Generation Aayush
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Transcript of Generation Aayush
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Computer can classified in to five types according to
generations i.e time period
. First generation computer
. Second generation computer
. Third generation computer
. Fourth generation computer
. Fifth generation computer
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First generation computer
Period : 1940 1956
inventor : Lee de Forest
Main processing device :Vacuum tubes
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TECHNOLOGY USED: THOUSANDS OF VACUUM TUBES
A vacuum tube is high speed electronic device, which used
filaments as a source of electronics & could control and amplify
electronic signals.
Data and instructions were fed into the system from punchedcards.
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
The instructions were written in machine and assemblylanguages.
The stored program concept was used.
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KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Bulky in size
Highly unreliable
Limited commercial use
Difficult commercial Production
CostlyDifficult to use
EXAMPLES
ENAIC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701
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Advantages :
. It was only electronic device
. First device to hold memory
Disadvantages :
. Too bulky i.e large in size
. Vacuum tubes burn frequently
. They were producing heat
. Maintenance problems
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Vacuum tube
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Vacuum tube
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Vacuum tubes
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Observing Vacuum tube
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Punched cards
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Punched cards models
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Too bulky i.e large in size
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Vacuum tubes burn frequently
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Maintenance problems
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Second generation computer
Period : 1956 1963
inventor :William Shockley
Main processing device :Transistor
Storage media : Magnetic disc
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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
Transistors because of following propertiesHighly reliable as compared to tubes
Could switch ten times faster than tubes
One-tenth the power consumed by tube
Smaller than a tube
Less expensive to produceDissipated less heat as compared to vacuum
Magnetic disks and tapes as secondary storage media
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
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High level programming languages (FORTRAN, COBOL)
were used.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Ten times faster than first generation computer
Smaller in size
Consumed less power and dissipated less heatMore reliable and less prone to hardware failure
Commercial production was still difficult & costly
EXAMPL
ESHoneywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC
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Second generation computer
Advantages :
. Size reduced considerably
. The very fast
. Very much reliable
Disadvantages :
. They over heated quickly
. Maintenance problems
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Transistor
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Third generation computer
Period : 1964 1971
inventor :Jack KilbyRobert Noyce
Main processing device : IC (integrated circuit)
Storage media : Floppies
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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED: ICS
Integrated circuits are circuits consisting of several electronic
components like transistors,grown on a single silicon chip.
Larger capacity magnetic disks & tapes as secondary storage
Mini computers
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
Standardization of high level languages (Fortran & COBOL).
Unbundling of software from hardware
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KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Powerful, capable of performing about 1 million instructions persecond
Smaller in size than second generation
Consumed less power & dissipated less heat
More reliable & less prone to hardware failures & requiring lowermaintenance cost
Cheaper to produce commercially
EXAMPLEIBM 360/370, PDP 8, PDP -11, CDC 6600
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Third generation computer
Advantages :
. ICs are very small in size
. Improved performance
. Production cost cheap
Disadvantages :
. ICs are sophisticated
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IC (integrated circuit)
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ICs (integrated circuits)
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IC (integrated circuit)
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Fourth generation computer
Period : 1971 1989
Inventor :Ted Hoff
Main processing device : ICs with VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration)
Storage media : Floppies, CDs.
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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
ICs with very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, capable of
integrating 1 million components on a chip
A Microprocessorcontains all circuits needed to perform
arithmetic logic & control functions on a single chip
Semiconductor memory
Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage
Magnetic tapes & floppy disks as portable storage media
Personal computer
Spread of high speed computer network
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SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
OS like MS-DOS, Ms-Windows, Apple were developedfor PCs
Graphical user Interface (GUI) provides icons and
menus to make it user friendly
PC based applications like powerful word processing
package, spread sheet package, etc.
UNIX OS
C programming language became popular
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KEY CHARACTERISTICS
PCs were smaller and cheaper than mainframes or minicomputers
of third generationSmall, affordable, reliable, easy to use PCs
More powerful Mainframe systems
They were general purpose machines
Easier to produce commercially
Groupware is such application that allows multiple members
working on a single project located at distant locations using
network
Add-on Hardware feature that allows to invest only in hardwareconfiguration & software of their need and value
EXAMPLE
IBM PC, APPLE II, TRS 80, VAX 9000, CRAY-I, CRAY-2, CRAY-X
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Fourth generation computer
Advantages :
. It is a compact
. Less power consumption
. Production cost is cheap
Disadvantages :
. No artificial intelligent.
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ICs with VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration)
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Fifth generation computer
Period : 1989- Present
Main processing device : ICs with parallelprocessing
Storage media :Video disks
Advantages :
. Artificial intelligence. Expert system
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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
ICs with ULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) resulting in chipshaving ten million components
Larger capacity main memory
Larger capacity hard disks
Notebook Computers
Powerful desktop PC
s & workstations
Very powerful mainframe
The Internet
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SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED
A vast ocean of information became readily available to
computer users through World Wide Web (www)
Multimedia applications
Internet based applications like e-mail
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Portable computers
More powerful, cheaper, reliable
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Very powerful mainframesGeneral purpose machines
Easier to produce commercially
Cont
EXAMPLE
IBM, Notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations, IBM SP/2,PARAM 10000
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. First generation computer . Second generation computer
. Third generation computer . Fourth generation computer
. Fifth generation computer
Vacuum tubes Transistors
ICs ICs with VLSI
ICs with parallel
processing
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Computer is a group of electronic devices used to
process the data.
The characteristics of a computer are:
4. Accuracy
5. Functionality
6. Tirelessness
1. Speed
2. Reliability
3. Memory capacity
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1. Speed: computer process the data at an
unimaginable speed. The speed of the computerranges up to Nano seconds.
2. Reliability:The next important characteristic ofa computer is its reliability. we can always rely on
the information given by a computer.
3. Memory capacity:The memory capacity of a
computer is measured in in bits and bytes. Largeamount of the data can be stored in computer and
retrieved. Memory capacity of the computer
ranges in Giga bytes.
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4. Accuracy:Accuracy of the computer is very
high it performs calculation with greater accuracy
in less time.
5. functionality: computer can performs many kinds
of jobs. They not process the data but also can be
Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs.
It finds its applications in all most all the fields.
6. Tirelessness:A computer never gate tired.
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6. functionality: computer can performs many kinds
of jobs. They not process the data but also can be
Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs.
It finds its applications in all most all the fields.
7. Tirelessness:A computer never gate tired.
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SOURCES:
1. Website: Http://en.wikipedia.org2. Fundamentals of Computers:-P.K.SINHA
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Presented By:-
Aayush SrivastavaMBA(G)
Div-A
Roll No 03