Geography: Mapping Skills & Map Making Social Studies.

Geography:Geography:Mapping Skills Mapping Skills

& & Map MakingMap Making

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Map and Geographic Map and Geographic SkillsSkills

Unit 1 Vocabulary—Map and Graph SkillsUnit 1 Vocabulary—Map and Graph Skills

• Absolute locationAbsolute location• atlasatlas• bar graphbar graph• cardinal directionscardinal directions• cartographercartographer• circle graphscircle graphs• climographsclimographs• compass rosecompass rose• densitydensity• distortiondistortion• EquatorEquator• Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection• intermediate directionsintermediate directions• latitudelatitude• legend (key)legend (key)• line graphline graph• longitudelongitude• orientation Physical maporientation Physical map• Polar projectionPolar projection• political mappolitical map• reliefrelief• population mapspopulation maps• scalescale• primary resourceprimary resource• mapmap• Prime MeridianPrime Meridian• globeglobe• relative locationrelative location• Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection

ScaleScale

• Shows the ratio Shows the ratio between a unit of between a unit of length on a map and length on a map and a unit of distance on a unit of distance on the earththe earth

Lines of latitudeLines of latitude

• Imaginary lines that Imaginary lines that measure distance measure distance north and south of the north and south of the equatorequator

Lines of LongitudeLines of Longitude

• Imaginary lines that Imaginary lines that measure distance east measure distance east and west of the Prime and west of the Prime MeridianMeridian

Relative LocationRelative Location

•Describes a place in Describes a place in comparison to other comparison to other places around itplaces around it

OrientationOrientation

•Direction -- usually Direction -- usually shown on a map shown on a map using a compass rose using a compass rose or directional or directional indicatorindicator

Sources of geographic Sources of geographic informationinformation

• Geographic Information Geographic Information Systems (GIS), field work, Systems (GIS), field work, satellite images, satellite images, photographs, maps, photographs, maps, globes, data bases, globes, data bases, primary sourcesprimary sources

Mental MapsMental Maps

• Help people carry out Help people carry out daily activities (ex. Route daily activities (ex. Route to school or the store)to school or the store)• give directions to othersgive directions to others• understand world eventsunderstand world events

4 ways mental maps can be 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refineddeveloped and refined• Compare sketched maps Compare sketched maps to more formal maps such to more formal maps such as those in an atlas or as those in an atlas or bookbook• Describe the location of Describe the location of places in terms of places in terms of reference points (the reference points (the equator or Prime Meridianequator or Prime Meridian

4 ways mental maps can be 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refined cont.developed and refined cont.

• Can describe the location Can describe the location of places in terms of of places in terms of geographic features and geographic features and land forms (ex. West of land forms (ex. West of the Mississippi River, or the Mississippi River, or north of the Gulf of north of the Gulf of Mexico)Mexico)

4 ways mental maps can be 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refined cont.developed and refined cont.

• Describing the location Describing the location of places in terms of the of places in terms of the human characteristics of human characteristics of a place ( ex: languages, a place ( ex: languages, types of housing dress, types of housing dress, recreation, customs or recreation, customs or traditionstraditions

What are the standard What are the standard methods of showing methods of showing

information on a mapinformation on a map• SymbolsSymbols• ColorsColors• LinesLines• BoundariesBoundaries• ContoursContours

Thematic MapsThematic Maps

• Thematic maps show a Thematic maps show a theme or a particular theme or a particular idea. There are many idea. There are many different types.different types.

Types of Thematic mapsTypes of Thematic maps• Population densityPopulation density• population distributionpopulation distribution• economic activityeconomic activity• resourcesresources• languageslanguages• ethnicityethnicity

Types of Thematic maps cont.Types of Thematic maps cont.

• ClimateClimate• precipitationprecipitation• vegetationvegetation• physicalphysical• politicalpolitical

Ways map can show changeWays map can show change• Changes in Changes in KnowledgeKnowledge–Map of Columbus’s time Map of Columbus’s time –Satellite imagesSatellite images

• changes in changes in Place NamesPlace Names–Formosa, Taiwan, Republic Formosa, Taiwan, Republic of Chinaof China–Palestine, Israel, Occupied Palestine, Israel, Occupied TerritoriesTerritories

Ways map can show change Ways map can show change cont.cont.

• changes inchanges in Boundaries Boundaries–Africa in the 1910s and Africa in the 1910s and in the 1990sin the 1990s–Europe before WWII and Europe before WWII and after WWII and since after WWII and since 19901990


• Changes in Changes in perspectives of perspectives of place namesplace names--Arabian Gulf --Arabian Gulf v. Persian Gulfv. Persian Gulf–Sea of Japan v. East SeaSea of Japan v. East Sea–Middle East v. North Africa Middle East v. North Africa and Southwest Asiaand Southwest Asia


• Changes in Changes in Disputed Disputed areasareas---- KoreaKorea–Western SaharaWestern Sahara–Former YugoslaviaFormer Yugoslavia–KashmirKashmir

Map ProjectionsMap Projections• Three types of map Three types of map

projectionsprojections–MercatorMercator–PolarPolar–RobinsonRobinson

• All three types have All three types have distortiondistortion

Map Projections cont.Map Projections cont.• You can distort area, You can distort area,

shape, distance and shape, distance and directiondirection• A A Mercator projectionMercator projection is is

best used for ship best used for ship navigation because of the navigation because of the nice straight linesnice straight lines

Mercator projectionMercator projection

• Nice Straight linesNice Straight lines

Map Projections cont.Map Projections cont.• A A Polar projectionPolar projection is best is best

used in airplane navigation. used in airplane navigation. It is easy to plot the Great It is easy to plot the Great Circle Routes used to fly long Circle Routes used to fly long distancesdistances• A A Robinson projectionRobinson projection is best is best

used for data representation. used for data representation. Most of the maps in Most of the maps in textbooks are Robinson textbooks are Robinson projections projections

Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection• Latitude lines are straight. Longitude Latitude lines are straight. Longitude

lines are curved.lines are curved.

Pie ChartPie Chart

• Used to Used to show parts show parts of a whole of a whole or or percentagepercentagess

Bar graphBar graph

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1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

EastWestNorth

• Used to Used to show items show items in relation in relation to others to others

Line GraphLine Graph

• Used to Used to show loss or show loss or gain or gain or information information over several over several time framestime frames

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid

• Shows the Shows the population of a population of a country or country or region. Allows region. Allows you to break you to break into male and into male and female and by female and by age groupsage groups

ClimographClimograph

• J F M A M J J A SJ F M A M J J A S• Shows precipitation and Shows precipitation and

temperature averages over temperature averages over a one year perioda one year period

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Practical applications of Practical applications of GeographyGeography

• Recycling programsRecycling programs• conversion of landconversion of land• airport expansionairport expansion• bicycle pathsbicycle paths• water sourceswater sources• air qualityair quality• mass transitmass transit

Mapping It OutMapping It Out

Social Studies OnlineSocial Studies Online

IntroductionIntroduction

Blueprint Skill Geography Blueprint Skill Geography Grade 2Grade 2

–Recognize that a map Recognize that a map contains elements such contains elements such as title, scale, symbols, as title, scale, symbols, legends, grids, and legends, grids, and cardinal and cardinal and intermediate directions.intermediate directions.

What’s on a map?What’s on a map?

• Maps have a lot of Maps have a lot of information, but you need to information, but you need to know how to read them. know how to read them. There are several parts to a There are several parts to a map which explain details map which explain details and help you really see and help you really see where you are and where where you are and where you're going.you're going.

LegendLegend

• Maps often Maps often have symbols have symbols to represent to represent such features such features as highways, as highways, small roads, small roads, campgrounds, campgrounds, and rest areas. and rest areas. These symbols These symbols are listed in the are listed in the legendlegend..

CompassCompass

• The compass The compass shows the shows the directions on directions on a map: a map: north, south, north, south, east, and east, and west.west.

IndexIndex

• The index tells The index tells you where to you where to find a specific find a specific place on a map. place on a map. Depending on Depending on the size and the size and type of map type of map you're using, the you're using, the index can help index can help you locate a city, you locate a city, town, or street.town, or street.

ScaleScale

• The scale helps The scale helps you measure you measure the distance the distance betweeen two betweeen two places. When places. When you know the you know the distance you distance you can calculate can calculate how long the how long the trip will take.trip will take.

ResourcesResources

• What’s on a map?What’s on a map?• Map Adventures (handout)Map Adventures (handout)

Social Studies:Social Studies:Introduction to Introduction to

mapsmaps

What What isis a map? a map?

• A generalized view of an area, usually A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced sizefrom above at a greatly reduced size

• Any geographical image of the Any geographical image of the environmentenvironment

• A two-dimensional representation of the A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomenaspatial distribution of selected phenomena

Why make maps?Why make maps?

• To represent a larger area than we To represent a larger area than we can seecan see

• To show a phenomenon or process To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyeswe can’t see with our eyes

• To present information conciselyTo present information concisely• To show spatial relationshipsTo show spatial relationships

Represent a larger area

Show what we

can’t see

Present info concisely

Show spatial relationships

How do we read maps?How do we read maps?

• Maps are Maps are selectiveselective views of reality views of reality• Size of the map relative to reality Size of the map relative to reality

(scale)(scale)• What’s on the map (symbolization)What’s on the map (symbolization)• Shape of the map (projection)Shape of the map (projection)

Map scaleMap scale

• Ratio of the distance on the map Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the groundto the distance on the ground

• Scale is a fractionScale is a fraction• Larger area covered means larger Larger area covered means larger

denominatordenominator• Larger denominator means smaller Larger denominator means smaller

fractionfraction• So a So a large-scalelarge-scale map covers a map covers a

small areasmall area

Large-scale

Small-scale

Map scaleMap scale


1.1. Graphic:Graphic:

• Stays the same when photocopiedStays the same when photocopied• Might not be right for the whole Might not be right for the whole

map map

Map scaleMap scale

1.1. Verbal:Verbal:

1 inch equals 10 miles1 inch equals 10 miles

• Easy to understandEasy to understand• Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Map scaleMap scale

1.1. Representative fraction or ratio:Representative fraction or ratio:

1:24,0001:24,000

• Units don’t matterUnits don’t matter• Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Map symbolizationMap symbolization

• Symbols are a code instead of textSymbols are a code instead of text• Three kinds: point, line, areaThree kinds: point, line, area• Consider shape, size, orientation, Consider shape, size, orientation,

pattern, color, valuepattern, color, value

Point symbolsPoint symbols

• Every symbol counts as one Every symbol counts as one occurrenceoccurrence

• Qualitative pointsQualitative points– Indicate locationIndicate location– Can also describe that locationCan also describe that location

• Quantitative pointsQuantitative points– Show a distributionShow a distribution– Indicate a value (graduated Indicate a value (graduated

symbols)symbols)

Indicate locationDescribe location

Show a distribution

Indicate a value

Line symbolsLine symbols

• One-dimensionalOne-dimensional• Mostly taken for granted (borders, Mostly taken for granted (borders,

roads)roads)• IsolinesIsolines connect same values connect same values• Flow-line maps indicate value by Flow-line maps indicate value by

width of linewidth of line

Isolines(Contour

lines)

Flow-line maps

Area symbolsArea symbols

• Each territory or region has one Each territory or region has one valuevalue

• Differences in kindDifferences in kind• Differences in valueDifferences in value– ChoroplethChoropleth maps maps – Usually, darker indicates moreUsually, darker indicates more

• Cartograms distort area to show Cartograms distort area to show valuevalue

Differences in kind

Differences in value(Choropleth)

Cartogram

Topographic mapsTopographic maps

• Also called quadranglesAlso called quadrangles• Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.• Done by the US Geological Survey Done by the US Geological Survey

(USGS) since 1897(USGS) since 1897• Map out the entire country in a Map out the entire country in a

standard fashionstandard fashion


• Till the 1940s, you climbed to the Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest point and plotted what you highest point and plotted what you could see from therecould see from there

• Aerial photography after WWIIAerial photography after WWII• Two overlapping photos are put in Two overlapping photos are put in

a stereoscopea stereoscope• 10 photos for each 7.5 minute map10 photos for each 7.5 minute map


• Show 2D features, point, line and Show 2D features, point, line and area; also show 3D via contour linesarea; also show 3D via contour lines

• Common symbols are in the Common symbols are in the appendix of the textappendix of the text

• Note the contour interval at the Note the contour interval at the bottom of the mapbottom of the map

Map-reading exerciseMap-reading exercise

Class 1b:Class 1b:Introduction to Introduction to

mapsmaps

What What isis a map? a map?

• A generalized view of an area, usually A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced sizefrom above at a greatly reduced size

• Any geographical image of the Any geographical image of the environmentenvironment

• A two-dimensional representation of the A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomenaspatial distribution of selected phenomena

Why make maps?Why make maps?

• To represent a larger area than we To represent a larger area than we can seecan see

• To show a phenomenon or process To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyeswe can’t see with our eyes

• To present information conciselyTo present information concisely• To show spatial relationshipsTo show spatial relationships

Represent a larger area

Show what we

can’t see

Present info concisely

Show spatial relationships

How do we read maps?How do we read maps?

• Maps are Maps are selectiveselective views of reality views of reality• Size of the map relative to reality Size of the map relative to reality

(scale)(scale)• What’s on the map (symbolization)What’s on the map (symbolization)• Shape of the map (projection)Shape of the map (projection)

Map scaleMap scale


• Scale is a fractionScale is a fraction• Larger area covered means larger Larger area covered means larger

denominatordenominator• Larger denominator means smaller Larger denominator means smaller

fractionfraction• So a So a large-scalelarge-scale map covers a map covers a

small areasmall area

Large-scale

Small-scale

Map scaleMap scale


1.1. Graphic:Graphic:

• Stays the same when photocopiedStays the same when photocopied• Might not be right for the whole Might not be right for the whole

map map

Map scaleMap scale

1.1. Verbal:Verbal:

1 inch equals 10 miles1 inch equals 10 miles

• Easy to understandEasy to understand• Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Map scaleMap scale

1.1. Representative fraction or ratio:Representative fraction or ratio:

1:24,0001:24,000

• Units don’t matterUnits don’t matter• Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Map symbolizationMap symbolization

• Symbols are a code instead of textSymbols are a code instead of text• Three kinds: point, line, areaThree kinds: point, line, area• Consider shape, size, orientation, Consider shape, size, orientation,

pattern, color, valuepattern, color, value

Point symbolsPoint symbols

• Every symbol counts as one Every symbol counts as one occurrenceoccurrence

• Qualitative pointsQualitative points– Indicate locationIndicate location– Can also describe that locationCan also describe that location

• Quantitative pointsQuantitative points– Show a distributionShow a distribution– Indicate a value (graduated Indicate a value (graduated

symbols)symbols)

Indicate locationDescribe location

Show a distribution

Indicate a value

Line symbolsLine symbols

• One-dimensionalOne-dimensional• Mostly taken for granted (borders, Mostly taken for granted (borders,

roads)roads)• IsolinesIsolines connect same values connect same values• Flow-line maps indicate value by Flow-line maps indicate value by

width of linewidth of line

Isolines(Contour

lines)

Flow-line maps

Area symbolsArea symbols

• Each territory or region has one Each territory or region has one valuevalue

• Differences in kindDifferences in kind• Differences in valueDifferences in value– ChoroplethChoropleth maps maps – Usually, darker indicates moreUsually, darker indicates more

• Cartograms distort area to show Cartograms distort area to show valuevalue

Differences in kind

Differences in value(Choropleth)

MapsMaps

The World PoliticalThe World Political

• Political maps show how people Political maps show how people have divided places on the Earth have divided places on the Earth into countries, states, cities and into countries, states, cities and other units for the purpose of other units for the purpose of governing them.governing them.

The World PhysicalThe World Physical

• Physical maps show what the Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like.surface of the Earth looks like.

Oceans of the Oceans of the WorldWorld

• The world has four major oceans.The world has four major oceans.• AtlanticAtlantic• PacificPacific• ArcticArctic• IndianIndian

Pacificocean

Atlanticocean

Arcticocean

Indianocean

Global ClimatesGlobal Climates• Students generally associate Arctic Students generally associate Arctic

and Antarctic with cold weather, so and Antarctic with cold weather, so students could make the observation students could make the observation that the climate at the poles is cold. that the climate at the poles is cold. This map shows the general climate This map shows the general climate regions of the world.regions of the world.

World ReligionsWorld Religions• Religious beliefs help define a Religious beliefs help define a

people’s culture, so to understand people’s culture, so to understand a people, it is important to a people, it is important to consider what religions influence consider what religions influence that group.that group.

Map ReviewMap Review• What is the purpose of a Political What is the purpose of a Political

map?map?

To show borders of countries, states, cities

Map ReviewMap Review• What is the purpose of a Physical What is the purpose of a Physical

map?map?• Physical maps show what the Physical maps show what the

surface of the world looks likesurface of the world looks like

Map ReviewMap Review• What are the four major oceans of What are the four major oceans of

the world?the world?• AtlanticAtlantic• PacificPacific• ArcticArctic• IndianIndian

Map ReviewMap Review• Why is it important to understand Why is it important to understand

a peoples religion?a peoples religion?• because religion helps shape their because religion helps shape their

cultureculture

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude►The earth is divided into lots of The earth is divided into lots of

lines called lines called latitudelatitude and and longitudelongitude..

LinesLines

►Longitude lines run north and Longitude lines run north and south.south.

►Latitude lines run east and west. Latitude lines run east and west. ►The lines measure distances in The lines measure distances in

degrees.degrees.

Latitude

Longitude

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The equatorequator is 0 degree latitude. is 0 degree latitude. ►It is an imaginary belt that runs It is an imaginary belt that runs

halfway point between the North halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.Pole and the South Pole.

Equator

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The prime meridianprime meridian is 0 degrees is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

P

R

I

M

E

MERIDIAN

HemispheresHemispheres

►By using the equator and By using the equator and prime meridian, we can prime meridian, we can divide the world into four divide the world into four hemisphereshemispheres, north, south, , north, south, east, and west. east, and west.

CompassCompass►A compass is a tool that A compass is a tool that

helps the user know what helps the user know what direction one is headed.direction one is headed.

►On a map, a compass or a On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the compass rose helps the user locate these directions.user locate these directions.

Compass RoseCompass Rose►The needle on a compass is The needle on a compass is

magnetized to point to the earth's magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed. which direction they are headed.

►There are four major or cardinal There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest. northwest, southeast, southwest.

►Direction QuizDirection QuizSource: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov

DirectionsDirections

►The cardinal directions are north, The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.south, east, and west.

►The intermediate directions are The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.northwest.

►They help describe the location of They help describe the location of places in relation to other places. places in relation to other places.

ScaleScale

►Maps are made to scale; that is, Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance.the map and the actual distance.

►For example, each inch on the For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.and auto dealers in one inch.

Time ZonesTime Zones

►The Earth is divided into 24 time The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day. day.

►As the earth rotates, the sun shines As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day. to west during the course of a day.

►Places that have the same Places that have the same longitudelongitude will be in the same time zone.will be in the same time zone.

Map LegendsMap Legends►The legend is the key to unlocking the The legend is the key to unlocking the

secrets of a map. Objects or colors in secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the the legend represent something on the map. map.

Religions Legend

Can you understand this Can you understand this legend?legend?

Age ExpectancyAge Expectancy

Legend

Sites to visitSites to visit

► Look up Look up Latitude and Longitude for US CitiesLatitude and Longitude for US Cities► Maps and Map Skills Maps and Map Skills Degrees, Latitude, & Degrees, Latitude, &

Longitude WorksheetLongitude Worksheet► Latitude and Longitude MapLatitude and Longitude Map ( (lesson planlesson plan))► ScaleScale► Time ZonesTime Zones► Anchors AweighAnchors Aweigh (a map adventure) (a map adventure)► Map QuizMap Quiz► Make Your Own MapMake Your Own Map► Topography MapsTopography Maps► U. S. Map CollectionU. S. Map Collection► GeoSpyGeoSpy Game Game► Globe ProjectorGlobe Projector► GeoGameGeoGame

Geography: Mapping Skills & Map Making Social Studies.

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Transcript of Geography: Mapping Skills & Map Making Social Studies.