Green Wall - Architecture Seminar Final Report-libre

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Architecture Seminar 2012

Limkokwing University of Creative Technology

Research Paper: THE GREEN BUILDING ENVELOPE: VERTICAL GREENING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN

STRUCTURE

Author: CHONG ZUI LING (CHLOE)

Name of Lecturer: AmirHosein GhaffarianHoseini

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THE GREEN BUILDING ENVELOPE: VERTICAL GREENING TOWARD

SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN STRUCTURE

CHONG ZUI LING (CHLOE)

AFFILIATION: BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (SEMESTER 8), FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT, LIMKOKWING UNIVERSITY OF CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

Planting on roofs and faades is one of the most innovative and fastest developing

fields of green technologies with respect to the built environment and horticulture.

From green roof, the same transition seems to be happening with the concept of

green walls.New technologies allow us to create living walls.This is no longer a

concept, but a reality in Europe and a few major walls have been built in the urban

structure such as Barcelona Green Side-Wall.

The aim of this study is to present and evaluate an innovative treatment facility of

green wall. It consists of vertical green can improve the environment in urban areas

and to the multi-scale benefits of vegetation. Therefore, vertical green is becoming a

key design consideration in modern building developments. The main drivers of the

green walls include improving microclimates, reducing the urban heat island effect;

maintaining and improving soil function and water quality, and enhancing the quality

and quantity of plant and animal habitats.

There are two main types of green walls: green faades and living walls, biowalls,

vertical gardens or more scientifically VCW (vertical vegetated complex walls) for

the exterior and interior building envelope. Green faades are walls covered withclimbing plants which are rooted in the ground. Living walls are walls covered by

plants which do not root in the ground, yet root in soil or mats suspended on the wall

itself, and there is a plant watering system to supply fluid and nutrients to the plant.

With green faades the plants are always on outside walls; with living walls the plants

can be attached either on interior or exterior walls. Living walls perform well in full

sun, shade, and interior applications, and can be used in both tropical and temperate

locations. (Wikipedia, 2012)

Keywords:Green Wall; Vertical Green; Green Facade; Green Technology; Sustainability


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INTRODUCTION

In this modern concrete jungle of many developed and developing countries; the big

cities, metropolitans and such has experienced inevitable lost of green space, due to

converting valuable green space to commercial buildings and towers, factories,

veapartments, residential apartments and housing estates. Growing and nurturinggreen gardens, parks have becoming more challenging over the years. The major

cities heat index has increased gradually over the years. Heavy industrialization,

increase numbers of automobile on the road and also increase human populations has

become a significant contribution to pollutions. As a results of all these, a green house

effect is the product of such rapid uncontrolled, unplanned developments.

Contemporary architecture in fact is increasingly focusing on vertical greening

systems as a means to restore the environmental integrity of urban areas, biodiversity

and sustainability. Applying green faades, which is an established feature of

contemporary urban design, can offer multiple environmental benefits on both new

and existing buildings and can be a sustainable approach in terms of energy savingconsidering materials used, nutrients and water needed and efficient preservation of

edifices. Green faades are made up of climbing plants either growing directly on a

wall or, more recently, specially designed supporting structures. The plant shoot

system grows up the side of the building while being rooted in the ground. With a

living wall the modular panels are often made of stainless steel containers,

geotextiles,irrigation systems, a growing medium and vegetation. (Wikipedia, 2012)

To provide a full perspective and a viable case study on vertical greening systems a

vertical greenscaping proposal for Limkokwing University campus is developed

throughout this research.

The primary objective of this research is to study how a modern architectureincorporates with green walls, living walls, bio-walls or often known as the vertical

gardens or more scientifically known as vertical vegetated complex walls can play a

vital role in improving and resolving the mention problems. Apply these green

technologies system in Limkokwing University campus and promoting vertical

greening as a method of green acupuncture in urban settings. Proposed a landscaping

project of the schoolyard we are creating an interactive learning environment where

students will learn how to live a sustainable life in their urban area through

contemporary methods of education.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure


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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PROPOSED

IMAGE DESIGN

DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONPROPOSAL

PROBLEM STATEMENT

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

GREENSCAPING

SCHOOL

LITERATURE REVIEW

ENVIROMENTALLY

FRIENDLYAESTHETICURBAN LIVING

DATA COLLECTION

STATISTICOBSERVATIONQUESTIONNARE

RESULT & ANALYSIS

RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 1.0 Diagram of Research Approach

STAGE1

STAG

E2

STAGE3

STAGE4


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LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Significance of Green Space in Urban Planning

Rapid urban development leaves less available space for green space and green wall is

one way of reclaiming it. In Sydney 2 Councils have accepted green walls as green

space as part of the planning process. (Mark, 2010) This signifies the importance of

green space in cities where urban development is growing fast.

Cities around the world are becoming denser, with greater built form resulting in

more hard surfaces and less green space, leaving little room for vegetation or habitat.

One way of creating more natural environments within cities is to incorporate green

walls in new buildings or to retrofit them in existing structures. This practice has long

been established in Europe and elsewhere, and now Australia and New Zealand have

begun to embrace it.

1.1 Green Walls Improve Aesthetic in Urban Living

Frank Lloyd Wright once said, "A doctor can bury his mistakes, but an architect can

only advise his clients to plant vines." It turns out that his suggestion is also a good

idea for creating handsome buildings. And who wants to hide an investment in green

away on the roof when you can hang it out for everyone to see. (Alter, 2008)

Edouard Franois is the master of the green faade, saying "'Man can live solely

within architecture. He needs a complex building which must be decorated. Only in

this way can he be happy.' Indeed, in Franois' view, working with nature offers a

welcome complexity: 'Watch a tree. It has a thousand branches, it moves, grows,

changes colour!' (Alter, 2008)

"A sincere artist is not one who makes a faithful attempt to put on to canvas what is in

front of him, but one who tries to create something which is, in itself, a living thing."

Sir William Dobell

Introduction of green walls creates positive consequence of having more new green

space in cities, where available spaces are scarce. Green walls are still newcomers in

landscape architecture, and innovation is fast in this sector. They are invading new

places every day. On bridges and roads, they can cover ugly or decaying concrete

structures.

A Green Wall that are well designed and maintained can significantly enhance a

buildings appearance,whether its to add a new aesthetic dimension, disguise a car

park, refresh a tired faade or add colour and texture to a complete wall or section. In

areas where graffiti is not welcome and is a potential problem, green walls can act as

an effective deterrent, making the application of graffiti to the building structure

almost impossible.

In botanical gardens or in forest it is easy to see that nature has come up with a huge

variety of colours, textures, patterns and sizes. By utilizing this diversity and

incorporating hundreds of species of plants it is possible to create living art. Varietiesof plant with various colours as paints and walls as canvases.


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The weakness of the green wall is not more than high maintenance work required on a

consistent basis in order to keep the wall living and in natural and healthy condition.

Plants must be maintained, including, trimming, watering, replanting, and washing.

2. Green Walls Improve Urban Climate

Green wall has multiple impacts on cities and citizens: they protect buildings from the

effects of the natural elements, they are introducing more gardens in urban areas and

they can even be used to grow vegetables. Under sun exposure, a bare wall will

contribute to heat conduction inside the building, making the internal building

temperature rise, and contributing to the urban heat island effect. But green walls,

where the leaves of plants lose water through evapotranspiration, lower the

surrounding air and building temperatures. Green walls also depress locally the cities

temperature: they create a microclimate.

Loss of green space is generating excessive heat build up in cities and urban areas,

combined with smog, lenses of hot smoggy air divert weather systems over and

around cities and lead to urban heat island. The urban heat island effect is defined as

a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. A

large portion of this heat comes from the multitude of hard surfaces, including

exposed walls, which radiate the suns energy. Vegetation has been shown to reduce

this effect and the negative impacts it has on life quality. (Patrick, 2011)

The installation of green walls mitigate the management of storm water and improved

water quality by retaining and filtering rainwater through the plants soil and root

uptake zone, hence cooling the walls and building. Heat also could not trapunderneath this green vegetation walls for longer period of time, it provides shedding

from hot sun and UV exposure. A collective effect of such system promotes a cooler

urban climate. Hence it is reducing the urban heat island effect in cities.

2.1 Green Walls Reducing Carbon Footprint and Improving Air Quality

In the natural biological world, plants require carbon dioxide to synthesize food

through direct exposure of sun light in the commonly known process called

photosynthesis. The bi-product of this amazing process is the valuable oxygen to the

earth. Simple equation to note that, the more plants grown in the urban area, willrecycle the carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

As the plants grow in the green walls, they trap carbon dioxide and produce oxygen,

and soak up such pollutants as lead and cadmium. The plants absorb greenhouse gases

from the atmosphere and store it in their tissues, basically acting as carbon sponges.

The way we arrange the plants in our living wall system is quite dense which means

that we are able to have many in a small amount of space. Therefore the carbon that is

sequestered (i.e. absorbed and stored) from, say, a 20 m2(215 ft2) wall is about the

same as a medium sized tree. (Patrick, 2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island


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Air quality is improved by a biological process called bio filtration. Air can be forced

past the plants and the soil medium containing microbes, which remove VOC's, dust,

and dirt particles from the air. The pollutants from the air are absorbed into a liquid

phase and consumed by the microbes. The microbes use the pollutants as an energy

source and degrade them to carbon dioxide and water. The air is then pumped through

the traditional HVAC system and is redistributed into the building. An estimated 65%to 90% of VOC's have been removed using bio filtration. (Appropedia, 2012)

The Tokyo Institute of Technologyprovedthat green walls lower the energetic loss of

buildings. Green walls can also prevent the creation of urban dust (partly due to the

effect of wind over buildings) and absorb heavy metal particulates from the

atmosphere. (Marie, 2012)

With such natural carbon footprint reduction and air quality improvement process, the

condition of the urban area will become more liveable. With proper urban planning

which consider green walls as part of the planning and development, the future

quality of urban living may improve significantly.

Although, the excessive water retention may contribute to high moisture index, hence

lead to mold growing. The moisture level of the green wall needs to be monitored and

controlled accordingly.

3. Green Walls - Cost Effectiveness

Green walls are cost effectiveness. The heating costs, insulation and soundproofing

equals to reduced energy use. Thermal isolation of any surface, resulting in greatenergy savings and the heat generated from the Sun light will be absorbed by the

green wall. It also promotes absorption of pollutants and noise, which greatly improve

acoustics.

The primary cause of heat build-up in cities is insulation, the absorption of solar

radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the storage of this heat in the building

material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces however, as a result of

transpiration, do not rise more than 45 C above the ambient and are sometimes

cooler. (Ong, 2003)This translates to energy saving. The cost of operating cooling

system is reduced significantly.

From economic perspective green walls has the potential to increase residential and

commercial property values by between 7% and 15%. They help to create a positive

perception for prospective purchasers of property. They soften newly built houses and

give immediate character and warmth. Further, they can improve the environmental

performance of buildings and therefore the economic performance through reducing

heating and cooling costs. Green walls provide screening and or barriers where

fencing regulations may limit alternatives. They may enhance the prospects of

securing planning permission. (Wikipedia, 2012)
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/28173/1/c28173.pdfhttp://eprints.qut.edu.au/28173/1/c28173.pdfhttp://eprints.qut.edu.au/28173/1/c28173.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolationhttp://eprints.qut.edu.au/28173/1/c28173.pdf


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3.1 Green Walls - Social Perspective

On social perspective green walls may have a positive impact on both physical and

mental health and wellbeing. Green views and access to green spaces in cities help

and relieve the everyday pressures of crowding and noise. They may have a positive

impact on crime reduction since residents living in greener surroundings actuallyreport lower levels of fear, fewer incivilities, and less violent behaviour. Green walls

can benefit communities socially by instilling higher public esteem and pride for an

area.

Green walls are unlikely to be graphitised, improve the quality and perception of the

urban environment, and can provide security as a dense and natural barrier for

unwanted guests. Green walls can have seasonal variations in colour, growth, flowers,

and perfume which provide all year round interest. Green walls can provide local fruit

and vegetation for the community. All this may contribute to an increase in property

value.

However, one must be careful to choose plants that won't release excessive pollen.

This may contribute to unpleasant health condition to the nearby residence. It may

also attract unwanted insects like termite which may cause problems to wooden

structure in particular.


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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Green Wall technology may be used for a wide variety of projects - both new build

and refurbishment for a variety of building types. From small garden projects to large

industrial and commercial developments, the benefits of Green Wall systems are

being realised across the public and private sectors.

With carbon reduction targets a key focus for many public sector organisations

(particularly schools and hospitals), Green Walls can play a contributory role,

significantly helping to reduce a buildings carbon footprint.

In schools the systems can also deliver educational benefits, encouraging pupils to

engage with the problems of carbon reduction and climate change and with broader

ecological and environmental issues. Specific systems can be designed to suit a range

of plant types, and as a habitat for different wildlife.

Green Wall systems require very few small fixings and therefore the impact on, or

potential for damage to a buildings faade is minimal. Similarly, the system is setaway from the wall so, with the correct plant choice, plants will not damage the

faade and systems may be used with confidence on existing buildings, even those

that may be listed.

Recent developments in vertical farming techniques also demonstrate the potential

and versatility of Green Wall systems. Using large urban structures to grow crops on

their facades, buildings would become farmscapes - effectively with green walls

providing a sub-structure to support the growth of crops such as fruit and vegetables.

[Green Wall SystemBy MAA Architectural System]

Proposal

In Malaysia, Cyberjaya, the well known IT hub of many Multinational Companies

(MNC) and home to the world renown tertiary institute Limkokwing University is a

great place to start with introducing Green Walls System. This booming metro-city

with more and more MNC and residential development shall incorporate the Green

Walls system in the architecture planning. Limkokwing University shall lead the

others in Cyberjaya becoming the pioneer in this green architecture planning.

In Limkokwing University, the campus walls which are facing East direction shall be

given priority to introduce the Green Walls system. With prolong sun light and UV

exposure to these walls, the building will build up and also trap the heat air and

increase the temperature of the structure and requiring more energy in cooling the

building. Green walls shall be able to counter such problems, which not just cooling

the structure but also promote more natural oxygen to the campus and the surrounding

environment. The ideas of vertical greening Greenscaping School proposal are: -

Raising environment awareness educating young people

Empowerment of local community

Innovative design solutions

Use of eco-friendly materials

Synergy and cooperation of different professions Aiming towards sustainable future


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In developing the design for the campus, studied the possibilities for applying soft

landscape for every architectural surface of the buildings. Proposed develop details to

provide for plants to grow on roofs and walls of the buildings. For the campus plaza

building block, its four storey height and the backyard were facing east. For the East

faade of the building, first we make a study and research of climbing plants to be

applied as an architecture screen and prepare to design the detail to allow climbingplants to grow alongside the 4 storey building block.

The structure could home to a wide assortment of plants, which are watered using a

system of pulleys. Not only is this green wall a fine example of vegitecture, it has also

become a sanctuary for urban birds and the role of plants in creating sustainable

futures. The programme of the vertical greening Greenscaping School: -

Creating an educational vertical garden consisting of Medicinal garden, Butterfly

garden and Aromatic garden

Implementing the concept of experiential and creative learning with bannersillustrating important scientific facts and stories.

Designing an outdoor classroom for workshops, practical classes and

extracurricular activities.

Suggesting new educational uses to boost interaction and creativity.

The programme above proposed to create special ambient that will motivate and

improve socialization, interaction and experiential learning. In this way space will

become an instrument of new knowledge and highlight importance of sustainable

development.

Design Considerations

There are several important design and structural differences between ground-level

garden design and vertical garden design in this research on proposed greenscaping

environment for Limkokwing University campus. Here are a few special construction

requirements and considerations when developing the vertical garden and green wall:

Protection of the structural support system's integrity, and waterproofing

protection of that system.

Positive drainage throughout the system so that plantings at the bottom will have

optimal growing conditions without becoming oversaturated.

A long-term, lightweight planting medium that isn't subject to deterioration

through decomposition (normally, this is a synthetic product).

Irrigation and fertilization for optimum plant growth and sustainability.

Adaptation of the plantings to the environmental conditions.

Provisions for maintenance.


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The most important element in the construction of a green wall is protecting the

integrity of the structural components that support the vertical garden. For this reason,

there must be waterproofing of exceptional longevity to prevent damage and reduce

the possibility of a long-term, expensive reconstruction. We have to consider about

these things for applying vertical plants on existing building or any construction of

green walls.

a) Load-bearing capacity

The weight of the green wall can be anywhere between 25 and 40 pounds per

square foot once they're fully saturated with water. Consultation with the structural

engineer to verify the load-bearing capacity of the existing wall is needed (or

whatever structure will support the green wall).

b) Waterproofing

Several types of waterproofing are available; however, fluid-applied elastomeric

materials provide excellent protection. The modular system is best protected by apowder-coated protection similar to the racks in a dishwasher. If funding is not an

issue, the structural members can be constructed of stainless steel vs. waterproofing

the system.

c) Planting provisions

Just like any other planting, the success of the green wall installation is depending

on the correct use of materials and infrastructures to be built on the vertical garden.

It is important to carefully choose and installing the materials of best quality and

species conducive to the green wall environment.

d) Drainage requirements

The drainage system can be designed as a closed system or an open system. In the

closed system, the irrigation water is gathered and recycled. However, this system

needs to drain out little water to control the built up of soluble salts that are left

over of the evaporation of waters. Failure to do so may damage the green wall.

It is more ecological to operate the closed system. But the drawbacks are; if any

plant is infected and disease is introduced into the plantings, it's transmitted

throughout the system by the use of recycled water. However, this drawback can be

managed by a process of ultraviolet sanitation of the recycled water. In an open

system, excess irrigation water is discharged into the building's drainage system.By using an open system, the build-up of salts in the planting medium, and the

sanitation issues, is reduced significantly.

e) Planting media

The planting media should be lightweight, it should have the ability to hold

nutrients, and it should offer adequate moisture-holding capacity and the capability

of developing a firm root zone (for plant stability)but it must also drain easily. In

addition, if the system is to become an active green wall/bio-wall air-filtration

system, the media must provide adequate air exchange.


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f) Irrigation

Moisture soil condition is critical to the survival of the green wall. Though it

sounds like an elementary process, it's a rather complex operation. The supply of

water, how it will be supplied, and some inherent problems with water types are all

factors that need to be considered in the design process so that plantings can be

successful and economical. The relatively thin, well-drained, soilless mixtures usedin a green wall cannot provide the plantings with the subsurface water normally

available to ground-level plantings. Care is required to prevent the planting media

from drying out and causing damage to the plant materials. For example, a sensor-

controlled drip irrigation system can manage the irrigation system using a minimum

amount of water.

g) Ventilation

The photosynthesis and transpiration cycles requires good ventilation process,

because it helps dissipate the diffused water vapor molecules resulting from

transpiration. Good ventilation is necessary to maintain a normal transpiration rate,which, in turn, is necessary for the normal photosynthetic rate. Placement of

HVAC grills next to the planting can result in drying and burned foliage due to

excessive moisture loss (i.e. forced transpiration). This is mainly a problem during

the dry and hot season, when hot, dry, blowing air comes in direct contact with the

plant foliage.

h) Temperature.

Most of the interior green walls are designed using tropical and semitropical plant

materials because of its adaptability to human comfort zones. It's generally

recognized that temperatures of 72 degrees F. in the winter and 75 degrees F. in the

summer are acceptable. Night temperatures can - and should - be 10 degrees cooler,

or between 62 and 65 degrees F.

i) Finishes of surrounding areas

A green wall system generates humidity. Some dripping or splashing may occur

through routine operation and maintenance. This should be taken into account

when determining the finishes around the green wall system.

j) Storage

Gardening materials and supplies are required to be stored in a dedicated storage.

This storage should be readily accessible to the maintenance staff members who

care for the plantings. In addition, this area can function as the location of the green

wall's irrigation controller. Also to take note that, the difficulty in managing a

vertical garden is the safety and serviceability of the plantings. Appropriate lift

systems or ladder systems must be available to facilitate routine maintenance.


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k) Maintenance

In the budgeting and planning, a regular professional maintenance of the plantings

and facilities should be accounted. Special attention must be given to pruning plant

materials in order to maintain balance between plant size and root growth. Regular

grooming of the plants to remove dead and dying foliage should be accounted for,

and systems should be designed to facilitate this activity.

Proposed Image Design

With such lead by example demonstration, this may create awareness to the nearby

community in Cyberjaya about significance of green walls and impact of green walls

to the surrounding environment.

Below is the photo showing the proposed green wall applying on the plain wall of the

existing building blocks (Digital Innovation Centre, Campus Plaza & Administration

Block) was facing east.

Exiting Eest Faade View of Limkokwing University, Cyberjaya.

Proposed green vertical climbing plants/green wall for the building blocks were facing east.

Figure 2.0 Proposed Green Walls Image for the future development.


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CONCLUSION

Just to go back in time, before any city or agricultural land was developed what

people would find is an ecosystem that is very diverse, containing many different

plants and animal species. Modern cities and croplands have severely reduced that

biological variety. Our outdoor green walls can be viewed as mini ecosystems; theincorporation of such a variety of plant species supports many beneficial organisms

such as butterflies, bees, ladybugs and humming birds.

As most people are well aware, rainforests are being cut down and burnt at an

alarming rate with over 6000 square meters (1.5 acres) of rainforest lost every second.

Experts estimate that we are losing 45 plant species every single day due to rainforest

destruction. This equates to over 16,000 species extinction a year! The plants that we

use on our indoor green walls are almost all native to tropical rainforests, living under

the forest canopy. (Patrick, 2011) Whenever possible we try to include species that

are threatened in their natural habitat.

Although a subject of debate, supporters of zoos claim that having wildlife incaptivity, where people can visit appreciate and learn about the animals, teach them to

conserve the ones threatened in the wild. One could argue that the same principle can

be applied to a green wall. If people are up close and personal with a multitude of

plant species perhaps they will have a greater appreciation for the natural world and

try harder to halt habitat destruction.

The reasons for greenscaping school in Limkokwing University: -

Green solution helps better quality of living in the campus

Education is essential for awareness of sustainability

Young people can faster adopt ecological principles

Learning through experience increases the impact of educational programme

Creative learning leads to socialization and team work

Green acupuncture helps improving biodiversity

Good visualization stimulates studentscuriosity and creativity

Involvement of local community increases local development

A combination of sustainable thinking, education and design creates a strong hold

for a better future

This environmentally friendly method provides an ambiance and a visual marketing

opportunity. And, even though green walls aren't well known in Malaysia or else

South East Asia country, their potential benefit to sustainable projects is significant.

With careful plant selection and planning, the green wall can thrive in most places -

indoors and out. Green walls shall be incorporated in a modern architecture, to build a

future sustainable urban living.


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STRUCTURE



15

Sarah, P. (2012). Green Structure, washington.edu, Retrieved November 29, 2012,

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STRUCTURE



16

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STRUCTURE



17

Horticulture (2009, November 24). First Green RoofsNow Green Walls,

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STRUCTURE


18

Emeric, B. (2009, July 31). An innovative way to treat wastewater, Uppsala

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