Gender Analysis Brochure

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    G ender AnalysisM aking Policies, Program s and Services G ender-Aw are

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    In prod ucing this pub lica tion, the Office for Wome ns P olicy ha s b een g rea tly a ss iste d b y ma ny

    people. Two co nsultants , P rofess or Ca rol Ba cc hi a nd Dr J oa n Eveline undertook the resea rch s tudy.

    The Office for Wome ns P olicy sta ff unde rtoo k further res ea rch a nd p repa ra tion o f the doc ument for

    publica tion. S pec ia l tha nks a re extend ed to the University of Wes tern Australia , the De pa rtment for

    Co mmunity Developme nt, the Depa rtment of Co nsume r a nd Employme nt Protec tion, the Wes tern

    Austra lia P olice, the Depa rtment of Health a nd the Depa rtment of Loca l Government and Regional

    Developm ent for co ntributing exa mples o f their work and providing ed itoria l a ss ista nce . The Office

    for Womens P olicy a lso a cknowledge s the S tatus of Women C a nad a , Gender-Based Analysis: A Guidefor Policy Making.

    Acknow ledgem ents

    1

    Introduction 4

    G ender Ana lysis 5

    What are the Steps for Gender Analysis? 7

    Snapshots of Gender Analysis 9

    Quick Tips in Implement ing G ender Ana lys is 11Freq uently Asked Questions 12

    Conclusion 12

    Further Res ource s for Effective G ender Ana lysis 13

    Evalua tion Too ls a nd Res ources 14

    C ontents

    This publica tion p rovide s information on g ender ana lys is. Whilst every ca re ha s be en ta ken in

    prepa ring this pub lica tion, the S ta te o f Wes tern Australia a cc epts no respo nsibility for dec isions

    or ac tions taken a s a result of a ny da ta, sta tement, informa tion or ad vice, express ed, implied

    or co nta ined in this publica tion.

    This ma teria l ma y be p rod uced in who le or in pa rt provide d the s ource is a cknow ledge d.

    Copyright May 2005 Office for Wome ns P olicy

    IS B N 0-646-44909-5

    This d oc ument is a va ila ble on req uest in a lternative formats suc h as la rge type, a udio tape ,

    computer disk or Braille.

    GENDER AN ALYS IS

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    Equality betw een w om en and m en is a m atter

    of hum an rights and a condition for social

    justice and is also a necessary and fundam ental

    prerequisite for equality, developm ent and peace.

    A transform ed partnership based on equality

    betw een w om en and m en is a condition for

    people-centered sustainable developm ent. A

    sustained and long-term com m itm ent is essential,

    so that w om en and m en can w ork together for

    them selves, for their children and for society to

    m eet the challenges of the tw enty-first century.Beijing Declaration and Platform for Act ion, Fourth World Conference on Women,

    15 September 1995, Mission Statement, Chapter 1.

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    Gender equality will be achieved through an

    active approach to policy, legislation and

    pla nning, a nd w ith full co mmunity c olla bo ration.

    In this c onte xt, the Office for Wome ns P olicy is

    plea sed to introd uce Gender Analysis: Making

    Policies, Programs and Services Gender-Aw are.

    This guide to ge nde r ana lysis no t only ra ise s

    awareness of the gender equality issue buta lso offers clear and a cc ess ible informa tion for

    applying gender analysis to policy, program

    and service design.

    This guide o ffers a prac tica l sta rting point for

    a dd ress ing cha llenges a nd implementing

    susta inab le outco mes in the lives o f wo men a nd

    men. It is a useful tool for all sectors to apply

    gender analysis from conception and design to

    implementation and evaluation of any policy,

    prog ram, projec t or se rvice. This w ill ens ure tha tthe iss ues, c oncerns a nd d iversity of a ll wo men

    and men, including race, disability or geographical

    location are visible and are better met; with

    outcomes that do not disadvantage women or

    men a nd a re c ost e ffective for orga nisa tions.

    The b oo klet s upports the w ork of the Office for

    Wome ns P olicy in a pplying g end er-ba se d

    analysis through the:

    provision of training materials and awarenessraising information;

    dissemination of useful information, research

    and c ase studies; a nd

    esta blishment of a support netwo rk for

    pra ctitioners to d isc uss gend er eq uity iss ues.

    This guide, training ma teria ls a nd other

    useful resources are available on the

    Office for Womens P olicy w ebsite:

    http ://community.wa .g ov.a u/Communities /Women/

    Gender Analysis: Making Policies, Programs and

    Services Gender-Aw arehas been developed in

    co nsultation with a w ide ra nge o f key s takeholders,

    inc luding the Univers ity o f Wes tern Aus tralia ,

    the Wes tern Austra lia P olice, a nd the Depa rtments

    of C ommunity Development, C onsumer a nd

    Employment P rotec tion, Hea lth, a nd Loca l

    G overnment and Regional Development.

    Maria Osman

    Exec utive Direc tor, Office for Womens P olicy

    Introduction

    GENDER AN ALYSIS 4

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    What is Gender Analysis?

    G ender ana lysis is a n innovative proc ess that

    enables government and non-government

    organisations to analyse whether proposed and

    existing policies, programs and services produce

    equally beneficial outcomes for diverse groups

    of women and men.

    In a dd ition to its ad vanta ges for policy, gend er

    a nalysis c a n be us ed for legisla tion, pla ns a nd

    programs, services, budgets, action plans,

    reports and research proposals.

    What are the Benefits of Gender Analysis?

    Gender analysis:

    puts people, with all their diversity, at the

    heart of policy making;

    enab les more precise ta rgeting a nd ma ximum

    outcomes for policies, programs a nd s ervices ;

    ensures policies, programs and services better

    meet the needs of specific groups of women

    and men, by being inclusive of all people;

    improves demo cratic proc ess es by c onsulting

    with women a nd s takeholder groups in the

    policy making process;

    enab les co nsideration of government

    commitment to equality in all government

    business;

    integrates awareness of gender issues intoall aspects of public policy formulation and

    de livery; a nd

    builds on the strengths and capacities of

    individuals, groups, communities and

    organisations.

    Why do we Need Gender Analysis?

    The go a l of g ender a nalysis is to enc oura ge the

    ma instrea ming of g ender aw a reness into thecore business of all sectors, in order to improve

    efficiency and effectiveness. Mainstreaming

    ensures issues of gender become the concern

    of every part of a n orga nisa tion.

    What is Required forEffective Gender Analysis?

    G ender a nalysis req uires:

    quantitative and qualitative research into thereso urces , needs a nd s ituations o f diverse

    groups of w omen and men;

    a go od understanding of the real life

    experiences of diverse g roups of w omen

    and men;

    increas ed p a rticipation of w omen a nd

    constructive consideration of their views

    throug hout the projec t;

    a statement of government commitmentand leadership; and

    adequate resources to accomplish all of

    the above.

    G ender AnalysisM aking Policies, Program s and Services G ender-Aw are

    GENDER AN ALYSIS5

    If the realities and voices

    of half the population are

    not fully recognised then

    there w ill be significant

    costs for the w ellbeing

    of all people.

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    How can Gender Analysis be Applied?

    Gender analysis is put to many uses. Consider

    some local examples:

    The Domestic Violence Advocacy Support

    Cent ral (DVAS)was established in 2003 as a

    resp onse to the identified needs of w omen

    experiencing family and domestic violence.

    S tatistics show that w omen experience fa mily

    and domes tic violence a t far greater ra tes tha n

    men. DVAS Centralconsidered the needs of

    wo men experiencing violence a nd the d esign

    of the service was adapted appropriately.

    As a result, the service has a one s top s hop

    philosophy providing women with a range of

    accessible domestic violence responses and

    services from one location, with easy access

    in a discreet location and child play facilities.

    An off site service fo r ma le victims ens uresa sense o f sa fety a t the service.

    The Dep a rtment for Co mmunity Deve lopm ents

    initiative Breathing Space, is a therapeutic

    residential service for men who use violence

    in intimate rela tions hips . This s ervice ha s

    incorporated prog ra ms for men c onsidering

    mode rn constructions of ma sc ulinity a nd how

    these can assist or challenge mens attempts

    to improve the ir rela tions hips a nd red uce the

    use of violence. The d evelopment o f Breathing

    Spacealso enables women and children, as

    the primary victims of domestic violence, to

    rema in in their homes a nd co mmunity.

    Consider some international examples of

    gender analysis:

    Quebec review ed its health insura nce sc heme

    whereby men w ere required to pa y for

    vas ectomies w hile w omen c ould undergo

    tuba l liga tions for free. Tuba l liga tion is a

    procedure with a higher risk of complications

    than a vas ecto my a nd involves higher medica l

    expenses . S ince 1986, when the G overnment

    decided to cover the medical costs for

    vasectomies, the number of vasectomies

    outstripped the number of tubal ligations.

    Men be ca me more involved in fa mily planning

    and the health system dealt with decreased

    numbers of medical complications for family

    planning procedures.

    The Participatory Research and Gender

    Analysis Prog ramw orks w ith interna tiona l

    and national agricultural research institutes,

    non-government organisations and academic

    institutions a cross the globe, to s upport the

    process of establishing scientific partnerships

    with the rural poor. In order for agricultural

    research to achieve results that benefit poor

    people, it is vital that farmers participate

    direc tly in technolog y de velopme nt. The

    participation of women is especially important

    because their access to appropriate technology

    has a critical effect on household food security

    a nd on the w ell-being of c hildren. Emerging

    evidenc e show s tha t the involvement of

    users in technology development results in

    innovations that better suit their needs and

    improves their livelihoo ds .

    GENDER AN ALYSIS 6

    G ender equality contributes

    to substantially im proving

    the w ellbeing of w om en,

    m en, girls and boys.

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    W hat are the Stepsfor G ender Analysis?G ender a nalysis sta rts from the premise that no

    policy, progra m o r service is ge nde r neutra l (tha t

    is, the sa me impa ct o n men a nd w omen) in its

    effects without a full gender analysis.

    Qualitative studies provide the material for a more

    co mprehensive understand ing o f the gend er and

    cross-cultural factors that influence statistical

    trends . The Womens Report Card (2004)provides

    statistical data on factors of health, work, education,

    employment, lea dership, go verna nce a nd s a fety.

    This type o f informa tion is useful in the development

    of policy as it highlights the effectiveness of

    various policies, programs a nd services .

    Statistics, for example, show that women currently

    dominate pa rt-time w ork, tha t they ea rn less than

    men, a nd a re responsible for most o f soc ietys

    care-taking responsibilities. Disaggregated

    statistics also show that culturally and linguistically

    diverse, and Indigenous women find it harder to

    get jobs and earn less once they succeed, a nd

    that they have less ac ces s to g ood housing,higher education, safe environments, affordable

    childc a re o ptions a nd s pec ia list health ca re.

    Health statistics show death rates from heart,

    stroke and vascular disease are a much smaller

    proportion of all deaths among Australian males

    (39%) than among females (45%). Males, however,

    are more likely to die younger from heart, stroke

    and vascular disease. Smoking is a critical factor

    in early cardio-vascular and in many other diseases

    and young women are taking up smoking athigher ra tes than yo ung men.

    This type o f informa tion o utlines the key fa c tors

    that impa ct o n wo mens a nd mens lives, w hich

    ca n inform or g uide the de velopment a nd a nalysis

    of policies, programs or services.

    GENDER AN ALYSIS7

    N o enterprise can have

    neutral effects w hen the

    players do not start as

    equals. G ender relations

    them selves affect aprojects ability to deliver

    the outcom es and

    im pact that it proposes.Susan Johnson (2000: 89) G ender

    im pact assessm ent in m icrofinance

    and m icroenterprise: w hy and how ,

    Development in Practice, 10(1).

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    The follow ing q uestions a re a mong the

    gend er-rela ted co nsiderations that should be

    kept in mind.

    1. Identifying the Issue

    In wha t wa ys a re both w omens a nd mens

    experiences reflected in the w a y iss ues a re

    identified?

    How a re g ender a nd d iversity ta ken into

    account?

    2. Defining Desired/AnticipatedOutcomes

    What does the organisation want to achieve

    w ith this policy, prog ram or s ervice ?

    How does the policy, program or service

    fit in to the organisations objectives? Who will be affected?

    How will the effects of the policy, program

    or service be different for women and men,

    girls and boys?

    3. Gathering Information

    What types of ge nder-specific da ta a re

    available?

    Are gender-specific data available regardingspecific groups (including Indigenous women,

    women from culturally and linguistically diverse

    communities, and women with disabilities)?

    How is the input of wo mens orga nisa tions a nd

    other equality-seeking groups being pursued?

    4. Conducting Research

    How will the research you consult or conduct

    a dd ress the different experiences of g ender

    a nd diversity?

    If you are conducting primary research, how

    a re g ender c onsidera tions incorporated in

    resea rch d esign a nd methodology?

    5. Developing and Analysing Options

    How will each option disadvantage some

    or provide advantage for others?

    Does ea ch o ption ha ve different effects on

    w omens or mens so cial a nd/or eco nomic

    situation?

    How will innovative solutions be developed

    to address the gender and diversity issues

    you have identified?

    What a re the s olutions that a ffected groups

    have suggested?

    6. Making Recommendations

    In wha t wa ys is ge nder eq uality a significa nt

    element in weighting and recommending

    options?

    How ca n the policy, prog ra m or service beimplemented in an equitable manner?

    7. Communicating thePolicy, Program or Service

    How will communication strategies ensure that

    information is accessible to both women and

    men, and take into account the communication

    needs of d iverse co mmunities?

    Has g ender-aw are langua ge b een used?

    8. Evaluating the Analysis

    How will gend er eq uality co ncerns b e

    incorporated into the evaluation criteria?

    How ca n this b e demonstrated?

    What indicators will you use to measure the

    effects of the policy, program or service on

    women and men?

    The Steps

    GENDER AN ALYSIS 8

    G ender equity can only

    be achieved through

    partnerships betw een

    w om en and m en.

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    Example A: designing astate-funded superannuation scheme.

    It would be necessary to pay heed to the following:

    women typically earn less than men do over their

    lifetimes, they live longer and they are the principal

    ca rers for young a nd o ld fa mily memb ers. To the

    extent that superannuation privileges those in

    continuous employment women will be the losers,bec a use they more often brea k employment for

    unpaid ca re w ork.

    Example B: planningan anti-smoking campaign.

    Canada used gender analysis to show that teen

    girls report twice the stress of teen boys , a nd tha t

    teen girls e xpress a co ncern for w eight los s a s

    one o f their main rea so ns for s moking. P rog ra ms,

    brochures and counselling targeting girls, therefore,w ere more effective tha n b la nket one-size-fits-a ll

    health wa rnings .

    Example C: addressingthe falling birthrate.

    The prob lems of Aus tralia s disprop ortiona te

    ageing population could be addressed through

    changes to the taxation system, quality affordable

    child care and an appropriate system of paid

    lea ve (a s in S wed en), w hich c ould e ncourag e

    wo men a nd men in dual-ea rner couples tocombine paid work with parenting.

    Ask what effect these strategies would have

    on diverse groups of women and men. Some

    Indigenous women, for example, who have had

    ge nerations in w hich their children w ere remo ved

    from their ca re, might sa y institutiona lise d

    childc a re is not the a nsw er. Instea d they ma y

    find quality time with their children alongside a

    rea sona ble sta nda rd of living more des irable.

    Example D: developing a policy

    to improve school retention rates.

    S tra tegies to increas e retention rates for young

    women and men at school need to take into

    ac count the ac tual patterns of attendance and

    drop out rates . Analysis of retention rates ba sed

    on gender as well as Aboriginality, disability,

    ethnicity a nd geo graphic loca tion provides

    insight into the differences between young

    women a nd young men.

    Snapshots of G ender Analysis

    GENDER AN ALYSIS9

    G ender-based analysis

    acts like a cam era lens,

    filtering distortions and

    inaccuracies that are not

    im m ediately obvious.Lissa D onner (M ay 2003: 7)Including

    Gender in Health Planning - A Guide

    for Regional Health Authorities.

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    The G overnm ent needs to tackle these genderinequalities and take into account the im pactof the patterns of difference in the lives w om enand m en lead in order to extend equality ofopportunity, to address poverty and social

    exclusion and to achieve their vision.O ffice of the First M inister and D eputy First M inister (2005: 7).

    Gender Matters: A Consultation Document. Available online:

    http://w w w .genderequalityni.gov.uk/finalconsultation.pdf

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    Blunt, across-board

    solutions often m iss

    the m ark and w astem oney. G ender analysis

    allow s policy m akers to

    target health dollars.G PI Atlantic (2003) G ender-B ased

    Analysis and Indicators of W om ens H ealth

    in C anada,Health Canada Policy Forum.

    http://w w w .gpiatlantic.org

    GENDER AN ALYSISGENDER AN ALYSIS11

    Prioritise gender analysis when considering

    policy directions.

    Integrate gend er ana lysis throughout the

    entire cycle.

    B uild co mmunity c ons ulta tion into the projec t.

    Obtain contributions from researchers in

    the field of g end er rela tions (trea ting w ome n

    a nd men in rela tion to o ne a nother a nd not

    in isolation).

    Avoid the trap of viewing gender analysis

    a s a counting exercise o r a ba lanc ing out

    exercise.

    Include a full discussion of what people

    norma lly a ss ume a bo ut the so cial roles

    and expectations of women a nd men.

    Ensure tha t the full diversity o f w ome ns

    a nd mens e xperiences a re c a ptured in

    the ana lysis.

    Q uick Tips in Im plem entingG ender Analysis

    Double c heck your ana lysis by a sking the

    following three questions:

    - What benefit (financial and human) will the

    policy, prog ram o r service bring to d iverse

    groups of w omen and men?

    - Wha t w ill be the fina ncial and huma n

    costs of the policy, program or service

    for diverse groups of w omen a nd men?

    - How do both male and female stakeholders

    perceive the p olicy, prog ram or s ervice in

    terms o f its c os ts, b enefits, a cc epta bility

    a nd pra ctica lity?

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    The Office for Wome ns P olicy ha s produc ed

    this bo oklet a s a guide to g ender a nalysis. It is

    envisaged that this will be a useful tool for all

    sectors to achieve a planned approach to policies,

    programs and services that will provide better

    outcomes for women and men.

    Rea ders a re invited to provide feedb a ck and

    offer co mments a nd s ugge stions via ema il to:[email protected]

    or in writing to:

    Office for Womens Policy,

    Level 1, 141 St Georges Terrace,

    PERTH WA 6000.

    An electronic version o f this do cume nt

    is available at

    http://community.wa.gov.au/Communities/Women/

    C onclusion

    FrequentlyAsked Q uestionsWhat is Gender?

    G ender refers to so cially c onstructed roles of

    the rela tions b etwee n wo men a nd men, in which

    power plays a role. It shifts the focus from the

    individual to the institutions of family, work,

    education and governance. It is not a synonym

    for sex nor for women.

    What About Men?

    Men a re a n important pa rt of a gend er ana lysis

    a pproa ch. The focus is on the va rious outcomes

    of women and men as individuals, living together,

    in families, and in communities.

    What About Diversity Issues?

    Gender analysis is based on the recognitionthat neither women nor men a re homog eneous

    groups. So race and gender are equally important

    to enable decision-makers to adequately address

    inequalities among a range of different groups

    in society. Disaggregated statistics will identify

    specifically Indigenous women, culturally and

    linguistically diverse women and women with

    disabilities.

    What Gender Analysis is Not

    G ender analysis is not the sa me as eq ual

    opportunity, which is about improving womens

    access to existing jobs and positions. Gender

    analysis aims to reshape services, programs,

    policies, la ws a nd orga nisa tiona l structures to

    ensure tha t wo men a nd men benefit eq ually.

    G ender analysis aim s

    to reshape services,

    program s, policies,

    law s and organisationalstructures to ensure

    that w om en and m en

    benefit equally.

    GENDER AN ALYSIS 12

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    B ritish C olumbia for Wom ens Eq ua lity (1995). A Gender Lens for Program Evaluation.

    Vict oria : British C olumbia Minis try for Wom ens Eq ua lity, Rese a rch and Evalua tion Bra nc h.

    Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (2000). CIDA Evaluation Guide.

    Ottaw a : CIDA. Availa ble o nline: http://ww w.a cd i-cida .gc .ca

    International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1995). Guidelines for the Integration of Gender Issues into the

    Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of ILO Programmes and Projects. Geneva: ILO. Available online:

    http ://w w w.ilo.o rg/pub lic/eng lish/burea u/prog ram /eva l/g uides /g end er/

    J a pa nes e Interna tiona l Co op era tion Age nc y (J ICA) (1999). Evaluation Bulletin (November 1999): A Milestone

    in Gender Mainstreaming of JICAs Coop eration. Tokyo : J ICA. Ava ila b le online : http ://w w w.jica .g o. jp

    McLa ren, J . (2000). Evaluating Programs for Women: A Gender-Specific Framewo rk. Winnipeg : Hea lth

    Ca na da P rairie Womens Hea lth C entre of Exce llence . Order this publica tion o nline: http ://ww w.pw hce .ca

    New Zealand

    ww w.mw a .go vt.nz/pub/ge nder/wha tisg a .html

    Odame, H. (2000). Engendering the Logical Framework.

    Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR).

    Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister (2005). Gender Matters: A Consultation Document.

    B elfas t. Ava ilab le online: http ://w w w.g end ereq ua lityni.go v.uk/fina lco nsulta tion.pd f

    P ec k, L. (1998). Evaluating Gender Equality - Policy and Practise: An Assessment of Sidas

    Evaluations in 1997- 1998. S toc kholm: S we dish Age ncy for Developme nt Co ope ration (S IDA).

    S ta tus o f Women Ca nad a (2003). Gender-Based Analysis (GBA): Performance Measurement of its

    Application. Ava ila ble online: http://w w w.s w c-c fc.g c. ca /pub s/gb a pe rforma nc e/inde x_e.ht ml

    Verloo, Mieke, a nd C onnie Ro gg eba nd (1996). G ende r Impa ct Asse ss ment: The Deve lopme ntof a New Instrument in the Netherla nds . Impact Assessment. Vol. 14(1), March 1996, pp. 3-20.

    World B a nk, Opera tions Eva lua tion Depa rtment (1999). App roach Paper - An Evaluation

    of the Gender Impact of Bank Assistance. Wa shing ton, D. C. : World B a nk, 1999.

    Ava ila ble online: http ://w w w -wd s .w orldb a nk.org

    GENDER AN ALYSIS13

    Further Resources forEffective G ender Analysis

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    Evaluation Toolsand ResourcesBarbarie, Alain (1998). ECD Working Paper No. 3: Indo nesias National Evaluation System.

    Wa s hing ton, D.C .: World B a nk. Ava ila ble online (pd f file):

    http ://w bln0018.w orldb a nk.org/oe d/oe dd oc lib. ns f/a e4e 28c9568f3c 6285256808006a0027/dc f9e7d 835b6d 9368525

    67fc005209f9?OpenDocument

    Digma: a data ba se

    http://w w w.d bs ca pe. be /cg i-bin/a mit/cg int.e xe? 1&ula ng = EN&frame s = 1&tmpl= top &G LB_BAS E= digm

    Estrella , Ma riso l, a nd J ohn G a venta (1998). Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoringand Evaluation: A Literature Review, Working Paper 70. B righto n: The Institute o f Development S tudies .

    Order this publica tion o nline: http ://se rver.ntd .c o.uk/ids/bo oks hop /de ta ils. a s p? id= 421

    G enuine P rog res s Index for Atla ntic Ca nad a . Availa ble o nline: http://ww w.g pia tla ntic.o rg

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    Department for Community Development

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