Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report April 2016€¦ · The epidemiology of FMD in Asia,...

2016

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report April 2016

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation April 2016

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Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report

April 2016

Guest Editor Dr. Francois F Maree

Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute,

Republic of South Africa

#I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.


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Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 5

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 7

A. POOL 1 – Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia .................................................................................... 7

B. POOL 2 – South Asia.......................................................................................................................... 10

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ................................................................................................ 11

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa..................................................................................................................... 21

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa .......................................................................................................... 24

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................. 26

G. POOL 7 – South America ................................................................................................................... 27

IV. OTHER NEWS: ................................................................................................................................ 29

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 30


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Guest Editor’s comments It is a privilege and honour to have been invited by the EuFMD to be guest editor for this month’s report. Much of my involvement in FMD research over the last 13 years revolved around improved vaccine design with specific emphasis of control in southern Africa and more recently looking at the persistence of SAT viruses in buffalo together with scientists from the Pirbright Institute and the Kruger National Park. I am fortunate to be working with a large international consortium to investigate aspects of FMD persistence and transmission among buffalo in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.

Nonetheless, some exciting work is being done in the disciplines of FMD diagnosis, surveillance and epidemiology. Many of which is applied to provide data for this report. Two imperative achievements worth mentioning are (1) the 52 months that lapsed since the last outbreak in South America and (2) the 140 months since the last outbreak of a serotype C virus was detected. Although this does not imply relaxing surveillance in specific geographical locations or for specific serotypes or strains, it does show what global collaborative measures to control the disease can be successful. Not unexpectedly, SAT2 is still the cause of outbreaks across Africa, in this month’s report a SAT2 outbreak in Ethiopia was evident. During the last six months, viruses of all three SAT serotypes caused outbreaks in the southern Africa region. This reminds one about the unique epidemiology of the SATs in particular, in Africa, which is influenced by two different cycles, i.e. a cycle involving wildlife and an independent cycle maintained within domestic animals. Although the precise mechanism of spread of FMD from buffalo to cattle is only broadly understood, it is facilitated by direct contact between these two species. Once cattle are infected, they may maintain SAT infections without the further involvement of buffalo. How often these events of spread from buffalo to cattle happen is still a point of contention. Nevertheless, in southern Africa, the incidence of the disease has increased appreciably over the last decade and since the eradication of the disease in Africa is unlikely in the near future, more flexible ways of managing FMD are required. The situation in eastern and West Africa is even more complicated, by the presence of circulating viruses from the A and O serotypes as well, which is well documented in these monthly reports.

The epidemiology of FMD in Asia, Eurasia and Middle East differ considerably from that observed in Africa, with the independent cycle within domestic animals dominating. Viruses of O/PanAsia-2, type A and Asia-1 continue to be responsible for outbreaks in these regions, but also expanding their territories. These surveillance measures, sending of samples to reference laboratories and epidemiological studies are essential to our knowledge and the control of the disease. However, these reports also highlight the necessity of aggressive vaccine campaigns with good quality and properly matched vaccines and the development of improved vaccines.

Francois Maree (ARC-OVI, May 2016)


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I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of

specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2011 – 2015

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES – colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES

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SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province),

Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A and Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1

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WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq,

Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia,

Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan

O, A and Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA

Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

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WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R.,

Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Togo

O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O and A

Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-

OVER FROM POOL 4


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MAP 1:Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2015

II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Korea (Rep. of) 1 - Vaccine strain O/Skr VV was also identified as likely to confer protection against field isolate, 0/SKR/7/2016, in addition to the ones already reported in the March 2016 issue of this report. Details of the results of the cell culture/ELISA serotyping, genotyping of VP1 and VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD on FMDV field strains, which are cited in this report, will be available in the forthcoming issue of the 2nd Quarterly WRLFMD Report (April-June, 2016). Myanmar 1 – Within the vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests carried out by the WRLFMD, vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against field isolates collected in 2015 and respectively genotyped as O/SEA Mya-98 and A/ASIA/Sea-97. Russian Federration2 – The Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) detected FMDV serotype A and О in samples collected in Central Asia. Thailand 3 –South-East Asia and China Foot and Mouth Disease Campaign (SEACFMD) reported the occurrence of eleven FMD outbreaks during March 2016. Vietnam 3 – SEACFMD reported nine FMD outbreaks during March 2016. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 4 – The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the 17 samples examined during April 2016. Nepal 5 – The National Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and TADS Laboratory, Nepal reported for April 2016, the detection FMDV serotype O.


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POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Kuwait 1- Within the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, three vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the field isolate collected in 2016 and genotyped as O/PanAsia 2 BAL-09. Israel 1- Within the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the two field isolates responsible for outbreaks in November – December 2015 which were both genotyped as O/ME-SA/PanAsia. Pakistan 6- The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported 152 FMD outbreaks during April 2016 caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. Palestinian Autonomous Territories 1 – Within the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, three vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the two field isolates responsible for outbreaks in December 2015 and both genotyped as O/ME-SA/PanAsia. Saudi Arabia 1 – FMDV serotype A and O were detected by the WRLFMD among the 28 bovine and ovine samples collected in the country during 2015 and 2016. Genotyping of these strains respectively identified the serotypes as A/ASIA/GVII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. United Arab Emirates 1 - Within the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the field isolate collected in 2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 1, 7 - FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected in the bovine samples examined by the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia. Further to this, FMDV serotypes A, O and SAT were detected in samples submitted to the WRLFMD that were collected in Ethiopia from fifteen cattle and one goat between 2014 – 2016. Genotyping of these serotypes respectively identified them as A/AFRICA/G-IV, O/EA-4/unnamed and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12. Kenya 8 – FMDV serotypes A and O were detected in the samples examined by the National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya. Sudan 1 - FMDV serotype A and O and SAT were detected by the WRLFMD among the 37 bovine samples collected between 2012-2014. Genotyping of these serotypes respectively identified them as A/AFRICA/G-IV and O/EA-3/unnamed and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon 9 – The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) - Garoua, Cameroon detected 20 FMDV positive samples among the 394 collected from cattle. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA No new FMD events were reported within this pool for April 2016 POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 10 – No FMD events were reported for this Region for March 2016 COUNTER *** 52 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 140 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED


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III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Korea (Rep. of) 1 Vaccine strain O/Skr VV was also found as likely to confer protection against field isolate, 0/SKR/7/2016, genotyped as O/SEA/Mya 98, in addition to the other vaccine strains, O 3039 and O/TUR/5/2009, reported in the March 2016 issue of this report. The country experienced the reoccurrence of FMD in January 2016 caused by FMDV serotype O that was responsible for outbreaks in different pig holdings, with the last event observed on the 14th of March 2016 in Chungcheongnam-Do, Korea (Rep. of), which is located in the western part of the country. Myanmar 1 Four field isolates, two for each the FMDV serotypes A and O, collected in cattle during outbreaks occurring at the end of October 2016 were subjected to VMSD tests. The vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection against the field strains genotyped as A/ASIA/Sea-97 were A Iran 2005 and A22 Irq, while A MAY and A/Tur/20/2006 were found as unlikely to confer protection. For the field strains genotyped as O/SEA Mya-98, vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection were O 3039, O SKR VV and OTur5/09/MSD but with for only one of the field strains. Russian Federration2 In addition to the detection of FMDV serotype О in 6 samples and serotype A in two samples, all collected in Central Asia, ARRIAH is also carrying out the genotyping of the same strains and the investigation of the antigenic relationship between FMDV epidemic isolates and vaccine strains. During April 2016, the laboratory examined 13,560 sera for post vaccination monitoring purposes. Other activities conducted by the laboratory were the study of immunobiological properties of FMDV serotype O, the provision of materials to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Advice to the Veterinary Services of the Russian Federation Subjects and the diagnostic services to countries of Central Asia were also provided by ARRIAH. SEACFMD 3 Among the countries belonging to the Organization, new FMD events were reported during March 2016 in Thailand and Vietnam.


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The list of countries with the relative number of on-going FMD outbreaks is represented in Table 2. The number of on-going reported outbreaks was on the increase to the previous month, which was 204. Location of outbreaks is currently unavailable as the website is undergoing reconstruction. Table 2: Distribution of reported FMD outbreaks within the SEACFMD countries on-going during March 2016

Thailand 3 The SEACFMD Campaign reported the occurrence of nine FMD outbreaks during March 2016 in Vietnam. Five of these events were serotyped as A, while one event was attributed to serotype O. The serotyping of the remaining outbreaks is pending. The geographical distribution of the current on-going outbreaks in the country is represented in Map 2. Map 2: Location of the FMD outbreaks on-going in Thailand during March 2016.

Vietnam3 The SEACFMD Campaign reported the occurrence of 11 FMD outbreaks during March 2016 in Vietnam. Only three of these events were sampled and serotyped as O, while the remaining events were not sampled. The geographical distribution of the current on-going outbreaks in the country is represented in Map 3.

SEACFMD countries with on-going FMD

outbreaks

N° of events

Cambodia 119Myanmar 3Malaysia 46Thailand 35

Viet Nam 48

Total 251


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Map 3: Location of the FMD outbreaks on going in Vietnam during March 2016.

Table 3: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 4 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to

OIE between 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

# see pg. 1 Comment

Cambodia O, 2013-2015/NOT SAMPLED Sep 2015/O and A, Aug 2014/ not typed, June

2014/not typed

See text

China (People's Rep. of) 2012-2013/O,

2013 & 2015/A 2012 -2014/NOT TYPED**

Mar 2016/O, May 2015/A Typing required

China (Hong Kong, Sar) O** Dec 2015/O Follow-up needed China (Taiwan

Province) 2012-2013/O, A/2015** Jun 2015/A Typing required

Korea (DPR) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014 & 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

May 2014/not confirmed, July 2014/O Follow-up needed

Korea (Rep. of) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014/O, 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

March 2016/O See text

Laos PDR

2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT

WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS

2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Mar 2015/A, June 2015/O Follow-up needed

Malaysia 2012 –2015/O 2013 & 2015/NOT TYPED Sep2015/O See text

Mongolia 2013/A & NOT TYPED, 2014 & 2015**/O

Sept 2013/A, May 2015/O, Oct 2015/O Follow-up needed


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Myanmar 2012-2014/O, 2015/A & NOT TYPED

Oct 2015/A and O, July 2014/ not typed See text

Russian Federation 2012, 2014 & 2015/O, 2013 - 2015/A

Jan 2016/ A and Dec 2015/O See text

Thailand O, A NOT SAMPLED & NOT TYPED

Mar 2016 /A & O, Sept 2014/not typed See text

Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED, NOT TYPED 2013, 2014 & 2015/A,

Mar 2016/O, Feb 2016/A and not typed See text

Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, Central Asia and East Asia 2012 – 2015.

Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per 2015 1, 17:

Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05SIS 10 sublineages

Serotype Asia-1 had not been detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (China (People's Rep. of) and Vietnam)

B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India 4 The ICAR-PDFMD, Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the 15 cattle and two buffalo samples tested for FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection. Further to this, seven samples positive for FMD serotype O were genotyped and three field isolates were subjected to vaccine matching tests. The laboratory tested 11,794 serum samples for epidemiological studies. The laboratory tests were carried out using indigenous diagnostic kits developed at ICAR-PDFMD. The laboratory staff was also involved in the field investigation of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. ICAR-PDFMD has on-going research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 5 The National FMD and TADS Laboratory in Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu Nepal, reported the detection of FMDV serotype O during April 2016. The laboratory also carried out FMD serological studies. Laboratory personnel were involved in outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. Table 4: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 5 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to

OIE between 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


# see pg. 1 Comment

Bangladesh DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA Not available Follow –up needed

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10

A/ASIA/Sea-97

O/CATHAY/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/SEA/MYA-98

Pool 1


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Bhutan NOT TYPED,

2013 & 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2013-2015/O

Not available Follow –up needed

India O, A, NOT SAMPLED

2012-2014/Asia 1 2013/NOT TYPED

Apr 2016/O, Apr 2015/A Apr 2015/Asia 1 See text

Nepal O, 2012-2103/Asia 1 Apr 2016/O See text

Sri Lanka 2012 – 2014/O, 2015/NO DATA REPORTED Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed

Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per 2015 2, 17:

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during 2012-15)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2014 in Sri Lanka)

A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18)? Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern

and Western clusters)?

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Israel 1 The three vaccine strains used in the VMSD test represented by O 3039, O Manisa and O/TUR/5/2009 obtained r1 values indicative of conferring protection against field isolates O/ISR/5/2015 and O/ISR/10/2015, both genotyped as O/ME-SA/PanAsia, responsible of outbreaks in pigs and cattle during November and December 2015 in HaZafon, Israel. Kuwait 1 Three vaccine strains likely to confer protection, represented by O 3039, O Skr VV and O/TUR/5/2009, were identified by the VMSD test against the field strain O/KUW/4/2016 genotyped as O/PanAsia 2 BAL-09, while vaccine strain O Manisa did not obtain an r1 value indicative of protection. The field isolate was responsible for outbreaks in cattle located in Abdali, Kuwait in February 2016. Pakistan 6 The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported 152 FMD outbreaks during April 2016 caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, with Asia 1 being the dominant serotype causing nearly double the numbers caused by the other two serotypes. The summary of the distribution of the outbreaks relative to the serotypes and provinces involved is represented in Table 5. The Project also reported information on the vaccination activities, as represented in Table 6, that were carried out during April 2016, mainly focused on ring vaccination and on animals within a cost-sharing scheme in which livestock holders participate for the purchase of the vaccine. Another activity conducted within the Project is the capacity building of field staff as summarised in Table 7.

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/ME-SA/unnamed

Pool 2


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Table 5: FMD outbreaks that occurred during April 2016 in the various Provinces of Pakistan.

Table 6: Vaccination activities carried out during April 2016 in the various Provinces of Pakistan.

Table 7: capacity building of field staff conducted in Pakistan during April 2016.

‘O’ ‘A’ ‘Asia-1’ ‘Mixed’ Not typedNot yet typed

Sindh 69 13 24 15 - 15 2Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa11 1 - 9 - 1 -

Azad Kashmir 4 - 4 - - - -Punjab 50 6 4 23 2 (O &A) 15 -

Islamabad Capital Territory

11 - 2 9 - - -

Gilgit-Baltistan 3 2 - 1 - - -

Balochistan 4 1 - 1 - 1 -

Total 152 23 34 58 2 32 2

Number Outbreaks

ProvinceNumber of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus Serotype(s)

Province Ring

VaccinationCost sharing basis (Doses)

Sindh 4,100 12,723Balochistan 450 300

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

475 450

Punjab 2,325 3,650Azad Kashmir 125 -

Gilgit 275 -Islamabad Capital

Territory 600 -

Total 8,350 17,123


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Palestinian Autonomous Territories 1 Similarly to the results obtained for Israel, all the three vaccine strains used in the VMSD test represented by O 3039, O Manisa and O/TUR/5/2009 obtained r1 values indicative of conferring protection against field isolates O/PAT/2/2015 and O/PAT/2/2015 responsible for outbreaks in sheep in December 2015 in Nablus, Palestinian Autonomous Territories. The field isolates responsible for the previously mentioned outbreaks had a high sequence identity varying from 99.37% to 100% with those responsible for outbreaks in Israel during the same period. Saudi Arabia 1 Twenty-eight samples, collected during 2015-2016 from five sheep and 23 cattle, consisting of epithelial tissues, as well as probing fluids collected only for the latter species, were examined by the WRLFMD that detected FMDV serotype A respectively in two bovine and four sheep samples and serotype O in nine bovine samples. Genotyping of these strains respectively identified them as A/ASIA/GVII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. A summary of the details of samples and the genotyping results are presented in Table 8. Table 8: summary of the genotyping results of FMDV positive samples collected in different areas of Saudi Arabia during 2015.

Veterinary Officers

Stock and Veterinary Assistants

Baluchistan 22 35 57Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa 35 53 88

Total 57 88 145

Province

N°of participants Sample Collection

kits distributed

Strain identification

Date of collection Location Species Genotype detected

Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging

to the country (Seq id %)

Most Closely Related Reference

Viruses (Seq id %)

SAU/9/2015 05/10/2015 BovineSAU/14/2015SAU/15/2015SAU/16/2015SAU/17/2015SAU/21/2015SAU/18/2015SAU/19/2015SAU/20/2015SAU/22/2015SAU/1/2016 15/02/2016 RiyadhSAU/2/2016SAU/3/2016SAU/7/2016

SAU/10/2016O/UAE/1/2015

(99.69)

26/10/2015

22/12/2015

19/02/2016

A/PD78/IND/2015 (98.59 -99.06)

O/NEP/17/2015 (98.90)

O/NEP/17/2015 (98.90 - 99.06)

O/UAE/1/2015 (99.53)

O/BHU/3/2009 (93.90 - 94.50)

A/IND/40/2000 (89.83 - 89.98)

not known

not known

Ovine

Bovine

A/ASIA/G-VII

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d


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United Arab Emirates 1 The vaccine strains likely to confer protection, identified within the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD for the field isolate O/UAE/1/2015, were represented by O 3039, O Manisa, O Skr VV and O Tur 5/09. The field isolates used in the test, collected in December 2015 and genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, was responsible for FMD in a Mountain Gazelle in the Barari Forest Mangement, Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. West Eurasia Roadmap Meeting for FMD control, 11 The 7th Annual West Eurasia Roadmap Meeting for FMD control was held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on the 6th - 8thApril 2016. The West Eurasia Regional Roadmap was launched back in 2008. In the targeted region the FMD Global Strategy has been further divided into two different clusters of countries with the first cluster including: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and the second cluster including the Arabian Peninsula. Countries of both clusters belong to FMD virus pool 3. Since the first Regional Roadmap evidence was built on how FMD virus can easily spread from countries closer to South Asia (namely Afghanistan and Pakistan) to Iran and Turkey. For an efficient control of FMD a continuous assessment of where the countries stand in their PCPFMD stages progress is essential together with the stimulation for the formulation and implementation of harmonized national and regional programmes and activities. The complete presentations of the meeting are available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/westeurasia-roadmap/en/. Following is a synthesis of the FMD situation as reported by the various participating countries: Armenia – The country reported the occurrence of one FMD outbreak in December 2015 that involved cattle and pigs caused by FMDV serotype A/ASIA/G-VII. Following this outbreak, the country is carrying out a mass vaccination of susceptible livestock population in the border areas and the reactivation of border checkpoints. Further to this, there will be cooperation with the authorized bodies of neighbouring countries and the increase in awareness of stakeholders. Iraq – Results of FMD surveillance carried out in the country between 2014 and 2016 are reported in Figure 1 with geographical distribution of the outbreaks between 2014 – 2015. Serosurveillance conducted to determine the levels of FMD NSP percentage ratio in cattle between 2010-2015 detected decreasing levels over time, starting from 37.4% in 2010 to 25.3% in 2015. Figure 1: disease situation in Iraq between 2014 – 2016 and relative distribution for 2014 and 2015.


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Kazakhstan - During the 83rd OIE General Session in 2015, 9 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan were officially recognised as FMD free zones without vaccination. These regions were Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, West Kazakhstan, Aktobe, Atyrau, Pavlodar, Mangistau, Karaganda. The country was zoned as reported in Figure 2. Figure 2: zoning of FMD free regions without vaccination in Kazakhstan.

100 % vaccination coverage of cattle and small ruminants is carried out in 3 zones. Adult population is vaccinated twice, in spring (April- May) and in autumn (September-October). The young animals are vaccinated starting from 3 months of age, every 3 months until they reach 18 months of age. A purified trivalent vaccine is employed, with a potency ≥ 6PD50 for each strain in a dose. The vaccines used do not induce NSP FMDV antibodies. The strains of FMDV serotypes А, Asia-1 and О, contained in the vaccines are antigenically correlated (with the coefficient of antigenic matching/ relation r1 more than 0.30) with О/ME-SA Pan-Asia and Pan-Asia 2, А/ASIA/SEA-97 and Iran-05, and Asia-1 – Shamir and are capable of inducing a strong immunity in vaccinated animals. All vaccine strains are genetically related to virus strains isolated during the last 3 years. FMD serological surveillance based on the identification of antibodies to NSP is conducted annually with the aim of confirming no virus transmission in accordance with the Chapter 1.4 of the OIE Code. Surveillance was developed for cattle herds with a high risk of outbreaks, where two methods of village selection were used: villages where outbreaks were registered in 2000-2013 (last recorded outbreak) and neighbouring villages and settlements, situated on the border with Kyrgyzstan and China. Results of the serosurveillance carried out in 2015 is reported in Figure 3.


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Figure 3: results of the serosurveillance carried out in Kazakhstan, during 2015.

Kyrgyzstan – Last reported FMD case in the country was in 2014, however due to the low quality of the samples collected from the outbreak, the OIE FMD Regional Reference Laboratory of ARRIAH was unable to identify the serotype involved. Active and passive surveillance is being carried out in the country, results of which are summarized in Figure 4. Figure 4: results of active and passive surveillance activities conducted in Kyrgyzstan between 2014 – 2016.


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FMD monitoring activities in the country are implemented to determine the antibody status prior to vaccination and to define the antibody titre levels 3 and 6 months post vaccination. In 2015, 3,744 vaccinated cattle were examined to determine the immunity level. The results showed that 84 to 92% of the vaccinated animals were seropositive. While the level of seropostivity is high, important would be the data on the titres by these animals obtained in the tests used as well as the threshold used for estimating protection. Pakistan – A summary of the FMDV serotypes circulating in country during 2016 is reported on the left side of Figure 5 with relative genotypes reported between 2012 – 2015 on the right side. Figure 5: summary of the FMDV serotypes circulating in country during (left) with relative genotypes reported between 2012 – 2015 (right).

Seromonitoring activities for FMD circulation were reported as being carried out in the following areas with relative range of seroprevalence, Punjab (19 - 78%), Sindh (20.4 – 87.6%), Khyber Pakhtunhwa (17 – 60.7%), Balochistan (32.2 - 61%), AJK (8.5 – 49.5%), FATA (3.6 – 13.9%). Seromonitoring activities conducted in desert cattle farming confirmed that FMDV circulation is also present in this area with a seroprevalence of 62.2%. Similar activity conducted in Yaks in Gilgit-Baltistan revealed a seroprevalence in these animals ranging from 16 to 48.5%. Information of the type of vaccines employed in Pakistan between 2012 and 2016 is presented in Figure 6. Figure 6: type of vaccines employed in Pakistan between 2012 and 2016.


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Syria – Last official reports of FMD in the country were in 2002, due to serotypes A and O. FMD control in the country is principally based on the active monitoring for FMDV circulation and the investigation of the epidemiology of FMD together with the complete control on the borders. Constant communication and contact with stockholders, private sector, the local veterinary authorities, the veterinary services and agriculture-concerned authorities is also essential. However, reduction in virus circulation and mitigation of disease risk are still to be achieved. Tajikistan - The serosurveillance conducted in the country in 2011, based on the detection of NSP of FMDV, demonstrated the circulation of the virus in farms of all categories, causing frequent epizootics. A summary of the results of the serosurveillance is presented on the left of Figure 7. FMDV serotypes detected in Tajikistan between 2002 and 2012 are A, ASIA 1 and O. Figure 7: summary of the results of the serosurveillance carried out in Tajikistan (left) and vaccine strains likely to confer protection against the field isolates detected in the country between 2002 and 2012 (right).

Turkmenistan - no cases of FMD disease are currently being reported in the country with the last case of FMD registered in 1999 in Karakalinsk etrap (currently renamed Etrap Mahtymkulinsky ) of the Balkan province caused by serotype O in cattle. At present, FMDV serotypes circulating in the country are undefined. However, it is possible that there is the risk of hot spots in the Balkan region and in areas of Makhtumkuli and Akhal of the province Kaka. Active surveillance is carried out by local veterinarians, but due to the lack of laboratory facilities, diagnosis is not being conducted. Details of the vaccination activities conducted in the country, during 2014 and 2015 are reported in Figure 8. Vaccination is carried out in a buffer zone along the border with neighbouring countries containing FMDV


19

serotypes A, Asia and O 1 antigens, produced by ARRIAH Russia with an approximate annual use in the range of 300,000 to 700,000 vaccine doses. Figure 8: details of the vaccination activities conducted in Turkmenistan, during 2014 and 2015.

Turkey - FMD is endemic in Anatolia region in Turkey and FMDV O/ME-SA/PanAsia2, A/Asia/GVII and Asia1/Asia/Sindh-08 represent the lineages of the current circulating strains. The Thrace region has been free of FMD with vaccination since May 2010. Geographical distribution of outbreaks and serotypes involved relative to 2015 and first part of 2016 is reported in Figure 9. Figure 9: geographical distribution of outbreaks and serotypes circulating in Turkey relative to 2015 and first part of 2016.

Two separate national level sero-surveillance programmes were conducted in 2014 and 2015, including Thrace region, having the objective of estimating the NSP prevalence for large (LR) and small (SR) ruminants in Anatolia, to evaluate the vaccination performance and the animal immunity level,. Significant decline in NSP prevalence was detected in 2015, when compared with previous years, which for LR was 17.04% in 2014 and 13.07% in 2015, and for SR this was 24.00% in 2014 and 13.14% in 2015. Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 6 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Comment


20

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2015

**(1st semester)

# see pg. 1

Afghanistan 2013-2015**/O, A, Asia 1, NOT

TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED

2014/A, Asia 1, O Follow –up needed

Algeria 2014 -2015**/O Apr 2015/O Follow –up needed

Armenia 2012-2014/DISEASE ABSENT 2015/A Dec 2015/A See text

Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT** 2007/0 Follow –up needed Bahrain 2012, 2014 &2015 /O Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 – 2015**/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, Jan-April 2015/A & O Follow –up needed

Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Follow –up needed

Iran 2012-2014/A,

Asia 1 & O 2015**/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED

Dec 2015/A Jun Apr 2014/O, 2013/Asia 1 Follow –up needed

Iraq 2012-2013/O, 2012-2014/A

2015/ SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Dec 2013/A, O See text

Israel 2012-2015**/O December 2015/O See text Jordan DISEASE ABSENT** 2006/A Follow –up needed

Kazakhstan 2012/O

2012 –2013/A 2014-2015**/ DISEASE ABSENT

Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A See text

Kuwait 2012/O 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE ABSENT Jan-Feb 2016/O See text

Kyrgyzstan 2012-2014/O, A 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2014/not typed See text

Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2010/not typed Follow –up needed

Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/O Follow –up needed Morocco DISEASE ABSENT** Oct 2015/O

Oman 2012-2014/O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED May 2015/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Pakistan 2012 & 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2013-2014/A, ASIA 1 & O Apr2016/A, Asia 1 and O See text

Palestine O, 2012-2013/SAT 2

Dec 2015/O Mar 2013/Sat 2 See text

Qatar 2012-2015/O Dec 2013/O Follow –up needed

Saudi Arabia 2012-2014/O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED Feb 2016/O, Dec 2015/A See text

Syrian Arab Republic DISEASE ABSENT** 2002/ A & O See text

Tajikistan 2012- 2013/NOT TYPED 2014-2015**/DISEASE ABSENT

Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ NOT TYPED See text

Tunisia 2014/O 2015/ DISEASE ABSENT Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Turkey Asia 1, A & O, NOT TYPED Oct 2015/ A May 2014- 2015/ Asia 1 and O See text

Turkmenistan 2012/NO DATA REPORTED 2013-2015/DISEASE ABSENT Not available See text


21

United Arab Emirates

2012, 2015/DISEASE ABSENT 2013-2014/O Jan 2016/O See text

Uzbekistan 2012,2013 & 2015/NO DATA

REPORTED 2014/DISEASE ABSENT


Map 6: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 per 2015 2, 17:

A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, SIS-, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages)

A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia)1

A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 (cont’d)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09/11 sub-lineages)

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent)

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12

sublineages

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Ethiopia 1, 7 NAHDIC detected FMDV serotype SAT 2 in the two bovine samples examined using FMD antigen detection ELISA. In addition, 1,250 sera samples collected from 910 small ruminants and 340 cattle were tested for FMD NSP antibodies and 7.44% (93/1250) samples resulted positive of which 1.65% (15/910) were from small ruminants and 22.94% (78/340) were from cattle. The laboratory staff conducted outbreak investigations during which samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis and provided expert advice to the Government, to the National and Local authorities. NAHDIC is also involved in a National surveillance programme, which is being conducted on trade sensitive animal diseases represented by FMD, rift valley fever, peste des petits ruminants and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. NAHDIC has an on-going twinning project for FMD with the WRLFMD. FMDV serotypes A, O and SAT 2 were detected in samples submitted to the WRLFMD collected in Ethiopia from fifteen cattle and one goat between 2014 – 2016. A summary of the details of the samples and the genotyping results is reported in Table 10.

A/AFRICA/G-IVISM-12

A/ASIA/Iran-05AFG-07

A/ASIA/Iran-05BAR-08/9

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11

A/ASIA/Iran-05HER-10

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10/12

A/ASIA/Sea-97

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

A/ASIA/G-VII

Pool 3 part 1

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2FAR-09/11

O/ME-SA/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 3 part 2


22

Table 10: summary of the genotyping results of FMDV positive samples collected in different areas of Ethiopia during between 2014 – 2016.

Kenya 8 The National FMD Reference Laboratory detected FMDV serotypes A and O, respectively in three and one bovine samples. Serotype confirmation was conducted using FMD antigen ELISA. Virus isolation and RT-PCR were also carried out. Eighty sera were assayed using NSP ELISA kits while for the detection of antibodies against the structural proteins of FMDV, solid phase competitive ELISA and virus neutralization test were used. The sera were examined for pre-purchase screening purposes for vaccine tests. Sudan 1 Thirty seven bovine samples collected in Sudan between 2012-2014 and forwarded to the WRLFMD were subjected to serotyping and genotyping with the identification of the following FMDV genotypes: A/AFRICA/G-IV and O/EA-3/unnamed and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12. A summary of the details of the samples and the genotyping results is reported in Table 11. Table 11: summary of the genotyping results of FMDV positive samples collected in different areas of Sudan during between 2012 – 2014.

Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 7 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2015


#see pg. 1 Comment


Date of collection Location Species Genotype detected



Most Closely Related Reference Viruses

(Seq id %)

ETH/19/2015 20/12/2015 Oromia A/AFRICA/G-IVA/CAR/P19/2000

(88.26)A/SUD/3/77

(85.13)

ETH/1/2016 14/01/2016 Keffa O/EA-4/unnamedO/KEN/100/2010

(94.24)O/UGA/17/98

(86.63)

ETH/7/2015 18/04/2015 Amhara SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (90.11)

ETH/10/2015 15/08/2015 AmharaETH/14/2015 25/02/2016 OromiaETH/15/2015 25/02/2016 SidamaETH/16/2015 14/11/2015 OromiaETH/18/2015 18/12/2015 OromiaETH/20/2015 22/12/2015 Oromia /

Bovine

SAT 2/VII/Alx-12SAT2/OMN/3/2015

(97.38 - 98.46)SAT2/SAU/6/2000

(90.09 - 91.19)


Date of collection Location Genotype detected



Most Closely Related Reference Viruses

(Seq id %)

SUD/1/2013 19/02/2013 A21/Lumbwa/KEN/64SUD/10/2013SUD/11/2013SUD/12/2013SUD/13/2013SUD/1/2012SUD/2/2012SUD/3/2012SUD/5/2012SUD/6/2012SUD/4/2013 30/12/2013SUD/3/2013 16/04/2013SUD/5/2013SUD/9/2013SUD/4/2014SUD/7/2014

SUD/11/201401/01/2014

SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 SAT2/EGY/20/2014SAT2/SAU/6/2000

(91.50 - 92.27)

O/SUD/2/86 (88.89 - 92.33)

31/12/2013not known A/AFRICA/G-IV A/ERI/1/2008

(94.84 - 94.52)A/SUD/3/77

(85.13 - 85.29)

01/02/2012 River Nile, NorthernO/EA-3/unnamed

O/ERI/1/2011 (93.74 - 99.84)

not known31/12/2013


23

**(1st semester) Burundi DISEASE PRESENT Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Follow –up needed

Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT** Not available Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 – 2015**/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Eritrea

2012/O, 2013/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT

2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed

Ethiopia O**, 2012/A,

2012 & 2105/SAT 2, 2015**/SAT 1

Jan 2016/ O Apr 2016/SAT 2, Jun 2014/A and SAT 1 See text

Kenya A, O, SAT1, SAT2, 2012 – 2015 /NOT TYPED

Apr 2016/ A & O, Oct 2015/SAT1 and SAT 2, See text

Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed

Rwanda 2012-2013/A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required

Somalia 2012-2014/NOT SAMPLED

2013 – 2014/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

2011 Follow –up needed

Sudan 2013/SAT 2,

2012-2014/O & NOT TYPED 2015**/A & NOT SAMPLED

Dec 2013/ O & A, Jan 2014/SAT 2 See text

South Sudan 2014/A, O SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, 2012-2013 & 2015/ NO DATA

REPORTED 2011 Follow –up needed

Tanzania 2012-2015/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 May 2015/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Follow –up needed

Uganda 2012/ SAT 1,2012, 2014/O,

2013/NOT TYPED 2015/NO DATA REPORTED

May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A,

and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped

Follow –up needed

Yemen

2012/O, 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT BUT

WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA

2015/NO DATA REPORTED

2009/O Follow –up needed

Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2015 (EUFMD)


24

East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per 2015 21,17: O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IV (Sudan) and VII (Ethiopia)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013)

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Cameroon 9 LANAVET -Garoua, Cameroon detected 20 FMDV positive samples among the 394 probang samples collected from cattle. Serotyping of these viruses is pending due to the lack of reagents. A high seroprevalence (81.31%) was detected in samples collected from cattle as 248 sera, out of 305 (81.3%), resulted positive. The seroprevalence reported is extremely high, however the type of ELISA used is not reported. On-going collaborative activities by LANAVET are with the Ohio State University and Plum Island Laboratory, USA are continuing. Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal 12, 13 & 14 No reports of FMD outbreaks are available for April 2016 for these countries as also no FMD related activities were carried out by ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana and the FMD Research Centre of the Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria, 9, 10 &11. The Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires is continuing with its FMD surveillance activities employing diagnostic kits provided by EuFMD. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 8 below.

Country

FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported

to OIE in 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)

Last outbreak reported/serotype

#see pg. 1

Comment (Genotyping would be useful for

this region)

Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Burkina Faso DISEASE PRESENT SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Follow –up needed

Cameroon DISEASE PRESENT SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug

2015/untyped, Apr 2016/serotyping pending

See text Typing required

Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Central Afr. Rep.

DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE

DATA Not available

Follow –up needed

O/EA-2/unnamed

A/AFRICA/G-I

A/AFRICA/G-IV

A/AFRICA/G-VII

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/EA-4/unnamed

SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/XII/unnamed

SAT 3/V/unnamed

Pool 4


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Chad 2012 – 2013/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available Follow –up needed

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2015/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Cote D'Ívoire

2012, 2015/A, NOT SAMPLED

2013/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Equatorial Guinea

2012 – 2013/DISEASE SUSPECTED

2014 – 2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE


Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O

Ghana 2012 – 2015**/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2014/not available Follow –up needed

Guinea Biss.

2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2015/ Disease suspected

No data available

Follow –up needed

Guinea

2012-2013, 2015/ DISEASE ABSENT

2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

2014/not available

Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Follow –up needed Mali

2012/ NO DATA AVAILABLE 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2014-2015/SAT 2

2015/A, SAT 1

2011/2012, no precise data

Mauritania 2012-2013/NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS 2014-2015**/SAT 2

Dec 2014/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Niger 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled, May 2015/O Follow –up needed

Nigeria 2014-2015/O Nov 2015/A and SAT 1, Sept 2014/0 and SAT 2

Genotyping required Follow –up needed

Sao Tome Principe

2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Senegal 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012, 2014-2015**/ NOT

SAMPLED

2014/ SAT 1 Feb 2015/ A and O See text

Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Follow –up needed

Togo O, SAT 1 2012/O Follow –up needed


26

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2012 – 2015(EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per 2015 2, 17

Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV) Serotype SAT 1 (?)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 and unnamed genotypes)

F. POOL 6 – Southern Africa

Botswana10 Epidemiological investigations and surveillance conducted relative to the two series of outbreaks with the first occurring between August and September 2015 and the second between July and August 2015 have confirmed the absence of infection and have therefore been declared as closed as of the 31st of March. Both episodes were caused by FMDV serotype, SAT 2, which was transmitted to the domestic animals through contact with wild animals or illegal movement. Three rounds of vaccinations (primo and 2 boosters) have been administered with 23,984 cattle vaccinated in Ngamiland since the event started achieving a high vaccination coverage. Trivalent SAT 1, 2, 3 vaccine was employed especially in ring vaccination around crushes. RSA15 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa examined 3,411 samples using liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 and 20 samples using NSP ELISA. The laboratory is carrying out research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Table 14: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 9 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in

2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


#see pg. 1 Comment

Angola

2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013-2014/

DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

July 2015/ SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Botswana 2012-2015/SAT 2 2014-2015/SAT 1

Jun 2015/typing pending July 2015/SAT 2,

June 2015/SAT 1 See text

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2015/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Malawi 2012/NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2013-2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

Oct 2011, Sep 2015/SAT 1

Follow –up needed

Mozambique 2012 -2013/DISEASE ABSENT,

2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/SAT 2, May 2015/ SAT 1 Follow –up needed

Namibia 2012-2014/SAT 1 May 2015/SAT 1, See text

A/AFRICA/G-IV

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/WA/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Lib -12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 5


27

2014-2015/SAT 2 Jun 2015/SAT 2, July/typing pending

South Africa 2012-2015/SAT 2

2013/SAT 1 2015/SAT 3

Dec 2015/SAT 3, Nov 2014/ SAT 2, Aug 2013/SAT 1

See text Genotyping

required

Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 2013-2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2, Mar 2016/SAT 3 See text

Zimbabwe 2012-2015**/SAT 2 2013/SAT 3 2014/SAT 1

Nov 2015/SAT 2, Aug 2015/ SAT 1, Jun 2013/SAT 3

See text

Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per 2015 2, 17:

Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I(?), I(?)I and III)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV)

Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III)

G. POOL 7 – South America

South America 10, 16 On the 7th and 8th April, the 43rd Meeting COSALFA was held in the city of Punta del Este, Uruguay by the Ministries of Agriculture of South America and Panama and the representative of the private sectors responsible for animal production; with the presence of officials from the public and private sector, veterinary academia, scientists and non-governmental and international organizations. The meeting discussed the current status of the programs for control and eradication of FMD in South America and Panama whose progress has respectively reached 85% of the territory and 95% of the cattle population with the status of free of FMD with or without use of vaccines. Technical issues such as the finalization of the region for the last phase of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot and Mouth Disease (PHEFA), were discussed as also actions to be carried out in countries that still lack recognition of their health status, and the possible contribution that the private sector can deliver to meet future challenges with FMD programs in the region. Nine resolutions were approved by the members of COSALFA, including the regional discussion on the Regional Bank project Vaccine / Antigens COSALFA (BANVACO) and a risk analysis to review the need to maintain the C virus in the vaccines as also a revision for the review of the biosafety conditions for handling strains of FMD virus exogenous to the region. The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in May 2015 is presented in Map 10. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/).

SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/II/unnamed

SAT 2/I/unnamed

SAT 2/III/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

Pool 6

http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/


28

Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 10). The FMD history between 2012 –2014 is reported in Table 15. Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 10 below

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 2015**(1st

semester)


#see pg. 1 Comment

Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O

Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT** 2011/O, A National situation needs verification

Map 10: FMD status for South America 10.


29

IV. OTHER NEWS: 1The 1st WRLFMD Quarterly Report for the period January– March 2016 published the following table (Table 16) that contains a list of FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 16 Recommendations by the WRLFMD® on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) – March 2016. Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance


30

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 2. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 3. SEACFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal - Dr. Sharmila Chapagain 6. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project

Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 7. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 8. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Kenneth Ketter) 9. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 10. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 11. 7th Annual West Eurasia Roadmap Meeting for FMD control, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 6-8 April 2016 -

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/westeurasia-roadmap/en/.

12. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph AdongoAwuni) 13. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom,

Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr.Ularamu Hussaini) 14. Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) – (Miss Mariame Diop

and Dr. Moustapha Lô) 15. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) 16. 43a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Punta del Este,

Uruguay, 7-8 April, 2016. http://www.panaftosa.org/cosalfa43/ 17. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report 2014.

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

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