GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA

POWER-TO-GAS E INTERCONNESSIONE DEI SETTORIELETTRICO, GAS E MOBILITÀ

GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA

Giulio GuandaliniRicercatore – Gruppo GECOSDipartimento di Energia - Politecnico di Milano

Ancona, 8 Maggio 2019 - Università Politecnica delle Marche

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjOgdLM4ZHhAhVGDOwKHTJVCh4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univpm.it%2FEntra%2FIdentita_di_Ateneo&psig=AOvVaw0tZH7b4KturE51dfMv1D7W&ust=1553207112290116

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiBy8Lk4ZHhAhWIzqQKHWPoCBcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.unipi.it%2Fstatic%2Fistologia%2F&psig=AOvVaw37nudXZLEmDKs41SUkwQg9&ust=1553207167707359

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiUv-eB4pHhAhWSPOwKHUK-DlIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unipg.it%2F&psig=AOvVaw2nngQ7q87w18OnWJkbXPkw&ust=1553207233511229

2/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019

GECOS – Group of Energy COnversion System – Energy Department

www.gecos.polimi.it

The group expertise is focused on energy conversion systems design, analysis and optimization, based on in-house and commercial software, as well as on experimental facilities.

The research analyses various aspects ofenergy systems, related to efficiency,economics and environmental impact.

Our group is part of the Energy Departmentof Politecnico di Milano and employs morethan 35 people among professors,researchers and PhD students.


Sector coupling: hydrogen systems for energy storage

The group isinvestigating from thepoint of view of thesystem simulation theoptions for chemicalenergy storage: Power-to-Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-X

Micro-cogeneration (NG or, in

perspective, with H2admixture)

Green-chemistry (ammonia,

methanol, SNG)

Hydrogen mobility(light- and heavy-

duty)

NG “greening”

Cogeneration

Ancillary services and

seasonal storage

Micro-grids

The integration of thedifferent options issimulated, consideringthe presence of differentstorage technologies(e.g. pumped hydro,batteries).


Pow

er g

rid

Transport sector

Nat

ural

gas

infr

astr

uctu

re

Electrolysis

RESpower plants

NG storage

RefineriesConventionalpower plants

Pumpedhydro

Industrial loads

Residential and tertiary loads

import

crude oil

Methanation

Batterystorage

import

biomethane

SMR

H2 to mobility

NG

EE

SNG CH4

Power-to-gasP2G

biomass

biof

uels

oil-d

eriv

edfu

elsbiomass

& waste

coal

Fuelcells

H2 storage

EE to mobility / storage

exportextraction

H2

• Electric-to-electric storage: existingpumped hydro, newly installed batteries, plug-in EVs

• P2G to link networks: role of hydrogenas clean energy vector for cogeneration, thermal and industrial uses

• Natural gas grid with blends of NG, biomethane, H2

• Plug-in and Fuel Cell electric vehicles

System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling

Through multi-nodal grid simulation models forcountries or regions we can estimate theavailability of H2 from P2G, based on scenarios forRES deployment, grid demand evolution and cleanmobility development with battery EVs andhydrogen FCEVsCooperation with Research Center Juelich (Germany)

and University of California - Irvine (USA)



Electricity: 2050 RES technical potential scenario** Maximum feasible PV & wind capacity (5-6 times vs current)

8.726.7

49.118.6

59.3

110.2283.8

295.7

311.3

255

265

275

285

295

305

315

020406080

100120140160180200220

2014 2030 2050

Load

[TW

h]

Inst

alle

d ca

paci

ty [G

W]

Geothermal Hydro Wind PV Load

* IEA, H2&FC Technology Roadmap, 2015 (% for EU4 – UK+D+F+ITA, scaled to ITA), ** P. R. Defaix et al., Technical potential for photovoltaics on buildings in the EU-27, 2012

RE-Shaping Project, Long Term Potentials and Costs of RES, 2011

Mobility: 2050 IEA scenario *High alternative automobiles penetration forecast

35.5

36.0

36.5

37.0

37.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2015 2030 2050

Num

ber o

f aut

omob

iles

Mill

ions

Shar

e

Conventional Electric Hydrogen Automobiles fleet

Coherent with SEN2017

∼10 M

∼12 M

2010 2016 2030 plan [5] Long-term scenario

Solar photovoltaic 3.5 GW 19.3 GW 50.0 GW 137.2 GW

On-shore wind 5.8 GW 9.4 GW 17.5 GW 49.1 GW

Off-shore wind 0.0 GW 0.0 GW 0.9 GW 9.5 GW

Geothermal 0.8 GW 0.8 GW 0.9 GW 0.8 GW

Renewable hydro 17.9 GW 18.6 GW 19.2 GW 18.6 GW

Historical data, 2030 national plan (PNIEC proposal), and assumed long-term scenario of RES installed capacity in Italy, by energy source.

Energy optimization model to verify the global energy balance: no ancillary services and reserve included

Inter-zonal electricity and hydrogen exchange

(capacity estimate from planned infrastructure evolution)



The -80% target remains very difficult (needof other RES, CCS, nuclear…?)

735 kt/yr of H2 (∼81% of the demand) is covered by RES, with 26.2 GW of electrolyzersin P2G plant, but the remaining is produced from NG through SMR

Electricity demand coverage (grid + EV)

54.9%

1.4%5.1%

1.7%

37.0% 35.8%

3.1%10.6%

50.4%

Primary energy demand coverage (grid + all

including transport*)

From: P. Colbertaldo, G. Guandalini, S. Campanari “Modelling the integrated power and transport energy system: The role of power-to-gas and hydrogen in long-term scenarios for Italy”, Energy, Vol. 154, p. 592-601, doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.089, 2018

GHG reduction EU target Result

2015 - 2050Power grid -90.5 to -98.6% -41.1 %

Automobiles -59.7 to -71.1% -58.6 %

Best options result from a combination of different mobility technologies (mix of FCEV and BEV)


System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling - Germany

The potential for P2G is very different, about 5-6 times higher in Germany in terms of negative residual load.

From: G. Guandalini, T. Grube, S. Campanari, D. Stolten “Long-term power-to-gas potential from wind and solar power: A countryanalysis for Italy”, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42 (19), pp. 13389-13406, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.081.

• Different size of the energy system (3-3.5 times higher peak load for DE vs IT)

• Different share of RES potential: comparable ratio of installed RES over peak load but wind (onshore+offshore) prevails in Germany while PV prevails in Italy


System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling - California

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Wind capacity [GW]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

PV c

apac

ity [G

W]

installed PV 2016

PV max potential

90%

95%

85%

100%

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Elec

troly

sis

capa

city

[GW

]

California Bills (SB100, AB45, SB1245):o 33% RES in electrical consumption by 2020o 45% RES in electrical consumption by 2030o 100% RES in electrical consumption by 2050

California transportation sector evolution:o BEVs vs FCEVso Infrastructure to be developed

Evaluation of required generation and storage capacities to attain 100% RES in electrical consumption• Current demand amount and profile (2016)• Rescaled generation profiles (from 2016 data) with wind

and PV increased to needs• Power-to-Power energy storage: H2 production via

electrolysis, electricity generation in fuel cellsFrom: P. Colbertaldo, S. B. Agustin, S. Campanari, J. Brouwer “Impact of hydrogen energy storage on California electric power system:achieving 100% renewable electricity supply”, Int. J. Of Hydrogen Energy, in press.


Natural gas grid transport and distribution modelling

SNAM RETE GAS (2017)Transportation: 76 billions of Nm3

Storage: 16 billions of Nm3

Large blending capacity: achieving a 10-20% H2 (vol.) average requiresnearly all today’s electricity from PV and wind

Issues of checking local feasibility, but let’s not forget that «city gas», used in Italy up to the ‘70-80 was ∼50% hydrogen…

NG transported(×109 Nm3/y)1

EE to P2G@ 10%vol H2

(TWhel/y)2

Total production from PV + wind

(TWh/y)3

Germany 81 40.5 115

Italy 65 32.5 41.5UK 77 38.5 61.5USA 779 389.5 3071 data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 20162 with 60% efficiency (H2,LHV/Eel)3 from AWEA, energytransition.org, BP statistical review, US Energy InformationAdministration, www.gov.uk/government/statistics, Italy’s GSE.

Length of NG pipelines

«Energy hub» asinterconnection betweenelectrical and hydrogensystems


Natural gas grid transport and distribution modelling

However, actual limits in H2 injections depend on local gridconditions (experiencing large daily, weekly and seasonal variations):

requirement of a more detailed ‘quality tracking’ analysis

Limits from NG Grid CodeHHV 34,95 ÷ 45,28 MJ/Sm3

WI 47,31 ÷ 52,33 MJ/Sm3

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 =𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻⁄𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌0

1G. Guandalini, S. Campanari, Wind power plant and power-to-gas system coupled with natural gas gridinfrastructure: techno-economic optimization of operation, Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2015, GT2015-42229

2G. Guandalini, P. Colbertaldo, S. Campanari “Dynamic modeling of natural gas quality within transport pipelines in presence of hydrogen injections”, Applied Energy, 2017.

Evaluation of grid max allowance for new gases Detailed knowledge about delivered gas proprieties Management of possible out-of-limit injections

Quality tracking

𝜕𝜕𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 +

)𝜕𝜕(𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 = 0

𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 +

𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌2

𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 +𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 + 𝜆𝜆𝜌𝜌

𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌2𝐷𝐷 = 0

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 �𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 f(Re,ε)

f(Tr ,pr) / ISO model


GRASSHOPPER H2020 project

http://www.grasshopperproject.eu/

GRid ASsiSting Modular HydrOgen PEM PowER PlantStart date: 1 January 2018Duration: 36 monthsTotal funding: 4.4 M€

This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 779430. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe research.

The activities of the project: Development of durable low cost MEAs Development of larger size low cost stacks Design and validation of 100 kW pilot plant in Nouryon facilities in Delfzijl Design of low cost, flexible and modular MW-size FCPP (< 1500 €/kWe) Design and validation of a platform to integrate grid support functionality

GRASSHOPPER proposes major coherent improvements on MEAs, stacks and system design to reduce CAPEX and add flexibility to participate in renewable energy markets.


FLEDGED and CONVERGE H2020 projects

Heat recovery steam cycle

SEDMES

Scrubber

Liquid redox H2S removal

Compressor

OLGASEG

Gasifier - Carbonator

Combustor - Calciner

Dryer

Biomass

Air preheaterAir

Stack

LimestoneInert solids

Purge

Filter

Air/steam

Waste water

AirSulphur slurry

Waste waterRich glycol

Glycol

Activated carbon

ZnO filter

Flue gases cooling Syngas cooler

CondenserCompressor intercoolers

DME reactors cooling

Syngas cooler

Cooler

AirSteam

Steam

Water makeup

Flue gases from calciner

To air preheater

Water removal

DME cooling

Exhaust

Methanol recirculation

Water

Sorption enhanced DME synthesis

Conventional DME synthesis

DME

Inerts

FLEDGED process preliminary configuration

Flexible Dimethyl Ether (DME) production from biomass gasification with sorption-enhanced processesStart date: 1 November 2016Duration: 48 monthsTotal funding: 5.6 M€

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement N° 727600.

SEG process

Biomass

airTar/PM removal

H2S separation

SE-DME synthesis

DMEDME separation

Optional CO recycle (smaller for given yield)

FLEDGED process: SEG + SEDMES

Steam

Flexible sorption enhanced gasification (SEG) process

Sorption enhanced DME synthesis (SEDMES) process

• Process intensification• Efficiency improvements• Environmental impact reduction• Cost reductions• Process flexibility

www.fledged.eu




Gasifier DME synthesis

Electrolyser

DMESyngas with adjusted composition (M<2)

Biomass

H2

O2

Combustor

Biomass (if needed)

Flue gas to stackair

steam

water

Target syngas composition (M=2)

Circulating solids

Preliminary estimates showed a Power-to-DME conversion of about 60%, defined as additional DME energy content with respect to the input electricity.

By controlling the SEG process parameters (solid circulation,

Ca/C ratio in the gasifier, gasifier temperature, S/C ratio),

syngas composition can be adjusted to match with the

downstream synthesis process.

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

M=(

H 2-CO

2)/(

CO+C

O2)

mol

ar ra

tio

H 2/CO

mol

ar ra

tio

Ca/C ratio at gasifier inlet

FT (F

e-ca

taly

st)

/MeO

H/DM

E

Met

hane

(act

ive

WGS

cat

alys

t)

FT (Co-catalyst)

Methane (inactive WGS catalyst)

𝑀𝑀 =𝐻𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2

SEG

Gasifier - Carbonator

Combustor - Calciner

LimestoneInert solids

Purge

S

Steam

Inerts

www.fledged.eu




Carbon valorization in energy-efficient green fuels

Start date: 1 November 2018Duration: 42 monthsTotal funding: 5.1 M€

The CONVERGE project will validate an innovative route for green biodiesel production starting from secondary biomass.

The possibility of adjusting the composition at the reformer outlet allows for integration with additional hydrogen sources.

www.converge-h2020.eu


Laboratorio di MicroReti e P2G – Progetto Prophet

The main purpose of the PROPHET project is to design and test through an experimentalinnovative rig a control system for a multi-good microgrid (electricity, heat, potable water), toensure its secure and efficient operation in the presence of high penetration of renewablegenerations.

The impact electric vehicles (EV) into the microgrid itself and the micro-grid as distributed smart-storage/generation system will be assessed and tested.

The project and the operation of the micro-grid guarantees a tight collaboration between Engie EPS and Polimi.



Electric power generation capacity 100 kWThermal power generation capacity 45 kWPotable water production 1 m3/hElectric Vehicles 2Electric Bikes 10Electric storage 150 kWhHydrogen storage 30 kWhThermal storage 50 kWh

Battery Energy storage (Li-ion batteries): 70 kWh + 70 kWh

H2 storage coupled with Power-to-Power system: Alkaline Electrolyzer (25 kW) PEM Fuel Cell (25kW);



1. Optimisation Algorithms and Control Predictive functions for both off-grid and on grid applications;

2. Distributed Smart Storage for behind-the-meter grid services: frequency regulation, voltage support;

3. Distributed Smart Generation: optimize the intraday profile of the exchange of energy;

4. Virtual Power Plants for ancillary services;

5. Vehicle-to-Grid to transform a car into a revenue generating asset. Vehicle-to-Grid will be evaluated both in on-grid and off-grid applications

6. Impact of EVs fast charging on the grid structure and optimization strategies

Main topics:


Dipartimento di Eccellenza

The Energy Department willdevelop projects and

laboratories focused on mobility applications:

Batteries Vehicle-to-Grid Power-to-X


www.gecos.polimi.it

[email protected]@polimi.it

Thanks for your attention!

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA

Documents

Transcript of GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA