Spanish 2 grammar book
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Transcript of Spanish 2 grammar book
![Page 1: Spanish 2 grammar book](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062312/555d322ed8b42a766e8b4a10/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Spanish 2 Grammar BookCatalina VivlamoreSpanish 2H period 2
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Contents1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs Like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. Preterite Tense6. Trigger Words7. -Car, -Gar, -Zar8. Spock Verbs9. Cucaracha Verbs
10. Snakes y Snakeys11. DOPS12. IOPS13. Commands14. Irregular Commands15. Se Impersonal
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Contents– Part 2
16.Past Participles as Adjectives17.El Futuro18.Imperfect Tense/Trigger Words19.Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns20.Informal Commands21.Modal Verbs22.Reflexive Pronouns/Reflexive Verbs23.Saber vs. Conocer
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Ser• “Permanent” form of “To Be” (Compare
ESTAR)• A good way to remember is DOCTOR PED:•D: Descriptions (¿Qué es?)•O: Origin (de) (¿De dónde es?)•C: Characteristics (¿Como es?)•T: Time ¿(Qué hora es?)•O: Occupation (¿Qué hace?)•R: Relationships (¿Quién es?)•P: Possession (de) (¿De quién es?)•E: Events (¿Cuando/Dónde es?)•D: Dates (¿Qué día es hoy/Cual es la fecha de
hoy?)
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Ejemplos y Tabla• Es un calendario.• Soy de Costa Rica.• Tú eres rubio.• Son las seis y media.• La mujer es abogada.• Son mis hermanas.• Esto es el dinero de Pepe.• La fiesta es jueves.• Mi cumpleaños es
miércoles. La fecha es el veintiséis de enero dos mil once.
Soy Somos
Eres Sois (solo en España)
Es Son
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Estar•“Temporary” form of “To Be” (Compare SER)•A good way to remember is HELPING:•H: Health (Cómo estás)•E: Emotions (Cómo estás)•L: Location (en) (Dónde estás)•P: Present Condition (Cómo Está)• I:•N:•G:
Gerunds:-ar-> -ando-er/ir -> -iendo o –yendo(Qué estás haciendo?)
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Ejemplos y Tabla
•Está bien hoy.•Estoy nerviosa.•Estamos en la
cocina.•El cielo está
nublado.•Estás ayudando.•Estoy
escribiendo.•Están leyendo.
Estoy Estamos
Estás Estáis(solo en España)
Está Están
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Verbs Like Gustar• Gustar: To be pleasing to/To like• Fascinar: To fascinate• Molestar: To bother• Encantar: To love/be enchanted by• Faltar: To lack/be in need of• Importar: To be important to• Disgustar: To not be pleasing to/To dislike• Aburrir: To bore• Indirect object pronouns are necessary! (Me,
nos, te, os, le, les)• The IOPS always come before the verb!
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Ejemplos
•Dancing is pleasing to me; I like dancing: Me gusta bailar.
•David dislikes apples; Apples are not pleasing to David: A David le disgustan manzanas.
•He bothers you. Él le molesta.
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Hacer Expressions
•Hacer expressions tell how long ago something happened.
•At this level, be more concerned with the present tense expression.
Present Tense
•“Since”•“For”
Preterite Tense
•“Ago”
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Ejemplos
•Present Tense: “I have lived in Spain for two years.”• Hace dos años que vivo en España.
•Present Tense: “It has been an hour since I took the test.”• Hace una hora que tomo el examen.
•Past Tense: “I lived in Spain two years ago.” Hace dos años que viví en España.
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Preterite Tense
• Regular -ar Verbs: • Regular –er/-ir Verbs
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
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Ejemplos• I slept. • Dormí.
• You wrote. • Escribiste.
• We ate. • Comimos.
• He spoke. • Él habló.
• They learned.• Aprendieron.
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Preterite Trigger Words• These words signal an
upcoming preterite tense verb:
• Ayer (yesterday)• Anteayer (day before
yesterday)• A las *ocho* (at *eight*
o’clock)• El *miércoles* (on
*Wednesday*)• El día anterior (the day
before)• El *lunes* pasado (last
*Monday*)• El *fin de semana* (last
*weekend*)• Ayer por la mañana
(yesterday morning)
• El otro día (the other day)• Una vez (one time/once)• Esta *tarde* (this
afternoon)• Entonces (then)• Desde el primer momento
(from the first moment)• Durante *dos siglos*
(during *two centuries*)• En ese momento (in that
moment/then)• Hace *dos días* que (*two
days* ago)▫ See “Hacer
Expressions.”
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-Car, -Gar, -Zar
•The first group of irregular preterite verbs.
•It only changes in the first person tense.•This group pertains to verbs ending in –
car, -gar, or –zar.Verbs ending in -Car
•-qué
Verbs ending in –Gar
•-gué
Verbs ending in –Zar
•-cé
Examples:
Infinitive: Conjugation:
Tocar Toqué
Jugar Jugué
Comenzar Comencé
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Spock Verbs•Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer.•Another grouping of irregular preterite
verbs.
Hacer
Ir/ser
Dar/ver
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Tablas
Ir/Ser
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteis
Fue Fueron
Dar/Ver
(d/v)i (d/v) imos
(d/v)iste (d/v)isteis
(d/v)io (d/v)ieron
Hacer
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste Hicisteis
Hizo Hicieron
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Cucaracha Verbs
•A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs.
•A way to remember their conjugations is to sing them to the tune of “La Cucaracha.”
•For the verbs “conducir,” “producir,” and “traducir,” drop the “i” in –ieron in the third person plural tense.
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Tabla y EjemplosAndar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Querer Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron •“I walked.” • Anduve.
• “You could.”• Pudiste.
•“She knew.”• Ella supo.
•“We had.”• Tuvimos.
•“You all brought.”• Trajisteis.
•“They translated.”• Produjeron.
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Snakes and Snakeys
•The last groupings of irregular preterite verbs.
•In the “snakes” group, there is a stem change in the third person.
•In the “snakeys” group, the “i” changes to a “y” in the third person. These verbs usually have double vowels in infinitive form.
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Tablas
Dormí Dormimos
Dormiste Dormisteis
Durmió Durmieron
Snakes:
Pedí Pedimos
Pediste Pedisteis
Pidió Pidieron
Dormir Pedir
Snakeys:
Leí Leímos
Leíste Leísteis
Leyó Leyeron
Leer
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DOPS (Direct Object Pronouns)• DOPS tell what receives the action of the verbs.• In only 3 instances can a DOP hook onto the end of
the verb: • The verb is an infinitive.• The verb is an affirmative command.• The verb is a gerund or a present progressive verb.
• If the DOP can hook onto the end of the verb, an accent mark must be added to the syllable of the verb that will retain the original sound of the original verb.
• A DOP can NEVER hook onto a negative command, a conjugated present tense verb, or a conjugated preterite tense verb!
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Tabla y Ejemplos•“I am going to eat
it.”▫Voy a comerlo.
•“Say it!” ¡Háblalo!
•We are drinking it. Estamos
bebiéndolo.•They saw it.
▫Lo vieron.
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
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IOPS (Indirect Object Pronouns)
•Tells “for whom” or “for what.”•There must be a DOP for there to be an
IOP!•An IOP and a DOP cannot both begin with
an “l,” so the IOP “le” ends up with the DOPS “lo” or “la,” change the “le” to “se.”
•The IOP always comes before the DOP.•The same rules as the DOP apply to the
IOP for attaching them to the end of a verb.
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Tabla y Ejemplos•“I gave it to her.”
Se lo di.•“Give it to me!”
¡Démelo!•“They gave it to
you.”▫Te lo dieron.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
* There is no feminine -distinguishing IOP for the third person tense.
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Regular Commands
•Put the verb in “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel.
•Do this for both affirmative and negative commands.
•Add the “n” at the end for a plural command.
-ar •-e
-er/-ir •-a
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Ejemplos
•“Speak!”• ¡Hable!
•“Dance!”• ¡Baile!
•“Dogs, don’t speak!”• Perros, ¡No hablen!
•“Don’t dance!”• ¡No baile!
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Irregular Commands• A mnemonic device is “TVDISHES.”T: Tener- Tenga/TenganV: Venir- Venga/VenganD: Dar- Dé/DenI: Ir- Vaya/VayanS: Saber- Sepa/SepanH: Hacer- Haga/HaganE: Estar- Esté/Estén S: Ser- Sea/Sean• “Ver” is also irregular, and it conjugates to “vea”
and “vean.”
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Ejemplos
•“Do your homework!•¡Haga tu tarea!•“Be happy!”•¡Esté feliz!•“Know this for the test!”•¡Sepa esto para el examen!•“You two, don’t go there!”•¡No vayan allí!
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Se Impersonal
• Use “Se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
• When using “se,” the verb is always in the third person.
• “Se” can be used in all tenses.• Ejemplos:
▫Se vende fruta en la frutería.▫Aquí se habla español.
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Past Participles as Adjectives
•Past participles as adjectives take a verb and turn it into an adjective
•-AR verb endings change to –ADO•-ER verb endings change to –IDO•Concordance in gender and number is
mandatory!EX: Singular Plural
Masculine El pollo comido Los pollos comidos
Feminine La manzana comida
Las manzanas comidas
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Irregular Past Participles as Adjectives
•Abrir: Abierto•Cubrir: Cubierto•Decir: Dicho•Escribir: Escrito•Hacer: Hecho•Morir: Muerto
•Poner: Puesto•Resolver: Resuelto•Romper: Roto•Ver: Visto•Volver: Vuelto•Ir: Ido
La puerta abiertaEl gato muertoLas historias escritasLos vidrios rotos
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El Futuro
•I, you, he, she, we, they WILL•No conjugation is needed! Just stick the
ending onto the infinitive!•No matter the verb ending, all
conjugations are the same!-é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án
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El Futuro Irregulars y Ejemplos• Decir: Dir-• Hacer: Har-• Poner: Pondr-• Salir: Saldr-• Tener: Tendr-• Valer: Valdr-• Venir: Vendr• Poder: Podr-• Querer: Querr-• Saber: Sabr-• Caber: Cabr-• Haber: Habr-
• I will go to the store.• Iré a la tienda.
•She will buy a necklace. • Comprará un collar.• We will have our own
cars.• Tendremos nuestros
propio autos.• You will want a gift.• Querrás un regalo.
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Imperfect Tense
•Used to describe past activities in a different way, it is an IMPERFECTED ACTION in the past. There is no definite beginning or ending.
•It is like a movie; preterite tense is like a photo.-aba -abamos
-abas -abais
-aba -aban
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían
-AR Verbs -ER/IR Verbs
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Imperfect Tense Irregulars
•There are only 3 irregulars, and never any stem changes
Iba Íbamos
Ibas Ibais
Iba Iban
Era Éramos
Eras Erais
Era Eran
Veía Veíamos
Veías Veías
Veía Veían
Ir
Ver
Ser
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Imperfect Trigger Words
•Todos los dias•Mientras•Los lunes, martes
(etc.)•Siempre•Muchas veces•Cada
dia/mes/noche/año
• Imperfect tense is used for:
1. Habitual/repeated actions
2. Events/actions that were in progress
3. Physical characteristics4. Mental/emotional states5. Time-telling6. Age
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Demonstrative Adjectives• This: Este• That: Ese• That one over there: Aquel
Este/This
Singular Plural
Masculine
Este Estos
Feminine Esta Estas
Aquel Singular Plural
Masculine Aquel Aquellos
Feminine Aquella AquellasEse/That
Singular Plural
Masculine
Ese Esos
Feminine Esa Esas
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Demonstrative Pronouns
•Same as adjectives, but can be used alone
Este/This
Singular Plural
Masculine
Este Estos
Feminine Esta Estas
Ese/That
Singular Plural
Masculine
Ese Esos
Feminine Esa Esas
Aquel Singular Plural
Masculine Aquel Aquellos
Feminine Aquella Aquellas
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Informal Commands
•For positive tú commands, simply drop the “s” of the tú form!
•For negatives, put in yo, change the vowel, and add an “s.”
•Irregular positives: Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
•Irregular negatives: digas, hagas, vayas, pongas, salgas, seas, tengas, vengas
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Ejemplos
•Write!▫¡Escribe!
•Don’t write!▫¡No escribas!
•Be nice!▫¡Sé simpático!
•Don’t be mean!▫¡No seas antipático!
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Modal Verbs
•Used to help verbs change their meaning•They pair up with infinitives•Only conjugate the modal verb•Ir+a+infinitive= to be going to do
something•Poder+infinitive= to be able to do
something•Querer+infinitive= to want to do
something•Deber+infinitive= to should do something•Tener+que+infinitive= to have to do
something
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Reflexive Verbs• Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject• If a verb acts on something other than the subject,
use non-reflexive verb form• If verb acts on subject, use reflexive verb form• Acostarse (oue)• Afeitarse• Bañarse• Cepillarse• Ducharse• Llamarse• Ponerse• Vestirse (ei)
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
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Saber vs. Conocer• Saber is used to express knowledge of
information.▫ I know the capital of Spain.
Sé el capital de España.• Conocer is used to express knowledge of a
person.▫She knows my mother.
Sabe mi madre.• They are both irregular yo verbs, so saber
changes to sé in yo, and conocer changes to conozco in yo form.