T.Y.BMS 2013-2014

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA ST ROCKS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND SCIENCE

BORIVALI (WEST), MUMBAI- 400092

PROJECT REPORT ON

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF BMS DEGREE

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014

PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY

PRATIK . R. SAKPAL

T.Y.BMS

ROLL NO: 28

SEAT NO:

PROJECT GUIDE: PROF. BANSI MEHTA

TY.BMS

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

DECLARATIONI, MR PRATIK . R. SAKPAL OF ST. ROCKS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND SCIENCE

TY.BMS HEREBY DECLARE THAT I HAVE COMPLETED

THE PROJECT ON

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014

THIS INFORMATION SUBMITTED IS TRUE AND ORIGINAL TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

DATE:

PLACE:

CERTIFICATE BY PROJECT GUIDEI PROF. BANSI MEHTA hereby certify thatMR PRATIK SAKPAL

OF ST. ROCKS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND SCIENCE, T.Y. BMS

has completed his project on

TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

In the academic year 2013-2014

The information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

SIGNATURE OF PROJECT GUIDE

DATE :PLACE :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am most thankful to my project guide prof. Bansi Mehta for her guidance throughout the project and for encouraging me all the times. I value her efforts and for being available, inspite of her busy work schedule.

There are amny people to their comment on the contents of the project. I would also like to thank Prof. Bansi Mehta for providing me with an opportunity to prove myself this project and with the abundance information which will be helpful to me in future.

I am also Grateful to all my college faculties and also my senior friends who helped me out in my project with their basic knowledge.

Date:

Place:

(PRATIK SAKPAL)

INDEX

Sr. No.ParticularsPg. No

IIntroduction

IIEarly Communication

IIIEvolution of Telecommunication Service Providers in India

IVCultural Barriers to Effective Communication

VTelecommunication & Government

VIInternet

VIITop Tablets With 3G Facility

VIIITerms & Conditions Agreement of Airtel

IXTop Ten Indian Telecom Companies

XSurvey

XIConclusion

XIIBibliography

I. Introductiona) What is Telecommunication?Telecommunication is the science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means.Communication is talking to someone or thing not necessarily through technological means. Telecommunication, however, is talking through technology meaning phones, Internet, radio etc... In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles.In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the 1900s (decade) with pioneering developments in wireless radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and SamuelMorse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of 2 newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and 6 entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP)b)EtymologyThe word telecommunication was adapted from the Spanish word Telecom. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele- (______), meaning "far off", and the Latin communicare, meaning "to share". The French word telecommunication was first invented in the French Grande Ecole "Telecom ParisTech" formerly known as "Ecole nationale superieure des telecommunications" in 1904 by the French engineer and novelist Edouard Estauniec)Communications the basis of EvolutionCommunication is the ability to share information. We need communication. Communication keeps businesses and factories running. It helps people in trouble to contact police, fire departments,ambulances and doctors.Our military forces would be useless, and our government would notwork without It. Transportation and food supplies would not meet theneeds of the people.We would loose contact with our families and friends that live far away.There would be no radio or television stations to entertain us, or moviesto see.Society would surely not be the same as it is now.Maybe someday, we will have telephones like wrist watches...or, televisions with only interactive 3D programming... or, we will have a mental connection with things so all we have to do is think, and it is done...or, computers will be able to visually connect with anyone in the world, without cameras...Only the future will tell...after all, 100's of years ago no one would have dreamed of all the things we have today.d)The basis of Communication through technologyCommunication is talking to someone or thing not necessarily through technological means. Telecommunication, however, is talking through technology meaning phones, Internet, radio etc...In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audiojnessages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles.In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.Electronic communication network is a term for a type of computer system that facilitates trading of financial products outside of exchanges. The primary products that are traded on ECNs are stocks and currencies. The first ECN, Instinet, was created in 1969. ECNs increase competition among trading firms by lowering transaction costs, giving clients full access to their order books, and offering order matching outside of traditional exchange hours. ECNs are sometimes also referred to as Alternative Trading Systems or Alternative Trading Networks The Importance of ECN is it heavily links with the usage of the telecom Industry;Basically these two networks are like sisters serving a varied purposeTelecommunication is the science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means.e)The Timeline of significant communicational behavior: 3000 B.C. - The Egyptians created a picture language called hieroglyphics. 105 A.D. - Chinese began using paper and ink. 450 A.D. - Asia used Block Printing. 1539 A.D. - Mexico began using the first printing press in the Western Hemisphere. 1639 A.D. - The first press in the American Colonies was established in Cambridge, Mass. 1665 A.D. - The "London Gazette" was the first English newspaper. 1738 A.D. - The first daily newspaper was the "Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser". 1828 A.D. - The first comprehensive dictionary was published by Noah Webster. 1844 A.D. - Samuel Morse transmitted the first public telegraph message. 1858 A.D. - The first Transatlantic cable was laid. 1876 A.D. - Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1878 A.D. - Thomas Edison invents and patents the recording of sound onto cylinders and discs. 1906 A.D. - First wireless communication of human speech. 1919 A.D.- First broadcast radio station KDKA licensed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1936 A.D. - First television broadcast made in London, England. 1941 A.D. - First commercial television began in the United States. 1941 A.D. - Z3 computer developed by German engineer Konrad Zuse. 1954 A.D- Color television broadcast standards are set in the U.S.. 1957 A.D. - Satellite first sent information back to earth. 1959 A.D. - U.S. and Russian rockets sent information back to earth from distances beyond the moon. 1962 A.D. - "Telestar I", a satellite, first beamed television programs between the U.S. and Europe. 1971 A.D. - Intel 4004 chip developed an integrated microprocessor chip, for the computer, that could be programmed for different needs. 1976 A.D. - JVC markets the first VCR with the VMS (instead of Beta) format. 1985 A.D. - Television began to be broadcast in Stereo. 1994 A.D. - High Definition TV standards agreed on in the U.S.. 1999 A.D. - Intel introduces the Pentium Ml processor, taking personal computing to new highs.II.EARLY COMMUNICATIONa)Stage 1Cave drawings were murals that people painted onto the walls of caves and canyons to tell the story of their culture. They would tell stories of battles, hunts and culture.Storytelling was used to tell stories, both fiction and nonfiction, before there were books. It was a way for families and communities to pass on information about their past

Drums were one way to send signals to neighboring tribes and groups. The sound of the drumming patterns would tell them of concerns and events they needed to know.b)Stage 2 (The Printing press)The oldest printed book known is a Chinese religious book, The Diamond Sutra. Other books like this were printed with wood blocks, usually made from Mulberry wood. Johann Gutenburg invented an actual printing press in 1450, it was a screw press that worked very much like a wine press. He discovered how to make a good ink that would print with metal type. Gutenburg was the first to use a press to print the Bible, it is the oldest full length volume printed. From Gutenburg's press in Mainz, Germany, printing spread all over Europe.Rome developed a printing press in 1465, but, because the rulers of many countries felt that the printed word encouraged people to rebel against their authority, they strictly controlled the amount of material that printers were allowed to produce. Printing did not really grow again until the 18th century. The mechanics of printing changed little between 1450 and the 1800s, when the power press was introduced. By the 1600's the art of printing was used in business. Printed news sheets, called corantos, which were somewhat like newspapers of today.c)Stage 3 (The Electronic Phase)Telegraph: The idea for the electric telegraph was not thought up in a scientific laboratory, but on the deck of a sailing ship called the Scully, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The inventor was Samuel Finley Breese Morse, and in 1832, he was on of the most famous artists in the United States. Morse and ship passengers were talking about the invention of the electromagnet, which looked like a horseshoe with wire wrapped around it. They talked about how electricity traveled through the wire. Morse thought if electricity would travel a short distance through wire, it could travel long distances through wire also.Morse's idea was to string a wire between two points, maybe miles apart. A key at one end is pressed and it closes the electrical circuit which sends a pulse of electricity through the wire. When the key is let go very fast, the pulse of electricity sent through the wire is a dot. if the key is held down 3 times longer, the pulse is a dash. Dashes and dots mixed together form different letters of the alphabet and when sent from a person at one end of the wire to another person at the other end of the wire, these dashes and dots would spell out words.In 1837, he developed his telegraph idea enough to test it. Morse strung seventeen hundred feet of wire around his room at New York University, where he taught. It worked; his signals traveled from one end of the wire to the other.He showed his invention to members of Congress in the Capital by stringing 10 miles of wire around the room, and it worked. Congress didn't think the telegraph would work for long distances, so Morse put several miles of wire through underground pipes. The insulation around the wire wouldn't let the electricity travel very well, so Morse decided to string the wire from poles instead.These were the first of thousands of poles that would go across the United States.d)Stage 4 (The modern electronic revolution)A telephone is an instrument that sends and receives information, usually by means of electricity. In an emergency a telephone can save your life. You can save time with a telephone. You can make a telephone call almost anywhere in the world. Telephones are even used in cars, planes, ships, and on lots of different mechanical machines.Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Boston in 1876, 120 years later there are over 360 million telephone numbers, and that figure grows each year.

The most familiar telephone is the desk telephone, which sits on a desk, table or shelf. Some phones have option like holding multiple calls or transferring calls to other phones. An intercom allows you to talk to other people in other rooms. Speaker phones have a microphone and a loud speaker. With a speaker phone more than two people can talk in a conversation. Cordless phones do not have wires connected to them, that is why they are called cordless phones, but they still need a to have some nearness to a unit that is wired to the telephone system. Cellular phones are true wireless phones.Today the world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of 2 newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and 6 entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP)III.Evolution of telecommunications service providers in IndiaIndia is the world's fastest growing industry in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China, with 811.59 million mobile phone subscribers.According to the world telecommunications industry, India will have 1.200 billion mobile subscribers by 2013.Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013.a)So how Telecommunication started in India?Well Postal means of communication was the only mean communication until the year 1850. In 1850 experimental electric telegraph started for first time in India between Calcutta (Kolkata) and Diamond Harbor (southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the banks of the Hooghly River). In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. Subsequently construction of telegraph started through out India. A separate department was opened to the public in 1854. Dr. William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom. Calcutta or the-then Kolkata was chosen as it was the capital of British India.In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England opened telephone exchanges at Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and Ahmedabad. On the 28th January 1882 the first formal telephone service was established with a total of 93 subscribers.From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable telegraph to wireless telegraph, radio telegraph, radio telephone, trunk dialing. Trunk dialing used in India for more than a decade, were system allowed subscribers to dial calls with operator assistance. Later moved to digital microwave, optical fiber, satellite earth station. During British period all major cities and towns in India were linked with telephones.b)So who was looking after Telecom??In the year 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was responsible for telecom services in entire country after separation from Indian Post & Telecommunication. Decade later Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was chipped out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment. In1995 TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was setup. This reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT in 2000 and renamed Department of Telecom as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).In last 10 years many private operator's especially foreign investors successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. Globally acclaimed operators like Telenor, NTT Docomo, Vodafone, Sistema, SingTel, Maxis, Etisalat invested in India mobile operators.c)Wireless Communication i. Pager ServicesPager communication successful launched in India in the year 1995. Pagers were looked upon as devices that offered the much needed mobility in communication, especially for businesses. Motorola was a major player with nearly 80 per cent of the market share. The other companies included Mobilink, Pagelink, BPL, Usha Martin telecom and Easy call. Pagers were generally worn on the belt or carried in the pocket.The business peaked in 1998 with the subscriber base reaching nearly 2 million. However, the number dropped to less than 500,000 in 2002. The pager companies in India were soon struggling to maintain their business. While 2-way pagers could have buffered the fall, the pager companies were not in a position to upgrade their infrastructure to improve the ailing market. The Indian Paging Services Association was unable to support the industry.Pager companies in India also offered their services in regional languages also. However, the end had begun already. By 2002, Motorola stops making or servicing pagers. When mobile phones were commercially launched in India, the pager had many advantages to boast. Pagers were smaller, had a longer battery life and were considerably cheaper. However, the mobile phones got better with time and continuously upgraded themselves.ii. Mobile CommunicationFirst mobile telephone service on non-commercial basis started in India on 48th Independence Day at country's capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in India on July 31st, 1995 over Modi Telstra's MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later mobile telephone services are divided into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world.Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under SOOMhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom sector is hit by severe spectrum crunch, corruption by India Govt. officials and financial troubles.In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operator's started to launch their services.iii.Broadband communicationAfter US, Japan, India stands in third largest Internet users of which 40% of Internet used via mobile phones. India ranks one of the lowest provider of broadband speed as compared countries such as Japan, India and Norway. Minimum broadband speed of 256kbit/s but speed above 2Mbits is still in a nascent stage.Year 2007 had been declared as "Year of Broadband" in India. Telco's based on ADSL/VDSL in India generally have speeds up to 24Mbit max while those based on newer Optical Fiber technology offer up to lOOMbits in some plans Fiber-optic communication (FTTx). Broadband growth has been plagued by many problems. Complicated tariff structure, metered billing, High charges for right of way, Lack of domestic content, non implementation of Local-loop unbundling have all resulted in hindrance to the growth of broadband. Many experts think future of broadband is on the hands of wireless factor. BWA auction winners are expected to roll out LIE and WiMAX in India in 2012.ivNext Generation Network (NGN)Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access networks include fiber optics or coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or customers connected through Wi-Fi as well as to 3G networks connected to mobile users.As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile network and the wireless access broadband would be used both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to differentiate between fixed and mobile networks both fixed and mobile users will access services through a single core network. Cloud based data services are expected to come. v.Indian SatellitesIndia has launched more than 50 satellites of various types, since its first attempt in 1975. The organization responsible for Indian satellites is the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Most Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian, European satellite-launch rockets, and the U.S. Space Shuttle. First Indian satellite Aryabhata on 19th April 1975, later Bhaskara, Rohini, INSAT, Edusat, IRS, GSAT, Kalpana, Cartosat, IMS, Chandrayaan, ResourceSat, RiSat, AnuSat, etc.Well guys this is how telecom Industry is growing in India, hope to see India far ahead of other countries in near future.IV Cultural Barriers to Effective CommunicationEffective communication with people of different cultures is especially challenging. Cultures provide people with ways of thinking-ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases.Stella Ting-Toomey describes three ways in which culture interferes with effective cross-cultural understanding. First is what she calls "cognitive constraints." These are the frames of reference or world views that provide a backdrop that all new information is compared to or inserted into.Second are "behavior constraints." Each culture has its own rules about proper behavior which affect verbal and nonverbal communication. Whether one looks the other person in the eye-or not; whether one says what one means overtly or talks around the issue; how close the people stand to each other when they are talking-all of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomey's third factor is "emotional constraints." Different cultures regulate the display of emotion differently. Some cultures get very emotional when they are debating an issue. They yell, they cry, they exhibit their anger, fear, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to keep their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the "rational" or factual aspects of the situation.All of these differences tend to lead to communication problems. If the people involved are not aware of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it takes more than awareness to overcome these problems and communicate effectively across cultures.Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $4.7 trillion or just under 3 percent of the gross world product (official exchange rate). Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society. Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends. Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of social networking sites has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in everything from organising social engagements to courtship.Prior to social networking sites, technologies like short message seryjce(SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group Ipsos MORI reported that 81% of 15 to 24 year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirtV. Telecommunication and Government

Many countries have enacted legislation which conforms to the International Telecommunication Regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues." In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation." According to the ITU's Radio Regulations adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the International Frequency Registration Board, examined by the board and registered on the International Frequency L/sf'shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference." From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The history of broadcasting discusses some debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of World War 11 brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda. Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the mid 1930s. In 1936, the BBC did broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa. Modern insurgents, such as those in the latest Iraq war, often use intimidating telephone calls, SMSs and the distribution of sophisticated videos of an attack on coalition troops within hours of the operation. "The Sunni insurgents even have their own television station, Al-Zawraa. which while banned by the Iraqi government, still broadcasts from Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, even as coalition pressure has forced it to switch satellite hosts several times."VI Internet

The OSI reference modelThe Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol. Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between computers. It is estimated that the 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the landline telephone). By the year 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) Through mobile phones). As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world.The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite. For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logical addressing. For the World Wide Web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99 is derived from www.gooqle.com). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol(UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered or retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use certain ports, network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning priority. Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears in the address bar of your web browser Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such asHTTP (web browsing), PQP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).Voice over Internet Protocol (VolP) allows data packets to be used for synchronous voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice type packets and can be prioritised by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e. file transfer or email) or buffered in advance (i.e. audio and video) without detriment. That prioritisation is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VolP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritisation i.e. a private corporate style network, but the Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VolP calls over a private network and over the public Internet.I.Local area networks and wide area networksDespite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks ("LANs" - computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometers in size) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet will not provide 100% protection of the LAN from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN.There are also independent wide area networks ("WANs" - private computer networks that can and do extend for thousands of kilometers.)Once again, some of their advantages include their privacy, security, and complete ignoring of any potential hackers - who cannot "touch" them. Of course, prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information completely secure and secret.In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the OSI reference model. These included Apple talk, IPX, and NetBIOS with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with MS-DOS users. TCP/IP existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities.As the Internet grew in popularity and a larger percentage of traffic became Internet-related, LANs and WANs gradually moved towards the TCP/IP protocols, and today networks mostly dedicated to TCP/IP traffic are common. The move to TCP/IP was helped by technologies such as DHCP that allowed TCP/IP clients to discover their own network address a function that came standard with the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets.It is at the data-link layer, though, that most modern LANs diverge from the Internet. Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) orMultiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler (e.g. they omit features such as Quality of Service guarantees) and offer collision prevention. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems.Despite the modest popularity of IBM token ring in the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernets. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables (including the common 1OBASE-Tnetworks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibers.1 When optic fibers are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibers and single-mode fibers.Multimode fibers can be thought of as thicker optical fibers that are cheaper to manufacture devices for but that suffers from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation - implying poorer long-distance performance.VII Telecommunications Industry AssociationThe Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop voluntary, consensus-based industry standards for a wide variety of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) products, and currently represents nearly 400 companies. TIA's Standards and Technology Department operates twelve engineering committees, which develop guidelines for private radio equipment, cellular towers, data terminals, satellites, telephone terminal equipment, accessibility, VolP devices, structured cabling, data centers, mobile device communications, multimedia multicast, vehicular telematics, healthcare ICT, machine-to-machine communications, and smart utility networks. Overall, more than 500 active participants, from telecommunications equipment manufacturers, service providers, government agencies, academic institutions, and end-users, are engaged in TIA's standards setting process. To ensure that these standards become incorporated globally, TIA is also engaged in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)a) TIA StandardsThe Telecommunication Industry Association's most widely adopted standards include: TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers TIA-568-C (telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice, video and data networks). TIA-569-B Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces TIA-607-B (Commercial grounding - earthling - standards) TIA-598-C (Fiber optic color coding) TIA-222-G Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas TIA-6Q2-A Data Transmission Systems and Equipment, which standardized the common basic Haves command set. TiA-102 - Land Mobile Communications for Public Safety (APCO/P25)Below are the top choices:

1) i Pad 2 &3Fans of Apple products will swear by the overall simplicity of this deviceand the near-flawless touch response of the Latest iPad. It between Rs 30,000 to Rs 45,000 makina it the top choice of the high end market. The price is mostly justified, given the high-resolution retina display, 4G capability, faster graphics powered by a quad-core graphic processor and access to Apple's vast app store. Just make sure that you look for 3G+ Wifi version of the iPad.

(Note: unlike other Sim enabled tabs, iPad does not support voicecalling)2) Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 P3100This is a 1 GHz Dual Core tablet running the Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich operating system. The Screen size is 7 inches, it comes with a 3 MP primary camera. You can make 2G/3G voices and it's backed by a decent 20 hours of talktime for 3G. It is a decent buy at Rs. 19,300. It is cost effective and generally Samsung Galaxy Tabs have got good reviews, so you cannot go wrong with this one.3)Dell Streak

The Dell Streak is a fairly small tablet at just 5 inches. It is powered by a IGHz processor has a 5MP main camera and runs the Android v2.2 Froyo operating system. Its size makes it a compromise between a tablet and a smartphone, and at a cost of nearly Rs 18;500 currently, it is a good deal for a pocket-sized device that packs in all the key features that you'd expect from a contemporary gadget. The downside though is that it runs on an older version of Android OS. But this can be a combination of a mobile & a Tablet given its size.4) Reliance 3G Tab V9A

This 7-inch 3G-capab!e tablet is based on Android 2,3 Gingerbread and comes with a capacitive touchscreen. The Reliance 3G Tab V9A suitable for video calling, with its 1.4 GHz processor, 3MP camera and 512 MB RAM. Priced at nearly Rs. 14.500. this is a decent deal for consumers who would be content with a branded, low budget tablet. However, one has to note that the Reliance tab comes locked with Reliance network and cannot be used on other networks for voice calling or 3G. Here are various Reliance Tariff plans you can choose from.5)BSNL T-Pad WS704CThis Is 7 inch tablet priced at Rs. 13,200 and Powered by the Android- 2.3 OS, A BSNL 3G SIM card is needed to exploit its 3G capabilities. A decent 1GHz processor powers this low budget tablet, which is supported by 512 MB RAM. There haven't been many takers for BSNL'stablet offerings yet, as it is still in pre-booking stage. We have not had too many reviews of this so you this could probably be one of your options if you are really tight on budgetXI. Terms & Conditions Agreement Of AirtelThis agreement is incorporated into, and forms part of, the Service Agreement.Basic Definitions In this agreement:"we", "us", "our", and "Airtel" mean Airtel Wireless Ltd. and its affiliates."you" and "your" mean an Airtel account holder."Handset" means any phone, device, accessory or other product Airtelsells you or that is active on your account with Airtel."Services" means all services Airtel provides to you or agrees to provideto you.

"Service Agreement" means the Customer Service Agreement betweenyou and Airtel."users" means your employees, representatives and other individualswho use any of the Services on or through your account with Airtel.Airtel's PoliciesYou and your users must comply with all Airtel business policies, practices and procedures ("Policies"), including Airtel's Acceptable Use and Policy Privacy Policy, which are accessible here www.airtelwireless.ca The Policies are subject to change at anytime without notice.UsersYou must cause the users to comply with the Service Agreement (including this agreement, the Policies, and all other documents which form part of the Service Agreement). You will be responsible and liable for their breach of any of the foregoing.Term & Early Termination FeesIf the Service Agreement is for a fixed term, the Service Agreement will remain in effect for that term. For each Handset you terminate prior to the end of that term, or that Airtel terminates prior to the end of that term for cause, you will be charged the lesser of: (a) an early termination fee of $200.00 per Handset or (b) the monthly and other fixed fees you otherwise would have paid to Airtel for the remainder of that term in respect of that Handset. Other fees may apply on termination. Upon completion of the term of the Service Agreement, the Services will continue on a month-to-month basis until such time as you renew or extend your term, or the Service Agreement is terminated pursuant to its terms.Airtel's Right to Suspend Services or terminate Service AgreementAirtel may, without notice, suspend any Service and/or terminate the Service Agreement at any time if you or any of your users: (a) fails to pay any amount owing to Airtel as and when due; (b) harasses or threatens any of Airtel's employees, contractors or representatives; (c) provides false, inaccurate or unverifiable information to Airtel; (d) interferes with any of the Services or Airtel's operations or network; (e) uses (or is suspected to have used) any Services or Handsets in any manner restricted by or inconsistent with the Agreement or applicable jaw; (f) breaches any of the Services Agreement (including any document which forms part of the Services Agreement); (g) becomes insolvent or bankrupt; (h) modifies a Handset from its manufacturer specification or uses a non-authorized Handset on Airtel's network, or if Airtel believes terminating the Services is necessary to protect Airtel interests, any customer's interests or Airtel's network or equipment.Your Right to Terminate Services AgreementYou may terminate the Service Agreement at any time by providing written notice to Airtel at least 5 business days prior to the 24th day of each month to Airtel. Airtel will record termination date Airtel receives that notice. You will be responsible for all charges up to and including that date, including all early termination and other fees, if applicable. If Services are terminated before the end of a monthly invoicing period, you will not receive a credit or refund for any unused Services. You will be responsible for contacting your financial institution to cancel any direct debit or credit card authorizations relating to your account with Airtel.Credit Information and Credit AuditYou must maintain satisfactory credit as required by Airtel. You will provide all information reasonably requested by Airtel, and will complete any credit applications provided by Airtel, for the purpose of investigating your credit from time-to-time. You authorize Airtel to collect, use, disclose and rely upon the credit information you supply, the information in credit applications, any data available from commercial credit reference services, and other information (such as payment history with Airtel and other subsidiaries) to determine whether to provide or continue to provide you with Services. Services offered to you may vary based on current credit/rating or previous history. Airtel may at any time, based on your credit history, withdraw or change Service Agreements, or place restrictions or conditions on the use or availability of Services.Restrictions on Using Services.You and your users must not use any of the Services: (a) in any manner that is illegal, fraudulent, threatening, abusive, defamatory, or obscene; (b) in a way that could cause damage or adversely affect Airtel or any of its, network, property, Services, reputation or customers; (c) to communicate any unsolicited commercial voice mail, text, SMS, or other message, (d) to sell any of the Services to a third party (i.e. make revenue from the Services); (e) to infringe or violate the intellectual property rights or other rights of a third party, (f) to upload or transmit any "virus", "worm", or malicious code; or (g) in any way prohibited by any of the Policies or any other document which forms part of the Service Agreement.Monitoring and Disclosure.Airtel has no obligation to monitor any information or content accessible, transmitted or posted through or to the Services. Airtel may monitor your use of the Services electronically from time to time and disclose to any third party any information necessary to: (a) satisfy any legal, regulatory or other government request; (b) operate or provide the Services; or (c) protect itself, other customers or users in accordance with the Policies. Airtel reserves the right to refuse to transmit or post, or to remove or limit access to, any information or content in whole or in part that violates the Service Agreement or is otherwise deemed objectionable by Airtel in its sole discretion.Handset, Numbers and AccountYou must purchase, install and maintain at your cost the Handsets and all other equipment required for you and your users to access and use the Handsets and Services. You must only use Handsets and equipment that are compatible with the Services.Airtel does not manufacture its Handsets and accessories and therefore provides only a limited 90 day warranty on Handsets and accessories sold through Airtel (the "Covered Products"). Airtel warrants that the Covered Products will operate substantially in accordance with the documentation provided with those products for 90 days from the date of purchase. Airtel's limited warranty covers only material defects in the Covered Products. Any physical or cosmetic damage, any damage to antennas, any damage caused by moisture, and any damage caused by not using or protecting the products as described in the documentation is not covered by this warranty. Only Airtel certified technicians can assess damage; if the Covered Products are opened by anyone else, the above warranty will be void. All warranty claims must be made by returning the defective unit to Airtel within 90 days from the date of purchase. A loaner unit may be made available to you, depending on defect, damage and availability. If Airtel concludes that your product is covered by the warranty, Airtel will repair or replace the product at Airtel's expense. THIS IS YOUR SOLE REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THE ABOVE WARRANTY.Airtel's network & Handsets when programmed correctly will receive wireless text/data transmissions from other carriers, but Airtel is not responsible for those transmissions or the other carriers' services. Airtel may update or change the software, settings, specifications and features of the Handsets from time-to-time, and you will permit Airtel to do so.Except for any legal right you may have to transfer your Airtel phone number to another carrier, you do not and will not have any proprietary, ownership or other right to any phone number, identification number, e-mail address or other identifier Airtel assign to you or your users or your Handsets or your account, and Airtel may change any of the foregoing at any time upon notice to you. You and your users must not alter or tamper with any identification, signaling or transmission component or feature of any Handsets or equipment used in connection with the Services.You are solely responsible for your account with us and for maintaining the security of all of your and your users' account numbers, names and passwords.Network CoverageAirtel does not guarantee uninterrupted radio telecommunication services in any of Airtel's markets. Service may be temporarily limited or refused due to radio network limitations, environmental conditions, force majeure, radio telecommunication network interferences or any other reasons within or outside Airtel's control. Coverage maps are available on Airtel's website. The specific network coverage you receive depends on radio telephone transmissions your Handset sends and receives and Services you have chosen. Airtel's coverage maps provide high level estimates of Airtel's coverage areas when using Services outdoors under optimal conditions. Coverage is not available everywhere. Estimating wireless coverage and signal strength is not an exact science. There are gaps in coverage within Airtel's estimated coverage areas that, along with other factors both within and beyond Airtel's control (e.g., network problems, software, signal strength, your Handset, structures, buildings, weather, geography, topography, etc.), may result in dropped and blocked connections, slower data speeds, or otherwise impact the quality of Service. Services that rely on location information, such as 911 and GPS navigation, depend on your Handset's ability to acquire satellite signals (typically not available indoors) and network coverage.ChangesAirtel may modify, suspend, restrict, or cancel any or all of the Services or take corrective action at anytime without prior notice and for any reason, including installation of required updates to the Service or the Handsets. Airtel may also amend the Service Agreement from time to time, which changes will become effective upon posting to the Airtel website or within your account. To stay up-to-date, please make sure to check the Airtel website regularly or contact us at connect@airtelwireless.ca and we will e-mail you the latest agreement.Fees and BillingYou must pay all charges set out in the Service Agreement and all other agreements between you and Airtel. You are liable for all charges to your account, regardless of who incurred the charges. Certain transactions may also be subject to a charge (for example:, changing phone numbers, handset upgrades, etc.), although you will be provided notice of these types of fees before Airtel completes the requested transaction. Certain services, if available (such as roaming outside of Airtel's coverage area), will be subject to additional charges, terms and conditions.Invoicing provides notice of your monthly charges. It reflects monthly recurring charges (usually invoiced one cycle in advance) and usage/transaction specific charges (usually invoiced on the cycle when they are incurred). Invoice cycles and dates may change from time to time. Your invoice may also include other important notices (for example, changes to this Agreement, to your Service, legal notices, etc.). Your invoice will not include individual call detail.Your Payment and Late FeesPayment is due in full as specified on your invoice. If not otherwise specified in the invoice, payment for the first three months of a term contract must be made in advance. If Airtel does not receive payment in full by the date specified on your invoice, you must also pay simple interest on all overdue amounts at a rate of 18% per year, calculated from the date payment was due until the date all overdue amounts were paid in full. Airtel will also charge you costs associated with paying a collections agency to collect unpaid balances from you, and an administration fee for Airtel to collect unpaid balances. Airtel will charge $35.00 for each non sufficient fund (NSF) cheque or other payment paid by you and denied for any reason by a financial institution. Acceptance of payments (even if marked "paid in full") does not waive Airtel's right to collect all amounts that you owe Airtel. Airtel may restrict your payment method to certified cheque, bank draft, or other similar secure form of payment at any time for good reason. If your account is de-activated, a re-activation fee of the lesser $25.00 per Handset or $95.00 per hour will apply.Disputed ChargesIf you think there has been an error in a charge posted to your credit card or appearing in an invoice, you must notify Airtel within 30 days after the charge has been posted to your credit card, or within 30 days after receiving the invoice. If you fail to do so then the charge will not be adjusted.TaxesYou must pay all federal, provincial and local taxes, fees and other assessments that Airtel is required by law to collect and remit on the Services and Handsets provided to you. These charges may change from time to time without advance notice. If you are claiming any tax exemption, you must provide Airtel with a valid exemption certificate. Tax exemptions generally will not be applied retroactively.Protecting Airtel's Network & ServicesAirtel may take any action to: (1) protect Airtel's network, Airtel's rights and interests, or the rights of others; or (2) optimize or improve the overall use of Airtel's network and Services. Some of these actions may interrupt or prevent legitimate communications and usage.If Your handset is Lost, Stolen or Damaged

You must contact Airtel immediately if your Handset is lost, stolen or damaged. You will remain responsible for all usage charges for lost, stolen or damaged Handsets, until Airtel deactivates those Handsets after receiving written notice (via fax or email) from you that the Handsets were lost, stolen or damaged. Airtel will not waive any early termination fees if you choose to terminate Services as a result of loss, damaged or theft of your Handset. You are responsible for the cost of replacing the Handset should you choose to continue Services under your Agreement.DisclaimerTHE SERVICES, HANDSETS AND ALL INFORMATION AND CONTENT PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH THE FOREGOING (COLLECTIVELY, THE "AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES") ARE PROVIDED BY AIRTEL ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS. AIRTEL MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE OPERATION OF THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK.TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, AIRTEL DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS AND GUARANTEES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED IN CONNECTION WITH THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, INCLUDING REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS AND GUARANTEES OF MERCHANTABILITY, DURABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, AIRTEL DOES NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT THAT:THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WILL BE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS;THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WILL BE SECURE, ERROR-FREE OR UNINTERRUPTED;THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WILL BE AVAILABLE AT ANY SPECIFIC TIME OR IN ANY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION;MESSAGES OR CONTENT WILL BE RECEIVED OR TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES; ANDTHE POSITIONING-DERIVED DATA OBTAINED WHEN USING THE SERVICES WILL BE ACCURATE, PRECISE, OR AVAILABLE.Limited LiabilityNEITHER AIRTEL NOR AIRTEL'S VENDORS, SUPPLIERS OR LICENSORS WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM:ANYTHING DONE OR NOT BY YOU, YOUR USERS OR A THIRD PARTY;PROVIDING OR FAILING TO PROVIDE SERVICES;DEFICIENCIES, ERRORS OR PROBLEMS WITH A HANDSET OR NETWORK COVERAGE (FOR EXAMPLE, DROPPED, BLOCKED, INTERRUPTED CALLS/MESSAGES, ETC.);PHYSICAL INJURIES, DEATH, OR ANY OTHER DAMAGE OR INJURY RESULTING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF ANY OF THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, INCLUDING INJURIES, DEATH OR DAMAGE CAUSED IN TRAFFIC OR OTHER ACCIDENTS, AND INCLUDING ANY HEALTH-RELATED CLAIMS RELATING TO ANY OF THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES;DATA CONTENT OR INFORMATION ACCESSED WHILE USING AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES;AN INTERRUPTION OR FAILURE IN ACCESSING OR ATTEMPTING TO ACCESS EMERGENCY SERVICES FROM A HANDSET, INCLUDING THROUGH 911;INTERRUPTED, FAILED, OR INACCURATE LOCATION INFORMATION SERVICES,INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION THAT IS BLOCKED BY A SPAM FILTER, ORFORCE MAJEURE (I.E., OCCURRENCES BEYOND AIRTEL'S CONTROL, SUCH WEATHER-RELATED PHENOMENA, FIRE, EARTHQUAKE, HURRICANE, RIOT, STRIKE, WAR, TERRORISM OR GOVERNMENT ORDERS OR ACTS, ETC.).UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WILL AIRTEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, OR SPECIAL DAMAGES, OR DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF EARNINGS, LOSS OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES OR OTHER LOSS OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OR THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING THOSE ARISING FROM MISTAKES, ERRORS, DELAYS, INTERRUPTIONS OR OMISSIONS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL OR MESSAGES, WHETHER NEGLIGENT OR OTHERWISE, WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE GIVE RISE TO CAUSE OF ACTION IN CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER DOCTRINE IN LAW OR EQUITY.NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING ELSE IN THIS AGREEMENT, AIRTEL'S TOTAL LIABILITY TO YOU UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE AIRTEL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WILL BE LIMITED TO THE FEES YOU PAID TO AIRTEL (DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY THROUGH A DISTRIBUTOR) FOR THE SERVICES IN THE 6 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE FIRST EVENT GIVING RISE TO THE LIABILITY.Indemnification :You will indemnify, defend and hold Airtel harmless from any claims arising out of your actions, including, but not limited to, failing to provide appropriate notices regarding location-sensitive services, failure to safeguard your passwords or other account information, or violating the Service Agreement or any applicable law or regulation of the rights of any third party.Providing Notice to Each Other Under the AgreementExcept as the Agreement specifically provides otherwise, you must provide Airtel notice by either calling or writing Airtel. Airtel will provide you notice in your invoice, correspondence to your last known billing address, to any fax number or e-mail address you have provided Airtel, by calling you on your home phone or Handset.To Contact AirtelBy Telephone: (403) 257-7100By Fax: (403) 257-7101e-mail: connect@airtelwireless.caIn Person: #111, 3851 Manchester Road S.E. Calgary, ABBy Mail: #111, 3851 Manchester Road S.E. Calgary, AB T2G 3Z8Law and Dispute ResolutionThe Service Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws in effect in Alberta. All disputes arising out of or in connection with the Service Agreement will be referred to and exclusively resolved with finality by arbitration administered by the Alberta courts in Calgary, provided however that a party may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction for interim protection or equitable relief such as an interlocutory or interim injunction.SeverabilityThe invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision of the Service Agreement will not affect any other term or provision of the Service Agreement; the remaining terms and provisions will continue in full force and effect. The parties will negotiate in good faith to agree to a substitute term that will be as close as possible to the intention of any invalid or unenforceable term while being valid and enforceable.Assignment and SublicensingYou may not assign or sublicense this agreement or any of your rights under the Service Agreement or the Services without Airtel's prior written consent, which may be withheld without cause.EnurementThe Service Agreement will enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties and their lawful successors and permitted assigns.XII. Top 10 Indian Telecom Companies Source silicon newsBharti AirtelOwnership : Privately-held by Sunil Bharti Mittal Date of Establishment: 7th July 1995 Market Share : 19.50 percentBrief Description: Airtel is the largest telecom service provider in India and operates in 20 countries across south Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands and provides 2G, 3G and 4G services. Ranking third mobile telecommunications company in the world, it has nearly 261 million subscribers out of which 200 million are in India. The biggest mobile telephony provider, it is known as being the first mobile phone company in the world to outsource ail its business operations except marketing. It is the first telecom service provider to achieve a Cisco Gold certification. Among the countries where Airtel marks its presence, some are, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia etc. Airtel collaborated with RIM and launched its Blackberry services in October 2004. According to the annual survey conducted by brand Finance, it is the sixth most valuable brand.Reliance CommunicationsOwnership : Privately-held by Reliance Group Date of Establishment: 2004Market Share : 16.70 percentBrief Description: Reliance Communications is a subsidiary of Reliance Anil DhirubhaiAmbani Group and provides telecom services across the country. Headquartered in Navi Mumbai, it ranks 16th on the global platform in terms of mobile operations and provides 2G and 3G services in the country. RCOM also provides National Long Distance and International Long Distance operations. Its customer base touches 150 million. It ranks among the top 5 telecom companies worldwide in terms of number of customers and its clientele is not limited to the individual customers but expands to corporate as well. It has services spanning all across the country and Reliance can be credited for bringing the telecom revolution in the country with its unbeatable pricing during times when mobile phones was a luxury for the business class people. It is the only operator which provides spped up to 28 Mbit/sec with its 3G MIMO technology.VodafoneOwnership : Privately-held by Vodafone groupDate of Establishment: 1994Market Share: 16.40 percentBrief Description: Vodafone India, previously known as Vodafone Essar and Hutchinson Essar is one of the well renowned telecom service providers in India headquartered in Mumbai. In 2011, Vodafone Group agreed to buy the share of its partner Essar from the Indian mobile phone business. Vodafone paid $5.46 billion to take 33% stake in the Indian subsidiary. It left Vodafone with 74% of the Indian business, while the other 26% is owned by Indian investors. The company is valued to be $18.8 billion. The transaction took its final shape in 2007. Vodafone offers both prepaid and postpaid GSM cellular phone coverage throughout India with good presence in the metropolitan cities. It launched 3G services in the country in the January-March quarter of 2011 and has plans to spend up to $500 million within the next two years on its 3G networks.Idea CellularOwnership : Privately-held by Aditya Birla group and others.Date of Establishment: 1995Market Share : 11.90 percent

Brief Description: Idea Cellular is an Indian telecom service provider headquartered in Mumbai. Previously ran by Tata Cellular, it was bought by Birla-AT&T in 2000. This merger of Birla-Tata-AT&T was popularly known as Batata and was rebranded as IDEA. However, in the subsequent years, AT&T and Tata sold their stake in Idea and it became an entity of Aditya Birla group. The three companies held an equal stake in the company before AT&T decided to sell its stake. Both Tata and Birla bought AT&T's stake with 16.45 percent each. Tata was still holding Idea when the company filed for a license to operate in Mumbai. For this reason, Idea could enter late in Mumbai after the intervention of the Department of Telecom. Tata left Idea but only for a major sum of money cmounting to ? 44 billion. Currently, Birla's hold 49.05 percent shares in Idea and the remaining is held by Axiata Group and Providence equityBSNLOwnership : Publically-held by Government of IndiaDate of Establishment: Incorporated on 15th September 2000Market Share : 10.8O percentBrief Description: BSNL or Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a publically held telecom service provider in India. With its headquarters in New Delhi, it is the largest provider of fixed-line services and subsequently provides broadband services across the nation. Before the liberalization of Indian economy BSNL held the monopoly across the country except for Delhi and Mumbai which were covered by MTNL. It is India's oldest communication service provider and enjoys a customer base of 95 million throughout India. Among the services that BSNL provides, some are, Universal Telecom Serives, Cellular Mobile Telephone Services, WLL-CDMA Telephone services, Internet, Intelligent Network, 3G, IPTV, FTTH, Helpdesk, WolP, WiMax. BSNL has 24 telecom circles, 2 metro districts, 6 project circles, 4 maintenance regions, 5 telecom factories, 3 training institutions and 4 specialized telecom units.TATA TeleservicesOwnership : Privately-held by the TATA Group Date of Establishment: January 2005 Market Share : 9.20 percent

Brief Description: Tata Teleservices limited is a subsidiary of renowned Tata group and is headquartered in Mumbai. It provides broadband and telecommunications services across the country and operates under the name of Tata Docomo in various telecom circles across India. The Japanese telecom giant NTT Docomo bought 26 percent stake in Tata Teleservices in November 2008 paying a sum of nearly f 13,070 Crores. Previously in February 2008, Tata Teleservices limited announced its plan to launch a youth oriented CDMA service in association with Virgin Group. Currently, Tata Teleservices functions under the following brand names: Tata docomo, Virgin Mobile and T24 Mobile. It enjoys a subscriber base of more than 5 billion in Delhi alone and is provides tariff plans in both Post-paid and Pre-paid category. Its retail business has 3000 outlets across the country. It also became the first private sector telecom operator to launch 3G service in the country.AircelOwnership : Privately-held by Maxis Communications and SindyaSecurities & Investments.Date of Establishment: 1999Market Share : 6.90 percentBrief Description: Aircel is an Indian telecom service provider jointely held by the Maxis Communications and Sindya Securities & Investments Private Limited. The Malaysian-based Maxis Communications hold a majority stake of 74 percent in the company. The current share-holders of Sindya Securities & Investments are the Reddy family that is famed for its Apollo Hospitals Group of India. Headquartered in Chennai, it is one of the leading telecom service providers in Tamil Nadu, North East, Assam and Chennai. With a subscriber base of nearly 51.83 million, it is ranked seventh among the Indian mobile service providers (GSM & CDMA) and fifth among the GSM mobile service providers. The company has also obtained permission from the Department of Telecom (DoT) for providing International Long Distance and National Long Distance telephony services.UninorOwnership : Privately-held by Unitech Group and Telenor GroupDate of Establishment: 3rd December 2009Market Share : 4.2 percentBrief Description: Uninor is an Indian telecom service provider that is jointly held by two companies: a Norway-based telecommunication company Telenor and an Indian real-estate company Unitech. Telenor holds a major stake of 67.25 percent in the company. Uninor is headquartered in Gurgaon (NCR Delhi) and provides its services in all of India's 22 telecom circles. It offers voice and a data service based on the GSM technology and is commercially available in the 13 circles across India. Its major target is the youth and is a pioneer in charging as per day time and geographic location. During its launch, Uninor was available in 8 circles and 6 other circles were added in the initial six months. It follows a lean operational model and its network infrastructure is outsourced to its business partners. It is targeting 8 percent market share in the coming years.VideoconOwnership : Privately held by Videocon Group Date of Establishment: 7th April 2010 Market Share : 0.78 percentBrief Description: Videocon Telecommunications Limited is a Videocon group company owned by VenugopalDhoot. It is headquartered in Gurgaon (NCR Delhi). Launched in April 2010, Videocon Telecommunications Limited provides GSM services in almost all parts of India including Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Mumbai, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh among others under the brand name of Videocon. The Videocon group, an Indian Multinational company, is a global business conglomerate that has its roots spread in diverse markets and generates revenues worth $4 billion annually. The group has several manufacturing facilities and R&D departments spread all across the globe including American, Europe and Australia. Videocon has one of the strongest distribution networks in the country and enjoys a well-established reputation in the global market. The group is also involved in the manufacturing of mobile handsets under the same brand name.MTNLOwnership : Publically-held by Government of IndiaDate of Establishment: 1st April 1986Market Share : 0.6 percent

Brief Description: MTNL or Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited is a publically-held telecom service provider which operates only in metro cities; Mumbai and Delhi and the island nation of Mauritius (Africa). Before the liberalization of the Indian economy, MTNL held a monopoly in the cities of Delhi and Mumbai which it lost after the market was opened for other service providers. The Indian government currently holds a 56.25 percent stake in the company that has a motto "Transparency Makes Us Different". Though, MTNL's inability to stand the stiff competition it faced from other major telecom providers later has reduced its market share to minimal decimals.XIII. Tie ups with companies2006-Nokia and Reliance Communications Ltd have joined hands to market the Nokia 1255 mobile handset in India at a price of Rs 1,999.-Reliance Comm forays into video conferencing2007- Reliance Communications rolled out a range of mobile handsets priced at between Rs 777 and Rs 888, shaving by half to one-third the existing entry level mobility costs in the country.- Reliance Communications Ltd has informed that the Board of Directors of the Company at its meeting held on July 17, 2007, has appointed Shri. A K Purwar, former Chairman of State Bank of India, as an Additional Director of the Company with effect from July 17, 2007.- RCoM acquires Yipes for $300mn.-Reliance Communications Ltd has launched "Money Transfer" through mobile phones across the country through it's tie-up with ICICI Bank.-Microsoft Corp and Reliance Communications (RCom) announced their joint foray into Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) or simply put television on internet instead of the traditional route.-2008-The US-French telecom equipment supplier Alcatel-Lucent and Reliance Communications announced on May 12, a joint venture to provide network services to telecommunications operators.2009- Telecom operator Etisalat DB, formerly known as Swan Telecom, will be outsourcing its telecom infrastructure requirements to the Anil Ambani Group company Reliance Communications as part of a Rs 10,000-crore deal spread over the next 10 years.- Reliance Communications announced its partnership with Microsoft for offering Windows Mobile solutions on its wireless networks where according to the agreement, Microsoft is said to offer Windows Mobile solutions to RCom customers, including push email support, chat, photo-sharing, content back-up and other applications.- Reliance Communications on Nov 27 introduced one paise per SMS for both GSM and CDMA customers, triggering a war of tariffs on data services from voice calls.2010- Reliance Communications has entered into a pact with Polycom Inc, the global leader in tele-presence, video and voice solutions, in order to introduce world's first wireless, high-resolution video conferencing service.- Reliance Communications (RCom) has inked an alliance with GetJar. Under the alliance, GetJar will offer Reliance Communications its extensive catalogue of over 65,000 free mobile applications.- Reliance Communications, today announced an unlimited internet access plans called -Mobile Net Plan, under which, the subscribers of both post paid as well as pre paid can access unlimited mobile internet at Rs 99 per month.SURVEY ANALYSISThis helps us understand the current scenario of the Indian telecom industry the Survey shows us that more than 50% of the people have given us a feedback with a more than average rating showing that they are happy with the service.

The survey shows us that out of the most players in the Indian telecom market Vodafone is the market leader with more than 80% people preferring Vodafone over other service providers.

The survey shows us that more than 66% of the people are satisfactory with the wireless service coverage this shows that all providers have to concentrate on service coverage to be a leader in the Indian market.

The result shows us that around 50% of the people are happy with the ease of use of service giving it a rating of 8 out of 10.

The survey reported that more than 70% of the people were unhappy with the call quality and needed improvement on the same

This tells us that the service providers have to concentrate on their quality a lot more than they are doing right now.

The survey showed us that people were not happy with the billing procedure and they had to improve on the schemes the companies offered.

More than 60% of the people are happy with the telemarketing services offered to them giving us a answer that telecommunication sector is a strong contender in the marketing business.

The survey reported that more than 65% of the people have not read the contract at all and only about 13% actually read the complete contract

This helps us understand the Indian buying behavior and insights us that more ways have to be adopted to make the consumer aware of such details.

The loyalty of the customers was shown in the survey with more than 70% of the people willing to stick to their service provider and not being provocated by any means to switch providers

With more than 80% of the people happy with the after sales service. The survey reports that companies are doing very well with reference to the after sales service provided to the customers.ConclusionIndia is huge market and none of service providers can dare to ignore its potential. Thats why Indian mobile service provider industry is growing leap and bounce for the last decade. This journey of 1 million to 50 million will keep it pace until each citizen in India will have his own mobile. Industry has many phases in its growth. Now mobile doesnt mean only a medium of communication. Services providers are now willing to provide varies facilities like entertainment (music, video etc.) and even banking also. We can say that business is transforming in e-commerce to m-commerce (mobile-commerce). In short we can say drastic change has came in the industry along with expanding its base in subscribers, they are keeping eye not only to offer new facilities but also to be the first to provide it.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books: Marketing Management Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller.

Websites: http://www.vodafone.com/start/media_relations/news/local_press_releases/portugal/portugal_press_release/vodafone_had_highest.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_satisfaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutch_(Indian_cellular_company)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone

http://bora.nhh.no/bitstream/2330/1919/1/Saplitsa%202008.pdf

www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?contentId=606658

www.iimcal.ac.in/community/consclub/reports/

telecom.pdf

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