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G ender AnalysisM aking Policies, Program s and Services G ender-Aw are
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In prod ucing this pub lica tion, the Office for Wome ns P olicy ha s b een g rea tly a ss iste d b y ma ny
people. Two co nsultants , P rofess or Ca rol Ba cc hi a nd Dr J oa n Eveline undertook the resea rch s tudy.
The Office for Wome ns P olicy sta ff unde rtoo k further res ea rch a nd p repa ra tion o f the doc ument for
publica tion. S pec ia l tha nks a re extend ed to the University of Wes tern Australia , the De pa rtment for
Co mmunity Developme nt, the Depa rtment of Co nsume r a nd Employme nt Protec tion, the Wes tern
Austra lia P olice, the Depa rtment of Health a nd the Depa rtment of Loca l Government and Regional
Developm ent for co ntributing exa mples o f their work and providing ed itoria l a ss ista nce . The Office
for Womens P olicy a lso a cknowledge s the S tatus of Women C a nad a , Gender-Based Analysis: A Guidefor Policy Making.
Acknow ledgem ents
1
Introduction 4
G ender Ana lysis 5
What are the Steps for Gender Analysis? 7
Snapshots of Gender Analysis 9
Quick Tips in Implement ing G ender Ana lys is 11Freq uently Asked Questions 12
Conclusion 12
Further Res ource s for Effective G ender Ana lysis 13
Evalua tion Too ls a nd Res ources 14
C ontents
This publica tion p rovide s information on g ender ana lys is. Whilst every ca re ha s be en ta ken in
prepa ring this pub lica tion, the S ta te o f Wes tern Australia a cc epts no respo nsibility for dec isions
or ac tions taken a s a result of a ny da ta, sta tement, informa tion or ad vice, express ed, implied
or co nta ined in this publica tion.
This ma teria l ma y be p rod uced in who le or in pa rt provide d the s ource is a cknow ledge d.
Copyright May 2005 Office for Wome ns P olicy
IS B N 0-646-44909-5
This d oc ument is a va ila ble on req uest in a lternative formats suc h as la rge type, a udio tape ,
computer disk or Braille.
GENDER AN ALYS IS
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Equality betw een w om en and m en is a m atter
of hum an rights and a condition for social
justice and is also a necessary and fundam ental
prerequisite for equality, developm ent and peace.
A transform ed partnership based on equality
betw een w om en and m en is a condition for
people-centered sustainable developm ent. A
sustained and long-term com m itm ent is essential,
so that w om en and m en can w ork together for
them selves, for their children and for society to
m eet the challenges of the tw enty-first century.Beijing Declaration and Platform for Act ion, Fourth World Conference on Women,
15 September 1995, Mission Statement, Chapter 1.
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Gender equality will be achieved through an
active approach to policy, legislation and
pla nning, a nd w ith full co mmunity c olla bo ration.
In this c onte xt, the Office for Wome ns P olicy is
plea sed to introd uce Gender Analysis: Making
Policies, Programs and Services Gender-Aw are.
This guide to ge nde r ana lysis no t only ra ise s
awareness of the gender equality issue buta lso offers clear and a cc ess ible informa tion for
applying gender analysis to policy, program
and service design.
This guide o ffers a prac tica l sta rting point for
a dd ress ing cha llenges a nd implementing
susta inab le outco mes in the lives o f wo men a nd
men. It is a useful tool for all sectors to apply
gender analysis from conception and design to
implementation and evaluation of any policy,
prog ram, projec t or se rvice. This w ill ens ure tha tthe iss ues, c oncerns a nd d iversity of a ll wo men
and men, including race, disability or geographical
location are visible and are better met; with
outcomes that do not disadvantage women or
men a nd a re c ost e ffective for orga nisa tions.
The b oo klet s upports the w ork of the Office for
Wome ns P olicy in a pplying g end er-ba se d
analysis through the:
provision of training materials and awarenessraising information;
dissemination of useful information, research
and c ase studies; a nd
esta blishment of a support netwo rk for
pra ctitioners to d isc uss gend er eq uity iss ues.
This guide, training ma teria ls a nd other
useful resources are available on the
Office for Womens P olicy w ebsite:
http ://community.wa .g ov.a u/Communities /Women/
Gender Analysis: Making Policies, Programs and
Services Gender-Aw arehas been developed in
co nsultation with a w ide ra nge o f key s takeholders,
inc luding the Univers ity o f Wes tern Aus tralia ,
the Wes tern Austra lia P olice, a nd the Depa rtments
of C ommunity Development, C onsumer a nd
Employment P rotec tion, Hea lth, a nd Loca l
G overnment and Regional Development.
Maria Osman
Exec utive Direc tor, Office for Womens P olicy
Introduction
GENDER AN ALYSIS 4
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What is Gender Analysis?
G ender ana lysis is a n innovative proc ess that
enables government and non-government
organisations to analyse whether proposed and
existing policies, programs and services produce
equally beneficial outcomes for diverse groups
of women and men.
In a dd ition to its ad vanta ges for policy, gend er
a nalysis c a n be us ed for legisla tion, pla ns a nd
programs, services, budgets, action plans,
reports and research proposals.
What are the Benefits of Gender Analysis?
Gender analysis:
puts people, with all their diversity, at the
heart of policy making;
enab les more precise ta rgeting a nd ma ximum
outcomes for policies, programs a nd s ervices ;
ensures policies, programs and services better
meet the needs of specific groups of women
and men, by being inclusive of all people;
improves demo cratic proc ess es by c onsulting
with women a nd s takeholder groups in the
policy making process;
enab les co nsideration of government
commitment to equality in all government
business;
integrates awareness of gender issues intoall aspects of public policy formulation and
de livery; a nd
builds on the strengths and capacities of
individuals, groups, communities and
organisations.
Why do we Need Gender Analysis?
The go a l of g ender a nalysis is to enc oura ge the
ma instrea ming of g ender aw a reness into thecore business of all sectors, in order to improve
efficiency and effectiveness. Mainstreaming
ensures issues of gender become the concern
of every part of a n orga nisa tion.
What is Required forEffective Gender Analysis?
G ender a nalysis req uires:
quantitative and qualitative research into thereso urces , needs a nd s ituations o f diverse
groups of w omen and men;
a go od understanding of the real life
experiences of diverse g roups of w omen
and men;
increas ed p a rticipation of w omen a nd
constructive consideration of their views
throug hout the projec t;
a statement of government commitmentand leadership; and
adequate resources to accomplish all of
the above.
G ender AnalysisM aking Policies, Program s and Services G ender-Aw are
GENDER AN ALYSIS5
If the realities and voices
of half the population are
not fully recognised then
there w ill be significant
costs for the w ellbeing
of all people.
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How can Gender Analysis be Applied?
Gender analysis is put to many uses. Consider
some local examples:
The Domestic Violence Advocacy Support
Cent ral (DVAS)was established in 2003 as a
resp onse to the identified needs of w omen
experiencing family and domestic violence.
S tatistics show that w omen experience fa mily
and domes tic violence a t far greater ra tes tha n
men. DVAS Centralconsidered the needs of
wo men experiencing violence a nd the d esign
of the service was adapted appropriately.
As a result, the service has a one s top s hop
philosophy providing women with a range of
accessible domestic violence responses and
services from one location, with easy access
in a discreet location and child play facilities.
An off site service fo r ma le victims ens uresa sense o f sa fety a t the service.
The Dep a rtment for Co mmunity Deve lopm ents
initiative Breathing Space, is a therapeutic
residential service for men who use violence
in intimate rela tions hips . This s ervice ha s
incorporated prog ra ms for men c onsidering
mode rn constructions of ma sc ulinity a nd how
these can assist or challenge mens attempts
to improve the ir rela tions hips a nd red uce the
use of violence. The d evelopment o f Breathing
Spacealso enables women and children, as
the primary victims of domestic violence, to
rema in in their homes a nd co mmunity.
Consider some international examples of
gender analysis:
Quebec review ed its health insura nce sc heme
whereby men w ere required to pa y for
vas ectomies w hile w omen c ould undergo
tuba l liga tions for free. Tuba l liga tion is a
procedure with a higher risk of complications
than a vas ecto my a nd involves higher medica l
expenses . S ince 1986, when the G overnment
decided to cover the medical costs for
vasectomies, the number of vasectomies
outstripped the number of tubal ligations.
Men be ca me more involved in fa mily planning
and the health system dealt with decreased
numbers of medical complications for family
planning procedures.
The Participatory Research and Gender
Analysis Prog ramw orks w ith interna tiona l
and national agricultural research institutes,
non-government organisations and academic
institutions a cross the globe, to s upport the
process of establishing scientific partnerships
with the rural poor. In order for agricultural
research to achieve results that benefit poor
people, it is vital that farmers participate
direc tly in technolog y de velopme nt. The
participation of women is especially important
because their access to appropriate technology
has a critical effect on household food security
a nd on the w ell-being of c hildren. Emerging
evidenc e show s tha t the involvement of
users in technology development results in
innovations that better suit their needs and
improves their livelihoo ds .
GENDER AN ALYSIS 6
G ender equality contributes
to substantially im proving
the w ellbeing of w om en,
m en, girls and boys.
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W hat are the Stepsfor G ender Analysis?G ender a nalysis sta rts from the premise that no
policy, progra m o r service is ge nde r neutra l (tha t
is, the sa me impa ct o n men a nd w omen) in its
effects without a full gender analysis.
Qualitative studies provide the material for a more
co mprehensive understand ing o f the gend er and
cross-cultural factors that influence statistical
trends . The Womens Report Card (2004)provides
statistical data on factors of health, work, education,
employment, lea dership, go verna nce a nd s a fety.
This type o f informa tion is useful in the development
of policy as it highlights the effectiveness of
various policies, programs a nd services .
Statistics, for example, show that women currently
dominate pa rt-time w ork, tha t they ea rn less than
men, a nd a re responsible for most o f soc ietys
care-taking responsibilities. Disaggregated
statistics also show that culturally and linguistically
diverse, and Indigenous women find it harder to
get jobs and earn less once they succeed, a nd
that they have less ac ces s to g ood housing,higher education, safe environments, affordable
childc a re o ptions a nd s pec ia list health ca re.
Health statistics show death rates from heart,
stroke and vascular disease are a much smaller
proportion of all deaths among Australian males
(39%) than among females (45%). Males, however,
are more likely to die younger from heart, stroke
and vascular disease. Smoking is a critical factor
in early cardio-vascular and in many other diseases
and young women are taking up smoking athigher ra tes than yo ung men.
This type o f informa tion o utlines the key fa c tors
that impa ct o n wo mens a nd mens lives, w hich
ca n inform or g uide the de velopment a nd a nalysis
of policies, programs or services.
GENDER AN ALYSIS7
N o enterprise can have
neutral effects w hen the
players do not start as
equals. G ender relations
them selves affect aprojects ability to deliver
the outcom es and
im pact that it proposes.Susan Johnson (2000: 89) G ender
im pact assessm ent in m icrofinance
and m icroenterprise: w hy and how ,
Development in Practice, 10(1).
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The follow ing q uestions a re a mong the
gend er-rela ted co nsiderations that should be
kept in mind.
1. Identifying the Issue
In wha t wa ys a re both w omens a nd mens
experiences reflected in the w a y iss ues a re
identified?
How a re g ender a nd d iversity ta ken into
account?
2. Defining Desired/AnticipatedOutcomes
What does the organisation want to achieve
w ith this policy, prog ram or s ervice ?
How does the policy, program or service
fit in to the organisations objectives? Who will be affected?
How will the effects of the policy, program
or service be different for women and men,
girls and boys?
3. Gathering Information
What types of ge nder-specific da ta a re
available?
Are gender-specific data available regardingspecific groups (including Indigenous women,
women from culturally and linguistically diverse
communities, and women with disabilities)?
How is the input of wo mens orga nisa tions a nd
other equality-seeking groups being pursued?
4. Conducting Research
How will the research you consult or conduct
a dd ress the different experiences of g ender
a nd diversity?
If you are conducting primary research, how
a re g ender c onsidera tions incorporated in
resea rch d esign a nd methodology?
5. Developing and Analysing Options
How will each option disadvantage some
or provide advantage for others?
Does ea ch o ption ha ve different effects on
w omens or mens so cial a nd/or eco nomic
situation?
How will innovative solutions be developed
to address the gender and diversity issues
you have identified?
What a re the s olutions that a ffected groups
have suggested?
6. Making Recommendations
In wha t wa ys is ge nder eq uality a significa nt
element in weighting and recommending
options?
How ca n the policy, prog ra m or service beimplemented in an equitable manner?
7. Communicating thePolicy, Program or Service
How will communication strategies ensure that
information is accessible to both women and
men, and take into account the communication
needs of d iverse co mmunities?
Has g ender-aw are langua ge b een used?
8. Evaluating the Analysis
How will gend er eq uality co ncerns b e
incorporated into the evaluation criteria?
How ca n this b e demonstrated?
What indicators will you use to measure the
effects of the policy, program or service on
women and men?
The Steps
GENDER AN ALYSIS 8
G ender equity can only
be achieved through
partnerships betw een
w om en and m en.
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Example A: designing astate-funded superannuation scheme.
It would be necessary to pay heed to the following:
women typically earn less than men do over their
lifetimes, they live longer and they are the principal
ca rers for young a nd o ld fa mily memb ers. To the
extent that superannuation privileges those in
continuous employment women will be the losers,bec a use they more often brea k employment for
unpaid ca re w ork.
Example B: planningan anti-smoking campaign.
Canada used gender analysis to show that teen
girls report twice the stress of teen boys , a nd tha t
teen girls e xpress a co ncern for w eight los s a s
one o f their main rea so ns for s moking. P rog ra ms,
brochures and counselling targeting girls, therefore,w ere more effective tha n b la nket one-size-fits-a ll
health wa rnings .
Example C: addressingthe falling birthrate.
The prob lems of Aus tralia s disprop ortiona te
ageing population could be addressed through
changes to the taxation system, quality affordable
child care and an appropriate system of paid
lea ve (a s in S wed en), w hich c ould e ncourag e
wo men a nd men in dual-ea rner couples tocombine paid work with parenting.
Ask what effect these strategies would have
on diverse groups of women and men. Some
Indigenous women, for example, who have had
ge nerations in w hich their children w ere remo ved
from their ca re, might sa y institutiona lise d
childc a re is not the a nsw er. Instea d they ma y
find quality time with their children alongside a
rea sona ble sta nda rd of living more des irable.
Example D: developing a policy
to improve school retention rates.
S tra tegies to increas e retention rates for young
women and men at school need to take into
ac count the ac tual patterns of attendance and
drop out rates . Analysis of retention rates ba sed
on gender as well as Aboriginality, disability,
ethnicity a nd geo graphic loca tion provides
insight into the differences between young
women a nd young men.
Snapshots of G ender Analysis
GENDER AN ALYSIS9
G ender-based analysis
acts like a cam era lens,
filtering distortions and
inaccuracies that are not
im m ediately obvious.Lissa D onner (M ay 2003: 7)Including
Gender in Health Planning - A Guide
for Regional Health Authorities.
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The G overnm ent needs to tackle these genderinequalities and take into account the im pactof the patterns of difference in the lives w om enand m en lead in order to extend equality ofopportunity, to address poverty and social
exclusion and to achieve their vision.O ffice of the First M inister and D eputy First M inister (2005: 7).
Gender Matters: A Consultation Document. Available online:
http://w w w .genderequalityni.gov.uk/finalconsultation.pdf
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Blunt, across-board
solutions often m iss
the m ark and w astem oney. G ender analysis
allow s policy m akers to
target health dollars.G PI Atlantic (2003) G ender-B ased
Analysis and Indicators of W om ens H ealth
in C anada,Health Canada Policy Forum.
http://w w w .gpiatlantic.org
GENDER AN ALYSISGENDER AN ALYSIS11
Prioritise gender analysis when considering
policy directions.
Integrate gend er ana lysis throughout the
entire cycle.
B uild co mmunity c ons ulta tion into the projec t.
Obtain contributions from researchers in
the field of g end er rela tions (trea ting w ome n
a nd men in rela tion to o ne a nother a nd not
in isolation).
Avoid the trap of viewing gender analysis
a s a counting exercise o r a ba lanc ing out
exercise.
Include a full discussion of what people
norma lly a ss ume a bo ut the so cial roles
and expectations of women a nd men.
Ensure tha t the full diversity o f w ome ns
a nd mens e xperiences a re c a ptured in
the ana lysis.
Q uick Tips in Im plem entingG ender Analysis
Double c heck your ana lysis by a sking the
following three questions:
- What benefit (financial and human) will the
policy, prog ram o r service bring to d iverse
groups of w omen and men?
- Wha t w ill be the fina ncial and huma n
costs of the policy, program or service
for diverse groups of w omen a nd men?
- How do both male and female stakeholders
perceive the p olicy, prog ram or s ervice in
terms o f its c os ts, b enefits, a cc epta bility
a nd pra ctica lity?
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The Office for Wome ns P olicy ha s produc ed
this bo oklet a s a guide to g ender a nalysis. It is
envisaged that this will be a useful tool for all
sectors to achieve a planned approach to policies,
programs and services that will provide better
outcomes for women and men.
Rea ders a re invited to provide feedb a ck and
offer co mments a nd s ugge stions via ema il to:[email protected]
or in writing to:
Office for Womens Policy,
Level 1, 141 St Georges Terrace,
PERTH WA 6000.
An electronic version o f this do cume nt
is available at
http://community.wa.gov.au/Communities/Women/
C onclusion
FrequentlyAsked Q uestionsWhat is Gender?
G ender refers to so cially c onstructed roles of
the rela tions b etwee n wo men a nd men, in which
power plays a role. It shifts the focus from the
individual to the institutions of family, work,
education and governance. It is not a synonym
for sex nor for women.
What About Men?
Men a re a n important pa rt of a gend er ana lysis
a pproa ch. The focus is on the va rious outcomes
of women and men as individuals, living together,
in families, and in communities.
What About Diversity Issues?
Gender analysis is based on the recognitionthat neither women nor men a re homog eneous
groups. So race and gender are equally important
to enable decision-makers to adequately address
inequalities among a range of different groups
in society. Disaggregated statistics will identify
specifically Indigenous women, culturally and
linguistically diverse women and women with
disabilities.
What Gender Analysis is Not
G ender analysis is not the sa me as eq ual
opportunity, which is about improving womens
access to existing jobs and positions. Gender
analysis aims to reshape services, programs,
policies, la ws a nd orga nisa tiona l structures to
ensure tha t wo men a nd men benefit eq ually.
G ender analysis aim s
to reshape services,
program s, policies,
law s and organisationalstructures to ensure
that w om en and m en
benefit equally.
GENDER AN ALYSIS 12
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B ritish C olumbia for Wom ens Eq ua lity (1995). A Gender Lens for Program Evaluation.
Vict oria : British C olumbia Minis try for Wom ens Eq ua lity, Rese a rch and Evalua tion Bra nc h.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (2000). CIDA Evaluation Guide.
Ottaw a : CIDA. Availa ble o nline: http://ww w.a cd i-cida .gc .ca
International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1995). Guidelines for the Integration of Gender Issues into the
Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of ILO Programmes and Projects. Geneva: ILO. Available online:
http ://w w w.ilo.o rg/pub lic/eng lish/burea u/prog ram /eva l/g uides /g end er/
J a pa nes e Interna tiona l Co op era tion Age nc y (J ICA) (1999). Evaluation Bulletin (November 1999): A Milestone
in Gender Mainstreaming of JICAs Coop eration. Tokyo : J ICA. Ava ila b le online : http ://w w w.jica .g o. jp
McLa ren, J . (2000). Evaluating Programs for Women: A Gender-Specific Framewo rk. Winnipeg : Hea lth
Ca na da P rairie Womens Hea lth C entre of Exce llence . Order this publica tion o nline: http ://ww w.pw hce .ca
New Zealand
ww w.mw a .go vt.nz/pub/ge nder/wha tisg a .html
Odame, H. (2000). Engendering the Logical Framework.
Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR).
Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister (2005). Gender Matters: A Consultation Document.
B elfas t. Ava ilab le online: http ://w w w.g end ereq ua lityni.go v.uk/fina lco nsulta tion.pd f
P ec k, L. (1998). Evaluating Gender Equality - Policy and Practise: An Assessment of Sidas
Evaluations in 1997- 1998. S toc kholm: S we dish Age ncy for Developme nt Co ope ration (S IDA).
S ta tus o f Women Ca nad a (2003). Gender-Based Analysis (GBA): Performance Measurement of its
Application. Ava ila ble online: http://w w w.s w c-c fc.g c. ca /pub s/gb a pe rforma nc e/inde x_e.ht ml
Verloo, Mieke, a nd C onnie Ro gg eba nd (1996). G ende r Impa ct Asse ss ment: The Deve lopme ntof a New Instrument in the Netherla nds . Impact Assessment. Vol. 14(1), March 1996, pp. 3-20.
World B a nk, Opera tions Eva lua tion Depa rtment (1999). App roach Paper - An Evaluation
of the Gender Impact of Bank Assistance. Wa shing ton, D. C. : World B a nk, 1999.
Ava ila ble online: http ://w w w -wd s .w orldb a nk.org
GENDER AN ALYSIS13
Further Resources forEffective G ender Analysis
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Evaluation Toolsand ResourcesBarbarie, Alain (1998). ECD Working Paper No. 3: Indo nesias National Evaluation System.
Wa s hing ton, D.C .: World B a nk. Ava ila ble online (pd f file):
http ://w bln0018.w orldb a nk.org/oe d/oe dd oc lib. ns f/a e4e 28c9568f3c 6285256808006a0027/dc f9e7d 835b6d 9368525
67fc005209f9?OpenDocument
Digma: a data ba se
http://w w w.d bs ca pe. be /cg i-bin/a mit/cg int.e xe? 1&ula ng = EN&frame s = 1&tmpl= top &G LB_BAS E= digm
Estrella , Ma riso l, a nd J ohn G a venta (1998). Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoringand Evaluation: A Literature Review, Working Paper 70. B righto n: The Institute o f Development S tudies .
Order this publica tion o nline: http ://se rver.ntd .c o.uk/ids/bo oks hop /de ta ils. a s p? id= 421
G enuine P rog res s Index for Atla ntic Ca nad a . Availa ble o nline: http://ww w.g pia tla ntic.o rg
The Inst itute of Deve lop ment S tudies (1998). Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation: Learning From
Change, IDS Policy B riefing Issue 12. B rig hton: The Institute of Deve lop ment S tudies . Ava ila ble online:
http ://w w w.ids .a c .uk/ids/bo oks hop/briefs /brief12.html
International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1998). Guide to the ILOs Programming,
Monitoring, Evaluation and Repo rting System (MERS). Geneva: ILO.
Mackay, Keith (1998). ECD Working Paper No. 4: Australia - The Development of Australias
Evaluation System. Wa sh ing ton, D.C .: World B a nk. Ava ila ble o nline (pd f file):
http://w bln0018.w orldb a nk.org/oe d/oe dd oc lib.ns f/a e4e28c 9568f3c6285256808006a 0027/c01fc b333a 36cc 3c8525
67fc005344a7?OpenDocument
P opulation Hea lth Direc torate, Health Ca nad a (1996). Guide to Project Evaluation:
A Participatory App roach. Ottaw a : Health Ca nad a . Availa ble online: http://ww w.hc-sc .gc .ca
United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) (1990). A UNICEF Guide for Monitoring and
Evaluation - Making a Difference?New York: UNICEF. Ava ila ble o nline : ht tp: //w w w.unice f.org
United Nations Development P rog ramme (1997). Office of Evaluation and St rategic Planning,
Results-oriented Monitoring and Evaluation: A Handbook For Programme M anagers.
OESP Hand bo ok S eries , New York: UNDP.
United Nations High C ommiss ioner for Refuge es , Inspec tion a nd Evalua tion S ervice (1998). Planning
and Organizing Useful Evaluations. G ene va : U NHCR. Ava ila ble o nline (pd f file): h ttp://w w w.unhc r.c h
World B a nk (1994). Operations Evaluation Department, Building Evaluation Capacity, Lessons and
Practices Paper No. 4. Wa sh ing ton, D.C .: World B a nk. Ava ila ble on line: ht tp://w w w.w orldb a nk.org
World B a nk (1996). Designing Project Monitoring and Evaluation, Lessons and Practices paper No. 8.
Wa s hing ton, D.C .: World B a nk. Ava ila ble o nline: h ttp://w w w.w orldb a nk.org
GENDER AN ALYS IS 14
8/11/2019 Gender Analysis Brochure
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