Goethe University Frankfurt and FIAShees/publ/alice17.pdf · Goethe University Frankfurt and FIAS...

Dileptons with a coarse-grained transport approach

Hendrik van Hees

Goethe University Frankfurt and FIAS

July 19, 2017

in collaboration with S. Endres, J. Weil, M. Bleicher

Hendrik van Hees (GU Frankfurt/FIAS) Dileptons in coars-grained transport July 19, 2017 1 / 40

Outline

1 Electromagnetic probesChiral symmetry and QCD phase diagramElectromagnetic radiation from hot/dense QCD matterHadronic many-body theory

2 Bulk-medium evolution with transport and coarse grainingcoarse-graining in transport models

3 Dileptons in heavy-ion collisionsDielectrons (SIS/HADES)Dimuons (SPS/NA60)Dielectrons at RHIC and LHCDielectrons at FAIR/RHIC-BES

4 Signatures of the QCD-phase structure?

5 Conclusions and Outlook


Electromagnetic probestheory perspective


Hadron phenomenology and chiral symmetry

in vacuum: Spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry

⇒mass splitting of chiral partners

qq-excitations of the QCD vacuum

π

ρ ω

φ

(140)

(770) (782)

(1260)

(1020)

(1285)

(400-

1200)

a f

f

f

1 1

1

0

Energy (MeV)

P-S, V-A splitting

in the physical vacuum

(1420)

0 1 2 3

s [GeV2]

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

−Im

ΠV

,A/(

πs)

[dim

.−le

ss]

V [τ −> 2nπ ντ]

A [τ −> (2n+1)π ντ]ρ(770) + cont. a

1(1260) + cont.


The QCD-phase diagram

hot and dense matter: quarks and gluons close together

highly energetic collisions⇒ “deconfinement”quarks and gluons relevant dof⇒ quark-gluon plasmastill strongly interacting⇒ fast thermalization!

0.0µ

N

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

T [

Ge

V] SPS

AGS

SIS

RHIC

nuclei

hadron gas

〈q̄q〉 6= 0 〈qq〉 6= 0

quark-gluon plasma

〈q̄q〉= 〈qq〉= 0

crit. point 1 storder


The QCD-phase diagram

at high temperature/density: restoration of chiral symmetrylattice QCD: T χc ' T deconfc

MassS

pec

tral

F

un

ctio

nS

pec

tral

F

un

ctio

n

"a1"

"ρ"pert. QCD

Melting Resonances?

"a1"

"ρ"

pert. QCD

Dropping Masses?

mechanism of chiral restoration?two main theoretical ideas

“dropping masses”: mhad∝

ψψ�

“melting resonances”: broadening of spectra through medium effectsMore theoretical question: realization of chiral symmetry in nature?


Electromagnetic probes in heavy-ion collisions

γ,`±: no strong interactions

reflect whole “history” of collision:from pre-equilibrium phasefrom thermalized mediumQGP and hot hadron gasfrom VM decays after thermalfreezeout

ρ/ω γ∗ e−π, . . .

e+

γ

0 1 2 3 4 5

mass [GeV/c2]

dN

ee /

dyd

m

πo,η Dalitz-decays

ρ,ω

Φ

J/Ψ

Ψl

Drell-Yan

DD

Low- Intermediate- High-Mass Region> 10 fm > 1 fm < 0.1 fm

Fig. by A. Drees


Electromagnetic probes from thermal source

photon and dilepton thermal emission rates given by sameelectromagnetic-current-correlation function (Jµ =

∑

f Q f ψ f γµψ f )

McLerran-Toimela formula [MT85, GK91]

q0dNγ

d4 x d3 ~q=−

αem2π2

g µν Im Π(ret)µν (q , u )�

�

�

q0=|~q |fB (q ·u )

dNe +e −

d4 x d4q=−g µν

α2

3q 2π3Im Π(ret)µν (q , u )

�

�

�

q 2=M 2e+e−fB (q ·u )

Lorentz covariant (dependent on four-velocity of fluid cell, u)

q ·u = Ecm: Doppler blue shift of qT spectra!

to lowest order in α: 4παΠµν 'Σ(γ)µν

vector-meson dominance model:

Σγµν =

Gρ

`+`−-inv.-mass spectra⇒ in-med. spectral functions of vector mesons (ρ,ω,φ)!


Radiation from thermal QGP: q q̄ annihilation

General: McLerran-Toimela formula

dN (MT)l +l −d4 x d4q

=−α2

3π3L (M 2)

M 2gµνIm

∑

i

Πµνem,i (M , ~q ) fB (q ·u )

i enumerates partonic/hadronic sources of em. currents

in-medium em. current-current correlation function

Πµνem,i = i

∫

d4 x exp(iq x )Θ(x 0)

�

j µem,i (x ), jνem,i (0)

��

in QGP phase: q q̄ annihilation

hard-thermal-loop improved em. current-current correlator

q

q̄

γ∗ γ∗−iΠem,QGP =


Hadronic many-body theoryhadronic many-body theory (HMBT) for vector mesons[Ko et al, Chanfray et al, Herrmann et al, Rapp et al, . . .]

ππ interactions and baryonic excitations

effective hadronic models, implementing symmetries

parameters fixed from phenomenology(photon absorption at nucleons and nuclei, πN →ρN )evaluated at finite temperature and density

self-energies⇒mass shift and broadening in the medium

ρ ρ

π

π B , a , K ,...*1 1

π,...N, K,

ρ ρ

Baryons important, even at low net baryon density nB−nB̄reason: nB+nB̄ relevant (CP inv. of strong interactions)


Meson contributions

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

M [GeV]

−30

−20

−10

0

10

20

30

Re

Σρ/m

ρ [

Me

V]

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

Im Σ

ρ/m

ρ [

Me

V]

a1

π’h

1K1

ω

f1

sum

T=150MeV

q=0.3GeV

ω

suma

1

K1

[RG99]


In-medium spectral functions and baryon effects

[RW99]

baryon effects importantlarge contribution to broadening of the peakresponsible for most of the strength at small M


Dilepton rates: Hadron gas↔QGP

in-medium hadron gas matches with QGP

similar results also for γ rates

“quark-hadron duality”?

[Rap13]


Bulk-medium evolution


Bulk evolution with transport and coarse graining

established transport models for bulk evolutione.g., UrQMD, GiBUU, BAMPS, (p)HSD,...solve Boltzmann equation for hadrons and/or partons

dilemma: need medium-modified dilepton/photon emission rates

usually available only in equilibrium QFT calculations

ways out:use (ideal) hydrodynamics⇒ local thermal equilibrium⇒ use equilibrium ratesuse transport-hydro hybrid model: treat early stage with transport, then coarsegrain⇒ switch to hydro⇒ switch back to transport (Cooper-Frye “particlization”)

here: UrQMD transport for entire bulk evolution⇒ use coarse graining in space-time cells⇒ extract T , µB , µπ, . . .⇒ use equilibrium rates locally


Coarse-grained UrQMD (CGUrQMD)

problem with medium modifications of spectral functions/interactions

only available in equilibrium many-body QFT models

use “in-medium cross sections” naively: double counting?!?

way out: map transport to local-equilibrium fluid

use ensemble of UrQMD runs with an equation of state

space-time grid with∆t = 0.2 fm/c ,∆x = 0.8 fm

fit temperature, chemical potentials, flow-velocity fieldfrom anisotropic energy-momentum tensor [FMRS13]

T µν = (ε+P⊥)uµuν−P⊥g µν− (P‖−P⊥)V µV ν

thermal rates from partonic/hadronic QFT become applicable

here: extrapolated lattice QGP and Rapp-Wambach HMBT

caveat: consistency between EoS, matter content of QFT model/UrQMD!



Tc = 170 MeV; T > Tc ⇒ lattice EoS; T < Tc ⇒HRG EoS

0ε/εEnergy density

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Tem

pera

ture

[M

eV

]

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

=170 MeV)c

Lattice EoS (T

=0)B

µHadron Gas EoS (for



pressure anisotropy (In-In collisions (NA60) at SIS)

Time t [fm]0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-310

-210

-110

1

10

210In+In @ 158 AGeV

>=120η/dch


energy/baryon density⇒ T ,µB (for In+In @ SPS; NA60)central “fluid” cell!

Time t [fm]0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0ρ/

Bρ

an

d

0ε/

ε

-210

-110

1

10

210In+In @ 158 AGeV

>=120η/dch

=120η/dch


energy (ε) and baryon (ρ) density profiles (for In+In@SPS; NA60)

x-axis [fm]-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

]0

ρ/ρ

an

d

0ε/

εE

nerg

y a

nd

bary

on

den

sit

y [

0

20

40

60

80

100

120Transverse density profilesIn+In @ 158 AGeV

t = 1fm:

t = 3fm:

t = 5fm:

0ε/ε

0ρ/ρ

x 50

ε/ε x 5

0ρ/ρ

x 80

ε/ε x 8

0ρ/ρ

(a)

z-axis [fm]-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

]0

ρ/ρ

an

d

0ε/

εE

ne

rgy

an

d b

ary

on

de

ns

ity

[0

20

40

60

80

100

120Longitudinal density profilesIn+In @ 158 AGeV

t = 1fm:

t = 3fm:

t = 5fm:

0ε/ε

0ρ/ρ

x 50

ε/ε x 5

0ρ/ρ

x 80

ε/ε x 8

0ρ/ρ

(b)


Dielectrons (SIS/HADES)


CGUrQMD: Ar+KCl (1.76 AGeV) (SIS/HADES)

coarse-graining method works at low energies!UrQMD-medium evolution + RW-QFT rates

]2M [GeV/c0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-1]

2 d

N/d

M

[Ge

V/c

×)

0π

1/N

(

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210UrQMD

πη

foωfo

ρφρMedium

ωMedium πMulti

Coarse-Graining

< 1.1 GeV/ce

HADES acceptance, 0.1 < pAr + KCl @ 1.76 AGeV

(a)



dielectron spectra from Ar+KCl(1.76 AGeV)→ e+e− (SIS/HADES)mt spectraMee < 0.13 GeV

]2 [GeV/ctm0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2/5

]2

[G

eV

/ct

dN

/dm

×)

3/2

t)m

0π

1/(

N(

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

-110

1

10UrQMD

πη

foωfo

ρφρMedium

ωMedium πMulti

Coarse-Graining

2 < 0.13 GeV/ceeM

(a) Ar + KCl @ 1.76 AGeV



dielectron spectra from Ar+KCl(1.76 AGeV)→ e+e− (SIS/HADES)mt spectra0.13 GeVMee < 0.3 GeV

]2 [GeV/ct

m0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

2/5

]2

[G

eV

/ct

dN

/dm

×)

3/2

t)m

0π

1/(

N(

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

2 < 0.30 GeV/cee0.13 < M(b)




]2 [GeV/ct

m0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

2/5

]2

[G

eV

/ct

dN

/dm

×)

3/2

t)m

0π

1/(

N(

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

2

< 0.45 GeV/cee0.30 < M(c)




]2 [GeV/ct

m0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

2/5

]2

[G

eV

/ct

dN

/dm

×)

3/2

t)m

0π

1/(

N(

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

2 < 0.65 GeV/cee0.45 < M(d)



dielectron spectra from Ar+KCl(1.76 AGeV)→ e+e− (SIS/HADES)mt spectraMee > 0.65 GeV

]2 [GeV/ct

m0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

2/5

]2

[G

eV

/ct

dN

/dm

×)

3/2

t)m

0π

1/(

N(

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

2 > 0.65 GeV/cee M(e)



dielectron spectra from Ar+KCl(1.76 AGeV)→ e+e− (SIS/HADES)mt spectra

rapidity spectrum (Mee < 0.13 GeV)

Radpidity y-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

dN

/dy

×)

0π

1/N

(

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

-110

12 < 0.13 GeV/ceeM(f)


CGUrQMD: Au+Au (1.23 AGeV) (SIS/HADES)

]2M [GeV/c0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-1]

2 d

N/d

M

[Ge

V/c

×))

0

π(1

/N(

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

< 1.1 GeV/ce

HADES acceptance, 0.1 < pAu + Au @ 1.23 AGeV (b)

caveat: pp/np acceptance filter with single-e cut, pt < 100 MeV

correct filter urgently needed!

excellent agreement with preliminary HADES data


Dimuons (SPS/NA60)


CGUrQMD: In+In (158 AGeV) (SPS/NA60)

dimuon spectra from In+ In(158 AGeV)→µ+µ− (NA60) [EHWB15]min-bias data (dNch/dy = 120)

M [GeV]0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

ρIn-medium ρNon-thermal

QGP (Lattice)πMulti

Sum

ρThermal (no baryons)

qPerturb. q

For comparison:

In+In @ 158 AGeV

HG-EoS + Lattice EoS

> 0 GeVT

>=120, pη/dch


dimuon spectra from In+ In(158 AGeV)→µ+µ− (NA60) [EHWB15]min-bias data (dNch/dy = 120)higher IMR: provides averaged true temperature〈T 〉1.5 GeV®M®2.4 GeV = 205-230 MeVclearly above Tc ' 150-160 MeV(no blueshifts in the invariant-mass spectra!)

M [GeV]0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

(b)



dimuon spectra from In+ In(158 AGeV)→µ+µ− (NA60) [EHWB15]min-bias data (dNch/dy = 120)pT < 0.2 GeV

Invariant Mass M [GeV]0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

ρIn-medium ρNon-thermal

QGP (Lattice)πMulti

Sum

In+In @ 158 AGeV>=120η/dch


dimuon spectra from In+ In(158 AGeV)→µ+µ− (NA60) [EHWB15]min-bias data (dNch/dy = 120)0.2 GeV < pT < 0.4 GeV


]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 0.4 GeVT

0.2 < p(b)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 0.6 GeVT

0.4 < p(c)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 0.8 GeVT

0.6 < p(d)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 1.0 GeVT

0.8 < p(e)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 1.2 GeVT

1.0 < p(f)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 1.4 GeVT

1.2 < p(a)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 1.6 GeVT

1.4 < p(b)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 1.8 GeVT

1.6 < p(c)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 2.0 GeVT

1.8 < p(d)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 2.2 GeVT

2.0 < p(e)





]-1

) [2

0 M

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

/dM

d2

µµ

(dN

-1010

-910

-810

-710

-610

< 2.4 GeVT

2.2 < p(f)




-M [GeV]t

m0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

]-2

) [G

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

d t/d

m2

µµ

)(d

Nt

(1/m

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410ρIn-medium

ρNon-thermal

QGP (Lattice)

πMulti

Sum

0.2 < M < 0.4 GeVIn+In @ 158 AGeVHG-EoS + Lattice EoS

>=120η/dch



-M [GeV]t

m0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

]-2

) [G

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

d t/d

m2

µµ

)(d

Nt

(1/m

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410 0.4 < M < 0.6 GeV(b)




-M [GeV]t

m0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

]-2

) [G

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

d t/d

m2

µµ

)(d

Nt

(1/m

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410 0.6 < M < 0.9 GeV(c)




-M [GeV]t

m0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

]-2

) [G

eV

η/d

ch

)/(d

Nη

d t/d

m2

µµ

)(d

Nt

(1/m

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410 1.0 < M < 1.4 GeV(d)


Dielectrons at RHIC and LHC


CGUrQMD: Au+Au (p

s N N = 200 GeV) (RHIC/STAR)

]2 [GeV/ceeM0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

)]2 [

1/(G

eV/c

eed

N/d

M

-310

-210

-110

1

10UrQMD

0πη

(fo)ω (fo)ρ

φ

Coarse-grainedρRapp in-med ωRapp in-med

Multi-pionQGP (Lattice)

= 200 AGeV (0-10% centr.)sAu+Au @ > 0.2 GeV/ce

Tp

| < 1ee

| < 1, |yeη|

STAR data


CGUrQMD: Au+Au (p

sN N = 200 GeV) (RHIC/PHENIX)

]2 [GeV/ceeM0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

)]2 in

PH

EN

IX a

cc. [

1/(G

eV/c

eed

N/d

M -510

-410

-310

-210

-110

UrQMD

0πη

(fo)ω (fo)ρ

φ

Coarse-grainedρRapp in-med ωRapp in-med

Multi-pionQGP (Lattice)

= 200 AGeV (0-10% centr.)sAu+Au @ > 0.2 GeV/ce

Tp

> 0.1 radeeΘ| < 1, e|y

PHENIX HBD data


CGUrQMD: Pb+Pb (p

sN N = 2.76+5.5 V ) (ALICE)


Dielectrons atRHIC-BES/FAIR/NICA


CGUrQMD: Au+Au (Elab = 2-35 AGeV)

NB: also photon spectra [EHB16]


Signatures of theQCD-phase structure?


QCD phase structure from em. probes?

hadronic observables like pT spectra:“snapshot” of the stage after kinetic freezeout

particle abundancies: chemical freezeout

em. probes: emitted during the whole medium evolutionlife time of the medium⇒ “four-volume of the fireball”use CGUrQMD to study system-size dependence

study AA collisions for different A [EHWB15]

“excitation functions”:systematics of `+`− (and γ) emission vs. beam energy [EHB16, RH16]similar study in [GHR+16]

caveat: phase transition not really implemented!!!


Dilepton systematics in the beam-energy scan

thermal-fireball model [RH16]

beam-energy scan at RHIC and lower energies at future FAIR and NICAaccelerators

dilepton yield as fireball-lifetime clock

0

5

10

15

20

25

10 1000

5

10

15

20

Nℓ+

ℓ−/

Nch·1

06

τ fb(

fm/

c)

√sNN (GeV)

0.3GeV < M < 0.7GeVhadronicQGPsumsum (acc)×3.75τfb


Conclusions and Outlook

General ideasem. probes⇔ in-medium em. current-correlation functiondual rates around Tc (compatible with χ symmetry restoration)medium modifications of ρ,ω,φimportance of baryon-resonance interactions

Application to dileptons in HICscoarse-grained transport (here: CGUrQMD)allows use of thermal-QFT spectral VM functionsapplicable also at low collision energiesallows use of thermal-QFT models for dilepton ratessuccessful description from SIS to RHIC energiesconsistent description of M and mT spectra!effective slope of M spectra (1.5 GeV

Bibliography I

[EHB16] S. Endres, H. van Hees, M. Bleicher, Photon and dilepton productionat the Facility for Proton and Anti-Proton Research and beam-energyscan at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider using coarse-grainedmicroscopic transport simulations, Phys. Rev. C 93 (2016) 054901.http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.054901

[EHWB15] S. Endres, H. van Hees, J. Weil, M. Bleicher, Dilepton production andreaction dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies fromcoarse-grained transport simulations, Phys. Rev. C 92 (2015) 014911.http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.014911

[FMRS13] W. Florkowski, M. Martinez, R. Ryblewski, M. Strickland, Anisotropichydrodynamics, Nucl. Phys. A 904-905 (2013) 803c.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.02.138


http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.054901http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.014911http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.02.138

Bibliography II

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Electromagnetic probesChiral symmetry and QCD phase diagramElectromagnetic radiation from hot/dense QCD matterHadronic many-body theory

Bulk-medium evolution with transport and coarse grainingcoarse-graining in transport models

Dileptons in heavy-ion collisionsDielectrons (SIS/HADES)Dimuons (SPS/NA60)Dielectrons at RHIC and LHCDielectrons at FAIR/RHIC-BES

Signatures of the QCD-phase structure?Conclusions and Outlook

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