Paper (research investigation)Paper (research investigation)Abstract (summary of the contents of investigation and Abstract (summary of the contents of investigation and methodology used to investigate) 15%methodology used to investigate) 15% Key words (words that are important in the research) 10%Key words (words that are important in the research) 10% Essay 1) Introductory paragraphs (to call attention of reader)Essay 1) Introductory paragraphs (to call attention of reader)

2) Body (developing ideas, presentation of details to 2) Body (developing ideas, presentation of details to support support hypothesis)hypothesis)

3) Conclusion (closing, summarizing main ideas) 3) Conclusion (closing, summarizing main ideas)

==> > 40%40%Conclusion (conclusion of research) 20%Conclusion (conclusion of research) 20% References (internet: who wrote it, date, page visited; References (internet: who wrote it, date, page visited; books) books) at least 3 sources 15%at least 3 sources 15% Glossary (definitions of key words)Glossary (definitions of key words)

EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism Environmental science = Environmental science = multidisciplinary fieldmultidisciplinary field Environment = factors that affect Environment = factors that affect living or nonliving organismsliving or nonliving organisms Ecology = study of interactions Ecology = study of interactions that determine the abundance and that determine the abundance and distribution of organismsdistribution of organisms

Human interactions with the Human interactions with the environmentenvironment

South America: Amazon River, Peru’s rain South America: Amazon River, Peru’s rain forest, few small houses, no running water, forest, few small houses, no running water, electricity, phones, shops or markets. The river electricity, phones, shops or markets. The river provide all needs.provide all needs.

Tanzania: harsher life, women and girls must Tanzania: harsher life, women and girls must travel miles across eroded landscape each day travel miles across eroded landscape each day to collect water for drinking, cooking & to collect water for drinking, cooking & washing.washing.

United States & other more developed United States & other more developed countries (MDCs): comfort.countries (MDCs): comfort.

Human societies interact with nature varying Human societies interact with nature varying intensity in the ways they exploit the natural intensity in the ways they exploit the natural environment.environment.

Ex. Past civilizations: Easter Island, giant Ex. Past civilizations: Easter Island, giant stone heads evidence of a sophisticated stone heads evidence of a sophisticated civilization. Now desolate island. The past civilization. Now desolate island. The past culture and civilization was not sustained. As culture and civilization was not sustained. As their population grew and flourished, they cut their population grew and flourished, they cut trees for agriculture clearing entire forests=soil trees for agriculture clearing entire forests=soil washed into the sea, killing the fish.washed into the sea, killing the fish.

Are there some parallels between Easter Island Are there some parallels between Easter Island and the late 21and the late 21thth century? Is there evidence that century? Is there evidence that we are making some of the same mistakes we are making some of the same mistakes made by the Easter Islanders?made by the Easter Islanders?

Environmentalists: people who pay close Environmentalists: people who pay close attention to the connections between people attention to the connections between people and their environment. Everyone alive and their environment. Everyone alive participates with and depends on participates with and depends on environmental systems for energy, food, environmental systems for energy, food, oxygen, water, and waste processing, but oxygen, water, and waste processing, but many do not recognize the implications.many do not recognize the implications.

ENVIRONMENTALISMENVIRONMENTALISM Roots in the late 19Roots in the late 19thth century. Around the time, century. Around the time,

groups to conservation formed, National groups to conservation formed, National Audubon Society & National Wildlife Audubon Society & National Wildlife Federation. The Sierra Club founded in Federation. The Sierra Club founded in California by naturalist John Muir=popularize California by naturalist John Muir=popularize the idea of wilderness. The national parks the idea of wilderness. The national parks system was created.system was created.

In the scientific era followed World War I In the scientific era followed World War I chemical fertilizers and pesticides were chemical fertilizers and pesticides were developed.developed.

Technological achievements created an Technological achievements created an environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s.environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s.

SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution affected all living systems.affected all living systems.

The decline of bald eagle and other bird The decline of bald eagle and other bird populations was caused by the accumulation in populations was caused by the accumulation in their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide used in 1940s.used in 1940s.

Technological achievements created an Technological achievements created an environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s.environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s.

SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution affected all living systems.affected all living systems.

The decline of bald eagle and other bird The decline of bald eagle and other bird populations was caused by the accumulation in populations was caused by the accumulation in their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide used in 1940s.used in 1940s.

1962 biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent 1962 biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, a future with no songbirdsand other Spring, a future with no songbirdsand other problems if pollution with DDT continued.problems if pollution with DDT continued.

Human actionsHuman actions ´70 Clean Air Act´70 Clean Air Act ´72 Clean Water Act also Marine Mammals Act´72 Clean Water Act also Marine Mammals Act ´73 Endangered Species Act´73 Endangered Species Act ´74 Safe Drinking Water Act´74 Safe Drinking Water Act Sustainability: goal that we want tSustainability: goal that we want to achieveo achieve Stewardship: ethic that should guide our actsStewardship: ethic that should guide our acts Sound Science: information of how nature Sound Science: information of how nature

worksworks

Historical Environmental MovementHistorical Environmental Movement

a. John Muir and Hetch Valleya. John Muir and Hetch Valley

b. The national park system/Yellowstone b. The national park system/Yellowstone National ParkNational Park

Modern Environmental MovementModern Environmental Movement

a. a. Silent Spring Silent Spring by Rby Racachel Carson, reduce hel Carson, reduce exposure to chemicals, chemistry not only exposure to chemicals, chemistry not only beneficial.beneficial.

b. The Ban the Bomb, antinuclear power b. The Ban the Bomb, antinuclear power movement.movement.

Environmentalism Acquires CriticsEnvironmentalism Acquires Criticsa.1980s Wise Use movementa.1980s Wise Use movementb. Organized opposition to the Endangered b. Organized opposition to the Endangered

Species Act beganSpecies Act beganPOINT SOURCES: specific contaminants or POINT SOURCES: specific contaminants or

producers of pollution.producers of pollution.DIFFUSE SOURCES: small or not specific DIFFUSE SOURCES: small or not specific

sources of pollution, as automobiles, sources of pollution, as automobiles, barbecue grills, etc.barbecue grills, etc.

Four global trends of the Global Four global trends of the Global Environmental PictureEnvironmental Picture

Population growth an increasing Population growth an increasing consumption (grew 2 billion on the past 25 consumption (grew 2 billion on the past 25 years, demand of Earth resources for years, demand of Earth resources for development)development)

Degradation of soils (lands changed to Degradation of soils (lands changed to deserts)deserts)

Global atmospheric changes (increase of Global atmospheric changes (increase of greenhouse effect)greenhouse effect)

Loss of biodiversity (caused by habitat Loss of biodiversity (caused by habitat alteration, isolated species)alteration, isolated species)

Sustainable development: 1992 UNCED Sustainable development: 1992 UNCED United Nations Conference of Environment & United Nations Conference of Environment & Development.Development.

Agenda 21, Brazil 1992, global plan to Agenda 21, Brazil 1992, global plan to confront & overcome economic and ecological confront & overcome economic and ecological problems.problems.

Sustainable Development: provides people Sustainable Development: provides people with a better life without sacrificing or with a better life without sacrificing or depleting resources or causing environmental depleting resources or causing environmental impacts that will undercut the ability of future impacts that will undercut the ability of future generations to meet their needs.generations to meet their needs.

Sustainable yield: biological resource that Sustainable yield: biological resource that doesn’t exceed the capacity of the resource to doesn’t exceed the capacity of the resource to reproduce & replace itself.reproduce & replace itself.

Sustainable society: functions in not depleting Sustainable society: functions in not depleting energy or material resources; sustains species energy or material resources; sustains species & ecosystems.& ecosystems.

Sustainable modern society: implies Sustainable modern society: implies preserving the capacity to explore, reflect on preserving the capacity to explore, reflect on and understand new things.and understand new things.