank order were insufficient training programme (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of technical guidance (Rank- II) while for small banana growers insufficient availability of technical guidance (Rank-I) and insufficient training programme (Rank-II) whereas for medium banana growers insufficient training programme (Rank-I) and insufficient availability of technical guidance (Rank- II).

Lack of information about sources of loan and subsidy (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against loan (Rank- II) were constrain related to crop loan and subsidy in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices for marginal banana growers while for small banana growers were lack of information about sources of loan and subsidy (Rank-I) and non availability of guarantor against loan (Rank- II) whereas for medium banana growers non availability of guarantor against loan (Rank- I) and lack of information about sources of loan and subsidy (Rank-II).


94

Table 1 : Constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation practices n=240

Sr. No. Constraints

Category of banana growersMarginal(n =80)

Small(n =80)

Medium(n =80)

Pooled

No. Per cent

Rank No. Per cent

Rank No. Per cent

Rank No. Per cent

Rank

I Suckers/Variety1 Non availability of diseases/

pest resistant variety48 60.00 III 37 46.25 III 55 68.75 III 140 58.33 III

2 Un availability of quality suckers

55 68.75 II 62 77.50 II 58 72.50 II 175 72.92 II

3 High cost of tissue culture plant

74 92.50 I 70 87.50 I 61 76.25 I 205 85.42 I

II Manures & fertilizers1 Non availability of manures

& fertilizers at village level38 47.50 III 32 40.00 III 28 35.00 III 98 40.83 III

2 Unawareness about recommended dose

28 35.00 IV 26 32.50 IV 22 27.50 IV 76 31.67 IV

3 High cost of fertilizers 64 80.00 II 60 75.00 II 62 77.50 II 186 77.50 II4 Difficulty in calculation of

doses of fertilizer70 87.50 I 68 85.00 I 65 81.25 I 203 84.58 I

III Irrigation1 Irregular supply of electric

power 78 97.50 II 75 93.75 II 78 97.50 I 231 96.25 II

2 High cost of irrigation on rent base

72 90.00 IV 73 91.25 III 72 90.00 III 217 90.42 III

3 Lack of own tube well 80 100.00 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 233 97.08 I4 Unavailability of canal

irrigation73 91.25 III 71 88.75 IV 68 85.00 IV 212 88.33 IV

IV Plant protection1 Non availability of pesticide

at village level75 93.75 I 74 92.50 I 77 96.25 I 226 94.17 I

2 High cost of pesticides 71 88.75 III 68 85.00 III 65 81.25 II 204 85.00 II3 Lack of own sprayer/duster 64 80.00 IV 65 81.25 IV 62 77.50 III 191 79.58 IV4 Unawareness about

preparation of solution74 92.50 II 70 87.50 II 58 72.50 IV 202 84.17 III

V Marketing1 Lack of local market at

village level71 88.75 IV 70 87.50 III 71 88.75 IV 212 88.33 III

2 Lack of cooperative/APMC market

75 93.75 II 73 91.25 II 78 97.50 I 226 94.17 II

3 High cost of transportation 70 87.50 III 68 85.00 IV 72 90.00 III 210 87.50 IV4 High rate of labour charges 58 72.50 V 60 75.00 V 70 87.50 V 188 78.33 V5 Uncertainty of price 78 97.50 I 78 97.50 I 75 93.75 II 231 96.25 I

VI Technical guidance1 Insufficient availability of

technical guidance55 68.75 II 58 72.50 I 45 56.25 II 158 65.83 II

2 Insufficient training programme

60 75.00 I 47 58.75 II 60 75.00 I 167 69.58 I

VII Crop loan & subsidy1 Lack of information about

sources of loan & subsidy75 93.75 I 70 87.50 I 56 70.00 II 201 83.75 I

2 Non availability of guarantor against loan

68 85.00 II 63 78.75 II 62 77.50 I 193 80.42 II


95

CONCLUSION

The most important constraints faced by medium banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology were: Irregular supply of electric power (97.50 per cent), Lack of cooperative/APMC market (97.50 per cent), Non availability of pesticide at village level (96.25 per cent), Uncertainty of price (93.75 per cent), Lack of own tube well (93.75 per cent), Difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer (87.25 per cent), Non availability of guarantor against loan (77.50 per cent), High cost of tissue culture plant (76.25 per cent) and Insufficient training programme (75.00 per cent).

REFERENCES

Kulkarni, S.Y.,Farpat, B.N. and Lambe, S.P. (1998). Constraints in Adoption of improved practices of banana.Maha.J.Extn.Edn., 17: 386-389.

Sreekumar, N. (1985). Comparative analysis of adoption behaviour, economic performance and management orientation of borrowers and non-borrowers of bank credit of Calicut district in Keralastate. M.Sc(Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished),UAS, Bangalore.

Vaghela, D.M. (1996). Training needs of banana growers in Anand taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. M.Sc. (Agri.), thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.


96

Causes of Rural unemployment in India

A.K.Jain1, D.K.Parmar2 and S. N. Shah3

1 Civil & Environmental Department, NITTTR Bhopal2 Applied Mechanics Department B.B.I.T,V.V.Nagar

3 Directorate of Research, AAU, Anand Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indiaisaoneofthedevelopingcountriesoftheworld.Amajorityofitspopulationisresidinginruralareasanddependingonagricultureandalliedactivities.Inruralareas,mostofthemareweakersectionscom-prisingofsmallandmarginalfarmers,lendlesslabourersandartisans,besidesthescheduledcastes/tribesandbackwardcastes.Thesepeoplearecharacterizedbylowerlevelsofincome,higherincidenceofindebtedness,rurality,andilliteracy,fewerassetsandconcentrationintraditionalactivities.Amajorityofthemconstitutesruralpoor.

Keywords :Constraints,Respondent,Ruraldevelopment

HISTORY

In traditional societies, salaried jobs did not exist, as money was not in use. These cultures lived off the land directly, and the land belonged to the tribe or to no one. Everyone knew how to build shelter and make food. When these cultures invented currency and moved to the cities, they began to depend on money to buy food from a middle man, instead of growing, gathering, or hunting the food directly from nature. Dependence on jobs to make money to buy food and shelter was the beginning of unemployment.

Because it has not always been acknowledged or measured systematically, there are limited historical records on unemployment. Industrialization involves economies of scale that often prevent individuals from having the capital to create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who cannot either join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed. As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who cannot join or compete become unemployed.

INTRODUCTION

Unemployment is considered as one of the main causes of poverty in developing economies like India.

The number of unemployed and underemployed has been increasing over time. Over 44 million families living rural India are reported to below the poverty line. These families suffer from no work, less work and low productivity. Employment opportunities in rural regions where labour is mainly agriculture-oriented are limited unless special efforts are made to generate work. Eradication of poverty and hunger through employment in the community has been one of the main goals of planning in India.

Rural development strategy has been designed to improve the economic and social life of the poorer sections of the society. Though a large number of programmes beginning with community development programme, have been in operation for the development of the rural poor, significant achievement could not be achieved and did not cover the poorest people in rural areas spread over the whole country.

This is true of the rural as well as urban fields. In urban fields, there are a large number of educated unemployed, and in the rural areas, this is true of all the categories of people. Per-capita income in rural areas, this is true of all the categories of people.

According to the report, Rural Agricultural


97

Commission, Indian Agriculturalists are unemployed for about 6 months in a year. In rural areas, apart from the unemployed of the people, since months there are landless people who are unemployed. This number is about 10 to 50 crores. All these things go to prove that there is a good deal of unemployment in the rural areas.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment can be define as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It has classified in two heads.

Voluntary unemployment

In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn’t work on the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either the wants higher wages or doesn’t want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problem and forces such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc, threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining force of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not in a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In economic terminology this situation is voluntary unemployment.

In voluntary unemployment

In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is callable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and types of unemployment according to Hock are.

Cyclical unemployment

This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there is depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it.

Sudden unemployment

When at the place where workers have been

employed there is some charge, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and business where people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has ended they are asked to go.

Unemployment caused by failure of Industries

In many cases, a business a factory or an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be useful and so on.

Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business -

In various industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration may be due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less profit etc. are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business.

Seasonal unemployment

Certain industries and traders engage workers for a particular season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force.

India’s Unemployment Rate

The Labour Bureau of the Government of India has conducted for the First time ever a survey on employment – unemployment and has come up with an unemployment rate based on that. The survey was conducted in 28 States/UTs spread across the country in which about 99 per cent of the country’s population reside.

It estimates that the population of the country is 1182 million with 63.5% in the working age of 15 – 59 years, however, not everyone who is in the working age is interested in joining the work force, so the worker population ratio is much lower. There are an estimated 238 million household, of which 172 million are rural and 66 million are urban. Out of the total population of the states/UTs covered, 872 million person (73.8 per cent) live in rural areas and 310 million


98

persons (26.2 per cent) live in urban areas.

The overall unemployment rate is 9.4%, and it is split out as 10.1% in rural areas, and 7.3% in urban areas. Now, a key thing to remember about unemployment rate is that it is calculated as a percentage of labor force, and not the total population. So. his means that 9.4% of that part of population which is interested in working is unemployed, and not 9.4% of the entire population is unemployed.

In the Indian context, - 359 persons per 1,000 are either working or interested to work, and this is called the labor Force Participation Rate.

So, out of an estimated population of 1,182 million – 424 million persons are either employed are interested in working.

The unemployment rate of 9.4% means that out of those 359 persons per thousand, or 424 million people – there are 9.4% or about 40 million who were unemployed. Here are the numbers in millions.

For males, the unemployment rate 8% whereas for females the unemployment rate is 14.6%. The rural unemployment rate is 10.1% and the urban unemployment rate stands at 7.3%.

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

There are various factors responsible for unemployment. The Factors because of which there is unemployment the rural areas, may be studied under the following heads.

Excessive increase in population or population explosion

It is the leading cause of unemployment in Rural India. In India, particularly in rural areas, the population is increasing rapidly. It has adversely affected the unemployment situation largely in two ways. In the first place, the growth of population directly encouraged the unemployment by making large addition to labour force. It is because the rate of job expansion could never have been as high as population growth would have required.

It is true that the increasing labour force requires the creation of new job opportunities at an increasing rate. But in actual practice employment expansion has not been sufficient to match the growth of the labor force, and to reduce the back leg of unemployment. This leads to unemployment situation secondly; the rapid population growth indirectly affected the unemployment situation by reducing the resources for capital formation. Any rise in population, over a large absolute base as in India, implies a large absolute number.

It means large additional expenditure on their rearing up, maintenance, and education. As a consequence, more resources get used up in private consumption such as food, clothing, shelter and son on in public consumption like drinking water, electricity medical and educational facilities. This has reduced the opportunities of diverting a larger proportion of incomes to saving and investment. Thus, population growth has created obstacles in the way of first growth of the economy and retarded the growth of job opportunities.

Limited land

Land is the gift of nature. It is always constant and cannot expand like population growth. Since, India population increasing rapidly, therefore, the land is not sufficient for the growing population. As a result, there is heavy pressure on the land. In rural areas, most of the people depend directly on


99

land for their livelihood. Land is very limited in comparison to population. It creates the unemployment situation for a large number of persons who depend on agriculture in rural areas.

Seasonal Agricultures

In Rural Society agriculture is the only means of employment. However, most of the rural people are engaged directly as well as indirectly in agricultural operation. But, agriculture in India is basically a seasonal affair. It provides employment facilities to the rural people only in a particular season of the year. For example, during the sowing and harvesting period, people are fully employed and the period between the post harvest and before the next sowing they remain unemployed. It has adversely affected their standard of living.

Lack of Subsidiary and other village industries

We have just now seen that for at least 4 to 5 months in a year village people remain unemployed. Their standard of living can improve only when they employed this period in a gainful manner. Such a thing can happen when cottage industries and other industries pertaining to agriculture are set up in the village. So far this thing has succeeded on the other hand, the village and cottage industries have deteriorated and so large number of people still remains unemployed.

Fragmentation of land

In India, due to the heavy pressure on land of large population results the fragmentation of land. It creates a great obstacle in the part of agriculture. As land is fragmented and agricultural work is being hindered the people who depend on agriculture remain unemployed. This has an adverse effect on the employment situation. It also leads to the poverty of villagers.

Backward method of Agriculture

The method of agriculture in India is very backward. Till now, the rural farmers followed the old farming methods. As a result, the farmer cannot feed properly many people by the produce of his farm and he is unable to provide his children with proper education or to engage them in any profession. It leads to unemployment problem.

Lack of adequate means of irrigation

We have just now seen that agriculture in India very much depends on nature. There are no adequate means of

irrigation. Whatever means existing are hardly sufficient to provide water to all the fields. Because of dearth of irrigation facilities the agricultural yield is not at all sufficient to help the agriculturist to live respectably. It also has an adverse effect on employment position which in its turn has an adverse effect on the standard of living.

Too much Dependence on nature

Agriculture in India depends too much on nature particularly for irrigation. If there is lack of such at the proper moment, the crop gets a set back. If there is inclement weather at the time of harvesting, the agriculture again gets a set back. All these factors create problems of unemployment.

Defective education

The day-to-day education is very defective and is confirmed within the class room only. Its main aim is to acquire certificated only. The present educational system is not job oriented, it is degree oriented. It is defective on the ground that is more general then the vocational. Thus, the people who have getting general education are unable to do any work. They are to be called as good for nothing in the ground that they cannot have any job here, they can find the ways of self employment. It leads to unemployment as well as underemployment.

Lack to transport and communication

In India particularly in rural areas, there are no adequate facilities of transport and communication. Owing to this, the village people who are not engaged in agricultural work are remained unemployed. It is because they are unable to start any business for their livelihood and they are confined only within the limited boundary of the village. It is noted that the modern means of transport and communication are the only way to trade and commerce. Since there is lack of transport and communication in rural areas, therefore, it leads to unemployment problem among the villagers.

Inadequate Employment Planning

The employment planning of the government is not adequate in comparison to population growth. In India near about two lakh people are added yearly to our existing population. But the employment opportunities did not increase according to the proportionate rate of population growth. As a consequence, a great difference is visible between the job opportunities and population growth.


100

Their may be some other factors are:

Recessions, Inflation, Corruption, Disability to do the job, Nepotism, Demand of high Skilled labours.

CONCLUSION

The problem of unemployment has becoming a colossal. Various problems have caused this problem. There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness and physical disabilities which restrict the people. External factors include technological and economic factors. There is enormous increase in the population. Every year India adds to her population afresh. More than this every year about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs. Business field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle and globalization. Economic depression or sick industries are often close down compelling their employees to become unemployed. Technological advancement contributes to economic development. But unplanned and uncontrolled growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. The computerization and automation has led to technological unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become inseparable aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries often face economic loses and production comes down. Since workers do not get any salary or wages during the strike period they suffer from economic hardships. They become permanently or temporarily unemployed. Today young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own irreparable defects and its contribution to the unemployment is an open truth. Our education does not prepare the minds of young generation to become self-employed on the contrary it makes them dependent on government vacancies which are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five year plans has introduced several employment generating schemes and programmes over the years but in the absence of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to achieve the required targets. Recently Government of India has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee program which aims to provide minimum days of employment to people living in the village. This is a laudable programme if implemented sincerely because it will provide employment to people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc. The remedial measures for reducing unemployment may lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self –

employment, augmentation of productivity and income levels of the working poor, shift in emphasis from creation of relief type of employment to the building up of durable productive assets in the rural areas and instead of attempting to revert somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of privatization may be accelerated.

REFRENCES

Arora, R. C. (1979). Integrated Rural Development, S. Chand and Co. Ltd, New Delhi.

Jha, Y. M. (1995). Rural Development in India; problems and prospects, Anmol publication pvt. Limited, New Delhi.

Mansoor, A., (1979). Missing Links in Indian Planning, Light and Life Publishers, New Delhi.

Mehta, S. R. (1984). Rural Development Policies and Programmes, Sage Publication, New Delhi.

Rastogi, A. K. (2002). Rural Development Strategy, Wide Vision, Jaipur.

Report of Azad India Foundation on Unemployment in India, Unemployment problem in India.

Report of Eleventh Five year (2007-2012) planning commission of India. www.isical.ac.in

Report of workshop “Rural Transformation in India. The Role of Rural Non Farm Sector”, Organized by Planning Commission and institute for Human Development, September 19-21, New Delhi, 2001.

Sinha, D. (1974). Motivation and Rural Development, Minerva Associates, Calcutta.

Survey Report of Labour Bureau of the Government of India, New Delhi, 2009-10.

Vivekananda, M. (1980). Planning Unit Area for Integrated Rural Development, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.

www.onemint.com/2010/11/10/indias-unemployment-rate

www.preservearticles.com/201105096376

www.preservearticles.com/201105096376/9


101

ABSTRACT

Thestudywasundertakentofindouttheconstraintsfacedbyveterinaryofficers(VOs)inperformingtheir job.Thedatawere collected from100VOswhowereworkingunderpanchayat in Saurashtra regionofGujaratState.Thefindingsof the study showed thatmajorityof the respondents expressed the technicalconstraints as; insufficient technical staff facility (85.00 per cent), more reporting work (8300 per cent),deteriorate quality ofworkdue to excessivework load (79.00per cent), lackof laboratoryand laboratoryequipmentsfacilityatVDcenters(78.00percent),lackoflatestinstrumentsfordiagnosisandtreatmentsuchasX-rayandSonographyinstrument(76.00percent),inadequateandnonavailabilityofvehiclefacility(74.00percent)andinsufficientsupplyofmedicines,materialsandotherfacility(65.00percent)asmajorconstraints.Whileincaseofadministrativeconstraintsinperformingtheirjobwere;lackofsupportingstafflikeapeon,aclerkandadresser(85.00percent),lackofadministrativestafffacility(79.00percent),paucityoffund(63.00percent)andexcessiveadministrativework(60.00percent).Otherconstraintsfearofinjuryduringanimaltreatment (51.00percent) followedby lackofmanpower resources, lackof social environmentand lackoffamilywelfareissues.

Keywords: Job Satisfaction, constraints, Veterinary officers.

INTRODUCTION

It is always the justified concern of every organization to strive to improve the performance of its employees with to increase its efficiency. One way to enhance the performance of the employees is know the level of their performance and locate factors responsible for the performance. The measurement of job performance of an individual’s performance on his job serves certain organizational as well as individual goals. In organizational set up of Animal Husbandry Department of Gujarat State the VOs are the backbone to implement the different programme as they work as a bridge between the LI of dairy cattle owners as well as higher authorities in hierarchy. A VO is charged with a variety of role to perform, for the development of cattle. For effective and efficient working of the system

the problems faced by VOs in performing their job must be located and necessary solution for such identified problems must be sought, which enabling the VOs to achieve better managerial ability and performance to the assigned jobs. Brown and Deekans (1958) revealed that barriers most often mentioned by extension personnel in performing their job were lack of resources, inadequate rewards, inadequate communication facilities and interpersonal relationship etc. Dukare and Dakhore (1993) indicated that problem faced by Livestock Supervisors in performing their job were lack of promotion opportunity, inadequate salary, lack of opportunity of under going in service training, farmers inadequate response to the advice and insufficient medical facilities etc. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to study the constraints faced by VOs in performing their job.

Constraints Faced by the Veterinary Officers in Performing their Job

H.B. Gardharia1, M.N. Popat2 and G.R. Gohil3

1 Training Associate, Directorate of Extension Education, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh

2 Retd. Associate Director of Extension Education, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh

3 Assistant Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh

E-mail: [email protected]


102

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State during May to August, 2005. The Saurashtra region is consists of seven districts viz; Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Porbandar, Rajkot and Surendranagar. Total 171 veterinary dispensary centres are in operation at taluka as well as at village level in the region. At the time of study 100 VOs posts were filled up. Thus, 100 Veterinary Officers as such were selected as respondents for the study. The data were collected with help of structured interview schedule. The frequency for each constraint was worked out and converted in percentage. A rank was assigned to each constraint based on percentage. The constraints were studied in three major heads : (I) Technical (II) Administrative and (III) Other.

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Technical Constraints

Responses regarding constraints faced by Veterinary Officers were obtained same are presented in Table 1. Table indicated that majority of the Veterinary Officers expressed the constraints as; insufficient technical staff facility ( 85.00 per cent), more reporting work (83.00 per cent), deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load (79.00 per cent), lack of laboratory and laboratory equipments facility at VD centers (78.00 per cent), lack of latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment such as X-ray and sonography instrument (76.00 per cent), inadequate and non availability of vehicle facility (74.00 per cent) and insufficient supply of medicines, materials and other facility (65.00 per cent) as major constraints.

Table 1 : Constraints faced by Veterinary Officers in performing their duties n= 100

Sr. No. Constraints Frequency Per cent RankTechnical Constraints

1 Insufficient technical staff facility 85 85.00 I2 Lack of Infrastructural facilities at VD center 53 53.00 IX3 Deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load 79 79.00 III4 Lack of laboratory and laboratory equipments facility at VD centers 78 78.00 IV5 Inadequate and non availability of vehicle facility 74 74.00 IV6 More reporting work 83 8300 II7 Lack of latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment such as X- ray

and sonography instrument76 76.00 V

8 Insufficient supply of medicines, materials and other facility 65 65.00 VII9 Lack of proper technical guidance and cooperation from superior 48 48.00 X10 Lack of specialist for gynecology and surgery at district place poly

clinic64 64.00 VIII

11 Lack of authority to Veterinary Officers for improving technical work 42 42.00 XI12 Update of technical knowledge is lacking 29 29 XII

Administrative Constraints 1 Lack of administrative staff facility 79 79.00 II2 Excessive administrative work 60 60.00 IV3 Lack of proper administrative knowledge 59 59.00 V4 Lack of residential facility 49 49.00 VII5 Lack of supporting staff like peon, clerk and dresser 85 85.00 I6 Inadequate officer facility 52 52.00 VI7 Paucity of fund 63 63.00 III8 Red tapisum 35 35.00 VIII

Other Constraints1 Fear of injury during animal treatment 51 51.00 I2 Lack of social environment 44 44.00 III3 Lack of manpower resources 47 47.00 II4 Lack of family welfare issues 28 28.00 IV

Other technical constraints faced by the Veterinary Officers were: lack of specialist for gynecology and surgery at district place poly clinic (64.00 per cent), lack of

Infrastructures facility at VD center (53.00 per cent), lack of proper technical guidance and cooperation from superior (48.00 per cent), lack of authority to Veterinary Officers for


103

improving technical work (42.00 per cent) and update of technical knowledge is lacking (29.00 per cent).

From above discussion, it could be concluded that more number of Veterinary Officers faced the constraints of insufficient technical staff facility (rank first), more reporting work (rank second), deteriorate quality of work due to excessive work load (rank third) and lack of laboratory and laboratory equipments facility at VD centers (rank fourth).

While least number of Veterinary Officers faced the constraints of inadequate and lack of proper technical guidance and cooperation from superior (tenth rank), lack of authority to Veterinary Officers for improving technical work (eleventh rank) and update to technical knowledge is lacking (twelfth rank). These findings were in conformity with the findings of Shroti (1989) and Singh (1994).

Administrative Constraints

The data reported in Table 1 revealed that Veterinary Officers faced the administrative constraints in performing their job were; lack of supporting staff like a peon, a clerk and a dresser (85.00 per cent), lack of administrative staff facility (79.00 per cent), paucity of fund (63.00 per cent) and excessive administrative work (60.00 per cent).

Other administrative constraints faced by the Veterinary Officers were; lack of proper administrative knowledge (59.00 per cent), inadequate office facility (52.00 per cent), lack of residential facility (49.00 per cent) and red tapisum (35.00 per cent).

It can be inferred that majority of the Veterinary Officers faced the administrative constraints of most of the VD centers auxiliary post are vacant so that veterinarian has perform the job of a peon, a clerk and a dresser also (rank first), lack of administrative staff facility (rank second) and paucity of fund (rank third). These findings are in conformity with the findings of Patel (1993) and Patel (2001).

Other Constraints

The data in Table 1 shows that Veterinary Officers faced the constraints fear of injury during animal treatment (51.00 per cent) followed by lack of manpower resources, lack of social environment and lack of family welfare issues.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the constraints of different types disclosed the dominance of technical constraints followed by administrative constraints. The other constraints were next in order of importance.

IMPLICATIONS

These constraints faced by Veterinary Officers should be considered by the administrations, planners in order to improve the competence of the employees over the job.

REFERENCES

Dukare, S.G. and Dakhore, K.M. (1993) Constraints faced by Livestock Supervisors in Parbhani District. MahaJ.ofExtn.Edn. 13: 219-220.

Patel, A.A. (1993) A study on research management ability of research scientists working as head of department/ station/ scheme in Gujarat Agricultural University. Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), G.A.U. S.K. nagar.

Patel, G.J. (2001) Extension management ability of training organizer of KVK, (unpublished) thesis Ph.D. G.A.U. S.K. nagar.

Shroti, A.K. (1989) An analysis of constraints in milk procurement in milk producers co-operative union Ltd. Aligarh. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.

Singh, B.P. (1994) A study of constrains in milk production as perceived by milk producers in Meerut district (U.P.). Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.


104

Teachers Problems Related to Research in Anand Agricultural University

P.M.Bhatt1, Late B.B.Patel2 and P. P. Patel3

1 Director Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU,Anand,3880012 Extension Educations,l DOEE, AAU, Anand 388001

3 Director of Extension Education, AAU, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThestudywasconductedatAAU,Anandduringtheyear2010-11.AlltheProfessors,AssociateProfes-sorsandAssistantProfessorsfromtheAgriculture,DairyandVeterinarycollegesofAnandAgriculturalUniver-sityconstitutedthepopulationofthestudy.Sixtyteachersfromthreecollegescomprisedthesampleofthestudy.MostimportantproblemsofteacherswereUn-availabilityofsufficientfundsforresearch(60.00percent),Lackofco-operationfromhead/dean(60.00perceLackofincentives(60.00percent),Shortageofteachersinthede-partment(60.00percent)andMoreformalitiestopurchaseinputsfrommarket(60.00percent).Majaorimportantsuggestionsweregivenbythemwereteachersshouldnotbeassignedtheworklikepurchases,maintainingac-countsandfilesandstorekeeping,Sufficientfundsforresearchshouldbemadeavailableintimeandvacanciesoftheresearchstaffshouldbefilledintime.

Keywords: AAUTeachers,problemsoftheteachers,suggestionsandconstraints

INTRODUCTION

During the last few decades, Indian Agriculture has changed from traditional to modern. Modern farm tech-nology is generated at Agricultural Universities and other research centres such as ICAR institutions also.

A teacher employed in an Agricultural University is not only expected to teach, but also conduct research and disseminate the research findings to the people who need it. Out of the three functions required of a teacher i.e. teach-ing, research and extension, teaching and extension are performed quite satisfactorily but the research aspect gets neglected due to certain problems. This aspect has not been explored much and very few studies have been conducted. Generation of farm technology is mostly a laboratory and field activity of the farm scientists. Farm scientists face various constraints in generating farm technology.

OBJECTIVES

The present investigation was undertaken with the following Objectives:

(1) To study the Demographic Characteristics of AAU Teachers.

(2) To explore the problems of the teachers related to re-search in Anand Agricultural University.

(3) To study the suggestions of the teachers to overcome the constraints in conducting research.

METHODOLOGY

All the Professors, Associate Professors and Assis-tant Professors from the Agriculture, Dairy and Veterinary colleges of Anand Agricultural University constituted the population of the study.

These three cadres of teachers were considered in the study because of following reasons :

(1) They were directly involved in planning, conducting research programs.

(2) They were involved in research, teaching and extension activities and

(3) They were shouldering independent responsibility of research or research centre or scheme or project

Self – developed questionnaire was used for data collection. An inventory on research problem was prepared to covering expected problems which may hinder teachers’


105

research. All the 242 teachers of three cadres of three colleg-es were circulated the questionnaire but after two reminders only 60 filled up questionnaires were received thus, 60 teach-ers from three colleges comprised the sample of the study. The data were analyzed by using frequencies and percent-ages.


Table 1 : Demographic characteristics of teachers of AAU n=60

Age No. percent

1 31 to 40 years 08 13.33

2 41 to 50 years 18 30.00

3 51 and above 34 56.67

Research Experience

1 0 - 10 years 15 25.00

2 11 - 20 years 17 28.33

3 Above 20 years 28 46.67

Academic Qualification

1 M. Sc (Agri) 12 20.00

2 M. V. Sc 04 06.67

3 M. Tech (Dairy) 04 06.67

4 Ph. D 40 66.66

Cadre of teachers

1 Professors / Res.Scientists 21 35.00

2 Assoc. Prof. / Assoc. Res. Scientists

14 23.33

3 Assist. Prof. / Assist. Res. Scientists

25 41.67

College

1 Agriculture 42 70.00

2 Dairy 10 16.67

3 Veterinary 08 13.33

Age

The data in table revealed that more than half of the respondents (56.67 percent) belong to age group of 51 and above followed by 30.00 and 13.33 percent belonged to age group of 41 to 50 years and in between 31 to 40 years, respec-tively.

Research Experience

The data depicted in table-2 revealed that one-fourth of AAU teachers had experience of research of 0 to 10 years. Further, the data shows that slightly more than one-fourth (28.33 percent) of the teachers had experience about 11 to 20 years with respect to research where as nearly half (46.67 per cent ) of the teachers had more than 20 years of experience in research.

Academic Qualification

Further the data in table-3 indicarted that majority (66.66 percent) of the teachers had education up to Ph.D. level followed by 33.34 per cent had education up to post graduate level means they were M.Sc (Agi), M. V. Sc and M.tech (Dairy).

Cadre of teachers

The data deprived in table revealed that slightly more than two-fifth (41.67 per cent) of the teachers belonged to the cadre of assistant professors and its equivalent. Slightly less than one-fourth (23.33 per cent) belonged to associate professors, its equivalent and rest 35.00 per cent belonged to professors and research scientists.

College

The data shows that, majority of the teachers (42) were from Agriculture College followed by ten and eight were from Dairy and Veterinary College of AAU.

Thus, the data conclude that more than half of teach-ers (56.67 per cent) belong to age group of 51 and above, nearly half (46.67 per cent) of the teachers had more than 20 years of research experience, nearly 2/3 of the teachers (66.66 percent) were Ph.D, slightly more than two-fifth (41.67 per cent) of the teachers belonged to the cadre of assistant profes-sors and its equivalent and majority of 42 teachers out of total 60 were from agriculture college.


106

TABLE 2 : Problems Faced by the Teachers in Conducting Research n=60

Sr.No.

Nature of problem Asstt.Prof(n=25 )

Assoc.Prof(n=14 )

Professor(n= 21 )

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent(1) Personal problems

1 Lack of sincere guidance 28 46.67 18(72.00)

10(71.43)

-

2 Un -cooperative respondents 07 11.67 05(20.00)

02(14.29)

-

3 Lack of statistical knowledge 08 13.33 08(32.00)

- _

4 Lack of confidence 10 16.67 08(32.00)

02(14.29)

-

5 Lack of adequate training in research methodology

18 30.00 13(52.00)

05(35.71)

-

6 Non attainment of Ph. D degree

09 15.00 09(36.00)

- -

7 Lack of command over Eng-lish language

09 15.00 09(36.00)

- -

(2) Technical problems

1 Lack of trained supporting and research staff

32 53.33 09(36.00)

10(71.43)

13(61.90)

2 Lack of advance training 37 61.67 19(76.00)

09(64.29)

09(42.86)

3 Lack of participation chances in planning techni-cal programme

38 63.33 16(64.00)

10(71.43)

12(57.14)

(3) Time problems

1 Lot of Clerical Work 41 68.33 23(92.00)

09(64.29)

09(42.86)

2 Too many teaching assign-ments

20 33.33 02(08.00)

10(71.43)

08(38.10)

3 Delayed in getting required materials of research

22 36.67 10(40.00)

08(57.14)

04(19.04)

4 Laboratory equipments be-ing out of order

18 30.00 10(40.00

06(42.86)

02(9.52)

5 Un-cooperative and inactive laboratory staff

20 33.33 09(36.00)

09(64.29)

02(9.52)

6 No transport facilities in time 16 26.67 08(32.00)

05(35.71)

03(14.29)

7 Conducting research in field situation is more difficult in stipulated time

24 40.00 12(48.00)

09(64.29)

03(14.29)

(4) Economic problems

1 Un- availability of sufficient funds for research

39 65.00 18(72.00)

06(42.86)

15(71.43)

2 Funds are not available in time

36 60.00 13(52.00)

09(64.29)

14(66.67)


107

(5) Environmental problems1 Injustice of the superiors 32 53.33 17

(68.00)10

(71.43)05

(23.81)

2 Lack of encouragement from superiors

32 53.33 19(76.00)

09(64.29)

04(19.05)

3 Lack of co-operation among the staff

36 60.00 16(64.00)

12(85.71)

08(38.10)

(6) Human relation problems

1 Lack of cooperation from head/Dean

20 33.33 13(52.00)

07(50.00)

-

2 Lack of intimacy among staff mem-bers

16 26.67 08(32.00)

08(57.14)

-

3 In differential at-titudes of seniors/authorities

18 30.00 12(48.00)

06(42.86)

-

(7) Psychological problmes1 Lack of incentives 36 60.00 22

(88.00)12

(85.71)02

(09.52)

2 Lack of intellectual integrity among the staff members

20 33.33 08(32.00)

05(35.71)

07(33.33)

3 Frustrated staff because of bleak chance of promo-tion

33 55.00 23(92.00)

10(71.43)

-

(8) Administrative problems1 Teaches have to

bother for accounts40 66.67 22

(88.00)10

(71.43)08

(38.10)2 Assigning multifari-

ous duties41 68.33 17

(68.00)09

(64.29)15

(71.43)3 Lot of paper works,

meetings, tours by virtue of position

36 60.00 04(16.00)

12(85.71)

20(95.24)

4 Too many teaching problems

18 30.00 04(8.00)

10(71.43)

04(19.05)

5 Shortage of teach-ers in the depart-ment

36 60.00 18(72.00)

09(64.29)

0942.86)

6 No. of P.G. students to be guided

20 33.33 - 04(28.57)

-

7 In-different attitude of seniors/Head

13 26.67 03(12.00)

10(71.43)

-

8 No recognition of doing research

24 40.00 13(52.00)

08(57.14)

03(14.29)

9 More formalities to purchase inputs from the market

36 60.00 23(92.00)

10(71.43)

03(14.29)


108

An attempt was made to find out the problems that impede the process of generating research. The problems which were hindering the research work of the teachers were classified as under:

Personal problems

The findings revealed that, most of the teachers faced the problems like “Lack of sincere guidance (46.67 percent)”, “Lack of adequate training in research methodology (30.00 percent)”.

In addition to the above mentioned problems, the younger teachers pointed out the problems like- “Un-coop-erative respondents (11.67 percent)”, “Lack of confidence (16.67 percent)”, and “Non attainment of Ph.D. degree (15.00 percent)” and “Lack of commend over English lan-guage (15.00 percent)”.

Technical Problems

Among the technical problems viz: “Lack of trained supporting and research staff was expressed by majority of the associate professors (71.43 percent)” and professors (61.90 percent) where as “Lack of advance training” was reported by 76.00 and 64.29 percent of assistant professors and associate professors, respectively while “Lack of par-ticipation chances in planning technical programme” were expressed by 71.43 percent of associate professors and 57.14 percent professors.

Time problems

Usually teachers felt the lack of certain official and unofficial reasons. Official reasons which took a big chunk of their time were “Lot of clerical work” expressed by assistant professors (92.00 percent) where “Too many teaching assign-ments” reported by the associate professors (71.43 percent). The problems due to which their research work was delayed were pointed out by most of the assistant and associate pro-fessors as mentioned in the table from no. 3 to 7.

Economic problems

Table 2 shows the economic problems faced by the teachers– “Un-availability of sufficient funds for research” was expressed by the majority (65.00 percent) of the teachers. It was expressed by 71.43 percent professors, 42.86 percent associate professors and 72.00 percent assistant professors. “Unavailability of funds in time was expressed by three-fifth (60.00 percent) of the teachers. Majority of all the cadres of teachers expressed that getting funds is a clumsy and time consuming process.

Environmental problems

A majority (71.43 percent) of the associate profes-

sors and assistant professors (68.00 percent) expressed that “Injustice of the superiors” was the major constraints in conducting the research. “Lack of encouragement from su-periors” was mostly faced by 3/4 of the assistant professors and nearly 2/3 (64.00 percent) of associate professors. “Lack of co-operation among the staff” was expressed by majority (85.71 percent) of the associate professors and 64.00 percent of assistant professors.

Problems due to Human Relations

Three expressions of human relationship problems were pointed out by the teachers in descending order as “Lack of co-operation from Head / Dean (33.33 percent)”, “In differential attitudes of seniors / authorities (30.00 percent)” and “Lack of intimacy among staff members (26.67 percent)”.

Psychological problems

Psychological problems are very important as those disturb efficiency and productivity. “Lack of incentives” was reported by 22 assistant professors, 12 associate professors and 2 professors out of 60 teachers i.e. 60.00 percent of teach-ers. Whereas a great majority (92.00 percent) of assistant pro-fessors and nearly 2/3 (71.43 percent) of associate professors expressed psychological problem as “Frustrated staff because of bleak chance of promotion”. While 33.33 percent of assis-tant professors, associate professors and professors reported that “Lack of intellectual integrity among the staff members” was a psychological problem of research.

Administrative problems

Out of 60 teachers in the sample, 21 teachers were either Head / In charge of their departments, 14 were asso-ciate professors and 25 were assistant professors. The ad-ministrative problems in their descending intensity order as pointed out by all the teachers (60) are listed as “Assigning multifarious duties (68.33 percent)”, “Teachers have to bother for accounts (66.67 percent)” and “Lot of paper works, meet-ings, tours by virtue of position (60.00 percent)” “shortage of teachers in the department (60.00 percent)” and “More for-malities to purchase inputs from the market (60.00 percent)” where as less than 60.00 percent of the teachers expressed that they were facing the administrative problems like: “No recognition of doing research (33.33 percent)”, “No. of P.G. students to be guided (33.33 percent)”, “Too many teaching problems (30.00 percent)” and “In-different attitude of se-niors / head (26.67 percent)”.

The data of above table-2 concluded that: Most im-portant problems of teachers in conducting research summa-rized in descending order were :


109

(1) Lot of clerical work (68.33 percent)(2) Assigning multifarious activities (68.33 percent)(3) Teachers have to bother for accounts (66.67 percent)(4) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (65.00

percent)(5) Lack of participation chances in planning technical pro-

gramme and (6) Lack of advance trainingImportant problems of teachers in conducting research sum-marized in descending order were : (1) Un-availability of sufficient funds for research (2) Lack of co-operation from head / dean(3) Lack of incentives(4) Shortage of teachers in the department(5) More formalities to purchase inputs from market

SUGGESTIONS

The teachers have suggested several measures which may improve the process of generating research:

1 Majority of the teachers suggested that teachers should not be assigned the work like purchases, maintaining ac-counts and files and store keeping. This needs to be seri-ously thought of by the seniors and administrators while signing the work to their staff, if they want useful work from teachers of doing research

2 Sufficient funds for research should be made available in time were suggested by the teachers.

3 Most of the teachers reported that vacancies of the re-search staff should be filled in time.

4 Junior scientists should be given chances for attending seminars, conferences, workshops and training.

5 Sufficient laboratory equipments and field facilities should be provided.

6 The suggestions made by the teachers are of administra-tive nature. To improve these matters, there is a need to modify the policies of conducting departmental re-search.

7 Higher officers should develop honesty and integrity among the staff in:

* Proper distribution of work * Time budgeting for re-search projects * Equal facilities to the staff of all cadres need to be thought over by the superiors and adminis-trators by solving certain systems * Senior staff should appreciate the work establishing coordination and co-operation between staff members from inter and intra department * Head of the department should see that the work is properly distributed among the subordinates

8 It was suggested that trained staff should not be trans-ferred frequently; their posting should be made in the interested field. This point must be borne in mind by the heads of the department/research project that in order to achieve higher scientific productivity.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that the aca-demic work of the department should by evenly distrib-uted among the teachers of the department. Unnecessary paper work should be taken away from the teachers which may result in more research.

2 It is beyond the reach of the teachers to overcome these problems to enhance their research output. The authori-ties should try to lesser these problems by providing funds, reducing formalities in the purchase of chemicals from the market. Similarly vehicle needs to be provided along with the funds of repair and fuel.

3 Provision of part time teacher may be provided to differ-ent departments so that the teaching load may be reduced wherever required to help the teacher to conduct research.

4 Provision of more funds and decentralization of power may also be introduced to lesser the intensity of prob-lems.

5 Incentives and recognition may be provided to the teach-ers for doing good research.

6 The attitude of the teachers should be strengthened to a degree which may result in more production of research.

7 Researches conducted by the teachers, research scholars and post-graduate students should be published and dis-seminated by the Directorate of Research, Directorate of Extension and the persons involved in it as well.

8 Departmental library, if provided, will also help to the teachers to conduct research and produce literature.

9 Teachers should be motivated to improve their profes-sional qualification and also for attending the Research Methodology-short term courses organized by different institutions.

REFERENCES

Farington, J.; Suleman, R. and Pal, S. (1998). Improving the effectivenss of agricultural research and extension in India, policy paper No., NCAEPR , New Delhi and Overseas Development Institute, London.

Kerlinger F.N..(1976).“Foundation of behavioural research”, Surjit publication,


110

Management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium banana growers

H.B.Patel1, P.M.Bhatt2, and N.V. Soni3

1 Assoc.Ext. Edun’st, DOEE Office, AAU, Anand2 Director, Institute of Distance Education Anand (IDEA), AAU, Anand

3 Assoc.Ext. Edun’st, DOEE Office, AAU, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

ThepresentstudywasundertakeninfourtalukasofAnanddistrictofGujaratstateduringtheyear2005.Fromeachtaluka,fivevillageswereselectedhavinghighestareaunderbananacrop.Fromeachvillagetwelvebananagrowers(4-marginal,4-smalland4-mediumbananagrowers)from20selectedvillagesconstitutedatotalsamplesizeof240respondentsatrandom.Theex-post-factoresearchdesignwasfollowed.Ascalewasde-velopedtomeasurethemanagementefficiencyofbananagrowers.Morethantwo-third(72.50and70.00percent)ofmarginalandmediumbananagrowerswhile,slightlymorethanthree-fifth(61.25percent)ofsmallbananagrowershadmediummanagementefficiency.Abouttwo-third(68.75,63.75and70.00percent)ofmarginal,smallandmediumbananagrowershadmediumlevelofeconomicperformance,respectively.Ingeneral,itwasabout67.50percentofthebananagrowershadmediumlevelofeconomicperformance.

Keywords: Managementefficiency,bananagrower,andeconomicperformance

INTRODUCTION

The recent advances in banana production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the banana production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for banana producer. This will open up new vistas and make possible for banana growers to achieve substantial gains in income. There are number of factors affecting the banana production. Management is one of the most important factors which help the banana grower to exploit natural resources and accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to a greater extent on how banana growers acquire and adopt new innovations in the banana cultivation in effective manner to reach higher levels of economic performance through their management efficiency. Therefore, study on management efficiency and economic performance of banana growers was undertaken.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in four talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state during the year 2005. From each taluka, five villages were selected having highest area

under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was developed to measure the management efficiency of banana growers. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-tested and translated in to Gujarati. The data of this study were collected through personal interview. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, and factorial concept, were used.


Management efficiency of Banana Growers

In order to measure management efficiency of banana growers, ten factors which were identified earlier are responsible to make an individual efficient in managing the banana crop. Also economic performance was measured through economic performance index. The facts and findings derived after analyzing the information have been presented under the following heads and discussed in succeeding pages.


111

Table - 1 Distribution of respondents according to their management efficiency n=240

Sr. No.

Category

Category of banana growers

Marginal(n =80)

Small(n =80)

Medium(n =80)

Pooled(n=240)

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent

1

2.3

Low (upto 62.45 score)

Medium (62.46 to 82.77)

High ( above 82.77)

20

58

02

25.00

72.50

2.50

18

49

13

22.50

61.25

16.25

10

56

14

12.50

70.00

17.50

48

163

29

20.00

67.92

12.08Total 80 100.00 80 100.00 80 100 240 100.00Mean 70.39 72.33 75.13 72.62S.D. 9.20 11.22 9.48 10.16

F- value 4.53*

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability At a glance, Table 1 clearly reveals that more than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had medium management efficiency. whereas, one fourth (25.00 per cent) of marginal, slightly more than one-fifth (22.50 per cent) of small and slightly more than one-tenth (12.50 per cent) of medium banana growers had low management efficiency while, 2.50, 16.25 and 17.50 per cent marginal, small and medium banana growers had high management efficiency respectively. The calculated F-value was 4.53 which indicate significant difference among three

categories of banana growers with respect to management efficiency. The probable reason for this might be difference among different categories in respect of knowledge about improved banana cultivation, attitude, ability to coordinate activities, ability to mobilize resources, timely adoption etc.

Economic Performance of Banana Growers

Economic performance is the ratio of value of total output to total expenses expresses in percentage. The data regarding economic performance of the respondents were categorized in to three groups as shown in Table 2.

Table - 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their economic performance n=240

Sr. No.

Category

Category of banana growers

Marginal(n =80)

Small(n =80)

Medium(n =80)

Pooled

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent

123

Low (upto 177 score)Medium (178 to 244)High ( above 244)

245501

30.0068.751.25

165113

20.0063.7516.25

135611

16.2570.0013.75

5316225

22.0867.5010.42

Total 80 100.00 80 100.00 80 100 240 100.00Mean 202.05 213.41 217.21 210.69S.D. 28.16 37.71 31.83 33.18

F- value 6.27** Significant at 0.05 level of probability

A cursory look at the Table 2 revealed that approximately two third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium economic performance, respectively. While, nearly one-third (30.00 per

cent) of marginal, one fifth (20.00 per cent) of small and 16.25 per cent of medium banana growers had low


112

economic performance. Negligible percent (1.25 per cent) of marginal, 16.25 per cent of small and 13.75 per cent of medium banana growers had high economic performance in banana cultivation. The calculated F-value was 6.27 which indicated significant difference among three categories of banana growers. This difference might be due to difference in education, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, experience in banana cultivation, timely adoption, available resources and participation in training programme would have jointly influenced in variation among different categories.

CONCLUSION

More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had medium management efficiency. In general, It was found that nearly two-third (67.92 per cent) of the respondents had medium management efficiency. The calculated F-value was 4.53 which indicate significant difference among three categories of banana growers with respect to management efficiency. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it

was about 67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium level of economic performance. The calculated F-value was 6.27 which indicate significant difference among three categories of banana growers.

REFERENCES

Bora, S.P. and Ray, G.L. (1986). Management attributes of farmers as related to profitability in farming. Decision, 13(2):86-93.

Chandel, R.S.(1964). Handbook of Agricultural Statistic.Ed. 1964. 260-299.

Likert, R.A. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitude scales. Arch. Psychol. New York, No.140.

Nagajara, N. (1989). A study on management efficiency and economic performance of Sericulturists in Karnataka. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), UAS, Bangalore.

Vyas. H.U. (1995) Study on management efficiency and economic performance of milk producer of in Panchmahals district of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). G.A.U., S.K.Nagar.


113

Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists

A. R. Makwan1 and M. S. Trivedi2

1 Asstt. Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Anand2 Ex. Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand


ABSTRACT

AgricultureremainsthebackboneofIndiaasitstillprovidesthemeansoflivelihoodtoabouttwothirdoftheworkforce.Indiahasmadetremendousprogressinincreasingtheproductionofmanycropsbutithasnotbeenabletotapthefullpotentialintheagri-foodsector.TwentypercentofIndia’sGDPcomesfromagriculture.Thekeytothisismodernizationofagriculturewiththefullutilizationoftechnologyandmanagementpractices.Themajorissuesofconfrontagricultureareexcessivedependenceonmonsoon,lacktoaccessanirrigation,market,inputsandwideinformationgapbetweentheresearchinstitutionsandfarmersformodernagriculturaltechnologiesandpractices. It isalso true that Indiapossessesagricultural improvedvaluable technologies,practices,inputsandexpertise.Duetoinformationgap,themajorityofthefarmersisnotgettingupper-boundyield.Thisinformationgapmaybebridgedbyusingcosteffectiveandefficientsupportsystemprintmedia.Thesuccessofagriculturaldevelopmentprogrammesindevelopingcountries largelydependsonthenatureandextentofuseofmassmediainmobilizationofpeoplefordevelopment.Theplannersindevelopingcountriesrealizethatthedevelopmentofagriculturecouldbehastenedwiththeeffectiveuseofmassmedia.Nodoubtradioandtelevisionhavebeenacclaimedtobethemosteffectivemediafordiffusingthescientificknowledgetothemasses,eventhough,inacountrylikeIndia,wherethesocio-economicconditionofthefarmersislowerandliteracyrateisalsoincreasingdaybyday,choiceofcommunicationmediaisofvitalimportance.Inthisregardtheprintmediaissignificant,astheytransfermodernagriculturaltechnologytopoorandrichfarmersalikeevenininteriorareas,withinshorttime.WiththemainstreamofIndianpopulationengagedactivelyinagriculture, publications could serve as a suitablemediumof disseminationof farm informationand latesttechnicalknow–how.Thefarmerscaneasilyunderstandtheoperations,technologyandinstructionthroughpublications.Thus,publicationplaysacrucialrolebetweenresearchersandfarmers.

Keywords : Behavior,publication

INTRODUCTION

But agricultural literature originates from the agricultural scientists’ mind and hence, the skill and techniques which they utilized for preparing a literature is more important. Agricultural scientists play catalyst role for the transmission of farm innovative information and create interest and stimulate the farmers for modern agriculture. Farmers have also more reliance on agricultural scientists’ advice than other informational sources. Looking to this, agricultural scientists can transmit their advice and expertise through various agricultural publications. Hence, they are the primal persons for educating the farmers about modern agricultural information. For this, present “Study on Publication Behavior of the Agricultural Scientists” was undertaken with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

1 To study the selected characteristics of the agricultural scientists.

2 To study the publication behavior of the agricultural scientists.

3 To identify the constraints faced by the agricultural scientists for writing articles and their publication.

4 To seek suggestions from the agricultural scientists to overcome the constraints faced by them in writing articles and their publication


114

METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in all the four Agricultural Universities of Gujarat state. Ex-post facto research design was applied for the study. Further, for the investigation, agricultural scientists were taken into consideration as professors and its equivalent, associate professors and its equivalent and assistant professors and its equivalent cadre and from each cadre, 17, 42 and 91 agricultural scientists were randomly selected by using stratified random sampling method respectively, to make a total sample size of 150 agricultural scientists. The methodological procedure consisted of dependent and independent variables. The publication behavior was measured by knowing the nature of publication, membership in scientific publication, involvement in editorial board and scientific interaction of the agricultural scientists, while other variables were measured by using well developed scales with due modifications. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study. The information was collected through the schedules by personal contact. The data thus, collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding meaningful. The statistical measures, such as percentage, mean score, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation, multiple regression and path analysis were used.

MAJOR FINDINGS

1 Majority (86.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had above 35 years of age with Doctorate Degree (76.67 per cent) and was up to the cadre of associate professors and its equivalent (88.67 per cent).

2 Majority (81.33 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had more than 12 years of job experience, had up to 16 years of writing experience (73.34 per cent) with rural background (74.67 per cent).

3 Majority (76.00 per cent) of agricultural scientists’ parent had medium to low level of education, had small size of family (90.67 per cent) and did not win any kind of awards (50.67 per cent).

4 Majority (76.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had annual income up to Rs. 4.00 lakh, had average to adequate facilities in their departments (73.33 per cent) with medium to high level of library exposure (76.67 per cent).

5 More than one fourth (30.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists acted as rector followed by member of extension club (27.33 per cent), member of SRC (24.67 per cent), NSS in charge (8.67 per cent) and NCC in charge (3.33 per cent).

6 Majority (82.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists

had received training at national level, whereas 66.67 per cent, 50.67 per cent, 32.00 per cent and 10.67 per cent of them had received training at university level, state level, local level and international level, respectively.

7 More than half (54.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists participated in TV programme followed by 54.00, 50.00 and 25.33 per cent of the agricultural scientists who participated in Krishigoshtiprogramme, delivered radio talk and attended video conference, respectively.

8 A great majority (96.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had gained information from the text books/reference books, had excellent to good level of computer competency (67.33 per cent), had medium to low level of internet knowledge (72.00 per cent) and perceived heavy to average workload in their job (96.00 per cent).

9 Nearly three fourth (73.34 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had medium to low level of reading behavior, had medium to high scientific orientation (75.33 per cent) as well as had medium to high degree of job satisfaction (77.34 per cent).

10 A great majority (90.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had published their articles in research journals, subscriber of life time membership in scientific publication at national level (59.33 per cent), member in different editorial boards of scientific publications (18.00 per cent) and participated in conference / seminar / symposium at university / state / national / international level (84.67 per cent).

11 The major constraints faced by the agricultural scientists for writing articles and their publication were “more subscription rate and publication charges“(62.67 per cent), “lack of time due to more workload in job” (59.33 per cent) and “irregularity of scientific publications” (56.00 per cent) ranked first, second and third, respectively.

12 Major suggestions endorsed by the agricultural scientists were ”subscription rate and publication charges should be affordable (65.33 per cent)” followed by “physical facilities should be provided by university (62.00 per cent)”, and “publication should be published regularly (58.67 per cent)”.

REFERENCE

Makwan, A.R.(2010). Attitude of the Agricultural Scientists Towards Publication. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, AAU, Anand.


115

Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerment in India

D.K.Parmar1, K.M.Makwana2, V.K.Modi3 and J. C. Shroff4

1 Lecturer, Applied Mechanics Department, B. and B. Institute Of Technology Vallabh Vidyanangar, Gujarat.

2 Principal, B. and B. Institute Of Technology, Vallabh Vidyanangar, Gujarat.3 Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, B .and B. Institute Of Technology

Vallabh Vidyanangar Gujarat.4 Assistant Professor, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand


ABSTRACT Womenownedbusinessesarehighlyincreasingintheeconomiesofalmostallcountries.Thehiddenentrepreneurialpotentialsofwomenhavegraduallybeenchangingwiththegrowingsensitivitytotheroleandeconomicstatusinthesociety.Skill,knowledgeandadaptabilityinbusinessarethemainreasonsforwomentoemergeintobusinessventures.’WomenEntrepreneur’isapersonwhoacceptschallengingroletomeetherpersonalneedsandbecomeeconomicallyindependent.Astrongdesiretodosomethingpositiveisaninbuiltqualityofentrepreneurialwomen,whoiscapableofcontributingvaluesinbothfamilyandsociallife.Withtheadventofmedia,womenareawareoftheirowntraits,rightsandalsotheworksituations.Theglassceilingsareshatteredandwomenarefoundindulgedineverylineofbusinessfrompapadtopowercables.Thechallengesandopportunitiesprovidedtothewomenofdigitaleraaregrowingrapidlythatthejobseekersareturningintojobcreators.Theyareflourishingasdesigners,interiordecorators,exporters,publishers,garmentmanufactur-ersandstillexploringnewavenuesofeconomicparticipation.InIndia,althoughwomenconstitutethemajorityofthetotalpopulation,theentrepreneurialworldisstillamaledominatedone.Womeninadvancednationsarerecognizedandaremoreprominentinthebusinessworld

“When Women moves forward the family moves, the village moves and the Nation moves”

--“Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru”.

Keywords: Womenentrepreneur,entreprenurship,empowerment

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of women entrepreneurs in a society depends to a great extent on the Economic, religious, cultural social psychological and other factors”.

The entrepreneur is a key to economic development. Women entrepreneurs are fast increasing in number and the rate of growth of Women owned business are outnumbering the men owned business in western countries. It is also observed that the Women entrepreneurs associations are formed in different countries of the world. However in developing countries like India women entrepreneurship is still in its infancy. Only in metropolitan and the state capital cities more Women entrepreneurs are assuming entrepreneurial role both in the traditional and modern nature

of activities. Recently the information technology and its revolution also facilities many capable women to do business in IT enable activities sitting within four walls but dealing. Business with international companies for example software development, e-commerce, e-business medical transcription etc. Hence it cannot be said anymore that Women are weaker sex and they cannot do all the work which the men do. The fastest growing segment of the USA’s economy is Women owned business the US Bureau of census has revealed that 26 percent of the businesses were owned by Women entrepreneurs in 1980 and 32 percent in 1990. If this trend continues it would reach 50 percent by the year. Developing countries like India the presence of entrepreneurs that too women entrepreneurs is of vital necessity to achieve a rapid all round and regionally and socially balanced economics


116

through industrialization.

NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Women suffer the most in our country. Her involvement in economic activities is marked by low work participation rates excessive concentration in the unorganized sector of the economy and that too in low skill jobs there is a greater dynamism in the rate of growth of female employment. However in rural areas, perhaps the agriculture has provided much more employment for Women.

Need of the Hour

Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population. The literary and educational status of women improved considerably during the past few decades. More and more higher educational and research institutions are imparting skill knowledge and specialization. At this juncture, effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programmes to women. The institutions available at present are very limited. Moreover, their functions and opportunities available with them are not popularized much.

THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

The status of Women in India is an illustration of a paradox of the micro level. She has equal it not greater position in the family as “ARDHANGINI” and she is the pivot of the socio-economic fabrics of the family as a MOTHER. The scripture and mythologies give her even the status of goddess and many Women are remembered even today for their freedom struggle.

The Women in India have been neglected a lot. They have not been actively involved in the mainstream of development even though they represent a bulk of the population and labor force. However a society constrained by the suppressive socio-economic factors cannot generate the much needed Women entrepreneurs on its own. Education has been the prerogative of men over the given required scope for education. Entrepreneurship as a subject is not a part of the curricula in many universities .Vocationalisation of education is probably still a dream a dream in our country. But in many a states vocational courses are not running systematically. The government has not taken any initiative in this regard. In the 50 years of Independence an emphasis on the socialistic pattern of the society and the role assigned to the public sector limited the scope for the growth of private entrepreneurship. Under such circumstances special efforts to develop women entrepreneurship is more keenly felt.

WOMEN IN INDIA

The Indian sociological set up has been traditionally a male dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex and always to depend on men folk in their family and outside, throughout their life. They are left with lesser commitments and kept as a dormant force for a quite long time. The Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors of the decisions made by other male members, in the basic family structure.

The traditional set up is changing in the modern era of 21st century. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women.

Indian families do have the privilege of being envied by the westerners, since women here are taking more responsibilities in bringing up children and maintaining a better home with love and affection. At the family level, the task of coordinating various activities in a much effective manner, without feeling the pinch of inconveniences, is being carried out by the women folk.

Thus, the Indian women have basic characters in themselves in the present sociological and cultural setup as follows.

• Indian women are considered as Sakthi, which means source of Energy.

• Effectively coordinating the available factors and resources.

• Efficient execution of decisions imposed on them by family members.

• Clear vision and ambition on the improvement of family and children and society.

• Patience and bearing the sufferings on behalf of others and ability to work more at any age.

CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women entrepreneur is defined as ‘A person who starts and controls the unit with not less than 51 person of total capital and provides employment not less than 51 per cent of women. The Government of India has defined Women Entrepreneur as “an industrial unit where one or more women entrepreneurs have not less than 51 per cent financial holding”. Women Entrepreneurs can be classified into four groups depending on the driving motivational factors to venture into business.


117

Natural Entrepreneurs: Those who take business as profession on their own either by self planning or motivated through money factor and also for keeping themselves busy are known as natural entrepreneurs.

Generated Entrepreneurs: Those who have been encouraged and trained specialized training programmes such as the EDP to set up independent business are called generated entrepreneurs.

Forced Entrepreneurs: Those who are compelled by circumstances such as the death of father or husband with responsibilities falling on them to take over the existing business are known as forced entrepreneurs.

Benami Entrepreneurs: Those who are acting as a façade for business of their husband are called benami entrepreneurs.

FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

In developing countries like India where male and female population ratio is almost equal the presence of women entrepreneurs has great importance. A women entrepreneur is expected to perform the following important function.

• Imitation of successful enterprises.

• Introduction of new innovations.

• Explore the prospects of commencing new projects.

• Assumption of risk and uncertainty bearing.

• Take decision as to the nature and type of goods to be produced.

ACTION PLAN FOR WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

Proper planning and execution are required at all levels. Proper training in right direction is to be planned meticulously.

The steps to be taken can be listed as follows:

• Identifying women with different education levels in proper groups and to create

• Awareness about entrepreneurship and its importance as job providing avenues rather than job seeking ventures.

• Skills and knowledge to be provided to selected women group are to be identified.

• Making them to realize the income generation and social status and recognition

• Giving orientation and skill training on selected trades

or areas

• Assisting them in preparation of project reports for their own proposed units them to follow up the venture to start the new enterprise.

• Providing help, consultancy and guidance, continuously.

A training capsule or module of around two or three week may be provided by expert institutions, voluntary agencies and Government departments. The financial resources are to be mobilized to provide this type of programmes, by the government organizations like banks, public sector organizations and voluntary originations NGOs etc.

The higher education institutions, which are spreading throughout the country, may conduct programmes like this, regularly,in addition to their academic programmes,with or without government aid. Young graduates of that area and the final year students of U.G/P.G courses may also be provided with such training .Normally infrastructures are available with such institutions. Getting expertise and mobilizing other requirements will also be easier for such institutions, since they are already having good establishment facilities.

Voluntary agencies like Town clubs Rotary clubs, Lions clubs. Government. assistated institutions like UGC, AICTE., Science and technology Councils or State Entrepreneur Development Cell (EDC), District industrial center (DIC) may interact with the colleges/universities, through financial assistance, to carry out the programmes.

With proper financial assistance and effectively using them, each college/university may train 400 to 1000 youths, in the area of entrepreneurship development. When women are going to be the target groups, the benefit will reach a larger section of the society.

Thus ED culture is to be developed gradually among the women, in addition to providing educational facilities to use the vibrant women force in right direction. Thus programmes combining, technical skill and entrepreneurship skill, to selected groups, will make the Indian women more self reliant and confident and would lead them to be envied by people at the international level.

TRAINING COMPONENTS

Even though there are very efficient institutions at the national level, like EDI Ahmadabad, NSTED BOARD, NewDelhi,NISIE,Hyderabad and at State level,CED in Madurai and Chennai,TANSTIA in Chennai,such programmes are to be conducted at regional level, at the residential area of the women, in their vernacular language


118

and to the specific requirement of the people of that area.

The essential components of such training may be listed as follows

• Awareness career building and attitudinal change towards enterprise formation.

• Effective training on building up self-confidence and communication skills.

• Skill training on specific trades suitable to their option.

• Training on quick and effective decision making techniques and managerial skills.

• Training on marketing strategies.

• Training on effective financial management.

• Training on project formulation and implementation.

• Scope for increasing access to new technologies and scientific knowledge.

• Information on persons/offices to be contacted.

• Interaction with successful entrepreneurs for sharing their experiences.

Training in such areas are not going to have much financial burden to the govt., when compared to other developmental projects. This type of programmes can be conducted in all the parts of the country. A consistent and continuous effort in this project will add more dimensions Indian women and their empowerment. and to the economic development of the nation as a whole.

Suggested list of appropriate areas suitable to Indian women entrepreneurs:

• Food products manufacturing

• -Food processing and preservation.

• -Catering services and fast food centers.

• -Interior decoration.

• -DTP and Book binding.

• -Maintenance of Dairy, Poultry and their products.

• -Maintenance of house-hold appliances.

• Stationeries retailing.

• Manufacturing of note books and pads.

• Packing & packaging

• -Diagnostic lab & pathology clinics.

• Communication centers with telecom, fax, browsing, and Xeroxing facilities.

• -Readymade garments, embroidering and fashion designing.

• -Retail selling through different methods.

• Art and painting works on commercial decorations.

• Hiring of warehouses and godowns.

• Floral decorations.

• Jewelry and imitation jwellary

• Beauty centers and beauty parlors

• Running old-age homes

• SoftToy Making

• Cooking classes

• Ceramic Works

• Mehadi classes

• Petch work

• Kutir Udhyog

• Bakery Product

PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

• Women have tendency to keep away from high flying activities which are supposedly regarded as the presence of men.

• Need for achievement independence and autonomy are the basic ingredients required to an entrepreneur.

• Protected life throughout her life time.

• Low female literacy rate.

• In the present setup a Indian society women’s duty is to look after her children and family members.

• Lack of information needed to achieve entrepreneurial success.

• Lack of infrastructure and other basic facilities

• Low mobility character.

• Inferiority complex they are easily disheartened by failure.

Like this Women entrepreneurs have to face and overcome these obstacles to emerge as successful entrepreneurs. Therefore, a woman has to achieve empowerment by overcoming this entire problem. Hence,


119

it is important to take measures to encourage the women entrepreneurship.

The remedial measures undertaken and suggestions are:

Government agencies (Like EDC), association of women entrepreneurs, NGO’s and CBO’s have carried on so many programmes for development of women entrepreneurship.

Government has stressed on women education and special programs have been introduced. Yet it is necessary to increase the number of professional schools for women.

Banks, financial institutions (Like State Financial corporation) are lending more freely to women entrepreneurs. Yet, Government has to lend more subsidies to women entrepreneurs.

As it is necessary to provide practical knowledge of the business situation during their study levels, some schools and colleges are providing such knowledge during the education period. It should be increased.

As women entrepreneurs have to face several marketing problems, they should be taken into consideration by government and steps should be taken to solve them. Markets should be developed in rural and semi urban areas so that women entrepreneurs can sell them easily in the nearest markets more and more fairs and exhibitions should be arranged for women products.

The development of transport and communication throughout the country will help for women entrepreneurs to market their products easily.

As self employment breeds entrepreneurship more and more self employment programmes should be undertaken and proper training should be given to both rural and urban youths including women.

As women entrepreneurs lack information as regards to their business, it is necessary to start information bureaus, to help them in getting the required information.

More research programmes should be conducted and the steps should be taken to solve the problems of women entrepreneurs.

CONCLUSION

The saying entrepreneurs are born and note made

has little sense today. A host of evidences shows that they are successfully made. In order to make women entrepreneurship movement a success government and non-government agencies have to play a vital role. Women entrepreneurs in backward areas needs special assistance and incentives from the government and financial institutions separate industrial estates may be set up for women entrepreneurs to create all together a special environment. There is a need to setup Women industrial development bank in the existing banks and financial institutions it is advisable to start a separate cell called: “Women entrepreneurs guidance cell to promote and guide the Women entrepreneurs. The development of women as a entrepreneurs will generate multifaceted socio economic benefits to the country.

REFERENCES

Anna, V. (1990). Ocio-Economic basis of women entrepreneurship SEDME, 17(1), March.

Bheemappa, A. (2003). Intrepreneurship Development in Agriculture, Yojana. Vol. 47, P.19.

Carter, N. M. (1997). Size determinant of Women owned business choice or barriers to resources Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.

Desai V. trepreneurial Development, Vol. 1, Himalaya Publishing House Bombay.Edited by:K. Manuja Devi, Volume: Two Women’s Empowerment and Globalisation

Govindappa, G. T. (1999). Rural Women Entrepreneurship, Kurukshetra, cp. 11.

Jain,P. C. Developing First Generation Entrepreneurs–India Experience,Entrepreneurship and Small Scale Industries, p.17.

Josepaul, Ajith Kumar, N. and Mampilly, Paul, T. trepreneurship Development, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.

Kamalakannan, K. (2005). The Role of financial Institutions in Development of Women Entrepreneurs, Kurukshetra, April, p.10.

Naik, Sumangala (2003). The Need for Developing Women Entrepreneurs, Yojana, July, Vol. 47, p.36.

Sarvate D. M. Entrepreneurial Development Concepts and Practices, Everest Publishing House, Pune.


120

Extension Personnel’s Demand about Farm Literature for The Peasantry

N.V. Soni 1, Mahesh R. Patel 2 and Nilesh P. Patel3

1 Asso. Ext. Educasnist, Publication Department, DOEE, AAU, Anand 2 Asst. Ext. Educasnist, Publication Department, DOEE, AAU, Anand

3 Horticulture officer, office of DDOH, AnandEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Theuseofagriculturalliteratureplaysanimportantroleindisseminationofnewtechnologyamongfarmingcommunity.ThepublicationdepartmentofSAUsplaysanimportantroleinpublishingthefarmliteratureunderKrushiVigyanKendra(KVK),SardarSmrutiKendra(SSK)andotherschemes.ThestudywascarriedouttoknowthedemandoffarmliteratureformiddleGujaratregion.Thequestionnairewasconstructedandmailedto102extensionpersonnelofKVKs,SSKs,FTCsetc.duringtheyear2010.Amongthem,only34extensionpersonnel (33.23%) responded.Thegreatmajority demanded for agricultural books onagricultural crops(85.29%)andplantprotection(76.47%)followedbymarketingandvalueaddition(23.53%)andhorticulturalbookson fruit crops (29.”41%),vegetablecrops (20.59%)andfloriculture (14.71%)animalhusbandary,moredemandwasonanimalhusbandrybooks(41.18%)followedbyanimaldiseases(14.71.%),poultry(11.76%),animalnutritionandmilkproducts(8.82%each).Abouttwo-fifth,one-fourthandone-fifthofrespondentssuggestedthatarticlesshouldbegivenwithphotographs(41.18%),editingandproofreadingshouldbemadebeforepublicationofarticles(26.47%)andagriculturalliteratureshouldbeeasilyavailableatnominalcost(20.59%)respectively.InordertoincreasethenffectivenessofKRUSHIGOVIDYAfarmmagazinerespondentssuggestedthatcolourphotographsshouldIingiven(44.12%),articlesonresearchrecommendationsshouldbegiven(26.47%)andarticlesonnewlochnologyshguldbegiven(17.65%).

Keywords:farmliterature,peasantry

INTRODUCTION

The use of agricultural literature plays an important role in dissemination of new technology among farming community. The publication department of SAUs plays an important role in publishing the farm literature under KVKs, SSKs and other schemes. The study was carried out to know the demand of farm literature for middle Gujarat region. The objectives of the study were : (1) To know the demand of farm literature, (2) To seek suggestions for the publication of farm literature and (3) To seek suggestions for increase the effectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine.

METHODOLOGY

The questionnaire was constructed in light of the objective and mailed to 102 extension personnel’s of KVKs, SSKs, FTCs etc. during the year 2010. Among them, only 34 extension personnel’s (33.23 percent) were responded.

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

The great majority demand on agricultural books was on agricultural crops (85.29 percent) and plant protection (76.47 percent) followed by about one forth demands for marketing and value addition (23.53 percent each) respectively and the more demand on horticultural books was on fruit crops (29.41 percent), vegetable crops (20.59 percent) and floriculture (14.71 percent) respectively while the more demand on animal husbandry books was on animal husbandry (41.18 percent) followed by animal diseases (14.71 percent), poultry (11.76 percent), animal nutrition and milk products (8.82 percent each) respectively.

The more demand of folders on agriculture was in the subject on precautions in spraying of pesticides (14.71 percent) while one third demand on horticulture folders was on vegetable crops (32.35 per cent) followed by disease of fruit crops (14.71 percent) and greenhouse crops (8.82 percent) and 14.71 percent demand on animal husbandry


121

folder was on forage crops.

About two fifth, one fourth and one fifth of respondents suggested that articles should be given with photographs (41.18 percent), editing and proof reading should be made before publication of articles (26.47 percent) and agricultural literature should be easily available at nominal cost (20.59 percent) respectively.

Nearly one half, one fourth and one fifth of respondents suggested to increase the effectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine was: colour photographs should be given (44.12 percent), articles on research recommendations should be given (26.47 percent) and articles on new technology should be given (17.65 percent) respectively.

CONCLUSION

The extension personnel’s demand on various books namely agricultural crops, plant protection, marketing,

value addition, fruit crops, vegetable crops and animal husbandry.

The extension personnel’s demand on various folders namely precautions in spraying of pesticides, vegetable crops, disease of fruit crops and forage crops.

The major suggestions for publications of farm literature were : articles should be given with photographs, editing and proof reading should be made before publication of articles and agricultural literature should be easily available at nominal cost.

To increase the effectiveness of KRUSHIGOVIDYA farm magazine, colour photographs as well as articles on research commendations and new technology should be given.

IMPLICATION

The SAUs should publish the farm literature as per the demand of extension personnel’s and farmers.


122

Deportment of Agricultural Scientists for Publishing Agricultural Literatures for Farming Community

A. R. Makwan1 and M. S. Trivedi2

1 Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Vaso, Gujarat2 Ex. Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand, Gujarat


ABSTRACT

Agricultural literaturemeansanykindofprintmediaviz. research journals, farmmagazines,books,newspapersetc.whichplaycrucialrolebetweenAgriculturalScientistsandfarmersfordisseminationoffarminformationandlatesttechnicalknow–how.HereaneffortwasmadetofindoutDeportmentofAgriculturalScientistsforPublishingAgriculturalLiteraturesforFarmingCommunity.Inthiscontext,AgriculturalScientistswereevaluatedbyfourindicators:1.Natureofpublication,2.Membershipinscientificpublication,3.Involve-mentineditorialboard,and4.Scientificinteraction.

Keywords: Agriculturalliterature,Scientificinteraction

INTRODUCTION

Dissemination of agricultural scientific information is the most important aspect for catering need based information to the farmers for higher agricultural production. It is also true that literacy rate is increasing day by day and youngsters are involved in farming business. In such a situation, I think that agricultural literatures can play vital role for dissemination of information, but the problem is that farmers are interested for trusted and authentic information. This type of information can be provided only by agricultural scientists. Here, question is that what agricultural scientists will be agreeing for publishing qualitative and quantitative agricultural literatures. Therefore, there is need to study deportment of agricultural scientists for publishing agricultural literatures.

OBJECTIVE

To study the deportment of agricultural scientists for publishing agricultural literatures.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted on stratified random sampling techniques of 150 agricultural scientists of four Agricultural Universities of Gujarat state. The data were collected by personal contact. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding meaningful. The statistical measures, such as frequency and

percentage were used for analysis of data.

The deportment of agricultural scientists for publishing agricultural literatures was measured by studying four indicators such as the nature of publication, membership in scientific publication, involvement in editorial board and scientific interaction of the agricultural scientists.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Nature of publications

Table1: Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their contribution in nature of publications n=150

Sr. No.

Nature of

publications

Contribution in publications

Rank

Number Per cent

1 Research journals 136 90.67 I2 Farm magazines 90 60.00 II3 News papers 70 46.67 IV4 Books 64 42.67 VI5 Chapters in book 40 26.67 VIII6 Visheshanks 49 32.67 VI7 Reports 67 44.67 V8 Leaflets/folders 83 55.33 III9 Others 35 23.33 IX

The data in Table 1 reveal that the agricultural scientists contributed more in research journals as it ranked


123

first with 90.67 per cent followed by farm magazines (60.00 per cent), leaflets/folders (55.33 per cent), newspapers (46.67 per cent), reports (44.67 per cent), Visheshanks (32.67 per cent), chapters in book (26.67 per cent), and others (23.33 per cent).

The result indicates that the agricultural scientists were motivated for publishing agricultural literatures in scientific way for farming community. The reason behind

maximum contribution for research journal might be their higher scientific orientation and desire to improve their bio-data. Comparatively higher contribution in farm magazines and leaflet/folder is indicative of their feeling for farming community. This finding gets agreement from those reported by Shah (2006).

Membership in scientific publication

Table 2 : Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their membership in scientific publication n=150

Sr. No.

Category Annual membership Life membership Number Per cent Number Per cent

1 Local 13 08.67 09 06.002 State 28 18.67 58 38.673 National 51 34.00 89 59.334 International 04 02.67 17 11.33

Table 2 manifests that 59.33 per cent and 38.67 per cent of the agricultural scientists were the subscribers of life time in scientific publications at national and state level, respectively. From this finding it can be concluded that majority of the agricultural scientists were attracted for the national and state level membership. This finding is in conformity with the finding Joshi (2009).

Involvement in editorial board

Table 3: Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their involvement in editorial board n=150

Sr. No.

Category Level of involvement

Number Per cent

1 Chief editor No involvement

140 93.33

Involvement 10 06.672 Assistant

editorNo involvement

131 87.33

Involvement 19 12.67

3 MemberNo involvement

123 82.00

Involvement 27 18.004 Referee No

involvement139 92.67

Involvement 11 07.33

The data presented in Table 3 represent that, only 6.67 per cent of the agricultural scientists were in the position of chief editor, whereas 12.67 per cent were in the position of assistant editor. Moreover, 18.00 per cent were members and 7.33 per cent of them acted as referee in different editorial boards of scientific publications. Since the number

of scientific organizations carrying out publication is very meager, the chances for the agricultural scientists to get included in the editorial board are naturally very less. This is the probable reason for poor involvement of agricultural scientists in editorial board. This finding is in consonance with those reported by Parmar (2005).

Scientific interaction

It is ascertained from Table 4 that 45.33 per cent of the agricultural scientists did not participate in any conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. at university level, whereas 39.34 per cent of the agricultural scientists participated in up to 5 and conferences / seminars / symposiums. This table also reflects that more than two third (70.67) per cent of agricultural scientists did not present any research paper, while 25.33 per cent of them had presented research papers in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. at University level.

At state level, 44.67 per cent of agricultural scientists did not participate in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc., while 40.00 per of the agricultural scientists were participated in up to 5 conferences / seminars/ symposium etc. It also shows that two third (68.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not present any research papers, but about one fourth (24.00 per cent) of them had presented up to 5 research papers in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc.

At national level, more than one third (36.00 per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not participate in conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. However, about one half (50.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists participated in more than 2 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It also reveals that more than half (54.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not present any paper. However, 31.33 per cent of them


124

presented more than two at national level.

Table 4 : Distribution of the agricultural scientists according to their scientific interaction n=150Sr. No.

Scientific interaction Participation in conferences/ seminars/symposiums

Paper Presentation

Number Per cent Number Per cent1 University level

No 68 45.33 106 70.671 to 2 28 18.67 26 17.33

3 to 5 31 20.67 12 08.00More than 5 23 15.33 06 04.00

2 State levelNo 67 44.67 102 68.001 to 2 36 24.00 28 18.673 to 5 24 16.00 08 5.33More than 5 23 15.33 12 08.00

3 National levelNo 45 36.00 82 54.671 to 2 29 19.33 21 14.003 to 5 35 23.33 23 15.33More than 5 41 27.34 24 16.00

4 International levelNo 94 62.67 110 73.331 to 2 41 27.33 32 21.343 to 5 11 07.33 08 05.33More than 5 04 02.67 00 00.00

At international level, more than three fifth (62.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists did not participate in any conference/ seminar/ symposium etc. Hence, more than one third (34.66 per cent) of the agricultural scientists participated in up to 5 conference/ seminar/ symposium. It is also described that 73.33 per cent of the agricultural scientists did not present any research paper, more than one fourth (26.67 per cent) of them presented up to 5 research papers.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that great majority (90.67 per cent) of the agricultural scientists had published their articles in research journals having subscriber of life time membership in scientific publication at national level (59.33 per cent) as member in different editorial boards of scientific publications (18.00 per cent) with participation in more than 2 conference / seminar / symposium at national level (50.67 per cent).

REFERENCES

Joshi, P. J. (2009).Computer inclination of agricultural extension educationists working in state agricultural universities of Gujarat.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, AAU, Anand.

Lohar, S. S.,(1998). “Publication behaviour of the scientists of the Mahatma Phulekrishividyapeeth, Rahuri.” M. Sc.(Agri) thesis (Unpublished), Rahuri, Maharashtra.

Parmar, S.D. (2005). Publication behaviour of the Agricultural scientists of Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Unpublished M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, AAU, Anand.

Shah, U. B. (2006). A study on level of Internet exposure of Teachers of Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.

Singh, Premlata and Singh, R. P., (1992).“Scientific Productivity of Women Scientists” Ind. J. ofExtn.Edu.,Vol XVIII, No. 3 & 4, : 16.

Catherine Nyaki Adeya and Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka (2002).The Internet in African Universities: Case studies from Kenya and Nigeria, http://www. Global equality .info/reports/IDEaf.pdf.

Jat, B.I. (2009) Development of scale to measure the attitude of teachers towards the application of multimedia in agricultural higher education, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, A.A.U., Anand, Gujarat.

Gujarat Journal of Extension Education · B.M Tandel, K.A. Shah, Prabhu Nayaka and C.K Timbadia 68...

Documents

Transcript of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education · B.M Tandel, K.A. Shah, Prabhu Nayaka and C.K Timbadia 68...