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Integrating Goal Modeling and Execution in Adaptive Complex Enterprises

Rajiv RamnathJay Ramanathan

CERCS for Enterprise Transformation and Innovation (CETI)Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of EngineeringDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering

The Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State University

[email protected]@osu.edu

http://www.ceti.cse.ohio-state.eduhttp://www.ceti.cse.ohio-state.edu

Partnership for PerformancePartnership for Performance

Context

Definition: Enterprise Architecture is the description of the current and/or future structure and behavior of an organization's processes, information systems, personnel and organizational sub-units, aligned with the organization's core goals and strategic direction.

Large technology consuming companies struggle with Enterprise Architecture initiatives. Examples:

• Application portfolio management• IT-driven business innovation• Build vs. buy decisions• Process tailoring (RUPP, XP, ITIL)• Business Process Re-engineering• Knowledge management

What are the problems?• Aligning goals with activities across the dimensions of the enterprise – business, business

process, transaction, IT• Aligning service IMPROVEMENT with goals• Need to do continuous improvement rather than wholesale change, but it is hard to stay

aligned• Basically, going from AS-IS to TO-BE is difficult

CETI works with companies to create “actionable” methodologies for these EA initiatives.

CETI Program Areas

• ACE: Modeling and Analysis Frameworks for Adaptive Complex Enterprises• Understanding the ACE

• Knowledge-based collaboration systems for Enterprise Communities of Practice• Enabling the ACE

• Integrated Development Environments for Adaptive Complex Environments• Developing, managing and monitoring the ACE

• Work @ CERCS: Virtualization, Information fusion, Middleware, Autonomic computing

What is the problem?

Many-to-many relationships

Variation in request types requiring dynamic discovery of processing needs

Mixed mode services - manual as well as computing services. Example:

• PC ordered (electronic), shipping (manual), notification, placement (manual)

Shared services needing global coordination

Complex, brittle information technology

Servers

Service Transactions

Services byApplications

Services provided by

IT componentsand Physical

Assets

Lines of Business

SuppliersTools

Inventory

Related Work

• Porter's 5-forces Model • Balanced Scorecard/Strategy Maps, UML

extensions with goals• EA Frameworks – TOGAF, SAP-EAF• Goal modeling - VMOST, KAOS, GBRAM, i*

(Chung), NFR Framework (Mylopoulos)• IBM Component Business Model• Transactions (Coase)

Example: VMOST Analysis

Objective

Component of

Actions

Quantifies

Amplifies

MakesOperativ

e

Strategy Goal

Vision

Tactic

Mission

Implements

Drives Towards

Formulated

ToAchieve

States

Need: Simple modeling techniques to link goals and DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

Example: Zachman Framework

Need: Goal and Activity Traceability Across the Enterprise

Environment-driven Business strategyCustomer relations

Customer satisfaction Customer loyalty Customer service

Business tactics and financial managementRevenue Increased margins

Operational strategyIntellectual capital Return on innovations Employee skillsTime to market New products Time spent with customers

Operational tacticsThroughput On-time delivery Product/process quality

Reduction of waste

IT Infrastructure strategyInformation needs Knowledge re-use Product/process innovation

New technology opportunities

IT Infrastrucutre tacticsSupport Security and compliance Service quality

Business processplanning dimension

Business process execution dimension

Business dimension

Environment dimension

Go

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Infrastructure dimension






Reduction of waste






Business dimension


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Reduction of waste









Reduction of waste



IT Infrastructure tacticsSupport Security and compliance Service quality



Business dimension


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Modeling the Adaptive Complex Enterprise (ACE)

We conceptualize ACE as follows:• A collection of R-E-D transactions (R – Request, E – Execution, D – Delivery)• Sub-transactions that are recursively spun-off from the primary transaction• Workcenters perform the transactions, and define the roles: Examples:

• Software Development Project: Business Analyst, Architect, Developer• Shared Resources are bound to these roles during (or before) execution• Each transaction has an SLA that needs to be met by the Workcenter• Resources have OLA that must be sufficient for the Workcenter to meet the SLA

of the transaction

Examples of “primary” RED transactions: • Order to Cash• Procure to Pay

We’ve used this ACE conceptualization to:• Identify application portfolios• Apply Lean for process improvement

Here – we create a model to show the dynamics of the enterprise

Business Goals, Transactions and Resources

Infrastructure ( Shared Service Capabilities ): Automated/un- automated agents available to

play all the various eWorkcenter roles under -Operating Level Agreement

Suppliers

Information SystemsResources

Inventory

Processes

Tools

Shared Infrastructure of Resources

eWorkcenter 1 Roles eWorkcenter 2 Roles eWorkcenter 3 Roles

RED Transaction Type 1



Business goalOperationalizing business

goals

Using provider infrastructure and

resources

Infrastructure ( Shared Service Capabilities ): Automated/un- automated agents available to

play all the various eWorkcenter roles under -Operating Level Agreement

Suppliers

Information SystemsResources

Inventory

Processes

Tools


eWorkcenter 1 Roles eWorkcenter 2 Roles eWorkcenter 3 Roles




Business goalOperationalizing business

goals

Using provider infrastructure and

resources

Integrating Goal and Transaction Modeling

Key entities are:•Goal•Link: Goal Refinement•Actions:

• Request• RED transaction Type - Business

Process• A particular RED Transaction

Instance• Continuous improvement change

action

•Work-Center•Resources•Soft/hard metrics on all entities

RED Transaction Type

RED Transaction Instance

Business goal

Continuous improvement or planning action -Consolidation and / or prioritization across transactions or services

Dimensions to structure the internal value chain among the stakeholders of the organization

Stakeholders influencing and interested in the Outcomes within a dimension.

Shared resources

Note: The transactions operationalize goal(s) and each transaction execution causes metrics to be collected

Shared resources within the infrastructure are made up of human resources, software systems and automated agents. These agents play roles within transactions.

Bus for information flow

The eWorkcenter is the collection of roles needed for a type of transaction.

Contributor association Positively affect +Negatively affect -Many *

eWorkcenter

Transaction between the customer and provider

As-is /To-be change (or ) in transactions metrics or performance indicators derived from transaction metrics (time, value etc.)

Metrics (time, quality, cost,... )

Action

Goal

Action

Request

Action


Figure 7. ACE Notation for Goal Integration



Business goal

Continuous improvement or planning action -Consolidation and / or prioritization across transactions or services

Dimensions to structure the internal value chain among the stakeholders of the organization

Stakeholders influencing and interested in the Outcomes within a dimension.

Shared resources

Note: The transactions operationalize goal(s) and each transaction execution causes metrics to be collected

Shared resources within the infrastructure are made up of human resources, software systems and automated agents. These agents play roles within transactions.

Bus for information flow

The eWorkcenter is the collection of roles needed for a type of transaction.

Contributor association Positively affect +Negatively affect -Many *

eWorkcenter

Transaction between the customer and provider

As-is /To-be change (or ) in transactions metrics or performance indicators derived from transaction metrics (time, value etc.)


Action

Goal

Action

Request

Action


Figure 7. ACE Notation for Goal Integration

Goal Model Template

Infrastructure ( Shared Service Capabilities ): Automated /un-automated agents available to play all the various

eWorkcenter roles under -Operating Level Agreement

Suppliers

Information Systems

Resources

Inventory

Processes

Tools



Customer goals directing

performance objectives


Business process (primary ) planning dimension


Business

Environment

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

As-is / To- be change ( orœ ) derived

performance

Transaction type or action plan for operationalizing the response to request types by identifying the eWorkcenters ; aggregates metrics for continuous improvement .

Planning related to business

Transaction execution uses eWorkcenter resources and provides actual metrics .

Request actions from the environment initiate

transactions ; related objective is to increase /

decrease / introduce services .

Infrastructure resources used as eWorkcenter roles for the execution of transactions of a specific

type

eWorkcenter


Metrics ( time, quality, cost, ... )

Request

As- is /To- be change (or œ ) performance

request performance, Investment

Business goals aligned across the stakeholders and related to performance objectives.

Business goals directing


Business process goals

directing performance objectives

Business process

execution goals directing


Infrastrcutre goals directing performance objectives


process

Transaction, Resource effectiveness

Planning related to services use

Actual transaction metrics

Resource costs

Planning related to resource

improvement

Feedback

Other eWorkcenters

Continuous improvement

Infrastructure ( Shared Service Capabilities ): Automated /un-automated agents available to play all the various

eWorkcenter roles under -Operating Level Agreement

Suppliers

Information Systems

Resources

Inventory

Processes

Tools



Customer goals directing



Business process ( primary ) planning dimension


Business

Environment

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

Stakeholders

As-is /To- be change ( or œ ) derived

performance

Transaction type or action plan for operationalizing the response to request types by identifying the eWorkcenters ; aggregates metrics for continuous improvement .


Transaction execution uses eWorkcenter resources and provides actual metrics .

Request actions from the environment initiate

transactions ; related objective is to increase /

decrease / introduce services .

Infrastructure resources used as eWorkcenter roles for the execution of transactions of a specific

type

eWorkcenter


Metrics ( time, quality, cost, ... )

Request

As- is /To- be change (or œ ) performance

request performance, Investment

Business goals aligned across the stakeholders and related to performance objectives.

Business goals directing


Business process goals

directing performance objectives

Business process

execution goals directing


Infrastrcutre goals directing performance objectives


process

Transaction, Resource effectiveness

Planning related to services use

Actual transaction metrics

Resource costs

Planning related to resource

improvement

Feedback

Other eWorkcenters

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get

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lloca

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Fig

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Future Work

• Model-based (organizational) simulation• Defining linked SLA and OLA through the

dimensions of the business• Implementation as the business dashboard• Goal prioritization• Connections to policy languages• Relationship to business, process and IT

patterns• Integration with architectural analysis

techniques (such as ATAM)

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