GEO 565 Options
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GEO 565 OptionsOption 1 - Term PaperOption 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series)Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the webChoose which option you want by Tue., January 20thTerm Papers or uploading of web site due by 5:00, Fri., March 13th
NO EXTENSIONS!
GEO 565 Term Paper (1)
20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and references
MS-word doc sent by email preferredflexible on subject matter of paperspecify and follow a scholarly journal format!!specify key wordspoints will be subtracted if these specifications are omitted
Suggested Content
look at current uses of GIS in your area of interestother fieldsidentify potential for furthering researchresearch/management questionsdescribe a study in progress (proposal?)
GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3)
MUST be web-basedDon’t know HTML? Don’t panic! Resources will be available - it’s easy!Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 5:00 p.m.See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html
GEO 565 Project (2)Find your own data, do an analysis and create the maps using ArcGIS or other GIS Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th Detailed instructions and examples at dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html Must STILL complete Labs 1-610 pages: writeup, flow chart + mapsDue 8:00 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam
What is GIS?What is GIScience?
Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1
Some Basic GIS Concepts...
Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story. A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps
maps at different scales, projections, colors
… not simply for STORING maps or images.
In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are created.
An Analysis Tool...
for every piece of data it specifies:what it iswhere it ishow it relates to other pieces of data
things in commonsee spatial relationships or create NEW relationships
Geographic Information SystemContainer of dataContainer of mapsInventory of geographically distributed features and facilitiesComputerized tool to automate time-consuming tasksAnalysis tools for solving geographic problemsSpatial decision support systemMethod for revealing patterns and processes in geographic information
Geographic Information System
Organized collection ofSoftwareHardwareNetworkDataPeopleProcedures
PeopleSoftware
Data
Procedures
Hardware
Network
Major Questions for a GIS:
What exists at a certain location?Where are certain conditions satisfied?What has changed in a place over time?What spatial patterns exist?What if this condition occurred at this place? (modelling, hypothesis testing)
For example...
Toxic Substance Locations:District 24District 16
14 George Boulevard
Proposed School Locations:124 Elm Street35 White Road
24
16
14 George Blvd.x
Elm St.
White Rd.
124
o 35
o
School Locations
Toxic Substances
Information on the World
How it looks – Form or PatternHow it works – ProcessKnowledge about process more valuable than form, because can be used to predictGIS combine
General scientific knowledge in softwareSpecific information in databases
Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
Major Questions for YOU...
What ARE my questions?How much data do I need and of what quality?How can I combine my data to answer my questions?
The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience)
Think about a place or a topic ...Ask a question about it ...Analyze data to make a map ...Explore the patterns that appear ...Enhance the data or modify the analysis ...Ask a new question …Repeat ...
Spatial and Non-Spatial Data
Defining GIS
Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines.
map coordinates, database, computer-based link between them.
All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps.
Geographically-referenced data
Latitude and longitudeStreet addressx and y coordinatesRange and townshipLocation shown on a map
The Data Model
A conceptual description (mental model) of how data are organized for use by the GIS
GISs have traditionally used either “field” or “object” data models
A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data Structure.
Row
s
Columns
Gridcell
Grid extent
Resolution
Rasters are Faster...
maps directly onto computer memory structure (array). easy to understand, read, write, draw
Rasters are Faster...
natural for scanned or remotely sensed data.continuous surfaces (e.g., topography)spatial analytical operations are faster.compression is easier
Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data Structure
Object data model evolved into the arc/node variation in the 1960s. Points in sequence build lines.Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the points. Lines in sequence build polygons.
Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes
A
C B
1
2
3
4
5
0
D
6a
b
c
d
e7
Feature Type Single Part Multi-Part
Point
Line
Area
AnnotationH
IG
HW A Y 10
Object/Vector Feature Types
Vectors and Topology
Vectors without topology are “spaghetti” structures.Points, lines, and areas
stored in their own files, with links between them.stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and left and right polygons).
Relationships are computed and stored
Topology Graphic
A
C B
1
2
3
4
5
0
D6
ab
c
d
e7
Arc
ID
L e f t
Poly
R t
Poly
From
n o d e
T o
n o d e
1 A 0 c a
2 A B b c
3 C A b a
4 0 C d a
5 C B d b
6 B D e e
7 B 0 d c
Poly
ID
No. of
arcs
List of
arcs
A 3 - 1 , - 2 , 3
B 4 2, -7, 5, -6
C 3 - 3 , - 5 , 4
D 1 6
2, -7, 5, 6
“ Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are Correcter... ”
Vectors can represent point, line, and area features very accurately.Far more efficient than grids.Work well with GPS receivers.Not as good with continuous phenomena.
Rasters and VectorsVector-based line
4753456 6234124753436 6234244753462 6234784753432 6234824753405 6234294753401 6235084753462 6235554753398 623634
Flat File
Raster-based line
00000000000000000001100000100000101010000101000011001000010100000000100010001000000010001000010000010001000000100010000100000001011100100000000100001110000000000000000000000000
Flat File
Now YOU!
Attributes and their Types
Nominal, e.g., land cover classOrdinal, e.g., a rankingInterval, e.g., Celsius temperature
Differences make sense
Ratio, e.g., map scaleRatios make sense
Cyclic, e.g., wind direction
A
C B
D
Name Population
White 1250
Blue 3245
Green 2 1 1 1
Y e l l o w 5435
ID
A
B
C
D
Attributes in a Database
Attribute data are stored logically in flat files.i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows and columns, like a spreadsheet.
Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other Systems
• provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of spatial data
• “spatially intelligent” - “thinks” points, lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earth’s surface - e.g., switching projections, computing distances
provides links between points, lines, areas, grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database
GIS “Layers,”“Themes,”“Overlays”
Analysis or “Geoprocessing”
GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business.
annual software revenues top $1 billion, increasing ~14% yearlyESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for 1/2 of industry totalGIS industry now at $7 BILLION
Open Source GIS quantum GIS - qgis.orguDIG - uDIG.refractions.netGRASS - grass.itc.it
GIS as an approach to science
Geographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS.
“the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities.” (Goodchild, 1992)
“GISci” “GIScience” “GIS & T”
Geographic information scienceU.S., geography, UCGISto GIS as statistics is to the statistical packages
The science behind the systemsFundamental issues arising from useThe science that is done with the technologySystematic study of geographic information using scientific methods
A New Discipline?Symptoms of a science
journals, terms, books, conferences, departments, heroes, cultural artifactsgrand challenges
What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking?
“As young man, my fondest dream was to become a geographer. However, while working in the customs office I thought deeply about the matter and concluded that it was far too difficult a subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to physics as a substitute.”
GIScience - Contributing DisciplinesGISRemote SensingCartographySurveying (Geomatics)Geodesy (GPS) Landscape Ecology
StatisticsMathematicsComputer ScienceInformation ScienceOperations ResearchManagement Science
Psychology, SociologyMore …
GIS, GIScience, GIS & TGISystems (GIS)
Emphasis on technology and tools
GIScience (GISci), GIScience & Technology (GIS & T)
Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies (e.g.)
• Spatial analysis• Map projections• Accuracy• Scientific visualization
Major Journals/Mags.
International Journal of Geographical Information ScienceCartography and Geographic Information ScienceTransactions in GIS
Geospatial Solutions GEOWorld
Specialty Journals
Business GeographicsGIS LawMapping Awareness
GrassClippings Arc User Intergraph News GIS Asia/Pacific GIS World Report/CANADA GIS Europe
Regular GISci Scholarly PapersPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Annals of the Association of American GeographersCartographicaComputers, Environment, and Urban SystemsComputers and GeosciencesIEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications
Occasional GISci Scholarly PapersInternational Journal of Remote SensingLandscape Ecology Cartographic PerspectivesCartographicaJournal of CartographyGeocarto InternationalIEEE GeosciencesRemote Sensing ReviewMapping Science and Remote SensingInfoworld
Professional OrganizationsAAG: The Association of American Geographers.GITA: Geospatial Information & Technology Assoc. (formerly AM/FM)
URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.UCGIS: University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
Willamette Valley GIS User Group
www.orurisa.org/wgisug/
ESRI ConferencesESRI Education and User Conferences. Every year in San Diego.
regional meetings as well
2009 Summer Internship Programcareers.esri.comApplications due March 1, 2009
Conferences ( cont. )
GIS in Action - Oregon URISAApril 21-22 in Vancouver, WA
NE Oregon GIS Conference UCGIS Summer Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, June 22-23
Theme: Complex systems science
GIS in Action 2009 Needs Student Volunteers!
Work registration desk, monitor roomsFree conference registrationNeed to work at least half-day shiftGreat opportunity to network with GIS professionalsContact: Anne Hillyer, [email protected], 360-619-6543