Fuel-Options (1).ppt

8/15/2019 Fuel-Options (1).ppt

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Alternative Fuels:Alternative Fuels:

Where Are We?Where Are We?

Where Are We Headed?Where Are We Headed?

CalACT 2007 Spring Conference & ExpoCalACT 2007 Spring Conference & Expo

April 25, 2007April 25, 2007

Paul GriffithPaul Griffith

National Projects ManagerNational Projects Manager

ATTIATTI


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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

• Energy Basics• Regulated Emissions and Greenhouse Gases

• Global Warming

• EPA and CARB Regulations

• Bus Fuel Options

• Historical Fuel-Use Trends in Bus Industry

• Comparative Emissions

• Conclusions


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Forms of EnergyForms of Energy

Kinetic (motion)– Electrical

– Radiant• Solar

– Thermal• Geothermal

– Motion

• Wind– Sound

Potential (stored)– Chemical

• Petroleum• Natural Gas

• Propane• Biomass– biodiesel

– Stored Mechanical– Nuclear– Gravitational

• Hydropower

Sources: US Energy Information Administration


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Renewables vs. NonrenewablesRenewables vs. Nonrenewables

94%

Source: US Energy Information Administration

6%

(CONSERVATION)


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Secondary Energy FormsSecondary Energy Forms

• “Energy Carriers”• Used to easily store, move, delivery energy

• Electricity– 38% Natural Gas

– 20% Coal– 17% Large Hydro

– 14% Nuclear

– 11% Renewable

• Hydrogen– Natural Gas

– Water

Sources: US Energy Information Administration; CA Energy Commission


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US Energy Consumption by Source SectorUS Energy Consumption by Source Sector

Source: US Energy Information Administration


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Energy Considerations! "vailabilityEnergy Considerations! "vailability

Sources: Assoc. for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas; US Army Cors of Engineers

Domestic Demand

D e

p e n d e n c e o

n F o r e i g n /

U n s t a b l e S o u r c e s

p e t r o

l e u m &

N G

Domestic Oil & NG production

past their peak


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Non#Renewables! $omestic %orld ReservesNon#Renewables! $omestic %orld Reserves

Source: US Army Corps of Engineers (ERDC/CERL TR-05-21)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Oil NG NG !oal Uranium

Fuel

Y e a r s o f R e s e r v e s

Domestic "eser#es

$orld "eser#es


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Energy Considerations! "ffordabilityEnergy Considerations! "ffordability

Domestic & $orld Demand

% r i c e s

p e t r o

l e u m

& N G



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No. & $iesel # "verage Retail PricesNo. & $iesel # "verage Retail Prices

Source: U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 & & '

1 & & 5

1 & & (

1 & & )

1 & & *

1 & & &

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 '

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 (

! e n t s p e r G

a l l o

U+S+

!ali,ornia


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Natural 'as Prices (Commercial Rate)Natural 'as Prices (Commercial Rate)

Source: U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration

0

2

'

(

*

10

12

1'

1(

1*

1 & * 0

1 & * 5

1 & & 0

1 & & 5

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 5

P r i c e ( $ / 1 0 0 0 c f )

"esidential

!ommercial


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0

2

'

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*

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12

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1(

1 & * 0

1 & * 5

1 & & 0

1 & & 5

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 5

o s t ( c e n t s / ! W

"esidential

!ommercial

-ndustrial

California "verage Retail Electricity PricesCalifornia "verage Retail Electricity Prices

Source: California Energy Commission


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Normali*ed Price +rends! $iesel, N', Elect.Normali*ed Price +rends! $iesel, N', Elect.

Sources: U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration; California Energy Commission

0+0

0+5

1+0

1+5

2+0

2+5

1 & & '

1 & & 5

1 & & (

1 & & )

1 & & *

1 & & &

2 0 0 0

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2 0 0 2

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2 0 0 5

% r i c e . " e l a t i # e t o 1 & & '

Diesel .US a#g

NG .commercial

lectricit .commercial


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Pro-ected Price +rendsPro-ected Price +rends



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Energy Considerations! SecurityEnergy Considerations! Security

Source: US !"S; US Army Cors of Engineers

Combustible fuels

Explosive fuels create security risks

Nuclear materials

US: 5% of world’s population,

uses 25% annual energy production-- loss of goodwill

-- context for military conflicts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:040517-A-0259W-061a.jpg


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Energy Considerations! SustainabilityEnergy Considerations! Sustainability

Earth’s natural resources depleting at alarming rate– 100 million years creation = 1-yr world consumption

Sources: #ellin$ah %esources; AP; P!Photo.org;

US Army Cors of Engineers

Global warming

Smog

Acid rain

Ground-level ozone

Fuel mining/production– destroys ecosystems & biodiversity


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Environmental mpacts! Non#RenewablesEnvironmental mpacts! Non#Renewables



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Environmental mpacts! RenewablesEnvironmental mpacts! Renewables



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/012 of Californians 3reat4 Un4ealt4y "ir at +imes/012 of Californians 3reat4 Un4ealt4y "ir at +imes

Source: California Air Resources Board


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Criteria EmissionsCriteria Emissions

•Fine Particulate Matter (PMFine Particulate Matter (PM

1010))

– reduces visibility; penetrates deep into lungs, impairing function

• Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)– invisible; reduces oxygen in blood

• Nitrogen Oxides (NONitrogen Oxides (NOxx))– brownish haze; impair breathing; react in sunlight to form ozone

• Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC)Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC)– react in sunlight to form ozone

Ground-Level Ozone (O3)

– Invisible; powerful respiratory irritant; damages crops, degrades

rubber & paint

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency


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Observed Climate C4angeObserved Climate C4ange

"a#nitude$ rate and duration of %ar&in# in the '0th centur is

#reater than in an of the revious nine centuries*

+he 1,,0s %ere the %ar&est decade in the ast 1$000 ears*


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Simplified 'reen4ouse EffectSimplified 'reen4ouse Effect

Source: US EPA Climate Change Outreach Kit


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"nt4ropogenic 'reen4ouse 'ases"nt4ropogenic 'reen4ouse 'ases

Source: SBAPCD; California Energy Commission

CA world’s 9th largest emitter


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COCO&& and +emperature Recordsand +emperature Records

Sources: Leland McInnes; NOAA; ORNL

5ears 3efore Present611,111 711,111 811,111 911,111 :11,111 ;11,111 &11,111


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Carbon Emissions Since ndustrial RevolutionCarbon Emissions Since ndustrial Revolution

Source: Robert A. Rohde; Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research


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'lobal +emperature Since ndustrial Rev.'lobal +emperature Since ndustrial Rev.

Source: Robert A. Rohde; Global Warming Art

&1t4 Century!

+emp >1.8 ?C)


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+op 8 %armest 5ears %orldwide Since


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Scientific Consensus on 'lobal %armingScientific Consensus on 'lobal %arming

Sources: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

19651965 Increasing atmospheric CO2 could lead to “marked changesIncreasing atmospheric CO2 could lead to “marked changes

in climate” by 2000 (Scientific Advisory Board to Presidentin climate” by 2000 (Scientific Advisory Board to PresidentJohnson)Johnson)

19901990 “Observed warming could be largely due to natural climate“Observed warming could be largely due to natural climate

variability” (IPCC)variability” (IPCC)

19951995 “Evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global“Evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global

climate” (IPCC)climate” (IPCC)

20012001 “New & stronger evidence that most of warming observed“New & stronger evidence that most of warming observed

over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities“ (IPCC)over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities“ (IPCC)

20072007 “Global warming very likely manmade” (IPCC)“Global warming very likely manmade” (IPCC)


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'lacial Retreat'lacial Retreat

Source: World Glacier Monitoring ServiceSource: World Glacier Monitoring Service

1-001-00 '000'000

4

e n # t h

4

e n # t h

ollection ofollection of'0 #lacier'0 #lacier

len#th recordslen#th records

fro& differentfro& different

arts of %orldarts of %orld


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R4one 'lacier, Swiss "lpsR4one 'lacier, Swiss "lps

18591859

20012001

Source: Gary Braasch Photography

2,500-m retreat,

450-m higher

http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/glaciers.htmlhttp://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/glaciers.html


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Paster*e 'lacier, "ustria Paster*e 'lacier, "ustria

Source: Univ. Salzburg; Gary Braasch Photography

2,000-m retreat

18751875

20042004


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Portage 'lacier, "las@a Portage 'lacier, "las@a

Alaska's glaciers receding at2x rate previously thought

(7-19-02 Science journal)

19141914

20042004

Source: NOAA; Gary Braasch PhotographySource: NOAA; Gary Braasch Photography


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'rinnell 'lacier, 'lacier NatAl Par@, =ontana 'rinnell 'lacier, 'lacier NatAl Par@, =ontana

Sources: National Park Service; Gary Braasch Photography

NPS estimates that all

but a few of the 30

glaciers in this park will

be gone by mid-century

19111911

20002000


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1960

World’s 6th largest lake

1963-2001

Shrunk 95%;

wetlands spoiled

Lake Chad

. . . have doubled

since 1960

%ater %it4drawals from Rivers Ba@es%ater %it4drawals from Rivers Ba@es

Sources: World Resources Institute;Sources: World Resources Institute;

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

One Planet Many People:One Planet Many People:

Atlas of our Changing Environment Atlas of our Changing Environment


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"ma*on River 3asin $roug4t Effects"ma*on River 3asin $roug4t Effects

Source: World Resources InstituteSource: World Resources Institute

http://www.awitness.org/column/amazon_drought.html


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Measurements indicate a

30% reduction in ocean

circulation volume

since 1957Significant climate

changes for areas like

Scandinavia and Britain

that are warmed by theNorth Atlantic drift.

Sources: World Resources Institute; Ocean current figure: www.NASA.gov; Transect information: Bryden !arry

". et al. #Slowing of t$e Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at %&' N.# Nature ()*: +&&,+&-. /ecem0er

%11&

$estabili*ation of Ocean Currents$estabili*ation of Ocean Currents

!" N lat!" N lat


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Freuency of %eat4er Related $isastersFreuency of %eat4er Related $isasters

Source: Swiss Re 2005Source: Swiss Re 2005


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+4atAs %4ere


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Climate =odel Predictions for 'lobal %armingClimate =odel Predictions for 'lobal %arming

Source: Robert A. Rohde; Global Warming Art

#$# A missions #cenario assumes no action taken to reduce emissions'


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Bargest 'D' EmittersBargest 'D' Emitters

Source: &orld %esources Institute

.5 o, $orld %opulation


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+4in@ 'lobally, "ct Bocally+4in@ 'lobally, "ct Bocally

Photo Credit: 101 In Motion

6o 3ilver 7ullet


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US Public +ransportation Riders4ipUS Public +ransportation Riders4ip

During First Six Months of 2006:

• ~5 billion passenger trips (+3.2%)

– Light rail +9.4%

– Commuter rail +3.4%

– Bus +3.2%

– Subways +2.6%

– Paratransit +3.8%

– Trolleybus +0.5%

– Other +0.2%

Source: APTA


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Energy Policy "ct of


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0+0

2+0

'+0

(+0

*+0

10+0

12+0

1'+0

1(+0

1*+0

1&*5 1&&0 1&&5 2000 2005 2010

8 & i s s i o n 3 t a n d a

r d s ( # / 9 h : h

r )

California Urban 3us Emission StandardsCalifornia Urban 3us Emission Standards

Source: California Air Resources Board (CCR23&+.4

riteria Pollutantsriteria Pollutants

,.; Reduction 1,..'010,.; Reduction 1,..'010

CO

NO(

)C

N*)C+*


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"lternative Fuel Options! =obile "pplications"lternative Fuel Options! =obile "pplications

Fuel Characteristics

Transit Bus Manufacturer Comments


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Compressed Natural 'as (CN')Compressed Natural 'as (CN')

• Works wellWorks well as a bus fuel, but low energy content,

storage densities, and fuel efficiencies = low range.low range.

• Powers: > 90% of alt fueled small buses> 90% of alt fueled small buses> 95% of alt fueled mid- to full-size buses> 95% of alt fueled mid- to full-size buses

• US produces ~87%US produces ~87% of NG it consumes with most ofremainder coming from Canada.

• 2400-3600 psi; onboard cylinders require periodicperiodicinspection and certification.inspection and certification.

• Extensive modifications to facilitiesmodifications to facilities that fuel, service,and maintain CNG buses (ventilation and leak detection& monitoring systems).

• Strong training programs crucial.training programs crucial.


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Biuefied Natural 'as (BN')Biuefied Natural 'as (BN')

• Cryogenic liquid fuel:Cryogenic liquid fuel: very low temp (-120 to-260F) & relatively low pressure (< 100 psi).

•Liquefaction process expensive & energyexpensive & energyintensiveintensive.

• Less common than CNGLess common than CNG

• SimilarSimilar fuel efficiency, training, facilitiesmodifications as CNG.


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N' Fuels! 3us =anufacturer CommentsN' Fuels! 3us =anufacturer Comments

• “NG market consistent but not growingnot growing”

• ““Initially problematicInitially problematic: engine problems, fuelimpurities, and infrastructure costs; thoseproblems generally resolved”

• ““LingeringLingering challenges: reduced range,reduced range, higher

vehicle weight, fuel availability,weight, fuel availability, and increasedfuel & maintenance costscosts”

• ““LNGLNG has fuel advantages over CNG, but interestinterestas bus fuel has fadedas bus fuel has faded over last 5 years”

• ““Concerns about potential liabilitiesConcerns about potential liabilities. CNG: highpressures, potential leaks and fires. LNG:cryogenic nature, potential to boil off as methanecreates emissions and additional safety concerns”

Source: ATTI Survey of Bus Manufacturers


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Biuefied Petroleum 'as (BP' or Propane)Biuefied Petroleum 'as (BP' or Propane)

• Used in vehicles since the 1920s1920s.

• Successfully deployed in 30-ft & under30-ft & under bus market.

• ~90%90% of LPG used in US is domestically produced.

• Range, fuel efficiency, and fueling station cost

issues less challengingless challenging than CNG or LNG.

• Heavier-than-airHeavier-than-air, precautions necessary to avoid

ignition sources in low-lying areas.


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Propane! 3us =anufacturer CommentsPropane! 3us =anufacturer Comments

• “Appropriate for small busessmall buses”

• “Higher vehicle cost and fuel availabilityvehicle cost and fuel availability

limits its application”

• ““Safety concernsSafety concerns regarding heavier-than-air

characteristic”



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"lco4ol#3ased Fuels (Et4anol and =et4anol)"lco4ol#3ased Fuels (Et4anol and =et4anol)

• Not presently utilizedNot presently utilized as engine fuels in the bus market(although some fuel cellfuel cell demonstrations have used

methanol to produce hydrogen).

•Ethanol– Previous users report higher costs,higher costs, premature engine failuresengine failures

– Industry focusing on lighter-duty engineslighter-duty engines

• Methanol

– Previous users report engine unreliabilityengine unreliability and high fuel priceshigh fuel prices

– Special precautionsSpecial precautions necessary as flame virtually invisible

l 4 l d l f


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"lco4ol#3ased Fuels! 3us =fr. Comments"lco4ol#3ased Fuels! 3us =fr. Comments

• Ethanol– increased cost of operationcost of operation

– option for vans; hybrid cutaway bus in developmentoption for vans; hybrid cutaway bus in development

• Methanol– increased cost of operationcost of operation

– toxic, water-solubletoxic, water-soluble fluid, creating concerns aboutgroundwater contaminationgroundwater contamination from release during an accident

– corrosivecorrosive, attacking engine and fuel system components– although regulated emissions reduced, formaldehydeformaldehyde is

produced


i di l


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3iodiesel3iodiesel

• Domestically produced, cleanerDomestically produced, cleaner burning, renewablerenewablefuel derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.

• Usually blendedblended with petro-diesel.

• Becoming increasingly popularincreasingly popular since U.S. DOEruling in 2001 than EPAct credits apply to blends ofat least 20% (B20).

• Pending: B20 = “CARB Diesel”

• Because blends up to B20 can be used in existingdiesel engines without modifications, it has lowestlowestcapital costcapital cost of alt fuelsof alt fuels.

3i di l 3 = f C


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3iodiesel! 3us =anufacturer Comments3iodiesel! 3us =anufacturer Comments

• “Blends of 10% or less10% or less (B5, B10) generally

supportedsupported by engine manufacturers; B20B20

generally not covered under warranty.”generally not covered under warranty.”• “Lack of engine warranty in part because

strong specificationstrong specification regulating biodiesel

production has not been adopted by all states.”


l i3 El i


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3attery#Electric3attery#Electric

• Small (22-ft)Small (22-ft) electric buses successfullysuccessfullydeployeddeployed in Santa Barbara CA, Chattanooga

TN, Norfolk VA, and Miami Beach FL; to

date, limited to shuttle operations.shuttle operations.

• Quiet, emission-freeQuiet, emission-free operation yields

substantial increases in ridership.increases in ridership.

• Battery limitationsBattery limitations have resulted in lowrange, reduced reliability, increased life-

cycle costs.

dD d


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DydrogenDydrogen

• Derived from renewable sourcesrenewable sources or petroleumpetroleum feedstocks.• Can be utilized in ICEsICEs and fuel cells.fuel cells.

• Currently plays minimal roleminimal role in US energy mix; huge potentialpotential

• Ford demonstrating V-10, E-450 hydrogen cutaway buseshydrogen cutaway buses

• Most industry officials believe hydrogen engine and fuel cellpaths at least 10 years away.10 years away.

• Fuel infrastructureFuel infrastructure and fuel cell costfuel cell cost greatest challenges.

• Mitigation of hydrogen leakshydrogen leaks inside buildings include proper airventilation, leak detectors, explosion-proof wiring.

• Safety issues: ability to detonatedetonate & to embrittleembrittle certain materials.

D d 3 = f CD d 3 = f t C t


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Dydrogen! 3us =anufacturer CommentsDydrogen! 3us =anufacturer Comments

• “When we started fuel cell project we thought

technology 10-12 years out; after delivery tocustomer, we believe it more like 15-20 years out15-20 years out”

• ““Too expensiveToo expensive, ~$3 million per bus”

• “Costs can come down in volume, but transit industrytransit industry

does not have necessary volume”does not have necessary volume”• “More promising platform is automobileautomobile, but volume

production won’t happen there before HUGEinvestment in refueling infrastructure”

• “Well-to-wheels costcost of hydrogen production ~2X to~2X to3X that of petroleum products”3X that of petroleum products”

• Hydrogen economy won’t be competitive untilpetroleum fuels reach ~$10/galpetroleum fuels reach ~$10/gal


D b id El t iD b id El t i


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Dybrid#ElectricDybrid#Electric

• Substantial attention & development:

– Increased fuel economy (10-50% reported)fuel economy (10-50% reported)

– Reduced vehicle emissionsemissions

– Reduced operating noisenoise on acceleration

• Thirteen hybrid auto models in commercial productioncommercial production

• ~1,100~1,100 hybrid transit buses in regular serviceregular service in NA

D b id El t i 3 = f t C tD b id El t i 3 = f t C t


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Dybrid#Electric! 3us =anufacturer CommentsDybrid#Electric! 3us =anufacturer Comments

• Most benefits, fewest concernsMost benefits, fewest concerns:– Low regulated emissionsregulated emissions

– No new emissionsNo new emissions

– Lower fuel costsfuel costs partially offset higher acquisition cost

– Quieter, smootherQuieter, smoother operation– Positive perceptionPositive perception / public relations reported by customers

• GM Allison developing smaller hybrid drivesmaller hybrid drive

• ““Plug-in hybridsPlug-in hybrids could result in further improvementsimprovements

in fossil fuel economies”in fossil fuel economies”

Source: Survey of Bus Manufacturers

3 = f t S S3 = f t S S


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3us =anufacturer Survey Summary3us =anufacturer Survey Summary

• Evaluated CNG, LNG, propane, biodiesel, ethanol,CNG, LNG, propane, biodiesel, ethanol,

methanol, hydrogen, electric, and hybrid-electric.methanol, hydrogen, electric, and hybrid-electric.

• “Higher costs, reduced performance of alternative fuels previously justifiablepreviously justifiable by substantial emissions savings”emissions savings”

• ““Emissions differencesEmissions differences between ultra-low sulfur dieseland alt fuels becoming too smalltoo small to justify theincremental costs, challenges of alternative fuels”

• ““Diesel hybridsDiesel hybrids achieve comparable emissionscomparable emissions with altfuels, at lower fuel/maintenance costs”lower fuel/maintenance costs”

• ““Clear shift away from gaseous fuels toward hybrid-Clear shift away from gaseous fuels toward hybrid-electrics; near- to mid-termelectrics; near- to mid-term direction”

Source: Survey of Bus Manufacturers

"lt F l &119 $i l D $ t 4i l"lt F l &119 $i l D $ t 4i l


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"lt Fuels vs. &119 $iesel Deavy#$uty e4icles"lt Fuels vs. &119 $iesel Deavy#$uty e4iclesnfra*ost

same ig moderate same moderate

3afet same3000 psi<

,acilit mods+ea#iertan air

same ig #oltages

1. Particulate Matter Sources: U.S. Department of Energy; Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy; SBMTD2. Overall average prices, September 2005

3. Diesel Gallon Equivalent

"lt ti F l d 3"lternative Fueled 3uses U dUnder &7 9 ft&7 9 ft


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"lternative Fueled 3uses"lternative Fueled 3uses Under Under &7.9#ft&7.9#ft

'001 '00' '00 '00

6= (o&ressed 6atural =as) *33 )00 *10 )1(

46= (4iuefied 6atural =as) 21 21 21 0

4P= (4iuefied Petroleu& =as$ Proane) 55 51 ' 35

7atter8lectric 1) 13 2* 2

8.- (8thanol) 0 0 0 0

".- ("ethanol) 0 0 0 0

Hdro#en 0 0 0 0

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government

2005 data not et a#ailable=brid>electric=brid>electric buses not considered ?alternati#e ,ueled@ b %A i, input ,uel is diesel or gasoline

"lt ti F l d 3"lternative Fueled 3uses OOver &7 9 ft&7 9 ft


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"lternative Fueled 3uses"lternative Fueled 3uses Over Over &7.9#ft&7.9#ft

'001 '00' '00 '00

6= (o&ressed 6atural =as) 'B)10 5B0*( 5B**3 (B2'0

46= (4iuefied 6atural =as) )3* ') '* 1B012

4P= (4iuefied Petroleu& =as$ Proane) *( 101 300 31)

7atter8lectric 5( 3* 11 '

8.- (8thanol) 0 0 0 0

".- ("ethanol) 11 0 0 0

Hdro#en 0 0 1 1

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government

2005 data not et a#ailable=brid>electric=brid>electric buses not considered ?alternati#e ,ueled@ b %A i, input ,uel is diesel or gasoline

Comparati e EmissionsComparative Emissions


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Comparative EmissionsComparative Emissions

30-ft. Transit Buses

Criteria Emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

&118 Comparative Emissions $iesel vs CN'&118 Comparative Emissions! $iesel vs CN'


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&118 Comparative Emissions! $iesel vs. CN'&118 Comparative Emissions! $iesel vs. CN'

!erti,ied missions ,or 200( 230>p !ummins -S6/6G 230

NOxNOx NMHCNMHC PM10PM10 COCO

LS Diesel1 (g/bhp-hr) 2.03 0.08 0.10 1.3

CNG (g/bhp-hr) 1.43 0.00 0.00 1.0

1 Tested with Low-Sulfur Diesel (500 ppm). Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (15 ppm)reduces emissions of sulfur compounds enabling NOx, HC, and PM reductions.

Sources: Cummins; CARB; US EPA

NOxNOx NMHCNMHC PM10PM10 COCO2007 (g/bhp-hr) 1.2 0.14 0.01 1.3

2010 (g/bhp-hr) 0.2 0.14 0.01 1.3

200) & 2010 "egulations

;1 ft $iesel CN' 3us Emissions;1 ft $iesel CN' 3us Emissions


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;1#ft $iesel CN' 3us Emissions;1#ft $iesel CN' 3us Emissions

Emissions (g/mi) = Emission Rate xFuel Density

Brake Spec. Fuel Consumption x Fuel Efficiencywhere:

Fuel Density = 7.16 lb/gal diesel

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.4 lb/bhp-hr diesel

Fuel Efficiency = 5.02 mpg diesel (2004 Gillig LF 30)

NOxNOx NMHCNMHC PM10PM10 COCO

LS Diesel (g/mi) 7.2 0.29 0.36 4.6

CNG (g/mi) 4.9 0.00 0.00 3.42007-09 (g/mi) 4.3 0.50 0.04 4.6

2010 (g/mi) 0.7 0.50 0.04 4.6

Sources: Cummins; CARB; US EPA

3iodiesel Emissions3iodiesel Emissions


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3iodiesel Emissions3iodiesel Emissions

Sources: US EPA; California Energy Commission, Consumer Energy Center

R e l a t i v

e

t o

L S D

Negligible criteria emissions benefits w4en blended wit4 UBS$Negligible criteria emissions benefits w4en blended wit4 UBS$

;1 ft Electric 3us Emissions;1 ft Electric 3us Emissions


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;1#ft Electric 3us Emissions;1#ft Electric 3us Emissions

NOxNOx NMOGNMOG PM10PM10 COCO

g/kWh 0.073 0.025 ? ?

Source: Electric Power Research Institute; SBMTD

Emissions (g/mi) = Emission Rate x AC Energy Consumption Rate

where: AC Energy Consumption Rate (30-ft EB) = 1.56 AC kWh/mi

U.S. Marginal Off-Peak Power Generation Emissions

NOxNOx NMOGNMOG PM10PM10 COCOg/mi 0.11 0.039 ? ?

&118 ;1 ft 3us Emissions (Normali*ed)&118 ;1 ft 3us Emissions (Normali*ed)


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0

20

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S

Diesel

USD or

620

=brid

.620 or

USD/

!NG lectric

ocal

lectric

Cotal

8 & i s s i o n s

NO

N3=!

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!O

&118 ;1#ft 3us Emissions (Normali*ed)&118 ;1#ft 3us Emissions (Normali*ed)

4200)

42010

? ?

Sources: Cummins; CARB; US EPA; EPRI; SBMTD

%ell to %4eels Emissions%ell to %4eels Emissions


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%ell#to#%4eels Emissions%ell#to#%4eels Emissions

Source: California Energy Commission

'D' Emissions! CO'D' Emissions! CO


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'D' Emissions! CO'D' Emissions! CO&&

Source: CSIRO (Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles)

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'lobal %arming Potential of 'D's'lobal %arming Potential of 'D's


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'lobal %arming Potential of 'D's'lobal %arming Potential of 'D's

Sources: Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (3rd Assessment Report, 2001)

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Summary ConclusionsSummary Conclusions


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Summary ConclusionsSummary Conclusions

•CNG has dominated the alt fuels bus market

• Emissions gap between diesel & alt fuels narrowing– 2010 regulations: diesel emissions comparable with alt fuels

• Biodiesel– lowest capital cost of alt fuels

– Renewable, energy security, reduced GHG emissions

• Bus industry moving towards diesel hybrids

– improved fuel economy, reduced emissions• Electric Buses

– lowest emissions

Fuel-Options (1).ppt

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Transcript of Fuel-Options (1).ppt