Today:Today:

To What extent was late nineteenth-To What extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century century and early twentieth-century United States Expansionism a United States Expansionism a continuation of past United States continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a expansionism and to what extent was it a departure?departure?

1.1. Makeup Progressives quiz will be Thurs Makeup Progressives quiz will be Thurs AFTER SCHOOLAFTER SCHOOL

Wed- Create Wed- Create 30 item Matching or Fill in 30 item Matching or Fill in the Blank testthe Blank test from handout of terms from handout of terms

Thurs- LectureThurs- Lecture Monday Test- ImperialismMonday Test- Imperialism

US Becomes a World US Becomes a World PowerPower

APUSHAPUSH

The AP OutlineThe AP Outline

• Foreign Policy, 1865-1914Foreign Policy, 1865-1914• Seward and the purchase of Alaska Seward and the purchase of Alaska • The new imperialism The new imperialism

– Blaine and Latin America Blaine and Latin America – International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval

expansionists expansionists – Spanish-American War Spanish-American War

• Cuban independence Cuban independence • Debate on Philippines Debate on Philippines

• The Far East: John Hay and the Open Door The Far East: John Hay and the Open Door • Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt

– The Panama Canal The Panama Canal – Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary – Far East Far East

• Taft and dollar diplomacy Taft and dollar diplomacy • Wilson and moral diplomacy Wilson and moral diplomacy

What is the significance of this What is the significance of this quote?quote?

• ““We must have no scruples about We must have no scruples about exterminating this other race exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress and standing in the way of progress and enlightenment.”enlightenment.”

• American Officer in the Philippines American Officer in the Philippines

Racism and ExpansionRacism and Expansion

• Josiah Strong-Josiah Strong- book book Our CountryOur Country• Racist justification of imperialismRacist justification of imperialism• Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for

colonizationcolonization• ““God with infinite wisdom and skill is God with infinite wisdom and skill is

training the Anglo-Saxon race for the final training the Anglo-Saxon race for the final competition of races.”competition of races.”

• Implication:-weaker, “black, brown and Implication:-weaker, “black, brown and yellow people were inferior to the Anglo-yellow people were inferior to the Anglo-Saxon…”Saxon…”

American Pattern of American Pattern of ImperialismImperialism

• The US will The US will intervene in intervene in weaker nations weaker nations when an when an economic/business/economic/business/

• Political interest is Political interest is present and in present and in danger.danger.

• National Security National Security (Bush)(Bush)

• HawaiiHawaii• CubaCuba• PhilippinesPhilippines• ChinaChina• Columbia/PanamaColumbia/Panama• NicaraguaNicaragua• Mexico…Mexico…• Cold WarCold War• War on TerrorWar on Terror

China and United States China and United States RelationsRelations

• Why does the United States support Why does the United States support an “Open Door” policy regarding an “Open Door” policy regarding China?China?

Pro-Imperialism DocumentPro-Imperialism Document

• Secretary of State William Day reflects view- Secretary of State William Day reflects view- 18981898

• ““The output of the United States’ manufacturers, The output of the United States’ manufacturers, developed by the remarkable inventive genius developed by the remarkable inventive genius and industrial skill of our people… and industrial skill of our people…

• Has reached the point of large excess above the Has reached the point of large excess above the demand of home consumption. Under these demand of home consumption. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that greater circumstances it is not surprising that greater interest should be exhibited among our interest should be exhibited among our manufacturers and economists in the manufacturers and economists in the enlargement of foreign markets for American enlargement of foreign markets for American goods.”goods.”

Factors to ConsiderFactors to Consider

• American culture has spread throughout the American culture has spread throughout the continent of the UScontinent of the US

• US is US is industrialized, industrialized, needs needs marketsmarkets to sell to sell goodsgoods– ““Produce exceeded consumption”Produce exceeded consumption”

• Business interests want expansion- Steel Business interests want expansion- Steel industry will support (Navy)industry will support (Navy)

• Global CompetitionGlobal Competition over land is present over land is present

• France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy…France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy…

• Industrial world vs. Non-industrial worldIndustrial world vs. Non-industrial world

American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism• Is the desire on the part of politicians Is the desire on the part of politicians

and industrialists to acquire colonies and industrialists to acquire colonies in order to support trade and in order to support trade and American power.American power.

• Two reasons for obtaining colonies Two reasons for obtaining colonies include: include: – Natural ResourcesNatural Resources– Markets to sell American goodsMarkets to sell American goods

• Imperialism is driven by business Imperialism is driven by business interestsinterests

• Racism in the form of Social Racism in the form of Social Darwinism shape attitudesDarwinism shape attitudes

Darwin justificationDarwin justification

• ““Nations like species struggle Nations like species struggle constantly for existence… only the constantly for existence… only the fittest survive.”fittest survive.”

• Pacific IslandsPacific Islands

• China China

What does a country need in What does a country need in order to have an obtain order to have an obtain colonies?colonies?• A strong navy to protect A strong navy to protect

American investment and American investment and control the landcontrol the land

• Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan advocated advocated strengthening of the strengthening of the American Navy.American Navy.

• Pro-imperialism- US needsPro-imperialism- US needs– Coaling stopsCoaling stops– Repair facilitiesRepair facilities– Permanent BasesPermanent Bases

Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan• In 1890 book, In 1890 book, The Influence of Sea The Influence of Sea

Power Upon HistoryPower Upon History 1660-1783 1660-1783

• National greatness came from National greatness came from maritime strengthmaritime strength

• Very popular Roosevelt ordered a Very popular Roosevelt ordered a copy for every shipcopy for every ship

• By end of the century US is # 3 Navy By end of the century US is # 3 Navy in the worldin the world

MissionariesMissionaries

• US protestant missionaries will US protestant missionaries will support imperialismsupport imperialism

• To convert the “heathen”To convert the “heathen”

• Reflect racist attitudesReflect racist attitudes

Alaska, Hawaii, and SamoaAlaska, Hawaii, and Samoa

• In 1867 President Johnson’s In 1867 President Johnson’s secretary of state William secretary of state William Seward purchased Seward purchased AlaskaAlaska from from the Russians for $7.2 millionthe Russians for $7.2 million

• In 1878 the In 1878 the SamoaSamoans granted the ns granted the United States the rights to the United States the rights to the naval base at Pago Pago naval base at Pago Pago

How does the US Acquire How does the US Acquire Hawaii?Hawaii?

• Hawaii had American Hawaii had American plantersplanters and and missionariesmissionaries

• To maintain their power and wealth To maintain their power and wealth and felt that they would benefit from and felt that they would benefit from being part of the USbeing part of the US

• The US government was interested: The US government was interested: – Obtaining colonies Obtaining colonies – Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point

to support the navy and strategic for to support the navy and strategic for trade)trade)

• The whites on the islands revolted The whites on the islands revolted and in and in 1893 they seized1893 they seized power power

• In In 18911891 Liliukalani ascended to the throne and Liliukalani ascended to the throne and tried to regain power from the Americanstried to regain power from the Americans

• American marines were sent to the islands to American marines were sent to the islands to support the coupsupport the coup

• A new government was formed in Washington A new government was formed in Washington and so did a treaty of annexationand so did a treaty of annexation

• Democratic senators blocked ratificationDemocratic senators blocked ratification• President Cleveland sent a special team to the President Cleveland sent a special team to the

islands to investigate the eventsislands to investigate the events• They found that the coup had been organized They found that the coup had been organized

by American plantersby American planters• Hawaii was annexed in Hawaii was annexed in 18981898

Queen LiliukalaniQueen Liliukalani

One American who supported One American who supported Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii

• Sanford DoleSanford Dole• Was an advisor to the Was an advisor to the

king then king then • Then the governor Then the governor

during the during the Coup de etatCoup de etat • His brother started the His brother started the

Dole Pineapple businessDole Pineapple business

How does the United States How does the United States get involved in a War with get involved in a War with Spain?Spain?• McKinleyMcKinley• Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism• Joseph Pulitzer- Joseph Pulitzer- WorldWorld• William Randolph Hearst- William Randolph Hearst- New York JournalNew York Journal• The USS MaineThe USS Maine• De Lome De Lome LetterLetter• Cuba Cuba • Rough Riders- San Juan HillRough Riders- San Juan Hill• PhilippinesPhilippines• AguinaldoAguinaldo

SpainSpain

• Spain was weakSpain was weak

• Lost most of its former colonies in Lost most of its former colonies in the early part of 1800sthe early part of 1800s

• Held Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Held Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and various other colonies in Guam, and various other colonies in AfricaAfrica

• Americans begin their contact in Americans begin their contact in Cuba first in the Sugarcane business.Cuba first in the Sugarcane business.

Cubans wanted independence Cubans wanted independence from Spainfrom Spain

• Fought in 1860’s Fought in 1860’s

• And again in 1895And again in 1895

• Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly

• Americans sympathizeAmericans sympathize with the with the Cuban Rebels Cuban Rebels

Jose MartiJose Marti

• Cuban poet and NationalistCuban poet and Nationalist wanted Cuban independence wanted Cuban independence and begins a and begins a guerrillaguerrilla war war against Spain 1895against Spain 1895

• ““Man loves liberty, even if he Man loves liberty, even if he does not know that he loves does not know that he loves it. He is driven by it and flees it. He is driven by it and flees from where it does not exist.” from where it does not exist.”

• Marti was afraid of American Marti was afraid of American involvement involvement

• Later dies in the war.Later dies in the war.

President William McKinley President William McKinley

• President 1896-1901President 1896-1901• Hesitated to go to war with Spain-Hesitated to go to war with Spain-• Bowes to public pressure- due to Bowes to public pressure- due to

– Yellow Yellow JournalismJournalism – MaineMaine Explosion Explosion– De LomeDe Lome Letter Letter

• Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901• Theodore Roosevelt takes over after…Theodore Roosevelt takes over after…

Assassination Assassination of McKinleyof McKinley

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism• The Spanish-American War is often The Spanish-American War is often

referred to as the first "media war." referred to as the first "media war."

• During the 1890s, journalism that During the 1890s, journalism that sensationalized—andsensationalized—and sometimes even sometimes even manufactured—dramatic eventsmanufactured—dramatic events was a was a powerful force that helped propel the powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain. United States into war with Spain.

• Newspaper publishers used Newspaper publishers used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole melodrama, romance, and hyperbole (exaggeration) to sell millions of (exaggeration) to sell millions of newspapers-newspapers-

• How do these pictures reflect the How do these pictures reflect the idea of Yellow Journalism?idea of Yellow Journalism?

Pulitzer and HurstPulitzer and Hurst• Two of the greatest Yellow Two of the greatest Yellow

Journalists..Journalists..

• Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of the New York the New York WorldWorld

• William Randolph Hearst- William Randolph Hearst- publisher of publisher of New York New York JournalJournal

• ““You Furnish the pictures You Furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”and I’ll furnish the war.”

De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter

• Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a letter insulting President McKinleyletter insulting President McKinley

• This letter was “Leaked” to the press This letter was “Leaked” to the press and caused outrage among and caused outrage among Americans.Americans.

• Americans became more open to the Americans became more open to the idea of War with Spain.idea of War with Spain.

Maine Explodes 1898Maine Explodes 1898• Causes Causes

Americans to Americans to Blame SpainBlame Spain

• Gives Gives imperialists imperialists and excuse and excuse to take to take Spanish Spanish possessionspossessions

• ““Yellow” Yellow” HeadlineHeadliness

• ““Yellow” Yellow” HeadlinesHeadlines

• US calls for troops and invades US calls for troops and invades Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Cuba, Puerto Rico and the PhilippinesPhilippines

Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Juan HillJuan Hill

• Theodore Roosevelt, former governor Theodore Roosevelt, former governor of New York, Former Secretary of the of New York, Former Secretary of the Navy, Navy,

PhilippinesPhilippines• Pre-planned Pre-planned

attack- in attack- in event of War event of War Dewey was to Dewey was to attack attack

• Americans Americans under Dewey under Dewey destroy the destroy the Spanish Fleet Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay in Manila Bay

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

• Ends the Spanish American WarEnds the Spanish American War

• Cuba gets freedom from Spain (US Cuba gets freedom from Spain (US will control Cuba for some time)will control Cuba for some time)

• US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys Philippines for $20 millionPhilippines for $20 million

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

• Why is Why is Puerto Puerto RicoRico important to important to the US even the US even today?today?

• Does not Does not become a become a statestate

• Is part of the Is part of the USUS

Cuba Cuba • Was independentWas independent• Teller Amendment-Teller Amendment- stated US had no stated US had no

intention of holding Cuba (Before the War)intention of holding Cuba (Before the War)• However- the US forced the Cubans to However- the US forced the Cubans to

adopt the adopt the Platt Amendment-Platt Amendment-– Cuba could not make treaties with foreign Cuba could not make treaties with foreign

countries to use its territorycountries to use its territory– US was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairsUS was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs– Cuba could not go into debtCuba could not go into debt– US could lease land on the island for Navy baseUS could lease land on the island for Navy base– Cuba was a US ProtectorateCuba was a US Protectorate

• ““There is of course little or no There is of course little or no independence left to Cuba.” Wood, independence left to Cuba.” Wood, American American Commander in CubaCommander in Cuba

Yankee Imperialism in CubaYankee Imperialism in Cuba

• Once in “control” of CubaOnce in “control” of Cuba

• American business begins to assert American business begins to assert powerpower

• TobaccoTobacco

• SugarcaneSugarcane

• FruitFruit

The Philippines and The Philippines and AguinaldoAguinaldo

The Filipinos wanted independence tooThe Filipinos wanted independence too

• Emilliano AguinaldoEmilliano Aguinaldo

• They will fight American control for They will fight American control for three yearsthree years

•Aguinaldo will eventually be captured and give up the fight.

US Occupies PhilippinesUS Occupies Philippines• 70,000 -70,000 -

120,000 120,000 troops sent troops sent to pacify to pacify PhilippinesPhilippines

• 4000 4000 Americans Americans and 20,000 and 20,000 – 50,000 – 50,000 Filipinos dieFilipinos die

• Lasts 3 Lasts 3 yearsyears

• Bloody and Bloody and RepressiveRepressive

BrutalBrutal Counter-Insurgency Counter-Insurgency WarWar

• Mass killingsMass killings

• Concentrations campsConcentrations camps

• ““We must have no scruples about We must have no scruples about exterminating this other race exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress and standing in the way of progress and enlightenment.”enlightenment.”

William Howard Taft William Howard Taft becomesbecomes• The first American The first American

Governor of the Governor of the Philippines.Philippines.

• Americans claim Americans claim and control the and control the Philippines until Philippines until 19481948

McKinley and Philippines McKinley and Philippines

• McKinley thoughtMcKinley thought

• Returning Philippines to Spain would Returning Philippines to Spain would be cowardlybe cowardly

• US would not turn over islands to US would not turn over islands to another Imperial countryanother Imperial country

• Filipinos were not ready for Filipinos were not ready for independenceindependence

• US needed to educate the Filipinos US needed to educate the Filipinos

Anti-Imperialism LeagueAnti-Imperialism League

• Northeast-UrbanNortheast-Urban• Some womenSome women

• Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie• Mark TwainMark Twain• Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers• William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan

(will later advocate (will later advocate supporting Treaty of Paris- supporting Treaty of Paris- to bring debate to the to bring debate to the presidential election)presidential election)

• Undemocratic to hold Undemocratic to hold coloniescolonies

• Empire founded upon forceEmpire founded upon force• Make worse racial Make worse racial

problems in USproblems in US• ““Bringing large Bringing large

numbers of aliens into numbers of aliens into the United States would the United States would threaten the welfare of threaten the welfare of the nation”the nation”

• Morally wrongMorally wrong• ““No man was ever No man was ever

created good enough to created good enough to won another. No nation won another. No nation was ever created good was ever created good enough to own enough to own another.” Carnegie another.” Carnegie

Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, 1900 1900 • Mr. President, the times call for Mr. President, the times call for

candor. The Philippines are ours candor. The Philippines are ours forever, "territory belonging to forever, "territory belonging to the United States," as the the United States," as the Constitution calls them. Constitution calls them.

• And just beyond the Philippines And just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. are China's illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, part in the mission of our race, trustee, under God, of the trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. civilization of the world.

• And we will move forward to our And we will move forward to our work, not howling out regrets work, not howling out regrets like slaves whipped to their like slaves whipped to their burdens, but with gratitude for burdens, but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength, a task worthy of our strength, and thanksgiving to Almighty and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of to lead in the regeneration of the world.the world.

• Mr. President, this question is deeper than Mr. President, this question is deeper than any question of party politics: deeper than any question of party politics: deeper than any question of the isolated policy of our any question of the isolated policy of our country even; deeper even than any country even; deeper even than any question of constitutional power. It is question of constitutional power. It is elemental. It is racial. God has not been elemental. It is racial. God has not been preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut vain and idle self-contemplation and self-vain and idle self-contemplation and self-admiration. No! He has made us the master admiration. No! He has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns. He has given its the where chaos reigns. He has given its the spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of reaction throughout the earth. He has made reaction throughout the earth. He has made us adepts in government that we may us adepts in government that we may administer government among savage and administer government among savage and senile peoples. Were it not for such a force senile peoples. Were it not for such a force as this the world would relapse into as this the world would relapse into barbarism and night. And of all our race He barbarism and night. And of all our race He has marked the American people as His has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the chosen nation to finally lead in the regeneration of the world. This is the divine regeneration of the world. This is the divine mission of America, and it holds for us all mission of America, and it holds for us all the profit, all the glory, all the happiness the profit, all the glory, all the happiness possible to man. We are trustees of the possible to man. We are trustees of the world's progress, guardians of its righteous world's progress, guardians of its righteous peace. The judgment of the Master is upon peace. The judgment of the Master is upon us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things; us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things; I will make you ruler over many thing." I will make you ruler over many thing."

• From From Congressional RecordCongressional Record(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,

ChinaChina

• Trade with China was very important Trade with China was very important to US in the late 1800’sto US in the late 1800’s

China “The Sick Man of China “The Sick Man of Asia”Asia”• Chinese government Chinese government

was weakwas weak

• FranceFrance

• GermanyGermany

• BritainBritain

• JapanJapan

• RussiaRussia

• All had settlements All had settlements along the coastalong the coast

• ““Spheres of Spheres of Influence”Influence”

• Europeans had Europeans had control of territorycontrol of territory

• The “Chinese Cake”The “Chinese Cake”

US wants to protect trade with US wants to protect trade with ChinaChina

• 1899 John Hay- Secretary of State1899 John Hay- Secretary of State

• Wrote of series of notes called the Wrote of series of notes called the

• ““Open Door” notes- Open Door” notes-

• All nations allowed to trade with ChinaAll nations allowed to trade with China

• The US would “Safeguard for the world The US would “Safeguard for the world the principles of equal impartial trade the principles of equal impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” with all parts of the Chinese Empire”

Boxer Rebellion 1900Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Chinese nationalists resent the foreign Chinese nationalists resent the foreign control of their country and try to push out control of their country and try to push out Europeans and AmericansEuropeans and Americans

• Siege foreign embassy Siege foreign embassy

• Americans and Europeans fight the BoxersAmericans and Europeans fight the Boxers

• The Boxer rebellion came to an end when The Boxer rebellion came to an end when a multinational armed force rescued a multinational armed force rescued foreign diplomats in Peking.foreign diplomats in Peking.

China and United States China and United States RelationsRelations

• Were the “Boxers” justified in their Were the “Boxers” justified in their attack on European powers?attack on European powers?

Roosevelt Become President Roosevelt Become President 19011901

• Was VP for McKinley- assassinated Was VP for McKinley- assassinated 19011901

Roosevelt and the “Big Roosevelt and the “Big Stick”Stick”• Roosevelt ardent imperialistRoosevelt ardent imperialist• Believed in using American powerBelieved in using American power• ““Speak softly but carry a big stick.”Speak softly but carry a big stick.”• Held racist views of civilizationHeld racist views of civilization• Civilized= WASP, industrializedCivilized= WASP, industrialized• Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, non-Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, non-

industrialindustrial• Common view of imperial powersCommon view of imperial powers• ““It is the right and duty of civilized nations It is the right and duty of civilized nations

to intervene in the affairs of uncivilized to intervene in the affairs of uncivilized nations for the common good.” nations for the common good.” Good Web SiteGood Web Site

Roosevelt Roosevelt

• Peace maker Russo-Japanese WarPeace maker Russo-Japanese War

• Helped negotiate peace- Treaty of Helped negotiate peace- Treaty of Portsmouth 1905Portsmouth 1905

• Wins Nobel Peace PrizeWins Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt Corollary to Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• James Monroe President in the 1820’s James Monroe President in the 1820’s • Stated to European PowersStated to European Powers• No European intervention in Latin America No European intervention in Latin America

will be allowed by the United Stateswill be allowed by the United States

• Idea to prevent newly independent Latin Idea to prevent newly independent Latin American countries from being colonized American countries from being colonized by European powers (Britain, France)by European powers (Britain, France)

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

• Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Latin AmericaLatin America

• ““In Western Hemisphere adherence of the In Western Hemisphere adherence of the United States to the Monroe DoctrineUnited States to the Monroe Doctrine

• May force the US to exercise police power.”May force the US to exercise police power.”

• Means-Means- the US will intervene in Latin America the US will intervene in Latin America• Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti,

Nicaragua…Nicaragua…• Common reasons will include Financial Common reasons will include Financial

Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

• Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Battleships to express American Battleships to express American PowerPower

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel timetime

• Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US gained the exclusive rights to a canal gained the exclusive rights to a canal in Central Americain Central America

• Location was PanamaLocation was Panama• Part of Columbia Part of Columbia • French company had started, US French company had started, US

baught the rights for $40 millionbaught the rights for $40 million

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Columbia resisted US intentions to build the Columbia resisted US intentions to build the CanalCanal

• Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian wealthy against Columbiawealthy against Columbia

• Nov. 1903 Panama declares independenceNov. 1903 Panama declares independence• With 12 American Warships to helpWith 12 American Warships to help

• US and Panama agree on terms for a CanalUS and Panama agree on terms for a Canal• Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers were Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers were

usedused

Map of Panama CanalMap of Panama Canal

Taft and Wilson follow Taft and Wilson follow Roosevelt’s lead regarding Roosevelt’s lead regarding ImperialismImperialism

• InterventionIntervention

• Support of American interests abroadSupport of American interests abroad

• Some differencesSome differences

Taft and Dollar DiplomacyTaft and Dollar Diplomacy

• President Taft takes over for RooseveltPresident Taft takes over for Roosevelt• Believe in using American Believe in using American moneymoney and and

loansloans from American Banks to influence from American Banks to influence Latin American countriesLatin American countries

• Idea is to use money to develop Latin Idea is to use money to develop Latin American CountriesAmerican Countries

• Use $ to control Latin American Use $ to control Latin American CountriesCountries

Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919

• Democrat (Progressive)Democrat (Progressive)

• PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- Political SciencePolitical Science

• Governor of New JerseyGovernor of New Jersey

• Want foreign policy to shapeWant foreign policy to shape

moralitymorality in the World. in the World.

• Very religious Very religious

• Committed to Peace in the world.Committed to Peace in the world.

Moral or Missionary Moral or Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy• Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my

administration had to deal chiefly with administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs.”foreign affairs.”

• Hoped to change relations with Latin Hoped to change relations with Latin America- didn’t like the “Big Stick” America- didn’t like the “Big Stick” diplomacy- diplomacy-

• Wanted to restore Latin American Wanted to restore Latin American Confidence in the USConfidence in the US

• American Economic Expansion with American Economic Expansion with American Democracy, and Christianity, to American Democracy, and Christianity, to civilize the world.civilize the world.

• Secretary of State Secretary of State William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan (Christian, Pacifist- reflected the (Christian, Pacifist- reflected the Moral/Missionary vision)Moral/Missionary vision)

““Missionary” DiplomacyMissionary” Diplomacy

• Wilson saw American influence in the Wilson saw American influence in the world as a moral crusade-world as a moral crusade-

• Wanted to help create a “New World Wanted to help create a “New World Order” guided by fair play and cooperationOrder” guided by fair play and cooperation

• Wanted to spread democracy and hope to Wanted to spread democracy and hope to less fortunate landsless fortunate lands

• Pledged, Pledged, “The United States would “The United States would never again seek one additional foot never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest.”of territory by conquest.”

Wilson and MoralityWilson and Morality

• ““Americans are meant to carry Americans are meant to carry liberty and justice and the principles liberty and justice and the principles of humanity wherever… convert of humanity wherever… convert them to principles of America.”them to principles of America.”

• ““America must use it’s enormous America must use it’s enormous moral and material power to create a moral and material power to create a new order.”new order.”

Missionary DiplomacyMissionary Diplomacy

• Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act to Congress asking for self to Congress asking for self governance for the Philippines (their governance for the Philippines (their own government)own government)

Wilson continues intervention Wilson continues intervention in Latin Americain Latin America

• Purchase of Virgin Islands from Purchase of Virgin Islands from DenmarkDenmark

• Dominican Republic interventionDominican Republic intervention

• Haiti-Haiti-

• NicaraguaNicaragua

• Example of MexicoExample of Mexico

Poor MexicoPoor Mexico

• ““Poor Mexico So far from God, so close to Poor Mexico So far from God, so close to the United States” the United States” – Porfirio Diaz Dictator of MexicoPorfirio Diaz Dictator of Mexico

• When Wilson takes office US business When Wilson takes office US business has $1 billion invested in Mexico has $1 billion invested in Mexico

• Oil, mines, RR, RanchesOil, mines, RR, Ranches• (more than all other foreign investment (more than all other foreign investment

combined)- US has a huge interest in combined)- US has a huge interest in Mex.Mex.

Mexican Revolution 1910Mexican Revolution 1910

• Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911

• Dictator of MexicoDictator of Mexico

• Pro-AmericanPro-American

Different Revolutionary Different Revolutionary LeadersLeaders• 1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco Madera1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco Madera• 1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano 1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano

Huerta (Madera was murdered)Huerta (Madera was murdered)

• Wilson was angry with Huerta and Wilson was angry with Huerta and refused to recognize his government-refused to recognize his government-

• Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza who fought against Huerta who fought against Huerta

Wilson orders Occupation of Wilson orders Occupation of VeracruzVeracruz

• An incident - American sailors are An incident - American sailors are arrested in Veracruzarrested in Veracruz

• Wilson uses as an excuse to attackWilson uses as an excuse to attack

• Fight and occupy VeracruzFight and occupy Veracruz

• Carranza was able to then force Carranza was able to then force Huerta to Flee and takes over Huerta to Flee and takes over governmentgovernment

Meanwhile- Pancho Villa Meanwhile- Pancho Villa

• Francisco “Pancho” Villa was a supporter of Francisco “Pancho” Villa was a supporter of Carranza- then the two splitCarranza- then the two split

• Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time but changes to only Carranza.but changes to only Carranza.

• Villa kills Americans and also even attacks Villa kills Americans and also even attacks New Mexico 1916New Mexico 1916

• Wilson responds by sending General Pershing Wilson responds by sending General Pershing and 10,000 American troops to find Villaand 10,000 American troops to find Villa

Mexican InterventionMexican Intervention

““Black Jack” PershingBlack Jack” Pershing

• ““Black Jack” Black Jack”

• Because he commanded Because he commanded black troops in Spanish black troops in Spanish American WarAmerican War

• Chased Pancho Villa for Chased Pancho Villa for 1 year1 year

• Later will lead American Later will lead American Expeditionary Force in Expeditionary Force in World War IWorld War I

Rudyard Kipling- Pro Rudyard Kipling- Pro ImperialismImperialism

• The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden

• Take up the White Man's burden--Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineFill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestAnd when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,The end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyWatch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to noughtBring all your hopes to nought..

• This famous poem, This famous poem, written by Britain's written by Britain's imperial poet, was imperial poet, was a response to the a response to the American take over American take over of the Philippines of the Philippines after the Spanish-after the Spanish-American War.American War.

ProtectorateProtectorate

• Treaty- strong state agrees to Treaty- strong state agrees to protect vulnerable territories against protect vulnerable territories against 33rdrd party (other nation) assault party (other nation) assault

• In exchange for assistance In exchange for assistance

BlaineBlaine Secretary of State Secretary of State

• Republican under Garfield and Republican under Garfield and HarrisonHarrison

• Advocated expansion in Latin Advocated expansion in Latin America and PacificAmerica and Pacific

American Military ReformsAmerican Military Reforms

• After Spanish American WarAfter Spanish American War

• US modernizes militaryUS modernizes military

• Increases #’s of standing Army- Increases #’s of standing Army- 100,000100,000

• TrainingTraining

• Officer schoolsOfficer schools

• National Guard reorganizationNational Guard reorganization