Goal 8Goal 8

World War IWorld War I

Causes of the War in EuropeCauses of the War in Europe

NationalismNationalism MilitarismMilitarism ImperialismImperialism Entangling AlliancesEntangling Alliances

NationalismNationalism

France wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine.France wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine. Nations wanted to express the nationalism Nations wanted to express the nationalism

of a single ethnic group.of a single ethnic group. Minorities were not appreciated.Minorities were not appreciated. Spread of the theory of Social Darwinism Spread of the theory of Social Darwinism

also impacted the rise of nationalism.also impacted the rise of nationalism. Multinational empires (Austria-Hungary, Multinational empires (Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman Empire) were destabilized.Ottoman Empire) were destabilized. This spilled over into economics (industrial This spilled over into economics (industrial

output, trade led to the desire for overseas output, trade led to the desire for overseas empire).empire).

Europe Europe

MilitarismMilitarism

Arms raceArms race Germany and Britain competed at Germany and Britain competed at

sea.sea. Machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, Machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks,

submarines, and airplanes would submarines, and airplanes would change the nature of war.change the nature of war.

AlliancesAlliances

European leaders prepared for war by European leaders prepared for war by forming alliances.forming alliances.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined together in the Triple Alliance (Italy joined together in the Triple Alliance (Italy never fought with it).never fought with it).

France, Russia, and Great Britain formed France, Russia, and Great Britain formed the Triple Entente. the Triple Entente.

European leaders thought less of the European leaders thought less of the advantage of peace since they knew advantage of peace since they knew powerful armies were backing them.powerful armies were backing them.

Spark in EuropeSpark in Europe

The assassination of the Archduke The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand occurred in Franz Ferdinand occurred in Sarajevo, the capital city of Austria-Sarajevo, the capital city of Austria-Hungary.Hungary.

Gavrilo Princip shot the archduke Gavrilo Princip shot the archduke because he believed that Bosnia because he believed that Bosnia belonged to Serbia. belonged to Serbia.

Chain ReactionChain Reaction

When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 28, When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 28, 1914), Germany vowed to support Austria-Hungary.1914), Germany vowed to support Austria-Hungary.

Russia mobilized for war to help Serbia against Austria.Russia mobilized for war to help Serbia against Austria. Germany declared war on Russia.Germany declared war on Russia. France declared war on Germany.France declared war on Germany. Germany declared war on neutral Belgium.Germany declared war on neutral Belgium. Great Britain, who had treaties with France and Great Britain, who had treaties with France and

Belgium, declared war on Germany.Belgium, declared war on Germany. Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, SerbiaAllied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later

the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne

After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans settled After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans settled onto high ground, dug trenches, and fortified their onto high ground, dug trenches, and fortified their position. When attacked by Britain and France, position. When attacked by Britain and France, the Germans fired into them killing thousands.the Germans fired into them killing thousands.

Britain and France dug their own trenches and Britain and France dug their own trenches and used the same deadly weapons to counterattack.used the same deadly weapons to counterattack.

450 miles of trenches stretched from the coast of 450 miles of trenches stretched from the coast of Belgium to the border of Switzerland.Belgium to the border of Switzerland.

The Western Front in France became the critical The Western Front in France became the critical battle front.battle front.

The war became a stalemate in this area.The war became a stalemate in this area.

The MarneThe Marne

Deadly TechnologyDeadly Technology

Machine guns were improved and could fire 600 Machine guns were improved and could fire 600 bullets per minute.bullets per minute.

Artillery field guns were long-range cannons and Artillery field guns were long-range cannons and caused more causalities than any other type of caused more causalities than any other type of weapon.weapon.

Poison gas such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard Poison gas such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas could kill, blind, or burn their victimsgas could kill, blind, or burn their victims

Submarines used torpedoes as well as on-deck guns Submarines used torpedoes as well as on-deck guns to sink shipsto sink ships

Tanks and armored cars were used to go over the Tanks and armored cars were used to go over the rough ground and barbed -wire barricades of no rough ground and barbed -wire barricades of no man’s land.man’s land.

Airplanes were used for reconnaissance, bombing , Airplanes were used for reconnaissance, bombing , and fighting , but did not prove decisive.and fighting , but did not prove decisive.

New TechnologyNew Technology

Wilson and NeutralityWilson and Neutrality

President Wilson asked Americans to be “impartial in President Wilson asked Americans to be “impartial in thought as well as action”.thought as well as action”.

In 1914, 1/3 of Americans were foreign-born. This In 1914, 1/3 of Americans were foreign-born. This made it difficult to stay impartial.made it difficult to stay impartial.

Most Americans sided with Britain and France. Most Americans sided with Britain and France. Three positions eventually developed in America: Three positions eventually developed in America:

Isolationists believed that the war was none of Isolationists believed that the war was none of America's business; Interventionists felt that the war America's business; Interventionists felt that the war did affect American interests and the U.S. should did affect American interests and the U.S. should intervene on the side of the Allies; Internationalist intervene on the side of the Allies; Internationalist believed the U.S. should play an active role in world believed the U.S. should play an active role in world affairs and work toward achieving a just peace but affairs and work toward achieving a just peace but not enter the war.not enter the war.

The Picture of Neutrality in The Picture of Neutrality in AmericaAmerica

Britain Blockades GermanyBritain Blockades Germany

British leaders decided to use the navy to British leaders decided to use the navy to blockade Germany to keep essential goods blockade Germany to keep essential goods from reaching the other country.from reaching the other country.

International law allowed contraband goods to International law allowed contraband goods to be confiscated legally by any belligerent be confiscated legally by any belligerent nation.nation.

Noncontraband goods (food, medical supplies, Noncontraband goods (food, medical supplies, nonmilitary supplies) could not be confiscated.nonmilitary supplies) could not be confiscated.

Britain expanded the list of contraband items Britain expanded the list of contraband items until it included items such as gasoline, until it included items such as gasoline, cotton, and even food – even this was a cotton, and even food – even this was a violation of international law.violation of international law.

German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

May 7, 1915- Lusitania – Germany May 7, 1915- Lusitania – Germany promised not to fire on passenger promised not to fire on passenger shipsships

1916- Sussex – fired on another 1916- Sussex – fired on another passenger ship- Sussex Pledge- did passenger ship- Sussex Pledge- did not last very longnot last very long

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

Wilson’s Preparation for WarWilson’s Preparation for War

National Defense Act – expanded the National Defense Act – expanded the size of the armysize of the army

Naval Construction Act – ordered the Naval Construction Act – ordered the building of more warshipsbuilding of more warships

1916 Election – “He kept us out of war!”1916 Election – “He kept us out of war!” 1917-January – Zimmermann Note – 1917-January – Zimmermann Note –

proposed an alliance with Mexicoproposed an alliance with Mexico April 2, 1917 – Wilson called for a April 2, 1917 – Wilson called for a

declaration of war against Germanydeclaration of war against Germany

Election of 1916Election of 1916

The Home FrontThe Home Front

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act War Industries Board led by Bernard War Industries Board led by Bernard

Baruch – regulated all industries Baruch – regulated all industries engaged in the war effort.engaged in the war effort.

Food Administration – Herbert Hoover Food Administration – Herbert Hoover – set prices for wheat and other food – set prices for wheat and other food items to encourage farmers to items to encourage farmers to increase production. Called for increase production. Called for “meatless” and “wheatless” days“meatless” and “wheatless” days

Committee on Public Information – Committee on Public Information – George Creel- combined education and George Creel- combined education and widespread advertising to “sell widespread advertising to “sell America”; CPI designed, printed, and America”; CPI designed, printed, and distributed millions of posters that distributed millions of posters that dramatized the needs of America and dramatized the needs of America and its allies. They also stressed the cruelty its allies. They also stressed the cruelty and wickedness of the enemy – and wickedness of the enemy – especially Germany.especially Germany.

American Involvement in American Involvement in WWIWWI

OppositionOpposition

Conscientious objectors – people whose Conscientious objectors – people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in warsfight in wars

Women who worked for peace; Women’s Women who worked for peace; Women’s Peace Party (Jane Addams), Women's Peace Party (Jane Addams), Women's International League for Peace and International League for Peace and Freedom, Jeanette Rankin (first woman to Freedom, Jeanette Rankin (first woman to serve in the House of Rep.) voted against serve in the House of Rep.) voted against the declaration of warthe declaration of war

Cracking Down on DissentCracking Down on Dissent

Espionage Act, June 1917- allowed the Espionage Act, June 1917- allowed the postal authorities to ban treasonable or postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mail; enacted printed materials from the mail; enacted severe penalties for anyone engaged in severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activitiesdisloyal or treasonable activities

1918- Sedition Act – made it unlawful to 1918- Sedition Act – made it unlawful to use disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or use disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the American abusive language” about the American form of government, the Constitution, or form of government, the Constitution, or the military forces.the military forces.

Schenck vs. US, 1919Schenck vs. US, 1919

Court ruled that there are times Court ruled that there are times when the need for public order is so when the need for public order is so pressing the First Amendment pressing the First Amendment protection of speech do not apply; protection of speech do not apply; clear and present dangerclear and present danger

Prejudices Against GermansPrejudices Against Germans

Movies portrayed Germany as a cruel Movies portrayed Germany as a cruel enemy.enemy.

German was no longer taught in public German was no longer taught in public schools.schools.

German music was no longer played.German music was no longer played. German measles were renamed “liberty German measles were renamed “liberty

measles”.measles”. Hamburgers became “liberty steaks”, and Hamburgers became “liberty steaks”, and

dachshunds became “liberty pups”.dachshunds became “liberty pups”.

New Opportunities for New Opportunities for WomenWomen

Women moved into the workforce for the first Women moved into the workforce for the first time.time.

Worked in munitions factories, on railroads, Worked in munitions factories, on railroads, telegraph operators, trolley conductors, and other telegraph operators, trolley conductors, and other jobs that previously were opened only to men.jobs that previously were opened only to men.

Red CrossRed Cross American Women’s Hospital ServiceAmerican Women’s Hospital Service Doctors, nurses, ambulance driversDoctors, nurses, ambulance drivers Army Corps of Nurses was created in 1918.Army Corps of Nurses was created in 1918. Finally women won the right to vote in 1920 with Finally women won the right to vote in 1920 with

the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

During WWI and after, several push During WWI and after, several push factors caused thousands of African factors caused thousands of African Americans to decide to move from Americans to decide to move from their homes in the South. A handful their homes in the South. A handful of pull factors drew them to new of pull factors drew them to new homes in the Northhomes in the North

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Pushed/PulledPushed/Pulled

Jim Crow segregation Jim Crow segregation lawslaws

Lynching and other Lynching and other racial violenceracial violence

Low-paying jobs as Low-paying jobs as sharecroppers or sharecroppers or servantsservants

Ruined cotton crops Ruined cotton crops due to boll weevil due to boll weevil infestationsinfestations

Economic prosperity in Economic prosperity in northern citiesnorthern cities

Job openings due to Job openings due to reduced immigrationreduced immigration

Aid from African Aid from African Americans in the Americans in the NorthNorth

Mexicans Move North of the Mexicans Move North of the BorderBorder

Many faced violence and poverty.Many faced violence and poverty. Wanted better lives for themselves and Wanted better lives for themselves and

their childrentheir children Most immigrated to the American west to Most immigrated to the American west to

work on ranches and farms in Texas and work on ranches and farms in Texas and the Pacific Coast.the Pacific Coast.

Some migrated to factory jobs; many Some migrated to factory jobs; many stayed in California and formed barrios in stayed in California and formed barrios in Los Angeles and smaller California cities.Los Angeles and smaller California cities.

America Helps the AlliesAmerica Helps the Allies

The Allies were strengthened when The Allies were strengthened when America joined the war. The Allies America joined the war. The Allies were then able to demoralize the were then able to demoralize the Central Powers and win.Central Powers and win.

The Fourteen Points further The Fourteen Points further encouraged Germany to end the war, encouraged Germany to end the war, but the European Allies did not but the European Allies did not accept Wilson’s plan.accept Wilson’s plan.

The DoughboysThe Doughboys

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points

Sought to change the world by promoting Sought to change the world by promoting openness, encouraging independence, and openness, encouraging independence, and supporting freedom.supporting freedom.

Wilson called for open diplomacy, no Wilson called for open diplomacy, no secret treaties.secret treaties.

He insisted on freedom of the seas, a He insisted on freedom of the seas, a move toward ending colonialism, free move toward ending colonialism, free trade, a reduction of armaments, and self-trade, a reduction of armaments, and self-determination for nations.determination for nations.

His biggest point was the League of His biggest point was the League of Nations.Nations.

Wilson and the NegotiationsWilson and the Negotiations

Wilson crossed the Atlantic Ocean himself Wilson crossed the Atlantic Ocean himself to represent the U.S. at the peace to represent the U.S. at the peace conference, something no other president conference, something no other president had ever done.had ever done.

He did not invite leading Republicans to He did not invite leading Republicans to the conference. Henry Cabot Lodge, the the conference. Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republican foreign policy expert, was left Republican foreign policy expert, was left behind.behind.

Wilson wanted “peace without victory”.Wilson wanted “peace without victory”.

Allies Reject Wilson’s IdeasAllies Reject Wilson’s Ideas

British prime minister David Lloyd-George British prime minister David Lloyd-George and French premier Georges Clemenceau and French premier Georges Clemenceau wanted both peace and victory. Britain wanted both peace and victory. Britain insisted on protecting the existing colonial insisted on protecting the existing colonial status quo and punishing Germany. status quo and punishing Germany.

France wanted to make Germany pay dearly France wanted to make Germany pay dearly for what it had tone to France. They wanted for what it had tone to France. They wanted reparations and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.reparations and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.

The other Allies also had goals of their own The other Allies also had goals of their own and did not support Wilson’s vision.and did not support Wilson’s vision.

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Although Wilson lost most of his 14 Although Wilson lost most of his 14 Points, he was unwilling to Points, he was unwilling to compromise on the League of compromise on the League of Nations.Nations.

The other delegates finally voted to The other delegates finally voted to make the League a part of the treaty.make the League a part of the treaty.

Problems with the PeaceProblems with the Peace

The new map was violated.The new map was violated. The Ottoman Empire fell and new The Ottoman Empire fell and new

states were formed with ethnic states were formed with ethnic groups clustered together randomly. groups clustered together randomly. For example, Iraq was made up of For example, Iraq was made up of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. Basra Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. Basra had links to India, Baghdad to Persia, had links to India, Baghdad to Persia, and Mosul to turkey and Syria.and Mosul to turkey and Syria.

Map Before and After WWIMap Before and After WWI

America Rejects the TreatyAmerica Rejects the Treaty

Many Americans did not favor the “war Many Americans did not favor the “war guilt” clause.guilt” clause.

Irish Americans wanted an independent Irish Americans wanted an independent Ireland.Ireland.

The Republican-controlled Senate Foreign The Republican-controlled Senate Foreign Relations committee had to approve the Relations committee had to approve the treaty and then the Republican-controlled treaty and then the Republican-controlled Senate had to ratify it.Senate had to ratify it.

Henry Cabot Lodge and the “reservationists” Henry Cabot Lodge and the “reservationists” were opposed to the treaty as it was written.were opposed to the treaty as it was written.

ReservationistsReservationists

Many felt that the League could lead the Many felt that the League could lead the U.S. into war without consent of Congress.U.S. into war without consent of Congress.

They felt the language was too vague.They felt the language was too vague. They were willing to vote for the Treaty They were willing to vote for the Treaty

with some changes.with some changes. Wilson refused to compromise.Wilson refused to compromise. His health failed him.His health failed him. The senate rejected the Versailles Treaty.The senate rejected the Versailles Treaty.

Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

Flu pandemicFlu pandemic Women were forced back out of the Women were forced back out of the

workforce.workforce. African Americans were still victims African Americans were still victims

of racism and discrimination.of racism and discrimination. Inflation Inflation Red Scare/Palmer RaidsRed Scare/Palmer Raids Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.

1918 Flu Pandemic1918 Flu Pandemic

NormalcyNormalcy

Warren G. Harding wins the election of Warren G. Harding wins the election of 19201920

U.S. became the largest creditor nations in U.S. became the largest creditor nations in the world.the world.

Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist.ceased to exist.

German and Russian monarchies were German and Russian monarchies were toppled.toppled.

New forms of government were created.New forms of government were created.

Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

Video ClipsVideo Clips

http://www.history.com/videos/world-war-i-soldiers-learn-to-pack#world-war-i-soldiers-learn-to-pack

http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i#causes-of-world-war-i

http://www.history.com/videos/coming-home-from-world-war-i#coming-home-from-world-war-i

http://www.history.com/videos/treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i

http://www.history.com/videos/george-s-patton#george-s-patton

Remaining Questions for Remaining Questions for AmericaAmerica

How could the U.S. exert its moral How could the U.S. exert its moral authority in the world?authority in the world?

Could America retreat in to Could America retreat in to isolationism in political but not isolationism in political but not economic affairs?economic affairs?

The answers were not to come The answers were not to come quickly.quickly.