Grammar book [2]
Transcript of Grammar book [2]
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Carlos Reeve, 6th Sp.2H
Grammar Book [2]
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3. Imperfect4. Trigger Words5-8. Preterite
- Regular, Car/Gar/Zar- Snake/Snakey- Cucaracha- Spock
9. Modal Verbs10. Adverbs11. Irregular Adverbs12. Progressive
- Present- Past
13. Future- Regular- Irregular
14. Superlatives15. Formal Commands16. Prepositions17. Conditional18. Demonstratives
Table of Contents
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Uses: Ongoing action [Was/Were] Repeated action [Used to] No definite beginning or end Time/Date/Age/Feelings/Description Interrupted Activity [Cuando]
Imperfect
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Trigger words are used to show the beginning of an imperfect sentence.
Generalmente = GenerallyFrecuentement = FrequentlySiempre = AlwaysA veces = SometimesA menudo = OftenMientras = AsDe vez en cuando = Occasionally Muchas veces = OftenLos Lunes = On MondaysCada día = DailyTodos los días = Everyday
Trigger Words
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Preterite indicates past.ArEr/Ir É í Aste iste Ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron
Preterite of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar (Only changes in “yo” form)
Ex: Sacar = Yo saqué Pagar = Yo Pagué Empezar = Yo empecé
Preterite (Regular and Car, Gar, Zar)
Car yo qu
éGar yo gu
éZar yo cé
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Snake SnakeyStem Changers Y Changers
Dormir: Leer:Dormí LeíDormimos LeimosDormiste LeisteDurmió LeyóDumieron Leyeron
Changes in 3rd Person for Snakey*.To write 3rd person preterite of er/ir verbs with stems
ending in vowel, change “I” to “Y”.All of these preterite forms require an accent except for
ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
Preterite (Snake/Snakey)
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Andar Anduv-EstarEstuv-Poder Pud-Poner Pus-Quere Quis-Saber Sup-Tener Tuv-VenirVin-
Conducir Conduj-Producir Produj-Traducir Traduj-
DecirDij-Traer Traj-
Preterite (Cucaracha)E
Iste
O
Imos
Isteis
Ieron
Take off the “I”
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This is the preterite irregulars for dar, ver, ir, ser, and hacer.
Preterite (Spock)
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Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an infinitive to get a new meaning.
Ir + a + infinitive [Going to do something]Poder + infinitive [Are able to do something]Querer + infinitive [Want to do something]Deber + infinitive [Should do something]Tener que + infitive [To have to do something]Soler + infinitive [To be accustomed to]Necesitar + infinitive [Need to do something]
Modal Verbs
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Add “mente” to the end of the adjective, change to feminine form.
Adjective Feminine Form AdverbClaro Clara
ClaramenteDificil Dificil
DificilmentePerfecto Perfecta
Perfectamente
Los Adverbios
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Mucho [A lot]Mal [Bad]Ya [Already]Siempre [Always]Peor [Worse]Poco [Little]Bastante [Quite/Enough]Muy [Very]Tan [So]
Irregular Adverbios
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Present PastAr = Ando Just change
“estar”Er/Ir = Iendo - EstabaYendo - Estabas
- EstabaEx: - EstabamosHablando - EstabanComiendoLeyendo
Progressive Tense
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Will do something.These are irregulars:For non-irregulars, use endings on right:
Decir dir- - áHacer har-Ponerpondr- - ásSalir saldr-Tenertendr- Infinitive + - áValer vendr-Poderpodr- - émosQuerer querr-Sabersabr- - án
Future
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Used when saying something has the “most” or least” of something, such as an adjective.
Más + Adjective[The most]
Menos + Adjective[The least…]
Ex: Carlos es el más alto. = Carlos is the tallest.Tito es la menos alto. = Tito is the shortest.
Superlatives
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Put in the “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel.Same for regular and negative.
Ar = EEr/Ir = A
TengaVengaDé, DigaVayaSeaHagaEstéSaga
Formal Commands
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Abajo = DownArriba = TopDebajo de = BelowDentro de = WithinEncima de = On top ofFuere de = Outside Izquierda = LeftDerecha = RightDelante = In front ofDetras = BehindEntre = BetweenCerca = NearLejos = Far
Prepositions
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Conditional is used to show future actions that were spoken about in the past.
Would, should, or could have.
Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais Ían
Ex: Yo siempre dije que yo ayudaría mis amigos.I always said that I would help my friends.
Conditional
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If the first “e” in any demonstrative has an accent mark, then it is a pronoun.
All demonstratives agree in gender and number of the noun being modified.
If it ends in “E” it is neuter.
Demonstratives