GovEnergy: The Energy-Water Nexus

The Energy-Water Nexus and its Impact on Meeting E.O. 13514

GoalsDiana Pape, ICF International

August 9, 2011

Linkage Between Water and Energy

Potential Energy Savings and GHG Savings Associated with Water Efficiency Initiatives

Energy Intensity of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment

Current Executive Agency Water Efficiency Initiatives

Potential Energy Savings and GHG Reductions Associated with Water Efficiency Initiatives

Illustrative Example of Energy Savings by Replacing Appliances

Agenda

2

Linkage Between Water and Energy

3

4

DOE

Wastewater Treatment

Water Distribution

Wastewater Discharge

End-Use

Water Supply & Conveyance

Wastewater

Collection

Water Source

Gleick 1993

- 200 400 600 800

1,000 1,200

317 687

291 687 845 1,057

5

Energy Supply Requires WaterConsumptive Water Use

(Gallons per Thousands of kWh)

Water Supply and Treatment Requires Energy

California Energy Commission 2005

6

0 - 14,000100 - 16,000 700 - 1,200

700 - 1,200

1,100 – 4,6000 – 400

California’s Total Range2,000 - 20,000 kWh/MG

All Values in kWh/MG

7

RiverNetworks 2009

13%Of Nation’s electricity consumption is used forTreatment

DistributionHeating

CollectionWastewater Treatment

Discharge

8

Potential Energy Savings and GHG Savings Associated with Water Efficiency Initiatives

ENERGY STAR Products

9

ENERGY STAR 2011

PotentialENERGY

STARSavings

Water Savings (Gallons)

Energy Savings

(kWh)

Greenhouse Gas

Savings (lbs. CO2)

Commercia

l Dishwashe

r

0.5 Gallons/Cycle 255 2,845 3,801

ResidentialDishwashe

r

2 Gallons/Cycle 520 91 122

Annual Savings per ENERGY STAR Appliance in an Office Environment

Assumes one cycle per day for residential dishwashers. Assumes commercial dishwashers clean two racks per day. A Federal office is open for 260 days a year. Energy and GHG savings come from water

pumping, treatment, heating, and wastewater management.

WaterSense℠ Products

10

WaterSense 2011

Potential WaterSens

eSavings

Water Savings (Gallons)

Energy Savings

(kWh)

Greenhouse Gas

Savings (lbs. CO2)

Toilets 2.2 GPF 25,530 77 102

Urinals 0.5 GPF 5,750 17 23

Faucets 0.6 GPM 1,725 227 304

Showers 0.5 GPM 1,150 152 203

Spray Valves* 1.1 GPM 5,482 723 967

Annual Savings per WaterSense℠ Appliance in an Office Environment

Assumes 50 flushes per day, per toilet and urinal in an office environment. A faucet is used for 12.5 minutes per day. Showers run for 50 minutes per day. *Spray valves values come from assumptions from a Notice of Intent and are

based upon 50 dishes a day. Energy and GHG savings come from water pumping, treatment, heating, and wastewater management.

WaterSense℠ Toilets

11

WaterSense 2011

Enough water to fill 3 swimming pools

Replacing a single traditional toilet with a WaterSense℠ (1.28 GPF) toilet would save 25,500 gallons per year

=

Annual Greenhouse Gas Savings By Scope

ENERGY STAR 2011, WaterSense 2011

12

Appliance Heating & Operational Energy

Water Supply & Distribution

Toilets - 102 lbs CO2

Faucets/Aerators 297 lbs CO2 7 lbs CO2

Spray Valves 945 lbs CO2 22 lbs CO2

Commercial Dishwashers 3,800 lbs CO2 1 lbs CO2

ResidentialDishwashers 120 lbs CO2 1 lbs CO2

Showers 198 lbs CO2 5 lbs CO2

Assuming wastewater is treated off-site

Annual GHG Emissions Savings per Appliance

Overview of Emission Scopes

13

WRI - Greenhouse Gas Protocol 2010

What Your FEMP Report Will Show

14

Water

Energy Purchased for Heating GHGs

Energy for Water

Supply & Treatment GHGs

Toilets

Faucets/Aerators

Spray Valves

Dishwashers

Clothes Washer

ShowersAssumes purchased electricity for water heating

What The Environment Sees

15

Water

Energy Purchased for Heating GHGs

Energy for Water

Supply & Treatment GHGs

Toilets

Faucets/Aerators

Spray Valves

Dishwashers

Clothes Washer

ShowersAssumes purchased electricity for water heating

Energy Intensity of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment

16

Energy Intensity Varies by System Type and Size

Burton 1996

Surface Water Supply Plant

Groundwater Treatment Plant

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 5 10 20 50 1000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Wastewater Treatment (Activated Sludge)Water Supply Plant (Surface Water)

Size of Plant (MG/Day)

Energy by Plant TypekWh/Million Gallons (MG)

Energy by Plant SizekWh/Million Gallons (MG)

17


18

Energy Intensity Varies by Region

39 %

2%24%

35 %

74 %

1%10%

15 %

Northern California Southern California5,411 kWh/MG 13,021 kWh/MG


19

Household Energy Consumption

Roughly 20% of energy used in

homes is directly related to water

consumption

24%19%

17%10%

8%7%

6%5%

3%DishwasherTVs & ComputersLighting

Clothes Dryer

Freezer

Refrigerator

Water Heating

Central Air Conditioning

Space Heating

20

Potential Energy Savings and GHG Reductions Associated with Water Efficiency Initiatives

Residential Water Saving Strategies

Meyer et al.1999, Aquacraft 2003, ENERGY STAR calculators, WaterSense specifications, and EPAct Standards

21

38% Potential SavingsWater use compared to an average home

69

53

43

Average Home EPAct Home WaterSense and ENERGY STAR

Home

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80 Water Use (Gallons per Capita per Day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Average Home EPAct Home WaterSense and ENERGY STAR Home

Wat

er U

se (G

allon

s per

Cap

ita pe

r Day

)

DishwasherBath (hot)BathOtherLeakFaucet (hot)FaucetShower (hot)ShowerClothes Washer (hot)Clothes WasherToilet

Residential Hot Water Energy Consumption

Aquacraft 2003

22


-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,215

1,003

27% Potential SavingsEnergy use compared to an average home

893

Energy for Heating Water (kWh per Capita per Year)

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Average Home

EPAct Home WaterSense and ENERGY STAR Home

Ener

gy fo

r Hea

ting W

ater

(k

Wh p

er C

apita

per Y

ear)

DishwasherBathFaucetShowerClothes Washer


23

Residential Embedded Energy for Water Supply

U.S. AveragekWh/Person/Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Home

37 28 21

Southern CaliforniakWh/Person/Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Home

286

220

176

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


DishwasherBathFaucetShowerClothes WasherOtherLeakToilet

Water Supply: 1,785 kWh/MG Water Supply: 11,110 kWh/MG


24

Potential Embedded Energy Savings in Nine C&I Sectors in California

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Current Use Efficient Use

Million kWh/Day

10.1

6.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Million kWh/Day

1.11.80

2

4

6

8

10

12


OtherProcessLaundryKitchenCoolingRestroomLandscaping

U.S. Average Southern California

Water Supply: 1,785 kWh/MG Water Supply: 11,110 kWh/MG

25


Including education on water conservation

Increasing water leak detection and repair

Water-efficient products through purchasing

Installing water meters

Reducing water use for landscaping and irrigation

Reducing potable water usage in boiler/steam operations and cooling towers

Including stormwater design/management in construction or land planning

Considering or implementing water reuse projects such as rainwater harvesting and grey

water usage

Installing low-flow or no-flow plumbing fixtures

0 5 10 15 20 25

56

910

1314

2021

23

Number of Agencies that included this strategy as a way to reduce potable water intensity


Office of Management and Budget 2011

26

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soni

an In

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omm

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Depa

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Depa

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Depa

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tate

Depa

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Tenn

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Depa

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-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

2020 Goal: 26% Reduction in Potable Water In-tensity

Agency Water Reduction Accomplishments FY2010

Office of Management and Budget 2011

27

Federal Reduction in Potable Water Intensity from 2007 Baseline

28

Illustrative Example of Energy Savings by Replacing Appliances

Example Building Assumptions

29

Building 10 Stories, 1,000 Employees, 1 Cafeteria

Toilets 8 toilets/urinals per floor

Faucets / Aerators 8 faucets per floor

Spray Valves 2 spray valves per cafeteria

Commercial Dishwashers 1 commercial dishwasher in the cafeteria

ResidentialDishwashers 1 residential dishwasher per floor

Showers 4 showers per building

30

Potential Energy Savings By Replacing Appliances In a 1,000-Person Building

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,0000

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000Toilets Spray Valves Bathroom Sinks UrinalsShowers Residential Dishwashers Commercial Dishwashers

Water Supply and Wastewater System Energy Intensity (kWh/MG)

Ener

gy S

avin

gs (k

Wh/

year

)

FEMP

U.S. Energy Information Administration 2004

31

Equivalent Number of Homes Removed from the Grid

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,0000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 Toilets Spray Valves Bathroom Sinks UrinalsShowers Residential Dishwashers Commercial Dishwashers

Water Supply and Wastewater System Energy Intensity (kWh/MG)

Ener

gy S

avin

gs (

Hou

seho

lds/

year

)

FEMP

Energy and Water are Linked

Energy Intensity is Site Specific

Opportunities Exist to Leverage Water and Energy Efficiency Initiatives to Save Both Resources

Energy Savings are a Significant Co-benefit of Water Efficiency Initiatives

Water Efficiency Initiatives Are Strategy to Contribute to Meeting Scope 1 and 2 GHG Goals

Conclusions

32

ReferencesAlliance for Water Efficiency, 2009. AWE Legislative Watch.

(http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/Legislative-Watch.aspx#H.R._631)

Analysis of Data in Gleick, et al. (2003), Appendix E. Waste Not, Want Not: The Potential for Urban Water Conservation in California.

Peter H. Gleick, Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip

Mann, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, Oakland, California, November 2003.

Aquacraft, 1999. Residential End Uses of Water, P.W. Mayer, W.B. DeOreo, E.M. Optiz, J.C. Keifer, W.Y. Davis, B. Dziegielewski, and J.O. Nelson, prepared for the American Water Works Association

(AWWA) Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, 1999.

Aquacraft, 2003. Residential Indoor Water Conservation Study: Evaluation of High Efficiency Indoor Plumbing Fixture Retrofits in

Single-Family Homes in the East Bay Municipal Utility District Service Territory. Prepared for the East Bay Municipal Utility

District and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Aquacraft, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, July 2003.

AwwaRF, 2008. Risks and Benefits of Energy Management for Drinking Water Utilities.

Burton, 1996. Water and Wastewater Industries: Characteristics and Energy Management Opportunities. Franklin L. Burton, Burton

Environmental Engineering, Los Altos, CA. Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California,

September 1996, Report CR-106941.

CDH Energy Corp, 2007. Energy Index Development for Benchmarking Water and Wastewater Utilities. Prepared for

Awwa Research Foundation, 2007. (http://www.nyserda.org/programs/Environment/07-08%20Final

%20Report.pdf).

CEC, 2005. California’s Water-Energy Relationship. Prepared in response to the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report

Proceeding (04-IEPR-01E), November 2005. (http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-700-2005-

011/CEC-700-2005-011-SF.PDF).CEC, 2006. Refining Estimates of Water-Related Energy Use in

California.

Department of Energy, 2006. Energy Demands on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and

Water. (http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf).

EIA, 2011. (http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009overvi

ew.cfm).

ENERGY STAR, 2008. Clothes washer and dishwasher savings calculators.

ENERGY STAR, 2011. Accessed July 2011. (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?

c=products.pr_find_es_products)

EPA, 2009. EPA WaterSense 2008 Accomplishments. (http://epa.gov/watersense/docs/ws-

accomplishments08_508.pdf).

Gleick, 1993. Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources.

Hill, R. and Tamim Yunos, 2007. The intertwined tale of energy and water. Virginia Water Resources Research Center. (http://www.vwrrc.vt.edu/watercooler_apr08.html)

ICF International, 2008. Water and Energy: Leveraging Voluntary Programs to Save Both Water and Energy. Prepared for U.S. EPA

Climate Protection Partnerships Division and Municipal Support Division. March, 2008.

(http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/publications/pubdocs/Final%20Report%20Mar%202008.pdf).

RiverNetwoek, 2009. The Carbon Footprint of Water.

WaterSense, 2011. Accessed July 2011. (http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/products/index.html).

U.S. Energy Information Administration. End-Use Consumption of Electricity 2001.

(http://www.eia.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/enduse2001/enduse2001.html) . 2004.33

Photo CreditsFlickr Commons

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a fox_kiyo

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Joost J. Bakker Ijmuiden

Kevindooley Klearchos Kapoutsis

mcconnell.franklin Mikebaird Photoctor

shoe_scraper

34

Diana PapeVice President, Climate Change & Sustainability DivisionICF [email protected]

35

Thank You!

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