Green Engineering by Pratik Mor

8/7/2019 Green Engineering by Pratik Mor

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PRESENTED BY :-

PRATIK MOR

SEMINAR ON

18 April 2011 1Green Engineering


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Design, commercialization and use of processe

and products that are feasible and economical while minimizing:

Risk to human health and the environment

Generation of pollution at the source

WHAT IS GREEN ENGINEERING .



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Principles of Green Engineering

Green Engineering transforms existing engineeringdisciplines and practices to those that lead tosustainability. Green Engineering incorporates

development and implementation of products,processes, and systems that meet technical and costobjectives while protecting human health and welfareand elevates the protection of the biosphere as acriterion in engineering solutions .

The Sandestin Declaration onGreen Engineering Principles



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The Sandestin GE Principles1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and

integrate environmental impact assessment tools.2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human he

and well-being3. Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities4. Minimize depletion of natural resources5. Strive to prevent waste6. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of loc

geography, aspirations, and cultures7. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologie

improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability8. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of

engineering solutions

Principles of Green Engineering



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Pre-Chemical Manufacturing

Stages

Extraction from theenvironment Transportation of materials Refining of raw materials Storage and Loadingand unloading

Chemical Manufacturing

Process

Chemical reactions Separation operations Material storage Loading and unloading Material conveyance Waste treatmentprocesses

Post-Chemical Manufacturing Stag

Final product manufac

Product usage incommerce Reuse/recycle Treatment/destruction Disposal Environmental release

Environmental/Health Impacts Global warming Ozone layer depletion Air quality smog Acidification

Human health effects, carcinogenic and non carcinogenic Resource depletion

Airborne releases wastewater releases Solid/hazardous waste Toxic chemicalreleases Energy consumption Resource depletion

SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS



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It was commonly to think that nuclear energy is absolutely safe untilsome serious incidents occurred on nuclear power plants of theUSA(Three Mile Island), Japan(Kashiwaszki-Kariwa) and the mostdangerous incident in the former USSR (Chernobyl) and latest inJapan( Fukushima Daiichi ). The last of them had very seriousconsequences. All these events changed the opinion of people about thesafety of nuclear energy. However the danger of nuclear energy was notonly in the nuclear accidents

NUCLEAR ENERGY



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RENEWABLE ENERGY

It is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).in 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewablwith 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is used for heating, and3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewable(small hydro, modern biomass,wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuel) accounted for another 2.7% and aregrowing very rapidly.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technoloare also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucialinhuman development. Globally, an estimated 3 million households get powfrom small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems configured into village-scaor county-scale mini-grids serve many areas. More than 30 million ruralhouseholds get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scaledigesters. Biomass cook stoves are used by 160 million households.



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WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE



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WORLD TOP 10 COUNTRIES



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SOURCE OF GREEN ENERGY

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar18 April 2011 10Green Engineering


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BIOMASS

Biomass , a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, orrecently living organisms, such as wood, waste, (hydrogen) gas, andalcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to

generate electricity or produce heat. In this sense, living biomass can alsobe included, as plants can also generate electricity while still alive.Biomass cook stoves are used by 160 million households.



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Biomass energy resources is plentiful..

It is easy to convert to fuel.

Helps to utilize idle farmland and deforested areas.

Biomass absorbs CO 2



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HYDRO

Hydropower , hydraulic power or water power is power that is derivedfrom the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed foruseful purposes. Prior to the development of electric power, hydropower

was used for irrigation, and operation of various machines, such aswatermills, textile machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts.Another method used a tromped to produce compressed air from fallingwater, which could then be used to power other machinery at a distancefrom the water.

It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectriccomplex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has aconsiderably lower output level of the greenhouse gas, carbndioxide (CO 2)than fossil fuel powered energy plants.



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Generating method



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Hydrothermal Fluids:- are the only type of geothermal resource currentlybeing exploited for commercial energy production. Most of the reservoirsthat have been identified were discovered because of the discharge of hotwater or steam at the surface, although some have been found accidentally

while drilling wells for other purposes or through deliberate exploration....

Wave Power:- The third method of extracting energy from the oceansinvolves capturing the mechanical energy of ocean waves, which are createby winds. Hundreds of wave-power schemes have been patented aroundthe world, and a number of different approaches are considered possibilitiefor near-term commercial generation. Some use the up-and-down motionwaves, others their...

Tidal Power:- Both the sun and moon exert gravitational force on the earthoceans, causing a slight bulge to develop that we see as tides. This bulgeconstantly changes with the moons orbit and the earths rotation, and alonwith sea-coast and sea-bottom topography, this accounts for the difference

DIFFERENT FORM OF HYDRO POWER



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WIND

Wind, one of the oldest energy sources known to humanity, has been usedfor millennia to pump water, thresh grain, and propel ships. In the early parof this century, windmills for pumping water were a common sight in rural

areas of the United States, until rural electrification programs in the thirtiesand forties caused many of these reliable and durable machines to beabandoned.

Wind energy systems generate electrical energy by harnessing the power inwind using machines called wind turbines. Wind energy can be produced in

stand-alone applications or can be produced centrally and distributed tothe electric grid.

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually , with aworldwide installed capacity of 157,900 MW in 2009, and is widely usedin Europe, Asia, and the United States. At the end of 2009, cumulativeglobal photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 21,000 MW and PV power18 April 2011 16Green Engineering


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1:- Tower

2:- Blade

3:- Generator

4:- Controller

5:- Nacelle

6:- Anemometer

Generation of Wind Energy



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WIND POWER USAGE



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The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation at theupper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space whilethe rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread acrossthe visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, andthis raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water fromthe oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When theair reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vaporcondenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completingthe water cycle.

SOLAR



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GENERATION



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Photovoltaic cells are capable of directly converting sunlight intoelectricity.

A simple wafer of silicon with wireattached to the layers. Current isproduced based on types of silicon(n- and p-types) used for the layerEach cell=0.5 volts.

Battery needed as storage

No moving parts do no wear out,but because they are exposed to tweather, their lifespan is about 20years .

DIRECT CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICIT



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Argument that sun provides power only during the day iscountered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is during daytimehours. At night, traditional methods can be used to generate theelectricity.

Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.

Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-burning and nuclear power plants.

Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and otherimpacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with nuclearenergy.

pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.

FINAL THOUGHT



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Q UE

R Y



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Green Engineering by Pratik Mor

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