GSS 106 The Science of Sound and Music

Prof. Rizopoulos

FALL 2015Nassau Community College

Index card

• Name• Email address• Number of College Credits earned• Major• Year• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHdU5sHigYQ

• MUST SIGN ATTENDANCE SHEET• The class will start at 6:00pm starting next week (9/10/15).• Tuesday 9/8/15 no class (Monday schedule).

WHY GSS 106?

Required Materials

• 1. Text Book: “Measured Tones: The Interplay of Physics and Music”.

3rd Edition by Ian Johnston. CRC Press ISBN: 978-1-4200-9347-6.• 2. Scientific calculator, Loose leaf binder to

keep notes / handouts.

• Remind 101• Resister at 81010• Text the following: @106f15• Then reply with your name.

• You cannot text me back at the above number!!!!

• You can email at rizophysics2@gmail.com

GSS 106 Syllabus

Course path – Topics:https://vimeo.com/111593305

• Math Skills• Waves Properties and Characteristics• Oscillation and Periodic Motion• Simple Harmonic Motion • The Science of Sound• Standing waves and Overtones• Applications of Sound• The Human Ear and Voice• The Doppler Effect • The Science of Music• How Instruments Work• Woodwind – Brass –String Instruments – The Piano – Percussion Instruments• Room and Auditorium Acoustics

GSS 106

• Part 1: Science of Sound.• Part 2: How Instruments Work.• Part 3: Laboratory Experiments.• Part 4: Projects.

Electronic Devices

While the use of a non-programmable calculator is permissible for quizzes and exams, the use of a smart phone or personal digital assistant, e.g., iPhone, blackberry, etc. is strictly forbidden.

All cell phones and other electronic devices (excluding calculators) are to be turned off during class.

LaboratoryStudent's Name Lab Presence Neatness Completeness Analysis Grade

Pele 5 1 1 3 10

Maradona 5 .5 .5 3 9

Ronaldinho 5 .5 0 2 6.5*

Lab Cover Sheet Name, Experiment No., Lab partners, Dates, Title, etc.

Neatness – excessive crossing out and inserts can result in reduction in grade

Completeness – All questions and portions of Laboratory need to be completed

Analysis – Use complete sentences, and avoid run on sentences. Provide sample calculations.

Lateness – Labs are graded on a 10 point basis and are due in one week, after that the grade will be reduced by 25 % if submitted late, if your report is one week late you will receive a grade of 5 points.

In 1952, the Sonotone 1010 hearing aid hit the market. Priced at $229.50, the device stood out as exceptional. It was the first consumer product to rely on a transistor, which Bell Labs had invented a few years earlier. The transistor proved such a leap forward in miniaturizing hearing aids and modulating sound that 97 percent of hearing aids were based on transistors by 1954.

EAR WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANT

Scientific Method

• observe and describe (one can observe in the audio sense)

• ask a question• develop hypothesis from the question• predict relationship using hypothesis• experiment to test relationship• analyze in context of hypothesis & prediction• accept/revise/start over

Math Skills

• Scientific calculator – MUST BRING for THURSDAY’s LAB.

• You should be able to solve for x:

• 5x + 6 = 19, Solve for x:

• Homework #1 due Thursday• Solve for x:

• 6x = 54• 6x -12 =60• 7x + 3 = -18• 9 – 4x = 8

Powers of 10

Why Use Powers of 10?

• Easier to express large (small) decimal numbers• Decimal Example:

– Express 0.00000000123– First you have to figure out what this number is– Second you have to state number as 1.23 billionths– Hard for some one to write 1.23 billionths as decimal

• Power of 10 Example:– Express 1.23 x 10-9

– State this as 1.23 times 10 to the -9th power– Easy for some one to write number as 10 power

Convert Decimal to Power of 10 - 1

• Convert 1230000000.0• Move decimal point to the left until number is

1.23• Count the number of decimal point moves• You get a count of 9• The power of 10 number is 1.23 x 109

Convert Decimal to Power of 10 - 2

• Convert 0.00000000123• Move decimal point to the right until number

is 1.23• Count the number of decimal point moves• You get a count of 9• The power of 10 number is 1.23 x 10-9

• Note that when the decimal number is less than 1 the power is negative

Power of 10 Numbers Arithmetic

• You must know how to use your calculator to do arithmetic with power of 10 numbers

Metric Units

• The Metric SystemPage 93, Workbook.

Basic Metric Units - 1

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol for Unit

length meter m

mass kilogram kg

time second s

energy Joule J

energy electronVolt1.6 x 10-19 Joule eV

Basic Metric Units - 2

Physical Quantity

Name of Unit

Symbol for Unit

temperature Kelvin K

velocity meter/sec v

Metric Prefixes Greater than 1

Prefix Symbol Numerical Multiplier

10 Power

giga G 1,000,000,000 109

mega M 1,000,000 106

kilo k 1,000 103

hecto h 100 102

deca da 10 101

no prefix none 1 100

Metric Prefixes Less than 1

Prefix Symbol Numerical Multiplier

10 Power

no prefix none 1 100

deci d 0.1 10-1

centi c 0.01 10-2

milli m 0.001 10-3

micro 0.000001 10-6

nano n 0.000000001 10-9

Application of Prefixes to Meter

Unit Length

kilometer (km) 1,000 m (1 x 103 m)

meter (m) 1 m

centimeter (cm) 0.01 m (1 x 10-2 m)

millimeter (mm) 0.001 m (1 x 10-3 m)

micrometer (m) 0.000001 m ( 1 x 10-6 m)

nanometer (nm) 0.000000001 m (1 x 10-9 m)

Length Conversions

• Meter– 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet = 39 inches– 1 inch = 0.025 meters– 1 foot = 0.305 meters

• Kilometer– 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles

Velocity Conversions

• 1 meter / second = 3.3 feet / second• 1 meter / second = 2.2 miles / hour• 1 kilometer / hour = 0.6 miles / hour

Temperature Conversions

• Celsius = (5/9)(Fahrenheit – 32)• Kelvin = Celsius + 273• Kelvin= (5/9)Fahrenheit + 255• Examples:

– Freezing of Water– 0 0Celsius = 32 0Fahrenheit = 273 K– Absolute Zero– -273 0Celsius = -459 0Fahrenheit = 0 K

Metric Ruler

Converting Metric UnitsMethod - 1

• If unit increases (decreases), the number must decrease (increase) to keep quantity constant– Example:– Convert (0.08 cm) to (x km)– Going from cm to km, the unit gets larger by

100,000– To keep the quantity in brackets constant, x has to

be 100,000 times smaller than 0.08– (0.08 / 100,000) (cm x 100,000) = 8 x 10-7 km

Converting Metric UnitsMethod 2 - 1