Geochapter3Climatesoftheearth
Transcript of Geochapter3Climatesoftheearth
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Chapter 3
Climates of Earth
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Weather and Climate• Weather - changes in air that take place
over a short period of time.
• Climate - the usual, predictable pattern of weather in an area over a long period of time.
• Climate is affected by the sun, wind, water, landforms, and even people.
• To understand an area’s climate, scientists look at extremes of temperature and precipitation.
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The Sun and Climate• The MAIN source of climate is the sun. • Climate is affected by latitude, which
affects the angle of the sun’s rays.
• Areas near the Equator are called the tropics. They lie between the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S latitude).
• The sun’s rays are more direct here, so it is hotter.
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Latitude Zones
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate• Moving air is called wind.
• Wind is caused by the rising of warm air.
• Winds follow typical patterns, which affect climate.
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Prevailing Winds
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate• Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow
over regions for months at a time. They are found mainly in Asia and some areas in Africa.
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate
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• Local winds are patterns of wind caused by landforms in a particular area. Some local winds occur because land warms and cools more quickly than water.
• As a result, cool sea breezes keep coastal areas cool during the day. After the sun sets, land cools down, and land breezes blow out to sea.
The Wind’s Effect on Climate
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate• Thunderstorms sometimes produce
tornadoes, or funnel-shaped windstorms.
• The United States experiences more tornadoes than any other country.
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate
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TORNADO ALLEY
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Campbelltown, PA – July, 2004
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.)
• Violent tropical storms, hurricanes, form over the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean in summer and early fall.
• Hurricanes often strike the Caribbean Sea and North America. The same type of storm in Asia is called a typhoon.
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.)
(pages 56–57)
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.)
• A long period of extended dryness is called a drought. Droughts are caused by unusual weather patterns.
• A unique combination of temperature, wind, and water effects in the Pacific Ocean is called El Niño.
• El Niños occur about every three years when cold winds from the east are weak and the Pacific Ocean gets warmer than usual.
• When those winds are unusually strong, it is known as La Niña.
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The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.)
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Ocean and Currents• Oceans affect temperatures and rainfall.
• Moving streams of water called currents carry warm or cool water around the world’s oceans.
• Currents affect the climate of nearby land areas. Winds that blow over currents carry their temperatures to the land.
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Ocean and Currents
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San Francisco - 1989
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Climate and Landforms• The higher the elevation a place has, the
cooler it will be.
• As air moves over mountain peaks, it can create a rain shadow.
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Climate and Landforms
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Climate and Landforms
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The Impact of People on Climate
• People’s actions affect climate.
• Cities are warmer than rural areas.
• Streets and buildings absorb more heat than plants and trees do.
• Evaporation from plants has cooling effect.
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The Impact of People on Climate
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The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
• The buildup of greenhouse gases prevents heat from rising and escaping into space.
• People burn fuels, which causes global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
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The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
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The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
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The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
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The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
• Dense forests that receive high amounts of rain each year are known as rain forests.
• People burn trees to clear rain forests, which releases greenhouse gases. Also, less water evaporates if there are fewer trees, decreasing rainfall and preventing growth.
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(pages 56–57)
The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)
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Climate Zones
• Geographers divide the world into 12 different climate zones.
• They are divided into 5 major categories.
1. Tropical
2. Mid-Latitude
3. High Latitude
4. Dry
5. Highland
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Tropical Climates• There are two tropical climates – tropical
rain forest and tropical savanna. • Tropical rain forest - year-round rains
that produce thick rain forests. Tall hardwood trees such as mahogany, teak, and ebony form a canopy, or top layer of the forest.
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Canopy
(page 64)
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Tropical Climates
Tropical Rain forestHot and Wet all year
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Tropical Climates
• Tropical savanna - hot, wet season and hot, dry season. Broad grasslands with few trees, called savannas, are found here.
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Tropical savanna
(page 64)
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Tropical Climates
Tropical savannaHot all year – wet and dry seasons
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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Mid-Latitude Climates• Created by a mix of air masses: warm air
from the tropics and cool air from the polar regions.
• Marine west coast climate - along coastal areas that receive winds from the ocean.
• Winters - mild and rainySummers - wet and warmDeciduous trees and temperate rain forests grow here.
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Temperate rain forest
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Mid-Latitude Climates
Marine west coastwet with moderate temperatures
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)
• Mediterranean climate also has rainy, mild winters but hot, dry summers. Shrubs and short trees grow in this climate.
• Humid continental climate - inland areas of North America, Europe, and Asia.
• Winters - long, cold, and snowySummers - short and very hot. Deciduous trees and grasslands grow here.
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Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)
MediterraneanHot dry summer, mild wet winter
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)
Humid continentalwet – hot summer, cold winter
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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• Mid-latitude regions close to the tropics experience a humid subtropical climate - hot, wet summers and mild winters. Oak, magnolia, and palm trees grow here.
Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)
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Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)
Humid subtropicalMoist – hot summer, mild winter
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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High Latitude Climates• In the high latitudes nearest the mid-
latitude zones, you will find the subarctic climate.
• Winters are severely cold and bitter. Huge evergreen forests called taiga grow here.
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Taiga
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High Latitude Climates
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High Latitude Climates
SubarcticLong winter, short mild summer
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High Latitude Climates
• Closer to the Poles lie areas of vast rolling plains without trees.
• This region is known as the tundra and is harsh and dry.
• In tundras, much of the lower layers of soil stay permanently frozen and are known as permafrost.
• Only sturdy grasses and low bushes grow here.
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Tundra Vegetation
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Tundra
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High Latitude Climates
Tundra – cold, dry, permafrost
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High Latitude Climates (cont.)
• Ice cap climate is found at the Poles and on the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland.
• No vegetation grows here; only lichens can live on the rocks.
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High Latitude Climates (cont.)
Ice cap – always frozen
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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Dry Climates
• Desert climates - the driest climates - get less than 10 inches of rainfall a year. Only scattered plants like cacti can live here.
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Tropical Desert
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Tropical Desert
Desert – less than 10 inches a year
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Mid-latitude Desert
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Mid-latitude Desert
DesertLess than 10 inches rain a year
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Dry Climates• Many deserts are surrounded by partly dry
grasslands known as steppes. The Great Plains of the United States has a steppe climate, which averages 10 to 20 inches of rain a year.
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Steppe Vegetation
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Dry Climates
Steppe10-20 inches per year
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Tropical Climates (cont.)
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Highland Climates• Mountains tend to have cool climates -
even near the Equator. • A highland, or mountain, climate has cool
or cold temperatures throughout the year. No trees grow above the timberline.
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Highland Climates
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Alpine Tundra - Timberline
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Tropical Climates (cont.)