Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

Nationalism—intense pride and loyalty to the nation. National interests come before region or foreign concerns

Make treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories – Rush-BagotTreaty

Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty and gives up claim to Oregon Territory

Expansion in Texas To protect territory, Mexico

encourages U.S. farmers to go to Texas

Offers land grants to agents who sell land cheaply

Stephen F. Austin establishes colony in Texas

Anglo settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens

Stephen Austinestablished a colony of American settlersin Tejas, or Texas.

Expansion in Texas

Conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery.

Anglos speak English, not Spanish

Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery

Texas Fights for Independence

Anglos greatly outnumber Mexicans

Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna imprisons Austin

Revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including Texas Revolution

Texas Fights for Independence

Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to arm themselves

Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S. defenders killed

“Remember the Alamo!” becomes rallying cry for the Texans.

Dawn at the AlamoHenry Arthur McArdle (1905)

Texas Independence General Sam Houston defeats/captures

Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto

Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas (April 1836)

Houston becomes president of the Republic of Texas

The Lone Star Republic: Only state in U.S. that was once an independent country.

Trails West

Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon

Settlers (farmers) go to Oregon for abundant, fertile land

Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months

Trails West

Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Trails West

Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Mormons—religious group experiences clashes over polygamy. Smith is killed.

Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons west where they settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah

Industrial Revolution Great Britain starts a revolution

In the 18th Century, British first generate power from streams, coal

Develop power driven machines for mass production, build factories

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution in the

United States

After independence, U.S. income primarily from international trade

Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping

Americans begin to invest in domestic industries

Cyrus McCormick patented the first successful horse drawngrain reaper

Another Revolution Affects America

Changes in Manufacturing

Industrial Revolution—social, economic reorganization:

machines replace hand tools

large-scale factory production develops

result of manufacturing changesI. M. Singer’s foot-treadle sewing machinewas patented in 1851 and soon dominatedthe industry.

Industrial Revolution New England becomes the industrial of

the nation. Samuel Slater steals the plans for building

textile machines and brings them to the U.S.

Slater becomes known as the Father of the Factory System.

Textiles becomes the number one industry

Thousands - mostly young women - leave family farms to work in mills

Industrial Revolution Inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of

interchangeable parts

Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products

Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks

Mass production is production of goods in large quantities, can make goods cheaper and faster

Impact on Transportation

Robert Fulton’s steamboat can go upstream or downstream, regardless of current or wind

Steamboats on western rivers cut freight costs, speed travel

Water transport key for moving heavy machinery, raw materials

Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements

Erie Canal heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of canals follow

Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets

Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic to Great Lakes. Makes NYC a gateway to west.

Along the Erie Canal, Buffalo, N.Y

Roads

Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825

National Road extends from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois

Many states build turnpikes/toll roads pay for themselves

Federal government funds highways to connect different regions

Emergence of Railroads

Shipping by railroad much costlier than by canal

Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland

Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers

By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased

Early American Railroad Engine and Carriages

New Markets Link Regions

Effect of Regional Links:

Improved transportation, communication make regions interdependent

Growing links lead to development of regional specialties

U.S. Markets Expand

Changing Economic Activities

Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy what cannot make

Mid-century farmers begin specialization - raise 1 or 2 cash crops

Market revolution - people buy and sell goods rather than make them

The Entrepreneurial Spirit

Capitalism—private control of means of production, used for profit

Business capital (money, property, machines) fuels growing economy

Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries; great loss, profit

Impact on Household Economy

Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment; boost industry output

Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers become consumers

Regional Economies Create Differences

The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions.

Two Economic Systems Develop

Agriculture in the North

Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate

Farms in North smaller than South; do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves

Most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804

Two Economic Systems Develop

Cotton Is King in the South

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit

Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North

Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin

Southern Agriculture

Most of South is agricultural; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice

South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in land, slaves

Cotton hugely profitable

Slavery Becomes Entrenched

Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population

Life Under Slavery

The slave population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to 1830 (2 million)

18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small farms

By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or large farms

Life Under Slavery

Rural Slavery

On plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in fields

Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for rest

Life Under Slavery Urban Slavery

Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves

Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans

Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners

Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations

Slave Revolts and Consequences Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Nat Turner, slave preacher, leads slave rebellion; about 60 whites killed

Turner and followers are hung, innocent are captured; 200 killed in retaliation

Backlash from RevoltsSouthern states create slave codes to

tighten limits on blacksFree African Americans as well as slaves

lose rights

Artist Felix Darley completed this tinted drawing in 1863 for a history book. Nat Turner is shown (standing) preaching to his followers.

Clay’s American System

Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests

Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions, create strong economy:

develop transportation systems; make internal improvements

establish protective tariff

revive national bank

Clay’s American System

House Speaker Henry Clay promotes the American System:

North produces manufactured goods

South and West produce food, cotton

national currency, transportation facilitate trade

all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent

Henry Clay

The Monroe Doctrine

In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years

James Monroe elected president (1816), begins “Era of good Feelings”

Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas

U.S. will not interfere with Europe

James Monroe6th President of the United States

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics

In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins most popular votes and most electoral votes but not a majority of the electoral vote

John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support and Adams makes Clay the Secretary of State

Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain

The Age of Jackson

Jacksonians form Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American rights.

Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property

In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency

Andrew Jackson7th President of the United States

Jackson’s New Presidential Style

Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Man

Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy

Uses spoils system - replaces former appointees with own friends

Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet”

Conflict over Tariffs Madison proposes Tariff of 1816 - tax on

imports increases cost of foreign goods

people more likely to buy American goods

helps pay for improvements

Northeast welcomes tariff – they make money; South and West resent higher prices which cost them money

Jackson Attacks the National Bank

Most leaders agree national bank, national currency benefit all

Jackson Opposes the Bank

Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States

Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy, is corrupt, and threatens democracy.

Pet Banks

Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party called Pet Banks

BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank

Opposition to Jackson

Whig Party Forms

People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System

People believe that Jacksons is abusing his powers and begin to refer to him as “King Andrew”.

Andrew Jackson once justified his tendency to place personal prerogative above constitutional law or national policy by stating that “One man with courage makes a majority.” His critics replied with accusations of tyranny.

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue

The Nullification Theory

British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods so U.S. raised tariff in 1824, 1828

Vice president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations

Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity while cotton prices are low

John C Calhoun

Nullification Crisis

Calhoun devises nullification theory:

questions legality of applying federal laws to states

Constitution based on compact among states

state can reject law it considers unconstitutional

states have right to leave Union if nullification denied

Nullification Crisis

Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights

Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights

Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union

Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina Rebels

South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede

Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against South Carolina

Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years

The Supreme Court Boosts National Power

Strengthening Government Economic Control

Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce

McCulloch v. Maryland: state cannot overturn laws passed by Congress

Chief Justice John Marshall

The Supreme Court Boosts National Power

Limiting State Powers

Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce

Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating right to make contract

Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with contracts

Removal of Native Americans

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans

Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their landthinks assimilation cannot work too many troops needed to keep whites

out of native landsfunds treaties that force Native

Americans west

Removal of Native Americans

Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others

Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830

Removal of Native Americans The Cherokee Fight Back

Worcester v. Georgia - state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land

Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation

Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins

By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin Van Buren orders removal

Removal of Native Americans

The Trail of Tears

Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made on foot

Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die (1/4)

The Trail of TearsRobert Lindeux (1942)

Religion Sparks Reform

A renewal of religious sentiment

known as the Second Great Awakening

inspires a host of reform movements

Religion Sparks Reform

Religious Activism

Second Great Awakening—religious movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790

Individual responsible for own salvation, can improve self, society

Preacher Charles Grandison Finney inspires emotional religious faith

Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or more at outdoor camps

Charles Grandison Finney 1792-1875

The Second Great Awakening Revivalism

Revival - gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 days

Revivalism greatly increases church membership

The Second Great Awakening

Unitarianism

Unitarians stress reason, appeals to conscience in religion

Agree with revivalists: individual, social reform important

The Second Great Awakening

The African-American Church Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist

churches open to blacks and whites Southern slaves interpret Christian

message as promise of freedom In East, free African Americans have own

churches African Methodist Episcopal Church—

political, cultural, social place African-American church organizes first

national convention (1830)

Transcendentalism and Reforms

Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing transcendentalism:

literary and philosophical movement

emphasizes simple life

truth found in nature, emotion, imagination

Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden

Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws

Slavery and Abolition

Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to put an end to it.

Slavery and Abolition

The Resettlement Question – Back to Africa Movement

1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate resettlement in Africa

Most free blacks consider themselves American; few emigrate

Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of slavery

Abolitionists Speak Out William Lloyd Garrison - radical

white abolitionist; founds:

New England Anti-Slavery Society

American Anti-Slavery Society

Publishes the Liberator which calls for immediate emancipation -freeing of slaves

Abolitionists Speak Out Free Blacks

David Walker advises blacks to fight for freedom, not wait to get it

Writes An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.

Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans

Northern free blacks given only lowest-paying jobs

Abolitionists Speak Out

Frederick Douglass

As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read, write by owner’s wife

Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery Society

Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through political action

Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad - secret network of people who help slaves escape

Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips

Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols

Some fugitives stayed in North; others go on to Canada

Harriet Tubman

Proslavery Defenses

Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as defense, say slaves are treated better than Northern wage slaves

Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule:

limits or prevents debate

used on issue of slavery

deprives citizens of right to be heard

Women and Reform

Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights.

Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s

Cultural and Legal Limits on Women

Cult of domesticity - only housework, child care for married women

Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing same job

Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries

do not have guardianship of own children

Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s

A married woman’s property, earnings belong to her husband

Women delegates at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention rejected

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott form women’s rights society

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s

Women and Health Reform

Elizabeth Blackwell – doctor - opens clinic for women, children

Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most women unhealthy

Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants; popular with other women

Women Mobilize for Reform Women Abolitionists

Middle-class white women inspired by religion join reform movements

Sarah and Angelina Grimké -work for abolition

daughters of Southern slaveowner

Some men support women reformers; others denounce them

Sarah and Angelina Grimké

Women Mobilize for Reform

Many women in temperance movement -prohibit drinking alcohol

Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century

American Temperance Society founded 1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833

Women’s Christian Temperance Union was one of the largest groups.

Women Mobilize for Reform

Education for Women Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls

past elementary school Academic schools for women become

available: 1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female

Seminary 1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke

Female Seminary 1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women;

first coeducational college African-American girls have few

opportunities to get good education

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges Seneca Falls

Reform encourages women’s movement, give opportunities outside home

1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights

“Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration of Independence

men and women are equal

urge women to participate in public issues

narrowly pass women’s suffrage

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

Sojourner Truth

Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels country preaching

Later argues for abolition, women’s rights

Sojourner Truth

Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform

Reforming Asylums and Prisons

Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions for mentally ill

Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful position in society

Dorothea Dix

Improving Education

In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided by grade

Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public school system in 1834

Horace Mann establishes teacher training, curriculum reforms

By 1850s, all states have publicly funded elementary schools

Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform

Americans Form Ideal Communities

Utopian communities -experimental groups, try to create perfect place

In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley establishes Brook Farm

Most utopias last only a few years

The Hive at Brook Farm

Shaker Communities

Shakers share goods, believe men and women equal, refuse to fight

Do not marry or have children; need converts, adoption to survive

Americans Form Ideal Communities

Hancock Shaker Village, MA

Western Expansion Continues

Resolving Territorial Disputes

1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in East, Midwest

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for annexation of Oregon

1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along 49th parallel

Texas Joins the Union

1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas

South favors, North opposes annexation; Texas becomes state in 1845

Western Expansion Continues

The War with Mexico Texas becomes state in 1845

Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States.

President James K. Polk favors war with Mexico

believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California

James K Polk11th President of the US

The cause is a border dispute over Texas. U.S. claims Rio Grande river is western border, Mexico claims it is the Nueces River.

Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande

The War with Mexico

General Zachary Taylor12th President of the US

The War Begins

Polk Provokes War

Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros; 9 Americans killed

Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds facts

Congress approves war, stifles opposition

America Gains the Spoils of War U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848

Texas border set at Rio Grande

Mexico cedes western lands for $15 million (called the Mexican Cession)

War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third

Franklin Pierce authorizes 1853 Gadsden Purchase for Transcontinental RR, sets final border of continental U.S.

Franklin Pierce

The California Gold Rush 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s

Mill in California Sierra Nevadas

San Francisco residents abandon city to pan for gold

Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849

Forty-niners - gold prospectors -come from Asia, South America, Europe These miners are prospecting in

Spanish Flat, California, in 1852.

Forty-niners - gold prospectors - come from Asia, South America, Europe

Gold Rush Brings Diversity

By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000

Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers

Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 constitutional convention

California joins Union in 1850

The California Gold Rush

Slavery in the Territories

The Wilmot Proviso

Wilmot Proviso - no slavery in territory acquired from Mexico

North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers

South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states

Statehood for California

1850, California writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood

President Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state

Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory

Slavery in the Territories

Clay’s Compromise

Some Southerners threaten secession, withdrawal of state from Union

Henry Clay offers Compromise of 1850 to settle disputes over slavery

Slavery in the Territories